電子工程導論

計算機工程Computer Engineering

Outlines

Overview Course Layout, Objective, and

Relationship Computer Hardware Computer Software Computer Network Integrated Circuit Design Conclusion and Discussion

Overview

Overview

Computer systemperformance

Computer systemperformance

IC design andfabrication techniques

IC design andfabrication techniques

promote

enhance

Computer system engineering is a problem-solving activities

Concept

System analysis and definition

Hardware SoftwareTrade-off

Hardwareengineering

Software engineering

Overview

Overview

System analysis and definition systematic refinement of information

to be processed required functions desired performance design constraints validation criteria

Overview

Trade-off: A configuration is selected and

functions allocated among potential system elements

Overview

Overview

The computer revolution

Overview

The evolution of information industry

Overview

The electronic industry trend

Overview

The development trend of PC

PC-generation

PostPC-generation

Overview The IA (information appliance)

productions

Overview

Computer System

I/O systemProcessor

CompilerOperating System(Windows XP)

Applications

Digital Design

Circuit Design

Datapath & Control

Transistors

MemoryHardware

Software Assembler Firmware

Net

wor

k Sy

stem

s

Course Layout, Objective, and Relationship

計算機概論

數位邏輯設計

程式設計

物件導向程式設計

組合語言

數位邏輯設計技術

資料結構 程式語言 離散數學

作業系統

計算機網路

數據通信

計算機組織

計算機架構

計算機演算法

行動計算

即時系統

嵌入式系統

平行處理

作業系統技術

無線通信網路 中央處理單元設計

編譯器設計

分散式系統

區域網路

網路程式設計微處理機

微處理機技術

多媒體應用

軟體

網路硬體

軟體工程

硬體描述語言

高等計算機架構

系統程式

資料庫管理系統

Computer Hardware

Design of Computer Systems Architecture level Functional level Hardware level

Architecture Control flow (Von Neumann Machine) Data flow (Data flow computer) VLSI computing structure (Neural Nets)

Computer Hardware

Computer Hardware

Performance Evaluation MIPS (Millions of Instructions Per

Second), FLOPS Benchmarks: SPEC95, …

Input Unit

Arithmetic/Logic Unit

Memory Unit

Control Unit

Output Unit

Control Flow

Data flow

InstructionStream

DataStream

• Control Flow (Von Neumann Machine)

Computer Hardware

Computer Hardware

Four machine organizations SISD: Single Instruction Stream-Single

Data Stream SIMD: Single Instruction Stream-

Multiple Data Stream MISD: Multiple Instruction Stream-

Single Data Stream MISD: Multiple Instruction Stream-

Multiple Data Stream

CU PU MU

SISD:

IS

IS DS

Computer Hardware

SIMD:

CU PU1 MU

IS

IS DS1

PU2 MUDS2

PUn MUDSn

MISD:

CU1 PU MU

IS 1..n

IS1 DS

PU MU

PU MUDS

CU2

IS2

CUnISn

Computer Hardware

MIMD:

CU1 PU MU

IS 1..n

IS1

PU MU

PU MU

CU2

IS2

CUnISn

DSn

DS1

DS2

Instruction sets (hardware complexity) CISC: Complex Instruction Set Computer RISC: Reduced Instruction Set Computer

a limited and simple instruction set a large number of general-purpose registers an emphasis on optimizing the instruction

pipeline

Instruction cycles fetch phase execution phase

fetch phase execution phase

instruction cycle

Computer Hardware

Solutions: pipelining

prefetch instruction queue

multiple instruction flows

F1

F2F3

F4 E4

E1E2

E3

F1 F2 F3 F4E1 E2 E3 E4

Computer Hardware

Well-mapped

Overlapped

Pipelined

Dyadic

M Quad processor

M

Evolution of a computer processor

Computer Hardware

VLSI Computing Structures highly parallel computing (e.g.,

signal/image processing and scientific computing)

mapping parallel algorithms into processor arrays

Computer Hardware

One-dimension linear array

Two-dimensional square array (Systolic Array)

Two-dimensional hexagonal array

Computer Hardware

Computer Software

Computer Software

Computer Software is a logical element is the sequences of instructions in one

or more programming languages that comprise a computer application to perform some dedicated functions

Computer Software

Software has characteristics that considerably different from those hardware No significant manufacturing phase Does not wear out Maintenance often includes design

modification and enhancement

Computer Software

Software components non-machine executable -- documents machine executable -- programs

Programming languages are artificial languages limit vocabulary explicitly define grammar well formed rules of syntax and

semantics

Computer Software

Software Applications system software -- to service other

programs real-time software -- monitor, analyze,

and control real world events business software -- business

information processing (largest app. area)

Computer Software engineering and scientific -- number

crunching algorithms combinatorial software -- makes use

of non-numerical algorithm to solve complex problems, AI, pattern recognition, game playing, theorem proving, ...

Computer Software

The software application area demand diverse skills and approaches for problem recognition and solution

The software implementation must be approached by using a set of techniques that are application independent

Computer Software

Overview of the software engineering methodologies methodologies are procedures,

techniques, and processes used to direct the activities of each phase of a software life cycle.

Computer Software there are five classes of methodologies:

Process Methodology Data Methodology Object-oriented Methodology Semantic Methodology Rapidly Prototyping (None)

Computer Network

Computer Network

Data communication For two devices linked by a

transmission medium to exchange data, a high degree of cooperation is required

Techniques Encoding Synchronization Error detection/correction Interfacing Multiplexing

Computer Network

Digital data communication serial transmission

parallel transition

Tx Rx

Tx Rx

b7b6...b0

b7

b0

Computer Network

DataTerminalEquipment(DTE)

TransmissionLine InterfaceDevice

DigitalDataTransmitter/Receiver

Data CircuitTerminatingEquipment(DCE)

DataTerminalEquipment(DTE)

TransmissionLine InterfaceDevice

DigitalDataTransmitter/Receiver

Data CircuitTerminatingEquipment(DCE)

DTE: Data Source, Sink, or BothDCE: provides the signal conversion and coding between

the DTE and line

Transmission media

Computer Network

Communication Network is a shared resource that address the

problems cited early the network provides for the sharing

of transmission facilities among any stations

is not concerned with the content of the data exchanged between stations

its purpose is simply to move that data from source to destination

Computer Network Interconnection via a communication

network

Node

Station: single I/O port isneeded

Computer Network Network topologies

A C E

A

E

B

D

B D F

A

E

B

D

A

E

B

D

C E

B D

F

A

A B C

C C C

Star Ring Dual Ring

Bus Tree Dual Bus

Computer Network

A B C

A B C D

A

C E

B

DF

Dual Bus Dual Bus Mesh

A

G

B

E

D

F

C

H

Snowflake

Computer Network

A

E

B

D

C F

J

G

I

H

K

O

L

N

M

橋接器

橋接器 橋接器

Bridged Ring Networks

C

A

BF

D

E

G

H

集線器 或 中樞器

...

Hub or Concentrator

Computer Network

LAN (Local Area Network)

傳輸媒介 :

同軸電纜 , 雙絞線 , 光纖

工作站

工作站

工作站

工作站

工作站

Computer Network OSI protocol model

應用層

表達層

會議層

傳輸層

網路層

鏈結層

實體層

應用層

表達層

會議層

傳輸層

網路層

鏈結層

實體層

應用軟體 X

鏈結層通訊協定

傳輸媒介

應用軟體 Y

網路層通訊協定

傳輸層通訊協定

會議層通訊協定

表達層通訊協定

應用層通訊協定

實體層通訊協定

系統 A 系統 B

應用層

表達層

會議層

傳輸層

網路層

鏈結層

實體層

應用層

表達層

會議層

傳輸層

網路層

鏈結層

實體層

應用軟體 X

鏈結層通訊協定

傳輸媒介

應用軟體 Y

網路層通訊協定

傳輸層通訊協定

會議層通訊協定

表達層通訊協定

應用層通訊協定

實體層通訊協定

系統 A 系統 B

Computer Network

Application

Physical

Data Link

Network (IP)

Transport (TCP)

Session

Presentation

OSI ModelNetWare UNA

NetWare Applications

MS-DOS, OS/2NetWare 核心服務

NetWare 增值服務

Netware Core Protocol (NCP)(NetWare 檔案系統)

NetWare CommunicationSystem (NetBIOS)

Sequenced Packet Exchange

SPX

IPX Internetwork Packet Exchange

Open Data-Link Interface (ODI)Ethernet, Token-ring, FDDI, etc.,

10 BASE-T UTP 10 BASE -510 BASE-2 STP Fiber-optics

Computer Network

TCP/IP

Physical Layer1

DLC IEEE 802.22

X.25: 分封型數據通信網路

IP: Internet Protocol

TCP: Transmission ControlProtocol

UDP: User DatagramProtocol

ICMP: Internet Control Message Protocol

ARP/RARP: AddressResolution Protocol3

4

5~7

Application services:Telnet: Virtual Terminal Protocol NFS: Network File Ftp: File Transfer Protocol SystemRPC: Remote Procedure CallSMTP: Simple Mail Transfer Protocol

Computer Network

Network programming

第 N-1 層

第 N 層

服務點

第 N+1 層

通訊軟體

通訊軟體通訊軟體

通訊軟體

通訊軟體

通訊軟體 通訊軟體

第 N-1 層

第 N 層

第 N+1 層

通訊軟體

通訊軟體通訊軟體

通訊軟體

通訊軟體

通訊軟體 通訊軟體

通訊協定

通訊協定

系統 A 系統 B

第 N-1 層

第 N 層

服務點

第 N+1 層

通訊軟體

通訊軟體通訊軟體

通訊軟體

通訊軟體

通訊軟體 通訊軟體

第 N-1 層

第 N 層

第 N+1 層

通訊軟體

通訊軟體通訊軟體

通訊軟體

通訊軟體

通訊軟體 通訊軟體

通訊協定

通訊協定

系統 A 系統 B

Computer Network

傳送及接收

工作站界面

訊框包裝

鏈結管理

編碼及解碼

網路控制卡

收發器電纜

收發器

鏈結層

實體層

高層通訊協定

銅軸電纜

Computer Network

Multimedia transmission

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Computer Network

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