量子力學基礎 basic quantum mechanics
TRANSCRIPT
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339
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g{ckombg staagxpt 337
g{cdxgh pohdoxdem 0;0
g{cdxgh sxoxg 94. ?64. ?38.
?74. 006. 087. 029
g{vnepoxept sxoxg iwmcxdem
080. 087g{vemgmxdon hgcot 023
I
Io`pt!Vgpex dmxgpigpeagxgp
2. 9?
iocxep 036
Igpad benhgm pwng
020
Igpad!Hdpoc sxoxdsxdcs
338
igpadem 334. 38?. 383. 376.
394. 86?. 868. 869
igpadem mwcngws 370
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803
idmon sxoxg ??. 44
idmg sxpwcxwpg cemsxqwx302
idpsx g{cdxgh sxoxg 003.
082
idpsx ephgp 377
idxxdmb 4. 0;;. 3;7
inwcxoxdem ?3?. ?38
inwdh agckomdcs 30. 8?
inwepgscgmx scpggm ;
inw{ 78. ?07
iep`dhhgm xpomsdxdem 0;0
iepcg cgmxgp ?79
iepcg pombg 3;8
iepa iocxep 342Iewpdgp g{vomsdem ??0
Iewpdgp dmxgbpon 49.
?00
Iewpdgp xpomsiepa ?0?.
349
Iewpdgp xpomsiepaoxdem
49
ipgg gngcxpem aoss
090
ipgg aexdem 78. 3;?
ipgg vopxdcng 37. ?83.
?24. 324
ipgqwgmct ?;. 40. ??7
ipgqwgmct cegiidcdgmx
??8ipgqwgmct svgcxpwa ?00. 0?7
ipgqwgmct svgcxpwa omontsds
?00. 0?7
ipdmbg 0?
iwnn omxd!staagxpt sxoxg iwmcxdem
334
iwnn staagxpt sxoxg iwmcxdem
334
IRKA. iwnn rdhxk ox koni ao{dawa
0;9
B
Boaey 93Bowss nor 78
Bowssdom hdsxpd`wxdem
342
Bowssdom iwmcxdem
?38. ?70. 088. 077
Bowssdom wmdx ?26
bgmgpon senwxdem 77. ?88. 096
bgmgpoxdem 2
bgeagxpt 0??
Bgpaom 3?2
Bgpagp ?3
Bewhsadx
049
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808
bpohdgmx 04. 37. 86. ?28
bpoxdmb 2bpoydxt occgngpoxdem
?9
bpoydxt cemsxomx ?22
bpoydxt vexgmxdon idgnh
?9
Bpggl 3?2
bpewmh sxoxg 94. ?38. ?74.
08?. 022
btpe 3?7
btpeaobmgxdc poxde 3?7
K
koni dmxgbgp ?8?. ?24. 3??koni dmxgbgp svdm 334
kone 06
Koadnxemdom iwmcxdem
32. 70
Koadnxemdom evgpoxep
32. 76. 27. 48. ?83.
?79. ?;9. 0?9. 009. 030. 074. 366.
339. 334. 868
Koadnxem!Joce`d gqwoxdem
82
Komlgn iwmcxdem ?;?
kopaemdc escdnnoxep 2;. ;9.
?33. ?96. ?42. 030
Kopxpgg gmgpbt ?20.
078kgox covocdxt 0
kgoyt mwcngws 98
Kgdsgm`gpb 006
Kgdxngp 39?
kgndwa!ndlg 08;
kgndwa!ndlg dem 378
kgndwa!ndlg stsxga 08;.
378
Kgpadx gqwoxdem 24.
?63
Kgpadx ventmeadon 24
Kgpadxg cemjwboxg ?39.
?8?Kgpadxg cemjwboxg aoxpd{
?48
Kgpadxg cemjwboxg evgpoxdem
;;. ?48
Kgpadxg cemjwboxg evgpoxep
;;. ?82. 0?6
Kgpadxg evgpoxep ;2. ;4.
48. ?64. ?06. ?03. 0?8. 009. 028.
368. 339. 398
Kgpadxg sgni cemjwboxg evgpoxep
;4
Kgpadxdom ?03. 00;. 032.
02;
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807
kdbk gmgpbt vktsdcs 0;2
Kdn`gpx svocg 3?.;9. 42. 064
kenebpovkt ?;
keaebgmgews 33
kex mgwxpem ?2
kthpebgm oxea 08. ?2?.
033. 3?7
kthpebgm!ndlg 390
kthpebgm!ndlg oxea ?27
kthpebgm!ndlg stsxga
076. 390
ktvgp`eno 3;4
Ddhgmxdcon ?6. 4?
dhgmxdcon vopxdcng 334.
869
dhgmxdidgh 338. 388
dhgmxdxt 338
dhgmxdxt vpdmcdvng 339.
374
daobdmopt 0;
daobdmopt opbwagmx ?;7
dmcdhgmx `goa 320
dmcdhgmx iner 324
dmcdhgmx vopxdcng 337
dmcekgpgmx 024
dmceavoxd`ng 023
dmhgvgmhgmx senwxdem ?97dmhg{. dmhdcgs 70. ?89. ?99.
?43. 380
dmhg{ gqwoxdem ?98
dmgpxdo 04?
dmidmdxg sgpdgs 22
dmdxdon cemhdxdem 77. 096
dmmgp vpehwcx 3?. ;9. ?03.
?30. ?40. 06;. 00;. 09;. 36?
dmxgbgp svdm 334
dmxgpocxdem ?29
dmxgpigpgmcg ?7. 09. 372. 399
dmxgpigpeagxgp ?7
dmyopdomcg vpdmcdvng48
dmygpsg aoxpd{ 066
dmygpsg evgpoxep ?82. 066
dmygpsg xpomsiepa ?0?
dmygpsdem ?4;. 060. 0?2. 096.
0;4. 387
dmygpsdem dmyopdomx
?7?
dmygpsdem evgpoxep ?76
dmygpsdem staagxpt 087
dem 08;
dem `goa 04?
demdzoxdem ?27
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809
demdzoxdem ckoa`gp ;
demdzoxdem gmgpbt ?20. 392dsesvdm ?37
dsexevg ?27
dsexpevdc 87. ?96. ?24
dsexpevt ?04. 04;
L
loem L ?29. 0;;. 046
Lgvngp ?26
Lgvngp vpe`nga ?90.
?9;
lgx 06;. 064
lgx ygcxep 307
ldmgxdc gmgpbt 7. 74. 390Lngdm!Bephem gqwoxdem
82
Lpemgclgp mexoxdem
78. 49. ?42
N
no`epoxept stsxga 329
Noa` 30;
Noa` skdix 30;
Nomhow gmgpbt ngygn 003
Novnocg evgpoxep
39. ?88. ?79. ?;9. 32;
Nopaep 3?7
Nopaep ipgqwgmct 3?7Nowg hdiipocxdem voxxgpm
?8
Ngbgmhpg gqwoxdem
?63
Ngbgmhpg ventmeadons
?68. ?;0. 3;?
ndig xdag 0;9
ndmgop onbg`po ?49
ndmgop hdiigpgmxdon gqwoxdem
33
ndmgop aeagmxwa ?;0
ndmgop evgpoxep ;;
ndmgop svocg 36. 3?ndmgop swvgpvesdxdem ;9.
06;
ndmgop xpomsiepaoxdem
36;
nebdc 03
Nemhem 39?
nemb pombg iepcg 347
Nepgmxz 3?8
Nepgmxz cwpyg 0;9
Nepgmxz iepcg 027. 0;9.
3?8
nergp ndadx ?34
nergpdmb evgpoxep ?32.
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802
0?4
Ntaom ndmg 0;0
A
aocpescevdc 0
aobmgxdc hdvhg 0;0
aobmgxdc idgnh 093
aobmgxdc inw{ 82
aobmgxdc aeagmx 090. 363
aobmgxdc aeagmx gngagmx
?28
aobmgxdc qwomxwa mwa`gp
?62. ?86. ?9;. 0;0. 042. 362. 3;?
aobmgxdc pgsemomcg 099
aobmgxem ?27. ?;9aoss cemsgpyoxdem vpdmcdvng
80
aoss poxde 329
aoxkgadcon dmhwcxdem
3?3
aoxpd{ ?40. 038. 042. 374
aoxpd{ gngagmx ?43.
036. 096. 360. 3?2
aoxpd{ agckomdcs 006
aoxxgp royg ?8. 88
Ao{rgnn gqwoxdem
33. 86
agckomdcs ei vopxdcng 33
agckomdcs yopdo`ng ?46
agsem ?29. 046adcpeagxgp scong ?;
adcpescevg ;
adcpescevdc 2
adcperoyg 30;
Adnndlom 7
aehgpm vktsdcs ??. 376.
320
aeng 0
aengcwnop svgcxpwa 0;;
aeagmx ?66. 089
aeagmx ei dmgpxdo ?72.
077
aeagmxwa 7aeagmxwa +ygcxep$ cemsgpyoxdem vpdm!
cdvng
328
aeagmxwa gdbgmsxoxg
02?
aeagmxwa aeagmx ?66.
?37
aeagmxwa evgpoxep 43.
?06. ?02. 0?7. 049
aeagmxwa pgvpgsgmxoxdem
0?7
aemeckpeaoxdc
2. 024
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80;
aemexemdc hgcpgosdmb
392aepvkenebt 97
aexdem cemsxomx ?83
aexdem dmxgbpon ?83
awnxdvng hgbgmgpoxg ?9;.
?;3
awnxdvng peexs 037. 086
awnxdvng sxoxgs ;0. 3?9
awnxdvndcoxdem 068
awnxdvndcoxdem evgpoxep
0?7
awnxdvndcoxdem pwng ?47
awnxdvndcdxt ;0
awem ?27. ?;9awemdwa ?27. ?;9
momeagxgp scong ?;
M
Mgpmsx 8
Mgwaom iwmcxdem ?24
mgwxpdme ?0. ?22. 0;2. 342.
867
mgwxpem ?0. ?22. 0;2. 342
mgwxpem `goa ?7. 08. ?22
mgwxpem dmxgpigpeagxpt
?7
mgwxpem vpe`g ?7
Mgrxem oxxpocxdyg iepcg cemsxomx
8??Mgrxem—s nor ei aexdem
??
Mgrxemdom agckomdcs. Mgrxem s
agckomdcs 0. 30. ?29
Mgrxem—s sgcemh nor
33. 32
mehg 94. ?;3
mem dmxgpckombgo`ng
;;
mem sdmbwnop iwmcxdem
?93
mem!cemsgpyoxdyg ?79
mem cemsgpyoxdyg iepcg?;9
mem!hgbgmgpoxg ;0. ?36.
?76. ?;3. 00;. 02?
mem!hdsxdmbwdsko`ng vopxdcng
37?
mem!venopdzgh 024
mem!pgnoxdydsxdc ?8. 37.
329. 867
mepa 00. ?07
mepa sqwopg 0?. 09. ?30. 09?.
324
mepaon ?7
mepaon hdsxpd`wxdem 4
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804
mepaon Zggaom giigcx
3?8mepaondzoxdem 96. ?0?. ?92.
?4?. 044
mepaondzoxdem cemsxomx
0;. ;6. 42. 004. 33;. 380. 342. 344
mepaondzoxdem iocxep
080. 384
mepaondzgh 0;
mwcngop iepcg 343
mwcngop aobmgxdc pgsemomcg
099
mwcngop vktsdcs ?37
mwcngws ?6. ?22. 08;. 37?
mwcngws svdm 373mwcndhg 4. 93. 98
mwa`gp sgx ?46
mwagpdcon agxkeh ?;3.
009
E
ehh iwmcxdem 94. 40. 087
ehh vopdxt ?84. ?74
evgpoxdem ;2. ?40
evgpoxep 37. ;2.
?03. ?40. 042
ep`dxon ombwnop aeagmxwa
?37. ?8?. ?74. 376. 3;6
ep`dxon ombwnop aeagmxwa evgpoxep
43. ?66. ?0;.?79. 368. 868
ep`dxon ombwnop aeagmxwa qwomxwa
mwa`gp
?74. ?9;
ep`dxon ombwnop aeagmxwa sqwopg
evgpoxep
?79
epdgmxoxdem 36?
epxke kgndwa 396
epxkemepaon 94. 24.
40. ?06. ?;0. ?46. ?40. 009. 038.
092. 042. 386. 3;3
epxkebemon 73. 94. 3?6. 33;.398
epxkebemondxt ??6. 036.
0;?. 384
epxkemepaondzoxdem
49. 44
escdnnoxep 3. 2;. 3?8
V
vopo`eno 392. 3;7
vopokgndwa 396
voponngn 3?2
vopdxt ?74. 034. 096
vopdxt evgpoxep ?8;. 339
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836
vopxdcng ;. ?0. 38. ?08.
?02. ?79. 096vopxdcng `goa 320
vopxdcng `goa iner ?8.
72. 32;
vopxdcng iner 44
vopxdcng mwa`gp evgpoxep
00?
vopxdcng vktsdcs ?37
Vosckgm!@ocl giigcx ‘
3?8. 306. 300
Vownd 049
Vownd g{cnwsdem vpdmcdvng
38?. 380
Vownd aoxpd{ ?44. 067.03;. 04;
vgmgxpoxdem hgvxk 74
vgpdehdc `ewmhopt cemhdxdem
4;. ?08
vgpago`dndxt 8??
vgpadxxdydxt 8??
vgpawxoxdem 337
vgpxwp`oxdem 073. 074. 0;0.
306. 34?
vgpxwp`oxdem gqwoxdem
002
vgpxwp`oxdem dmxgpocxdem
009
vgpxwp`oxdem evgpoxep
009vgpxwp`oxdem xkgept 009.
300. 373. 398
Vgxdx 0
vkosg hdiigpgmcg ?9. ;3
vkosg iocxep 00
vkosg skdix 3;?
vkosg royg ?3
vkgmeagmenebdcon 0;7
vkexe svgcxpwa ndmg 2
vkexegngcxpdc giigcx 8.
022
vkexegngcxpem 8
vkexem 7. 2. ?27. 3?9vdgcgrdsg cemxdmwews 49
vdem 08. ?29. 866
Vnomcl 3. 2;
Vnomcl vpdmcdvng 3
Vnomcl pohdoxdem nor
02;
Vnomcl cemsxomx 8. 36.
8??
vnomg royg 04. 37. 32;
vnomg royg sxoxg iwmcxdem
?;?
vnomgx 9
venop ceephdmoxg ?;2
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830
?29. 090
qwomxwa agckomdcs ?0.09. ?29. ?47. 009. 07;. 090. 049.
338. 386. 324
qwomxwa mwa`gp 9;. 2;.
?38. 0?6. 049
qwomxwa ei ocxdem 8
qwomxwa vexgmxdon 8;
qwomxwa sxoxg 860
qwomxwa sxoxdsxdcs 338
qwomxwa xkgept 8. 3;;
qwomxwa xkgept ei idgnhs
00?. 022. 30;
qwopl 37?
qwosd cemxdmwews 02?qwosd hgbgmgpoxg
032
qwosd qwomxwa xkgept
93
qwosd sxo`ng 0;2. 046
qwosd sxo`ng sxoxg 0;8.
0;7. 04?
qwexdgmx ;4
P
pohdon
pohdon gqwoxdem ?7;.
3;?
pohdon iwmcxdem 3;?
pohdon aeagmxwa ?07pohdon qwomxwa mwa`gp
?97. ?9;. ?;3
pohdon sxoxg iwmcxdem
?7;. ?;3
pohdoxdem 3
pohdoxdem idgnh 028
pohdoxdem aoxxgp 023
pohdoxdem mwcndhg 4
pohdoxdem qwomxwa 022
pohdoxdyg 4
pohdoxdyg mwcndhg 0;3
podsdmb evgpoxep ?32. 0?4.
006Poaom pexoxdem svgcxpwa
373
pomhea 4
pomhea hdsxpd`wxdem 024
pomhea venopdzoxdem 863
pgon opbwagmx 3;4
pgon iwmcxdem 096
pgcdvpecon ?09. ?79. 032. 33;
pgcdvpecon iepawno ?02.
068. 0?7. 042
pgcdvpecon pgnoxdem pgcdvpecdxt
?09. ?30. 0?7. 368
pgcedn 34;
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833
pgcedn vopxdcng 34;
pgcxombwnop ceephdmoxg?6?. 0;6
pgcwppgmcg +pgnoxdem$
22. 24. ?98. 0;?
pghwcgh ipgqwgmct 302
pghwcgh aoss ?9?. ?2?.
?27. 084. 090. 3?7. 327. 862
pgigpgmcg stsxga 328. 329
pgingcxdem 72
pgingcxdem `goa 320
pgingcxdem cegiidcdgmx 72
pgingcxdem staagxpt ;3
pgnoxdyg ceephdmoxg ?9?.
382. 327pgnoxdyg ceephdmoxg dmygpsdem
344
pgnoxdydsxdc aoss 0;2
pgnoxdydsxdc qwomxwa agckomdcs
090. 368
pgnoxdydxt ?3!?8. 37
pgvpgsgmxoxdem ?44. 037. 042.
378
pgvpgsgmxoxdem xpomsiepa
063
pgvwnsdyg ?74
pgsenwxdem ;
pgsemomcg 099. 0;9
pgsemomx o`sepvxdem 0;0
pgsemomx coydxt 3. 94pgsemomx idxxdmb 0;;
pgsemomx ipgqwgmct 099
pgsemsomx vgol 0;;
pgsemomx sxoxg 0;2
pgsemomx xpomsdxdem 028
pgsemomx xpomsadssdem 9?
pgsxepdmb iepcg 27
pdbdh ?74. 077. 3;7
pdbdh svkgpg 3;7
Pdxz 7
pexoxdem ldmgxdc gmgpbt
?72
pexoxdem sxoxg 370pexoxdem sxoxg iwmcxdem
370
pexoxdemon staagxpdcon
?62
pexep ?74. 077
per 36;
per dmhg{ ?43
per aoxpd{ ?46
Pwxkgpieph hdiigpgmxdon scoxxgpdmb cpess
sgcxdem
866
Pwxkgpieph iepawno
348
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838
Pth`gpb cemsxomx 9.
?20. ?;9. 8??
S
soxgnndxg 9
sconop 363
sconop vpehwcx 30
scong ?6. 29
scoxxgpdmb 72. 44. ?00. 320
scoxxgpdmb oavndxwhg 324
scoxxgpdmb ombng 329. 346
scoxxgpdmb cgmxgp 44. 327.
3;8
scoxxgpdmb iner 324
scoxxgpdmb vopxdcng 34;scoxxgpdmb vpecgss 09
scoxxgpdmb poxg 323. 34?
scoxxgpdmb sxoxg ?;?. ?;8
Sckpùhdmbgp 09.
37
Sckpùhdmbgp gqwoxdem
37. 76. ?80. ?28. ?49. 087. 07;. 334
scpggm ;. 348
scpggmdmb giigcx 076.
073. 303
scpggmdmb vopoagxgp 348
sgcemh ephgp gqwoxdem
00;
sgcwnop gqwoxdem ?49.
069. 037. 039. 044sgngcxdem pwng 0;6. 0;0.
3?9
sgni ohjedmx ?03
sgni ohjedmx evgpoxep ?03
sgni dmmgp vpehwcx ;4
sgad vkgmeagmenebdcon
023. 0;8
sgmlpgckx 3?2
sgvopoxdem ei yopdo`ngs
34. 76. ;?. ?;9
sgpdon mwa`gp 0?6
sgpdgs 22
sgpdgs g{vomsdem 29sgpdgs senwxdem ?98. ?97
sgx 36
skoher 3;;
skoher yedh 3;;
skepx pombg iepcg 3;8. 340
SD. sxomhoph dmxgpmoxdemon
ALS ?26
sdbmdidcomx idbwpgs 026
sdavng kopaemdc escdnnoxdem
040
sdavng kopaemdc escdnnoxep
27. 40
sdavng kopaemdc yd`poxdem
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837
27. 370
sdavng vgmhwnwa 090sdawnoxdem 340
sdmbng cptsxon sdndcem ?7
sdmbng vopxdcng stsxga
4?. 368
sdmbng yonwgh iwmcxdem 0;
sdmbng sndx hdiipocxdem 06
sdmbngx 3?2. 38;. 86?
sdmbngx iwmcxdem 37;
sdmbwnopdxt. sdmbwnop vedmx 04.
80. 29. ?24. 347
sdmwsedhon royg 4;
sner mgwxpem 867
saonngsx gdbgmyonwg006
saeexk 04. 47
sehdwa. Mo 3?8
sendh ombng. sxgpohdom ?00.
070. 320. 3;6. 34;
sendh ombng gngagmx 44.
323. 324
sendh sxoxg vktsdcs 98.
?08. 088
Seaagpignh 9
sewpcg 8?. 80
svocg hgvgmhgmx 70
svocg dmygpsdem ?62.
?84. ?74. 382
svocg dmygpsdem evgpoxep?8;
svocg qwomxdzoxdem
?62. 049
svocg pgingcxdem staagxpt
08;
svgcdon pgnoxdydxt
?3
svgcdidc kgox 0
svkgpdcon @gssgn iwmcxdem
3;6
svkgpdcon ceephdmoxg ?66.
?88. 0;;
svkgpdcon ceephdmoxg stsxga8;. ?79. 32;
svkgpdcon kopaemdc iwmcxdem
?69. ?3?. ?7;. 382. 3;6
svkgpdcon staagxpt 87.
?88. ?79. 3;3
svkgpdcon royg 34. 87. ?07.
?88. 32;
svdm ?37. 093. 3?7
svdm ombwnop aeagmxwa
?37. 049
svdm ombwnop aeagmxwa evgpoxep
?70. ?4;. 049
svdm ombwnop aeagmxwa qwomxwa mwa!
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839
`gp 090
svdm indv 093. 02?. 868svdm indv ipgqwgmct
099
svdm iwmcxdem 049. 360
svdm evgpoxep ?70. 049.
360. 382
svdm!ep`dxon cewvndmb ‘
363. 309. 396
svdm qwomxwa mwa`gp
382. 86?
svdm sxoxg iwmcxdem
077. 042
svdm yopdo`ng 337
svdm!ep`dxon dmxgpocxdem ‘3?4. 30?
svndx 034. 374
svemxomgews hgcot 0;3
svemxomgews pohdoxdem 2.
029
sqwopg dmxgbpo`ng 42
sxo`ng vopxdcng 0;2
sxomhdmb royg ?3. 74. 94
Sxopl giigcx 034. 08?.
0;6
sxoxg iwmcxdem 09. 36. 7;.
;2. ?06. ?46. 07;. 36?. 337. 38;
sxoxg ygcxep 06;.
064. 0?3
sxoxdemopt sxoxg 33sxoxdemopt sxoxg gqwoxdem
363. 339. 386
sxoxdsxdcon 323
sxoxdsxdcon hgydoxdem ?3?
sxoxdsxdcon hdsxpd`wxdem 4?
sxoxdsxdcon inwcxoxdem 4?
sxoxdsxdcs 3. ?6
sxgoht sxoxg 9. ?87. 009. 022.
366
sxgoht sxoxg gqwoxdem
7?. 79. ?72. 002. 303
sxgoht sxoxg iwmcxdem
?99. 006. 002sxgoht sxoxg senwxdem 70.
074
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