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မာတကာcontents

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RULe oF LAW centResFoUnDAtIons In RULe oF LAW coURse

တရားဥပေဒစးမးေရးစငတာမားတရားဥပေဒစးမးေရးအေျခခသငတနး

tABLe oF contentsမာတကာ

• အဓကအခကအလကအကဥးခပ• executive summary

• တရားဥပေဒစးမးေရးအေျခခသငတနး(၁၀)ရကတာသငတနးအစအစဥ• Foundations in Rule of Law training course training Agenda for 10 days

• ေမာဂး၁:သငတနးႏငတရားဥပေဒစးမးေရးကမတဆကျခငး• Module 1: Introduction to training course and Rule of Law အစအစဥ၁.၁:မတဆကျခငး session 1.1: orientation အစအစဥ၁.၂:တရားဥပေဒစးမးေရးကမတဆကျခငး session 1.2: Introduction to the Rule of Law အစအစဥ၁.၃:ျပညတြငးႏငႏငငတကာမဖြငဆထားေသာတရားဥပေဒစးမးေရးအဓပၸာယ ဖြငဆခကမား session 1.3: national and International Definitions of the Rule of Law

• ေမာဂး၂:ျမနမာႏငငရဥပေဒစနစ• Module 2: systems of Law အစအစဥ၂.၁:ဥပေဒဆသညမာအဘယနညး session 2.1: What is Law အစအစဥ၂.၂:ျမနမာႏငငရဥပေဒမား၏ဆငးသကလာေသာအရငးအျမစမား session 2.2: sources of Law in Myanmar အစအစဥ၂.၃:ဥပေဒေရးဆြေရးလပငနးစဥမားတြငအမားျပညသပါ၀ငနငမႈ session 2.3: Public Participation in Law-Making

• ေမာဂး၃:အသကေမြးဝမးေၾကာငးအတတပညာရငမား၏အခနးက႑မား၊ကငဝတမားႏငတရားေရးဆငရာလြတလပမႈရျခငး

• Module 3: Professional Roles, ethics and Judicial Independence အစအစဥ၃.၁:ကငဝတမားကမတဆကျခငး session 3.1: Introduction to ethics အစအစဥ၃.၂:ကငဝတဆငရာစညးမဥးဥပေဒသမား session 3.2: ethical codes အစအစဥ၃.၃:တရားေရးဆငရာလြတလပမႈရျခငးႏငသမာသမတရျခငး session 3.3: Judicial Independence and Impartiality အစအစဥ၃.၄:တရားရးအေပၚတြငထားရရသညေရ႕ေနမား၏တာ၀န session 3.4: Lawyers’ Duties to the court အစအစဥ၃.၅:ကင႔၀တမားႏင႔သကေသမား session 3.5: ethics and Witnesses

• ေမာဂး၄:တနးတညမရမႈႏငစာနာေထာကထားသငသမား• Module 4: equality and Vulnerable Groups အစအစဥ၄.၁:တရားဥပေဒေရ႕ေမာကတြငတနးတညမမႈရျခငး session 4.1: equality Before the Law အစအစဥ၄.၂:ကေလးမား session 4.2: children အစအစဥ၄.၃:အမးသမးမား session 4.3: Women အစအစဥ၄.၄:တရားဥပေဒေရ႕ေမာကတြငတနးတညမမႈရျခငးႏင႔အရငးခတနးတညမရမႈ အဆငျမငသငခနးစာ session 4.4: Advanced equality before the Law and substantive equality

• ေမာဂး၅:လထအသပညာေပးျခငး• Module 5: Public Awareness အစအစဥ၅.၁:လမႈအဖြ႕အစညးမားႏငခတဆကျခငး session 5.1: community engagement အစအစဥ၅.၂:လထအသပညာေပးျခငးကျမႇငတငျခငး session 5.2: Public Awareness Raising အစအစဥ၅.၃:လမႈအဖြ႔အစညးမားနငခတဆကျခငး-လကေတြ႕လပေဆာငျခငး session 5.3: community engagement-Practical Activity

• ေမာဂး၆:ဥပေဒဆငရာလပငနးစဥမားကြျပားျခားနားမႈႏငသကေသခအေထာကအထား• Module 6: Differences in Legal Processes and evidence အစအစဥ၆.၁:ဥပေဒဆငရာလပငနးစဥမားကြျပားျခားနားမႈ session 6.1: Differences in Legal Processes အစအစဥ၆.၂:သကေသခအေထာကအထား session 6.2: evidence အစအစဥ၆.၃:သကေသခအေထာကအထားေရ႕ေနမားအတြကအဆငျမငသငခနးစာ Module 6.3: Advanced evidence for Lawyers

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• ေမာဂး၇:အျငငးပြားမႈကအျခားနညးျဖငေျဖရငးျခငး• Module 7: Alternative Dispute Resolution အစအစဥ၇.၁:အျငငးပြားမႈမားကအျခားေသာနညးျဖငေျဖရငးျခငးသညအဘယနညး။ session 7.1: What is ADR? အစအစဥ၇.၂:အျငငးပြားမႈဆငရာအျခားနညးျဖငေျဖရငးျခငးနညးလမးမား-ခသမာဓ အဆးအျဖတခယျခငး session 7.2: Methods of ADR – Arbitration

• ေမာဂး၈:ျမနမာနငငရအပခပေရးဥပေဒဆငရာမေဘာင• Module 8: Administrative Law Framework in Myanmar အစအစဥ၈.၁:အပခပေရးဥပေဒ-စညးမဥးမားနငေျမယာမတပတငျခငး session 8.1: Administrative Law: Regulations and Land Registration အစအစဥ၈.၂:အပခပေရးဥပေဒ-ျမငသာမႈရေသာအစးရနငျပညသၾကားရတရား၀င သတငးအခကအလကရပငခြင session 8.2: Administrative Law: open Government-Public Access to official Information အစအစဥ၈.၃:အပခပေရးဥပေဒ-ေျမအျငငးပြားမႈမားကေျဖရငးရနအတြက ဖြ႕စညးပအေျခခဥပေဒအရစာခၽြနေတာကအသးျပျခငး session 8.3: Administrative Law: Using constitutional Writs to Resolve Land Disputes

• ေမာဂး၉:တရားမဥပေဒ• Module 9: civil Law အစအစဥ၉.၁:တရားမဥပေဒ-စာခပစာတမးအျငငးပြားမႈမားကေျဖရငးျခငး session 9.1: civil Law: Resolving contract Disputes အစအစဥ၉.၂:တရားမဥပေဒ-အေမြဆကခမႈဥပေဒနငအမားသမးမားအတြက တနးတညမမႈ session 9.2: civil Law: Inheritance Law and equality for Women အစအစဥ၉.၃:တရားမဥပေဒ-ေၾကြးၿမကစၥကတရားရးသ႔ယေဆာငလာျခငး session 9.3: civil Law: taking a Loan case to court အစအစဥ၉.၄:ပဋညာဥ-ေရ႕ေနမားအတြကအဆငျမငသငခနးစာ session 9.4: Advanced contracts for Lawyers

• ေမာဂး၁၀:ျပစမႈဆငရာဥပေဒ• Module 10: criminal Law အစအစဥ၁၀.၁:ျမနမာႏငငရရာဇဝတမႈဆငရာဥပေဒမေဘာင session 10.1: criminal Law Framework in Myanmar အစအစဥ၁၀.၂:ရႏငျပညသ session 10.2: People and the Police အစအစဥ၁၀.၃:မတေသာတရားစရငမႈရပငခြင-ေရ႕ေနငားရမးခြင session 10.3: Access to Justice: Right to a Lawyer အစအစဥ၁၀.၄:မတေသာတရားစရငမႈရပငခြင-မတမႈရေသာစရငဆးျဖတမႈ အခြငအေရးမား session 10.4: Access to Justice: Fair trial Rights

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• ေမာဂး၁၁:တရားခြငပစသ႐ပျပျခငး• Module 11: Mock trial အစအစဥ၁၁.၁:အမႈကခြျခမးစတျဖာျခငး session 11.1: case Analysis အစအစဥ၁၁.၂:ျပစမႈစစေဆးၾကားနာျခငးဆငရာကၽြမးကငမႈမား session 11.2: criminal trial skills အစအစဥ၁၁.၃:တရားခြငပစသရပျပျခငးလပထးလပနညး session 11.3: Mock trial Procedure အစအစဥ၁၁.၄:ျပစမႈဆငရာစစေဆးပတရားခြငပစသ႐ပျပျခငး session 11.4: criminal Mock trial

• ေမာဂး၁၂:ေရ႕ဆကရနလမးစဥ:လပေဆာငခကအတြကအစအစဥေရးဆြျခငး• Module 12: the Way Forward: Planning for Action အစအစဥ၁၂.၁:ေရဆကရနလမးစဥ session 12.1: the Way Forward အစအစဥ၁၂.၂:လပေဆာငခကအစအစဥေရးဆြျခငး session 12.2: Action Planning အစအစဥ၁၂.၃:လပေဆာငခကေရးဆြထားေသာအစအစဥမားကအစရငချခငး session 12.3: Reporting on Action Plans

• ေမာဂး၁၃:ကၽြမးကငမႈဆငရာအစအစဥမား• Module 13: skills sessions အစအစဥ၁၃.၁:ဆကသြယေျပာဆျခငးဆငရာအေျခခစြမးရညမား-၁ session13.1: Basic communication skills 1 အစအစဥ၁၃.၂:ဆကသြယေျပာဆျခငးဆငရာအေျခခစြမးရညမား-၂ session 13.2: Basic communication skills 2 အစအစဥ၁၃.၃:ေစစပညနႈငးျခငး session 13.3: negotiation အစအစဥ၁၃.၄:ၾကား၀ငဖနေျဖျခငး session 13.4: Mediation

• ေမာဂး၁၄:ျပညသ႔အကးခစားခြငအတြကလကပါေဆာငရြကျခငး• Module 14: Public Interest Lawyering အစအစဥ၁၄.၁-ျပညသ႔အကးခစားခြငအတြကလကပါေဆာငရြကျခငး -ျပညသ႔အကးခစားခြင session 14.1: Public Interest Lawyering: the Public Interest အစအစဥ၁၄.၂:ျပညသ႔အကးခစားခြငအတြကလကပါေဆာငရြကျခငး-အသးျပရမည အရာမားနငနညးပညာမား session 14.2: Public Interest Lawyering: tools and techniques အစအစဥ၁၄.၃:ျပညသ႔အကးခစားခြငအတြကလကပါေဆာငရြကျခငး-ေျမယာအသးခမႈ ရပငခြငအတြကမဟာဗဟာေျမာကတရားစြဆျခငး session 14.3: Public Interest Lawyering: strategic Litigation for Land Rights

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• ေမာဂး၁၅:ေရြ႕လားသငတနး• Module 15: Mobile training အစအစဥ၁၅.၁:ေရြ႕လားသငတနးမတဆက session 15.1: Mobile training Introduction အစအစဥ၁၅.၂:ေရြ႕လားသငတနး-တရားဥပေဒေရ႕ေမာကတြငတနးတညမရျခငး session 15.2: Mobile training: equality Before the Law အစအစဥ၁၅.၃:ေရြ႕လားသငတနး-နဂးအစအစဥ session 15.3: Mobile training: conclusion session

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အဓကအခကအလကအကဥးခပeXecUtIVe sUMMARY

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အဓကအခကအလကအကဥးခပ

တရားဥပေဒစးမးေရးစငတာမားစမခက

တရားဥပေဒစးမးေရးအေျခခသငတနးမား-သငရးညႊနးတမးလကစြ

ျခငသးသပျခငး

“တရားဥပေဒစးမးေရးအေျခခသငတနးမား”သငရးညႊနးတမးလကစြသညျမနမာႏငငအတြငးတရားဥပေဒစးမးေရးမဝါဒမားသငတနးအတြကအမားျပညသသးစြႏငေသာ၊အလးစျပည႔စေသာအရငးအျမစျဖစၿပး၄ငးကတရားဥပေဒစးမးေရးစငတာမားအစျပလပေဆာငခကမဖနတးခ႔ပါသည။ တရားဥပေဒစးမးေရးစငတာမားစမခကသညျမနမာႏငငတစဝမးတြငစငတာမားအစျပတညေထာငျခငးမတစဆငဥပေဒပညာျဖင႔အသကေမြးသမားႏငလမႈအဖြ႔အစညးေခါငးေဆာငမားအတြကဥပေဒေရးရာဗဟသတ၊ကြမးကငမႈမား၊စႏႈနးမားႏင ေယဘယအသပညာမားဆငရာသငတနးမားျပလပပါသည။ ေရရညေမာမနးခကျဖစေသာတရားစရငေရးစနစအေပၚယၾကညမႈတညေဆာကႏငရနအတြကရပရြာလထႏင႔ဆကသြယလႈပရားမႈမား၊တညရေနၿပးေသာတရားစရငေရးအဖြ႔အစညးမားႏင႔ ကြနရကခတဆကမႈတညေဆာကျခငးတ႔မတစဆင႔ ျပညသမား၏ဥပေဒေရးရာအသပညာမားတးတကေစရနဥးတညထားပါသည။

“အေျခခသငတနးမား” အတြကသငရးညႊနးတမးႏင႔ သငတနးတြငပါဝငေသာအေၾကာငးအရာမားအား ျပညတြငးႏင႔ႏငငတကာသငတနးဆရာမားအတတကြပးေပါငးလပကငျခငးျဖင႔ေရးဆြချခငးျဖစၿပး၄ငးအားအဂၤလပ၊ ျမနမာႏစဘာသာျဖငေရးဆြထားျခငးျဖစသည။သငတနးသည သငတနးသ/သားမားအား မတမႈရျခငး၊ သာတညမမႈရျခငးႏင႔ ခြျခားဆကဆမႈမရျခငး အစရသည႔ ႏငငတကာတရားဥပေဒစးမးေရးမဝါဒမားအား ျမနမာဥပေဒႏင လပထးလပနညးမားႏင႔ ခတဆကႏငရနတကတြနးအားေပးသည အရြယေရာကၿပးသမား၏ အေတြ႔အၾကကအေျခခေသာ ေလ႔လာသငယျခငးႏင႔အျပနအလနေလလာသငယျခငးစနစ၊ပးေပါငးပါဝငမႈရေသာသငၾကားနညးစနစမားမအေျခခငၿပးျဖစေသာအေကာငးဆးေလ႔လာသငယသည႔နညးလမးမားကအသးျပထားပါသည။ထ႔ျပငေဒသတြငးရျဖစပြားမႈမားေသာဥပေဒေရးရာကစၥမားအေပၚတြငအာရစကထားပါသည။

တရားဥပေဒစးမးေရးစငတာမားသည သငရးညႊနးတမးအား ဥပေဒပညာျဖင႔အသကေမြးဝမးေၾကာငးသမား၊ ဥပေဒပညာသငၾကားေရးဆရာ/ဆရာမမားႏင႔အရပဘကလမႈအဖြ႔အစညးကယစားလယမားကေလ႔ကငသငၾကားရာတြငအသးျပခ႔ၿပးအသပညာ၊ကြမးကငမႈမားႏင႔စႏႈနးမားတညေဆာကမႈအေပၚတြငအာရစးစကထားပါသည။၄ငးအားေကးရြာႏင႔ၿမ႕နယအဆင႔အပါအဝငအေျခခလတနးစားမားအတြကအမားျပညသ၏ဥပေဒေရးရာအသပညာျမင႔တငေရး ၾကးပမးမႈမားအားပ႔ပးရာတြငအသးျပႏငရနအလြယတကျပျပငညႏႈငးႏငပါသည။

Executive summaryFoundations in Rule of Law Course: Curriculum Manual

ii

သငရးညႊနးတမးတြငေမာဂး၁၅ခပါဝငၿပးေအာကပါေခါငးစဥတ႔အေပၚတြငအာရစးစကထားပါသည။

ေမာဂး၁:သငတနးနငတရားဥပေဒစးမးေရးကမတဆကျခငးေမာဂး၂:ဥပေဒစနစေမာဂး၃:အသကေမြးဝမးေၾကာငးအတတပညာရငမား၏အခနးက႑မား၊ကငဝတမားႏငတရားေရးဆငရာ

လြတလပမႈရျခငးေမာဂး၄:တနးတညမရမႈႏငစာနာေထာကထားသငသမားေမာဂး၅:လထအသပညာေပးျခငးေမာဂး၆:ဥပေဒဆငရာလပငနးစဥမားကြျပားျခားနားမႈႏငသကေသခအေထာကအထားေမာဂး၇:အျငငးပြားမႈကအျခားနညးျဖငေျဖရငးျခငးေမာဂး၈:ျမနမာနငငရအပခပေရးဥပေဒဆငရာမေဘာငေမာဂး၉:တရားမဥပေဒေမာဂး၁၀:ျပစမႈဆငရာဥပေဒေမာဂး၁၁:တရားခြငပစသ႐ပျပျခငးေမာဂး၁၂:ေရ႕ဆကရနလမးစဥလပေဆာငခကအတြကအစအစဥေရးဆြျခငးေမာဂး၁၃:ကၽြမးကငမႈဆငရာအစအစဥမားေမာဂး၁၄:ျပညသ႔အကးခစားခြငအတြကလကပါေဆာငရြကျခငးေမာဂး၁၅:ေရြ႕လားသငတနး

ေမာဂးတစခစသညတစရကတာသငတနးပ႔ခမႈျဖငဖြ႔စညးထားၿပးေခါငးစဥနငစပဆကမႈရေသာတကသညဥပေဒမားသ ႔မဟတ ကစၥရပမားက အေသးစတေလလာစးစမးသည အစအစဥ (၃)ခ သ ႔မဟတ (၄) ခ ပါ၀ငသည။ထအစအစဥေခါငးစဥမားနင ပတသက၍ အေသးစတက ေအာကတြငေဖာျပထားပါသည။ သငရးညႊနးတမးလကစြ၏စနငအညဖနတးထားေသာသေဘာသဘာ၀မာသငတနးမားကစစဥရာတြငသငတနးသားမားနငသငတနးနညးျပမား၏ဥးစားေပးအရာမားအားထည႔သြငးစဥးစားၿပး ျပျပငေျပာငးလမႈမားလပေဆာငနငရနအတြက ေရးဆြထားပါသည။ထသငတနးမားသည ေရြးခယထားေသာ ေမာဂးတစခအေပၚတြငသာ အေျခခ၍ တစရကတာၾကာျမငမညအလပရေဆြးေႏြးပြမသည လကရတရားဥပေဒ စးမးေရးစငတာမားတြင ပ႔ခလကရေသာ ဆယရကတာၾကာျမငသညတရားဥပေဒစးမးေရးအေျခခသငတနးတငေအာင ေျပာငးလနငပါသည (အေသးစတက အေျခခသငတနး အစအစဥ၌ၾကညရႈနငသည။)

တရားဥပေဒစးမးေရးစငတာမားအစျပလပေဆာငခကမ ဤသငရးညြနးတမးလကစြြအား အမားျပညသအသးျပႏငရနဖြင႔ထားေပးေသာအရငးအျမစအျဖစဝမးေျမာကဝမးသာစြာမေဝလကပါသည။

ေနာကခသမငးေၾကာငး

လ႔လစကထတလပေဆာငရေသာဥပေဒေရးရာသငတနးမားျပလပျခငးမတစဆင႔လကရရေနၿပးျဖစေသာဥပေဒပညာျဖင႔အသကေမြးဝမးေၾကာငးျပသမား၏ အသပညာႏင႔ကြမးကငမႈမားအတြငး ကြာဟမႈက ျဖည႔ဆညးရာတြင ကညႏငရနတရားဥပေဒစးမးေရးစငတာမားအားအသးျပျခငးက စးစမးရာေဖြရန ၂၀၁၃ ခႏစေႏာငးပငးတြင ျပညေထာငစလႊတေတာတရားဥပေဒစးမးေရးႏင႔ေအးခမးသာယာေရးေကာမတ၏ ကညအားေပးမႈေအာကတြင ညႏႈငးေဆာငရြကမႈေကာမတအားအစျပတညေထာငဖြ႔စညးခ႔ပါသည။ ေကာမတ၏ေတာငးဆမႈျဖင႔ ကမာၻ႔ကလသမဂၢဖြ႕ၿဖးတးတကေရးအစအစဥ(UNDPမလပေဆာငႏငဖြယရ/မရ ဆနးစစေလ႔လာမႈတစချပလပခ႔ပါသည။ ၄ငးဆနးစစမႈမ ေဒသတြငးရဥပေဒေရးရာႏင႔သကဆငသည႔ကစၥရပမားကအေလးထားမႈပါဝငမညဆပါကအေရးပါေသာအစးရဝနထမးမားအားသငတနးေပးျခငးသညတရားဥပေဒစးမးေရးလအပခကမားအေပၚ ပမၾကးမားေသာသကေရာကမႈရလမ႔မညျဖစေၾကာငး၊အဖြ႔အစညးမားႏင႔ ၄ငးတ႔အမႈထမးေပးသင႔ေသာလမႈအဖြ႔အစညးအၾကားရ ကြာဟမႈကေပါငးကးရာတြငကညရန အမားျပညသႏင႔ဆကသြယလပေဆာငျခငးအစတအပငးျဖင႔ၿပးျပည႔စႏငေၾကာငးေတြ႔ရခ႔ပါသည။


iii

၂၀၁၄ခႏစတြငႏငငတကာဥပေဒဖြ႔ၿဖးတးတကေရးအဖြ႔အစညး(IDLO)အားနယစညးမျခားေရ႕ေနမားအသငး(ASF)ႏင႔(BABSEACLE) စသည႔ မတဖကအဖြ႔အစညးမားအပါအဝင အကးတ ပးေပါငးဖြ႔စညးထားေသာအဖြ႔၏ ဥးေဆာငအဖြ႔ဝငအျဖစ ျမနမာႏငငအတြငး ႏငငတကာတရားဥပေဒစးမးေရးမဝါဒမားႏင႔ပတသက၍ အသဥာဏျမင႔တငရနႏင႔အေကာငအထညေဖၚေဆာငရြကရနလအပေသာအသပညာႏင႔စတနဖးမားကတညေဆာကျခငးအေပၚအာရစးစကသည႔ေရ႕ေျပးသငတနးမားျပလပရနကမာၻ႔ကလသမဂၢဖြ႔ၿဖးတးတကေရးအစအစဥ(UNDP)မဖတေခၚခ႔ပါသည။ေရ႕ေျပးသငတနးမားအားညႏႈငးေဆာငရြကေရးအဖြ႔၏ဆးျဖတခကမားအေပၚအေျခခ၍ မႏေလးႏင႔လားရႈးၿမ႕တြငအေကာငအထညေဖၚေဆာငရြကခ႔ပါသည။ ေရ႕ေျပးစမခကမ မႏေလးတငးေဒသၾကး၊ မႏေလးၿမ႕၊ ရမးျပညနယ လားရးၿမ႕မေရ႕ေနမား၊အရပဘကလမႈ႕အဖြ႔အစညးကယစားလယမားႏင႔ဥပေဒသငၾကားေရးဆရာမား(၈၀)ခန႔အတြကသငတနးမားပ႔ခခ႔ပါသည။ေရ႕ေျပးစမခက၏ေအာငျမငမႈမားသည ၂၀၁၅ ခႏစမ ၂၀၁၈ အထ အဆင (၃)ဆငျဖင အေကာငအထညေဖၚရြကရနတးခ႕ႏငျခငးသ႔ဥးတညေစခ႔ပါသည။

၂၀၁၅ခႏစဇြနလတြငေရ႕ေျပးအဆင႔မျပငပစစစအကျဖတေရးအဖြ႔၏အၾကျပတကတြနးခကမားႏင႔ေလ႔လာရရခ႔ေသာသငခနးစာမားအေပၚအေျခခ၍ေနာကတစဆင႔(ပထမအဆင႔)ျဖစေသာတရားဥပေဒစးမးေရးစငတာမားအေကာငအထညေဖၚေဆာငရြကျခငးအတြကကမာၻ႔ကလသမဂၢဖြ႕ၿဖးတးတကေရးအစအစဥ(UNDP)မႏငငတကာဥပေဒဖြ႕ၿဖးတးတကေရးအဖြ႔(IDLO)ႏင႔နယစညးမျခားေရ႕ေနမားအသငး(ASF)တ႔ႏင႔မတဖကအဖြ႔အစညးအျဖစပးေပါငးပါဝငလာခ႔ပါသည။ပထမအဆင႔အား မႏေလး၊ ျမစၾကးနား၊ ေတာငၾကးႏင႔ ရနကနတ႔တြင၂၀၁၅ခႏစဇလႈငမ၂၀၁၆ခႏစ ဇြနလအထ အေကာငအထညေဖၚေဆာငရြကခ႔ပါသည။ယငးစမခကအား၂၀၁၆ခႏစဇလငလမ၂၀၁၇ခႏစဒဇငဘာအထဆကလကတးခ႕လပေဆာငသြားရနရပါသည။ တရားဥပေဒစးမးေရးစငတာမားအား ပထမအဆင႔တြင ေအာကေဖၚျပပါႏငငတကာဖြ႕ၿဖးတးတကေရးမတဖကအဖြ႔မား (ဖငလနႏငင၊ ဂပန၊ ဆြဒင၊ ၿဗတသႏင႔ အေမရကနျပညေထာငစႏငငမား၏ အစးရမား) မပ႔ပးေပးခ႔ပါသည။ စမခကေရ႕ေျပးအဆင႔တြငမ ေငြေၾကးပငးဆငရာ ေထာကပ႔မႈအား ၾသစေၾတးလႏငင၊ ဂပန၊ ၿဗတသႏငငႏင႔အေမရကနျပညေထာငစႏငငမားမပ႔ပးခ႔ပါသည။

ဤသငရးညႊနးတမးလကစြပါေမာဂးမားသညအစကနဥးေရ႕ေျပးစမခက(၂၀၁၄န၀ငဘာမ၂၀၁၅မတလ)၏ ဖြ႕စညးမႈ ေဘာငအတြငး ေရးဆြခၿပး တရားဥပေဒစးမးေရးစငတာမား စမခက ပထမအဆငတြင ျပငဆငမြမးမျခငးနင ထပတးေရးဆြျခငးမားက(၂၀၁၅ဇလငမ၂၀၁၆ဇြနလအထ)ျပလပခပါသည။

ကနဥးအဆငတြင နငငတကာသငတနးနညးျပမားနင ျပညတြငးနညးျပမားမ စေပါငးသငးဖြ႕၍ သငရးညႊနးတမးတြငပါ၀ငသညအရာမားက ေရ႕ေျပးကာလအတြငး အစျပေရးဆြခပါသည။ ပထမအဆငတြင ျပညပမကၽြမးကငပညာရငအနညးငယႏင႔ ျမနမာသငတနးနညးျပမားပးေပါငး၍ ေရ႕ေနမားအတြက ဥးတညေသာ ကၽြမးကငသငတနးမားကျပလပရန၊ ကား/မ တနးတညမရမႈနင ေျမယာအသးျပခြင ကစၥရပမားအပါအ၀င ေဒသတြငးတရားစရငေရးကစၥရပမားက မးေမာငးထးျပရန၊ စပဆငမႈရေသာ ျမနမာဥပေဒအရငးအျမစမား ပမထညသြငးနငရနနင သငရးညႊနးတမးကတးခ႕ေရးဆြနငရနနင ျပျပငမြမးမရန မႏေလး၊ျမစႀကးနား၊ ေတာငႀကးနင ရနကန (၄) ေနရာတြင ေဆာငရြကခပါသည။ထ႔အျပငကခငျပညနယနငရမးျပညနယမားတြငရပရြာေခါငးေဆာငမားအတြကႏစရကတာေရြ႕လားသငတနးမားတြငအသးျပႏငရနအတြကသငရးညႊနးတမးအားလကေလာညေထြမႈရေအာငျပျပငခပါသည။

ပထမအဆင႔အတြငး စမခကမ မလႏင႔ျပျပငမြမးမၿပးေသာသငရးညႊနးတမးအေပၚအေျချပ၍ (၁၀)ရကတာၾကာျမင႔ေသာတရားဥပေဒစးမးေရးအေျခခသငတနးမား (၁၃)ခ ျပလပခ႔ပါသည။ ၄ငးတ႔ထမ သငတနး ၉ ခမာ မလရၿပးသားသငရးညႊနးတမး အေပၚအေျခခၿပး သငတနးသ/သား ၂၀၅ ဥးက ပ႔ခႏငခ႔ပါသည။ “ျပနလညမြမးမထားေသာ” သငရးညႊနးတမးအားေရ႕ေျပးအေနျဖင႔သငတနး၄ခတြငအသးျပၿပးသငတနးသ/သား၇၄ဥးကပ႔ခႏငခ႔ပါသည။

တရားဥပေဒစးမးေရးစငတာမားမအေျခခသငတနးၿပးဆးေအာငျမငခ႔သမားထမ၁၀၃ဥးအားအေျခခသငတနးကကယတငျပနလညပ႔ခရာတြငအေထာကအကျဖစေစရနသငတနးဆရာျဖစသငတနးမား(ToTs)၅ခကျပလပခ႔ပါသည။


iv

တရားဥပေဒစးမးေရးစငတာမား အစျပလပေဆာငခကမားအတြငး ရရေအာငျမငခ႔ေသာ လပေဆာငခကႏင႔ ျပလပေရးဆြခ႔ေသာအရငးအျမစမားသည ယခအခါ သငတနးသ/သားမားအတြက ၄ငးတ႔၏ လပငနးခြငမားႏင႔ လမႈအသငးအဝငးမားတြငအသးျပရန(သ႔)လမႈအဖြ႔အစညးဝငမားႏင႔လပေဖၚကငဖကမားႏင႔မေဝရနေရြးခယစရာမားကဖနတးေပးပါသည။

ရညရြယခကႏင႔ရညမနးထားေသာပရသတ

ဤတရားဥပေဒစးမးေရးသငတနးအစအစဥမားသညသငတနးသ၊သားမားကအဓကကေသာတရားဥပေဒစးမးေရးစညးမဥးမားကနားလညသရေစရနႏင႔ ၄ငးတ႔၏လကေတြ႔ဘဝတြငလညး ဥပေဒမေဘာငစနစမား၊ ဥပေဒမားႏင ျမနမာႏငငရတရားေရးရာလပထးလပနညးမား ေဆာငရြကပအရ လကနာကင႔သးၾကေစရနရညရြယသည။ တစခနတညးမာပငသငတနးသ၊သားမားသညတရားဥပေဒစးမးေရး၊တရားမတေရးႏင႔လမႈေရးရာေျပာငးလမႈမားႏင႔ခတဆကလပေဆာငရာတြင အေရးပါေသာ ကြမးကငမႈမား၊ (ဆနးစစေဝဖနေတြးေတာျခငးမား၊ ျပနာေျဖရငးနညး)ႏင႔ မဟာဗဟာကေသာအစအစဥေရးဆြျခငးဆငရာကၽြမးကငမႈမားတးတကရရေစရနလညးအခြင႔အေရးရၾကပါသည။

ဤသငရးညႊနးတမးလကစြသည တရားဥပေဒစးမးေရးစငတာတြင သငတနးဆရာျဖစသငတနး (ToT) တကေရာကၿပးေနာငတြင သငတနးေပးမည႔သငတနးနညးျပမားအား အရငးအျမစမားႏင႔ တရားဥပေဒစးမးေရးစညးမဥးမားဆငရာလမးညႊနမႈက တစဆင႔ၿပးတစဆင႔ေပးပါသည။ သငတနးပ႔ခသမားသည ဥပေဒေရးရာကြမးကငပညာရငမား (သ႔)ရပရြာလထေခါငးေဆာငမား(သ႔)ဥပေဒပညာသငၾကားေရးဆရာ/ဆရာမမားျဖစႏငပါသည။ သငတနးပ႔ခသ၏ လကစြျဖစသည အားေလာစြာ ယငးလကစြသည ေလ႔လာသငယသတစဥးတစေယာကခငးစအတြက ေလ႔ကင႔ခနးစာအပတစအပအျဖစေရးဆြထားျခငးမဟတေၾကာငးသတျပေစလပါသည။

အေၾကာငးအရာမာအေျခခအားျဖင႔ ေရ႕ေနမားႏငဥပေဒေရးရာပညာရငမား၊ ဥပေဒသငၾကားေရးဆရာ/ဆရာမမားႏင႔အရပဘကလမႈအဖြ႔အစညးမား၏အဖြ႔ဝငမားအတြက ရညရြယပါသည။ ကြျပားျခားနားေသာကြမးကငပညာရငမားအားသငတနးတစခတညးတြင ပးေပါငးပါဝငေစျခငးသည အျပနအလနေလ႔လာသငယျခငး၊ အဖြ႔အခငးခငးခတဆကျခငးႏင႔ ေနာငအနာဂတတြင ဥပေဒဆငရာလပငနးမားပးေပါငးေဆာငရြကျခငး၊ အေရးဆတငျပျခငးႏင႔ အမားျပညသ၏အသပညာ ျမင႔တငျခငး၊ လထႏင႔ဆကသြယလႈပရားျခငးဆငရာ အစျပမႈမားအတြက အေရးပါေသာအခြင႔အလမးမားကေပးပါသည။သငရးညႊနးတမးလကစြအားအထးျပအာရစကနယပယဧရယာမားျဖင႔ ျပျပငေျပာငးလၿပးပမကယျပန႔ေသာအကးခစားခြင႔ရသမား (အစးရတရားစရငေရးနယပယမတာဝနရသမား၊ ေရ႕ေနလကေထာကအကမားႏင႔ လႊတေတာကယစားလယမားပါဝငႏငပါသည)ထသ႔ပမကယျပန႔စြာေရာကရေစႏငပါသည။

ေအာကတြငေဆြးေႏြးတငျပထားသည႔အတငး သငခနးစာအစအစဥအသစအခ႕အား ဥပေဒအသပညာဗဟသတပမၾကြယဝေသာ၊ (သ႔) အေတြ႔အၾကပမရေသာ အကးခစားခြင႔ရသမားအတြက ရညရြယေရးဆြထားပါသည။ ၄ငးတ႔သညတရားဥပေဒစးမးေရးအေျခခသငတနးမား မာတကာအစအစဥအတငးသငတနးတကေရာကသအပစမား၏လအပခကမားအေပၚမတညၿပးနညးလမးအမးမးကအသးျပႏငေစပါသည။

ထ႔ျပငေမာဂးအမားစသည အမားျပညသအတြက စပဆငမႈရၿပး ျမနမာႏငငအတြငး အမားျပညသႏင႔ဆငေသာကစၥရပမားမတရားဥပေဒစးမးေရးမဝါဒမားအေပၚစတပါဝငစားမႈႏင႔သငတနးသ/သားမား၏အသပညာကျမင႔တငရန(သ႔)အစပးရနျဖစပါသည။ ၄ငးေမာဂးမားအား ကခငျပညနယႏင႔ရမးျပညနယအတြငးရ ေကးလကေဒသေခါငးေဆာငမားအတြက ေရြ႕လားသငတနးမားႏင႔စငတာတစခစရလထေဆြးေႏြးပြမားတြငလညး ေအာငျမငစြာအသးျပခ႔ၿပးျဖစပါသည။ပါဝငေသာအေၾကာငးအရာအမားစသညအျခားႏငငမားတြငအလားတတရားဥပေဒစးမးေရးလပေဆာငခကမား

အေကာငအထညေဖာေဆာငရြကရနအတြက အေထာကအကျဖစႏငေသာလညး ျမနမာႏငငႏင႔ကးေၾကာငးဆကစပစြာသကဆငမႈရပါသည။


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သငၾကားနညးစနစႏင႔ပစ

သငရးညႊနးတမးသည သငတနးသ/သားအပစ (၂၅) ဥး အထ ပါဝငႏငေသာ သငတနးမားအတြက ေရးဆြထားျခငးျဖစသည။ ဤသငရးညႊနးတမးတြင သငတနးတစခတြင အမနတကယအသးျပႏငေသာ သငေထာကကပစၥညးမားထကပမပါဝငပါသည။မလေရ႕ေျပးစမခကအဆင႔တြငတစပတလငတစၾကမျဖင႔၁၂ပတအထသငတနးမားကျပလပခ႔ပါသည။စမခကပထမအဆင႔အတြငး သငၾကားပ႔ခေသာသငေထာကကပစၥညးမားမ ေမာဂးအခ႕က အစအစဥႏစခသ႔ေလာ႔ချခငးႏင႔သရပျပတရားခြငေမာဂးအားသးျခားသငတနးအျဖစခြထတျခငးျဖင႔သငတနးအား၁၀ရကသ႔ေလာ႔ခခ႔ပါသည။တရားဥပေဒစးမးေရးအေျခခသငတနးမားအမားစအားတစပတလငႏစရကျပလပပါသည။ထသ႔ျပလပျခငးအားျဖင႔စစေပါငးသငတနးၾကာရညခနအား ရကသတပတ ၅ ပတသ႔ေလာ႔ခႏငၿပး သငတနးသ/သားမား၏ ေလ႔လာသငယမႈႏင႔ေကနပမႈက ပမခငမာတးတကေစပါသည။ကြႏပတ႔သည အခ႕ေသာလပေဆာငခကမားအား မညသ႔တးခ႕ရမည(သ႔)ေလာ႔ခရမညဆသည႔အေပၚတြငသင႔ေလာသလလမးညႊနခကထည႔သြငးထားၿပးျဖစပါသည။

သငရးညႊနးတမးသညကယျပန႔ေသာလလယမႈမားႏင႔သငတနးသ/သားမားအၾကားအျပနအလနေလ႔လာသငယျခငးကတနဖးထားေသာအျပနအလနေလ႔လာသငယျခငးသငၾကားနညး နညးလမးအေပၚတြငသာ မတညပါသည။လပေဆာငခကမားသညသရပေဖၚဇာတညႊနးမား၊သရပေဖၚေလ႔လာသငယျခငးမား၊အျပနအလနစကားအေခအတငေျပာဆျခငးမား(မမရပတညခကကေရြးခယျခငး)၊ အဆင႔သတမတျခငးႏင႔ အျခားကစားနညးမား၊ အပစငယဖြ႔လပေဆာငျခငး၊ အမႈေလလာျခငးမား၊သငၾကားျခငးမေလ႔လာသငယျခငးအစရသည႔နညးလမးမားစြာအေပၚတြငတညေဆာကထားပါသည။သရပျပတရားခြငေလ႔ကင႔ခနးပါဝငသက႔သ႔လထႏင႔ဆကသြယလႈပရားျခငးလပေဆာငခကမားဖြ႔ၿဖးတးတကမႈအတြကလကေတြ႕ေလ႔ကင႔ခနးမားလညး ပါဝငပါသည။လထႏင႔ ဆကသြယလႈပရားျခငးအတြကသးသန႔သငေထာကကပစၥညးအသစမားက ဥပေဒျပလပရာတြင ျပညသလထ၏ ပးေပါငးပါဝငမႈႏင ျပညသ႔အကးစးပြားအတြက ေရ႕ေနလကျခငးေမာဂးမားတြငထည႔သြငးထားၿပးျဖစပါသည။

သငရးညႊနးတမးလမးညႊနမအခနးမား၏ စပဆငရာေနရာမားတြင ႏငငတကာႏင႔ျပညတြငးစႏႈနးမားႏင႔ သကဆငေသာကးကားခကမား(ဥပမာ-ဖြ႔စညးအပခပပအေျခခဥပေဒမအေသးစတအပဒမား(သ႔)ျပစမႈဆငရာလပထးလပနညးစညးမဥးမား)ပါဝငပါသည။ကးကားခကမားသညသငရးညႊနးတမးထတေဝသည႔အခန(ဇလႈင၂၀၁၆)ႏင႔တစေျပးညျဖစပါသည။

လမးညႊနအားအသးျပျခငး

သငရးညႊနးတမးလမးညႊနတြငအဓကေမာဂးမား ၁၅ ခပါဝငၿပး ေမာဂးတစခစအားအေျပာငးအလျပလပႏငေသာမနစ၉၀ ၾကာျမင႔ေသာအပငးမား (“အခနးမား/အစအစဥမား”)အတြငးသ႔ ခြျခမးထားပါသည။ အခ႕ေမာဂးမားသည လြနစြာဆကစပကကညမႈရၿပး(ဥပမာ-ေမာဂး၆-သကေသခဥပေဒႏင႔ေမာဂး၁၀-ျပစမႈဆငရာဥပေဒ)၄ငးတ႔အားေဖၚျပထားသည႔အစအစဥအတငး ပ႔ခရနအၾကျပတကတြနးပါသည။ ေအာကပါစာမကႏာမားတြင ေမာဂးတစခစအတြငး ေဖၚျပထားသည႔ေခါငးစဥမား၏ေယဘယအကဥးခပကေဖၚျပထားပါသည။

ေမာဂးတစခစႏင႔၄ငး၏အမးမးေသာအစအစဥမားအား စပစတစခက အသးျပ၍တငျပထားရပါသည။ ရညရြယခကအလးစႏင႔ ေမာမနးရလဒမား-သငတနးသ/သားမားမ လပေဆာငခကမား၏ ရလဒအေနျဖင႔ မညသညတ႔က သရလပေဆာငလာႏငလမ႔မည စသည႔ေဖၚျပခကျဖင႔စတငထားပါသည။ ၄ငးတြငသငတနးပ႔ခရာ၌လအပေသာ သငေထာကကပစၥညးမားႏင႔ေဝငစာရြကမား(ပါဝငေသာအေၾကာငးအရာ)ႏင႔ပတသကသည႔သတငးအခကအလကမားပါဝငပါသည။

အၾကျပထားေသာ လပေဆာငခကမားတစခစတြင အၾကျပထားေသာအခနသတမတခကႏင႔ သငတနးသ/သားမားအတြကညႊနၾကားခကမားပါဝငပါသည။သငတနးမားအတြကျပငဆငရာတြငသငတနးပ႔ခသမားအတြကပမေလးနကေသာညႊနၾကားခက (သ႔) အသဥာဏဗဟသတတ႔ပ႔ပးေပးရန ရညရြယခကျဖင႔ “သငတနးပ႔ခသမား အတြကမတစ”လညးပါရပါသည။ သငခနးစာမားအား စတငရနအတြက လမးညႊနခကလညးပါရပါသည။ ၄ငးသညသငတနးသ/သားမားအား ေမာဂး၏ ေခါငးစဥမားက ေရ႕တြငျပလပခ႔ၿပးေသာ သငခနးစာမား၏ရႈေထာင႔မားႏင႔ ဆကစပေတြးေခၚႏငရနအားေပးပါသည။ ထ႔ေနာက သငၾကားခ႔ေသာအေၾကာငးအရာ၊ တရားဥပေဒစးမးေရးမမားႏင႔ စပဆငမႈႏင႔


vi

ထငျမငယဆခကမားအတြကသကဆငရာေမးခြနးမားျဖင႔ပတထားပါသည။

သငရးညႊနးတမးလမးညႊနသည သငတနးသ/သားမားအပစတစစစ၏ကယေရးအကဥးခပ၊ ဗဟသတႏင႔ကြမးကငမႈမားအေပၚမတည၍ (သ႔) ေခါငးစဥခြမားအေပၚအေသးစတအာရစကရန ပမဥးစားေပးလပါက သငတနးပ႔ခသမားအေနျဖင႔လကဖကေအာငျပငဆငညႏႈငးႏငရန အခ႕ေသာေမာဂးမား၏ေအာကတြင အရနလပေဆာငခကမား(သ႔) အျခားမတညေသာလပေဆာငခကမားအတြကအၾကျပခကမားကလညးထည႔သြငးထားပါသည။

စစစအကျဖတျခငးတရားဥပေဒစးမးေရးအေျခခသငတနးမား၏ စစစအကျဖတျခငးသည သငတနးသ/သားမား၏ ဥပေဒဆငရာဗဟသတ၊ကြမးကငမႈမားႏင႔စတနဖးမား ခငမာတးတကမႈကၾကည႔ရႈရန ေရးဆြထားျခငးျဖစပါသည။ တးတကေသာ တရားမတမႈရလဒမားကရရေစႏငမည႔၄ငးတ႔ေလ႔လာသငယခ႔ေသာအရာမားအား၄ငးတ႔၏လပငနးခြငအတြငးမညက႔သ႕ေပါငးစပအသးျပသြားရနရညရြယထားသည၊ တရားဥပေဒစးမးေရးမမားအား ၄ငးတ႔၏ဘဝမားအတြငး မညသ႔ ထည႔သြငးအသးျပႏငမညကေလ႔လာၾကည႔ရႈရနနဂးခပအပငးတြငသငတနးသ/သားမားအား၄ငးတ႔၏လပငနးအစအစဥမားကေရးဆြခငးမညျဖစပါသည။

အသးျပခ႔ေသာ စစစအကျဖတျခငးဆငရာကရယာမားသည သငတနးသ/သားမားအား တရားစရငေရးစနစအေပၚယၾကညမႈကခငမာေစရန၊အမား ျပညသဆငရာသတငးအခကအလကတးတကေစရန၊ ျပညသလထႏင႔တရားစရငေရးစနစ၏ အဖြ႔ဝငမားအၾကား ပမအေရးပါေသာ အျပနအလနေဆြးေႏြးမႈႏင႔ပးေပါငးေဆာငရြကမႈအတြက အခြင႔အေရးတစရပဖနတးႏငရန အလားအလာျဖစေစမည႔ အသပညာဗဟသတ၊ကြမးကငမႈမားႏင႔ စတေနသေဘာထားဆငရာေျပာငးလမႈမားကမမကယတငခြျခားေဖာထတေစႏငပါသည။

ေမးခြနးမားအေပၚ သငတနးတကေရာကသမား၏တန႔ျပနေျဖၾကားခကမားအား သငတနး၏ပနးတငမား၊ ရလဒမားႏင႔ပတသကသည႔ အဖြင႔ေမးခြနးမားမ ၄ငးတ႔၏မတခကမားက႔သ႔ပင သမးဆညးထားမညျဖစပါသည။ ယငးစစစအကျဖတျခငးပစမားက အသးျပျခငး၏ေနာကဆးရညရြယခကမာ ေအာကေဖၚျပပါတ႔အေပၚတြငရသည႔ ၄ငးတ႔၏နားလညမႈ၊ကြမးကငမႈမားႏင႔စတေနသေဘာထားမားကတငးတာရနျဖစပါသည။

စစစအကျဖတျခငးမေဘာငအားမတညေသာပစမားရသည႔စစစအကျဖတျခငးကရယာမား၃ချဖင႔ဖြ႔စညးထားပါသည။၁။ အေျခခစစတမးေကာကယျခငးႏင႔ အလပရေဆြးေႏြးပြ အၿပးရရခ႔ေသာ အသပညာဗဟသတမားအေပၚ စစစအကျဖတျခငးဆငရာဓမၼဓဌာနေမးခြနးမား

၂။စစစအကျဖတျခငးဆငရာပဂၢလဓဌာနစစတမးမား (က)ေမာဂးအေပၚေကနပအားရမႈ(သငတနးပ႔ခသမား၏ထေရာကမႈအေပၚသျမငနားလညမႈကတငးတာျခငး) (ခ)သငတနးအေပၚ ေကနပအားရမႈႏင႔ရရခ႔ေသာကြမးကငမႈမား (သငတနးတကေရာကသမား၏ မမကယက

စစစအကျဖတျခငး)

၃။ မမကယကသးသပမႈအစရငခစာမား - သငတနးသ/သားမားအား သငတနးအစအစဥမားအေပၚ ၄ငးတ႔၏အေတြ႔အၾကမားက သးသပရန ေျပာပါမည။ ျပညတြငးသငတနးပ႔ခသမားမ ယငးအစရငခစာမား အေပၚထငျမငခကေပးၿပးသငတနးတကေရာကသမားအား ၄ငးတ႔၏အသပညာ ဗဟသတ၊ စြမးရညတးတကမႈႏင႔ စတေနသေဘာထားဆငရာေျပာငးလမႈမားႏင႔ သကဆငသည ေလ႔လာသငယမႈအေပၚ မမကယကသးသပႏငရနစြမးရညကမြမးမရန ကညေပးမညျဖစပါသည။


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eXecUtIVe sUMMARYRULe oF LAW centRes

FoUnDAtIons In RULe oF LAW coURse: cURRIcULUM MAnUAL

oVeRVIeW

The “Foundations in Rule of Law ” Curriculum Manual is an open and comprehensive resource for training on rule of law principles within Myanmar created by the Rule of Law Centres Initiative.

The Rule of Law Centres provide training in knowledge, skills and values, and general awareness of the law, for legal professionals and community leaders through Centres established throughout Myanmar. The Centres also work to increase public legal awareness through community outreach activities and building links with existing justice institutions and initiatives, with the long-term goal of building trust in the justice system.

The curriculum and course content for the “Foundations in Rule of Law” course has been developed collaboratively by Myanmar and international trainers working together and is fully bilingual. The course employs established best practices on adult experiential learning and interactive, participatory methodology to encourage participants to engage with international rule of law principles such as fairness, due process and equality and non-discrimination with Myanmar law and practice, with focus on leading local justice issues.

The Rule of Law Centres Initiative has used the curriculum to train legal professionals, law teachers and civil society representatives, with emphasis on building knowledge, skills and values. It can also be easily adjusted for grassroots use including at the village and township level to support public legal awareness efforts.

The Curriculum Manual consists of 15 thematic modules, focused on the following topics:

Module 1: Introduction to Training Course and Rule of LawModule 2: Systems of LawModule 3: Professional Roles, Ethics and Judicial IndependenceModule 4: Equality and Vulnerable GroupsModule 5: Public AwarenessModule 6: Differences in Legal Processes and EvidenceModule 7: Alternative Dispute ResolutionModule 8: Administrative Law Framework in MyanmarModule 9: Civil LawModule 10: Criminal LawModule 11: Mock TrialModule 12: The Way Forward: Planning for ActionModule 13: Skills SessionsModule 14: Public Interest LawyeringModule 15: Mobile Training

Each Module constitutes one day of training, and consists of 3 or 4 sessions which explore


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specific issues or laws related to the topic in greater detail. Further details on these sessions are provided below. The modular nature of the Curriculum Manual is designed to allow for flexibility and accommodate trainer and participant preferences in arranging training courses, which could range from a one-day workshop based on one selected module to the ten day core Foundations in Rule of Law training course currently taught at the Rule of Law Centres.

The Rule of Law Centres Initiative is pleased to share this Curriculum Manual as an open source resource.

BAcKGRoUnD

In late 2013, under the auspices of the Parliamentary Rule of Law and Tranquility Committee, a Coordinating Committee was established to explore the utility of rule of law centers to help fill the gap in knowledge and skills of existing legal professionals through providing intensive legal training. The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), at the Committee’s request, conducted a feasibility study that found that training key officials would have greater impact on rule of law needs in Myanmar if it included attention to issues of local justice concern, and was complemented by a public engagement component to help bridge the gap between institutions and the community they should serve.

In 2014, the International Development Law Organization (IDLO), as the lead member of a consortium of partners including Avocats Sans Frontières (ASF) and Bridges Across Borders South East Asia – Clinical Legal Education (BABSEACLE), was engaged by UNDP to develop a pilot training workshop series focusing on developing the knowledge, skills, and values necessary to increase the awareness of and the implementation of international rule of law principles in Myanmar. The Pilot was implemented in Mandalay and Lashio based on the decisions of the coordinating body. The Pilot Project conducted trainings for nearly 80 lawyers, civil society representatives and law teachers in Mandalay, Mandalay Region and Lashio, Shan State. The success of the Pilot led to the expansion of the Project with a three phase approach from 2015-2018.

In June 2015, UNDP entered into a partnership with IDLO and ASF for the implementation of the next phase (Phase I) of the ROL Centers based on the lessons learned and the recommendations of the external evaluation of the pilot phase. Phase I was implemented in Mandalay, Myitkyina, Taunggyi and Yangon from July 2015 – June 2016. The program is set to expand under Phase II of the program, which will run from July 2016 – December 2017. The ROL Centres were generously supported by the following international development partners in Phase I: the governments of Finland, Japan, Sweden, the United Kingdom and the United States; while in the Pilot Phase financial support was received from the governments of Australia, Japan, the United Kingdom and the United States.

The Curriculum modules compiled in this Manual were designed in the framework of the initial Pilot Phase (November 2014 to March 2015) and revised and expanded in Phase 1 (July 2015 to June 2016) of the Rule of Law Centres Initiative.

A team of national and international trainers initially developed the content during the Pilot phase. In Phase I a smaller team of international experts worked with Myanmar trainers in four locations, Mandalay, Myitkyina, Taunggyi and Yangon, to revise and expand the Curriculum to include more relevant Myanmar legal resources, highlight local justice issues, including gender

equality and land use issues, and provide targeted skills trainings for lawyers. In addition, the


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Curriculum was adapted for use at two day “mobile trainings” for rural village leaders in Kachin and Shan States.

During Phase I the Project delivered the following training courses based on both the original and revised curriculum, including 13 Foundations in Rule of Law ten-day courses, of which 9 were based on the existing curriculum (with 205 graduates), and 4 piloted the “revised” curriculum (with 74 graduates). The Rule of Law Centres also held 5 Training of Trainers (TOTs) geared for graduates of the Foundations course (103 participants) to help them deliver the Foundations course independently.

The work achieved and resources developed in the context of the Rule of Law Centres Initiative now offer options for participants to use in their own workplaces and communities or to share with community members and colleagues.

PURPose AnD IntenDeD AUDIence

As educational tools, the Foundations in Rule of Law Curriculum materials are designed for participants to understand key rule of law principles, reflect critically on their implications in practice, and in relation to the legal and institutional frameworks, laws and functioning of legal practice and procedures in Myanmar. At the same time, participants have the opportunity to gain and develop important skills – including critical thinking, problem solving, and strategic planning skills - to engage in work related to the rule of law, justice, and social change.

This Curriculum Manual offers resources and step by step guidance on rule of law principles to future trainers who, ideally, first complete a training of trainers (TOT) course at a Rule of Law Centre. Trainers could be legal professionals, CSO representatives or community leaders, or law teachers. Please note as a trainer’s manual, the Manual is not designed as an exercise book for individual learners.

Content is primarily intended for an audience of lawyers and legal professionals, law teachers and members of civil society organizations. Involving these different professionals in common training courses provides significant opportunities for mutual exchange and learning, networking and future cooperation in legal work, advocacy, and/or public awareness and community outreach initiatives. The Curriculum Manual could also be adapted for a broader range of beneficiaries with specialized focus areas, which could include government justice sector officials, paralegals and Members of Parliament.

As discussed below, some new sessions have been designed with more legally knowledgeable or sophisticated beneficiaries in mind. This allows the use of different pathways depending on the needs of the particular participant groups, as outlined in the Foundations in Rule of Law Course Agenda found at page xx.

Additionally, many of the modules are relevant for the general public, and may serve to strengthen participants’ awareness of and interest in rule of law principles in public matters in Myanmar. They have been used successfully at mobile trainings for rural leaders in Kachin and Shan State, as well as in Community Forums at each Centre. The content is logically relevant to the Myanmar context, although much of the content could be of support for the execution of similar rule of law activities in other countries.


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MetHoDoLoGY AnD DesIGn

The Manual is designed for training courses involving groups of up to 25 participants. This Manual includes more material than could be realistically used in one training course. The original Pilot Phase envisioned a series of once a week trainings over 12 weeks. During Phase I the material delivered was reduced to ten days by reducing some modules to two sessions and by spinning off the Mock Trial Module as a separate training. Most Foundations in Rule of Law courses were delivered twice a week, reducing the total length of the training to five weeks, which reinforced learning and increased participant satisfaction. When appropriate we have included guidance on how to scale up or down particular activities.

The Curriculum Manual strongly relies on an interactive teaching methodology, which values extensive exchanges and mutual learning among participants. Activities build on a wide variety of tools such as role-plays, simulations, debates (“take a stand”), ranking and other games, work in small groups, case studies, learning by teaching etc. They also include a mock-trial exercise, as well as hands-on exercises for the development of community outreach activities. New specific outreach materials have been added on Public Participation in Lawmaking and on Public Interest Lawyering.

Sections of the Curriculum Manual also include, where relevant, references to applicable international as well as domestic standards (e.g. specific articles of the Constitution or the Code of Criminal Procedure). References are up to date as of the time of publication (July 2016).

UsInG tHe MAnUAL

The Curriculum Manual includes 15 thematic modules, each divided into a variable number of 90-minute segments (“sessions”). Some of the modules are strongly related and complementary (e.g. module 6 on evidence and module 10 on criminal law) and it is recommended to cover these in the presented order. The following pages provide a general overview of the topics covered in each module. Each module and its various sessions are presented using a standard template. It begins with a statement of the overall purpose and of expected outcomes - what participants will know and be able to do as a result of the activities. It includes information about materials and handouts (content included) needed to conduct the training. Each of the suggested activities comes with a suggested timing, instructions to participants. There are also “Notes to Facilitators” which are intended to provide deeper instruction or knowledge for facilitators to use in preparing for the training courses. Guidance is also included in order to start the sessions – encouraging participants to relate topics of the module to aspects already covered in previous ones – and close it with questions relating the material covered and its relevance to rule of law principles and for feedback.

The Curriculum Manual also incorporates suggestions for additional or alternative activities under some of the modules for trainers to be able to adjust depending on the profile and knowledge and skills of a given group of participants or if preferred, to focus on specific sub-topics.


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eVALUAtIon

Evaluation of the Foundations in Rule of Law course was designed to look at strengthening the legal knowledge, skills and values of the participants of the training. At its conclusion, the participants were asked to develop action plans for themselves, to look at how they intended to incorporate what they learned into their work that could achieve improved justice outcomes and how they could integrate rule of law principles into their lives.

The evaluation tools used enable participants to self-identify knowledge, skills and attitudinal change that would have the potential to strengthen trust in the justice system, improve public information and provide an opportunity for greater dialogue and collaboration between the community and members of the justice system.

Participants’ responses to questionnaires were collected as were their comments from open-ended questions about the goals and outcomes of the training courses. The ultimate purpose of using these evaluation tools was to measure their understanding, skills and attitudes toward the following:

The evaluation framework consists of three different styles of evaluation tools: 1. Baseline and post training course objective evaluations of knowledge gained 2. Subjective evaluation surveys:

a. Module Satisfaction (which measure perceived facilitators effectiveness)b. Course Satisfaction and Skills Gained (participant self-evaluation)

3. Self - Reflective reports – Participants are asked to reflect on their experiences of the training sessions. The national trainers give feedback on these reports helping participants to refine their ability to self-reflect on their learning in relation to knowledge and skill development and attitudinal changes.

Executive summaryFoundations in Rule of Law Training Course

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RULe oF LAW centResFoUnDAtIons In RULe oF LAW

oVeRVIeW oF tHe cURRIcULUM MAnUAL

တရားဥပေဒစးမးေရးအလပ႐ေဆြးေႏြးပြမားသင႐းညႊနးတမးၿခငသးသပခက

1. IntRoDUctIon to tRAInInG coURse AnD RULe oF LAW (3 sessIons)၁။အလပ႐ေဆြးေႏြးပြႏငတရားဥပေဒစးမးေရးကမတဆကျခငး(အစအစဥ၃ခ)

Participants begin with a general introduction to the training course (1.1). They take an active role in spelling out the concept of rule of law –discussing also the principles in the United Na-tions definition – and reflecting on the overall benefits of the rule of law for society (1.2) Interac-tive exercises and analysis of international and national documents encourage further thinking on provisions and actions likely to support justice and the rule of law (1.3).

သငတနးသ/သားမားသည ေယဘယ မတဆကျခငးျဖင အလပ႐ေဆြးေႏြးပြမားက စတငသည(၁.၁)။ ၄ငးတ႔သညတရားဥပေဒစးမးေရးအယအဆ(ကလသမၼဂၢ၏အဓပၸာယဖြငခကတြင ပါဝငေသာစညးမဥးမားက ေဆြးေႏြးျခငးျဖင)ကရငးလငးေဖာျပျခငးျဖငလညးေကာငး၊ လမႈအဖြ႕အစညးအတြကတရားဥပေဒစးမးေရး၏အကးေကးဇးမားက စဥးစားဆငျခငျခငးအားျဖငလညးေကာငး တကကြသည အခနးက႑ မပါဝငၾကသည (၁.၂)။ အျပနအလနဆကသြယေျပာဆျခငးေလကငခနးမား ႏငအျပညျပညဆငရာနင ႏငငေတာဆငရာ စာရြကစာတမးမားက ခြျခမးစတျဖာသးသပျခငးမားသညတရားဥပေဒစးမးေရးႏငတရားမတေရးက အေထာကအပေပးေသာ ျပ႒ာနးခကမားႏင လပေဆာငခကမားက ပမေတြးေတာမေစရနအားေပးသည။

2. sYsteM oF LAW In MYAnMAR (3 sessIons)၂။ျမနမာႏငငရဥပေဒစနစ(အစအစဥ၂ခ)

This module provides participants with an opportunity to take forward the discussions of the preceding one, considering the essence and function of law and law-making (2.1), and analysing relevant provisions of Myanmar customary law, statutes, constitutional sources of law (2.2). A new session (2.3) provides the theoretical framework and practical tools for lawyers and non-lawyers to engage with governmental decision-makers on community legal concerns, using land use as an example.

ဤေမာဂးသည ဥပေဒႏင ဥပေဒျပလပျခငး၏လပေဆာငမႈ (၂.၁)နင အႏစသာရက ေတြးေတာစဥးစားေစျခငးအားျဖငလညးေကာငး၊ျမနမာဓေလထးတမးဥပေဒ၊ျပ႒ာနးဥပေဒ၊အေျခခဥပေဒ၏အရငးအျမစမား၏စပဆငေသာျပ႒ာနးခကမားက ခြျခမးစတျဖာသးသပျခငး (၂.၂)အားျဖင လညးေကာငးၿပးခေသာ ေမာဂးတြငေဆြးေႏြးခေသာ ေဆြးေႏြးခကမားကေရ႕သ႔ဆကသြားႏငရနသငတနးသ/သားမားအားအခြငအေရးေပးသည။


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3. PRoFessIonAL RoLes, etHIcs, AnD JUDIcIAL InDePenDence (5 sessIons)၃။ အသကေမြးဝမးေၾကာငး အတတပညာရငမား၏ အခနးက႑မား၊ ကငဝတမားႏင တရားေရးဆငရာလြတလပမႈရျခငး(အစအစဥ၃ခ)

Participants explore the general notion of ethics, its importance for individuals and professionals and the society at large (3.1). Further attention is devoted to professional ethics in the justice sector, the content and development of ethical codes and means for their enforcement (3.2). By reviewing professional codes and applying these to factual scenarios, participants consider strategies for integrating ethics into their work, including in discussions with officers in the judi-cial system. They reflect on the essential need for - and main characteristics of - an independent and impartial judiciary, consistent with rule of law principles (3.3). Two new specialized sessions for lawyers focus on lawyer’s ethical duties to the court (3.4) and the special ethical and practical challenges when presenting witnesses in a court proceeding (3.5).

သငတနးသ/သားမားသညကငဝတမားကေယဘယသေဘာေပါကနားလညမႈ၊ထကငဝတမား၏တစဥးတစေယာကခငးအတြက၊ အသကေမြးဝမးေကာငးဆငရာပညာရငမားအတြကႏင လမႈအဖြ႕အစညးအတြက (၃.၁) အေရးပါမႈတ႔ကရာေဖြေလလာၾကသည။ တရားေရးဆငရာက႑၊ ကငဝတဆငရာစညးမဥးဥပေဒမား တးတကမႈႏင အေၾကာငးအရာႏင၄ငးတ႔၏ အာဏာသကေရာကမႈ နညးလမးတြငအသကေမြးဝမးေကာငးဆငရာပညာရငပသေသာ ကငဝတမားကထညသြငးထားပါသည(၃.၂)။ တကယစညးမဥးဥပေဒမားက ျပနလညေလလာျခငးအားျဖငလညးေကာငး၊ ထစညးမဥးဥပေဒမားက တကယျဖစရပမန ဇာတညႊနးမားတြင ထညသြငးအသးျပျဖငလညးေကာငး သငတနးသ/သားမားသညကငဝတသကၡာမားက ၄ငးတ႔၏ အလပမားသ႔ ထညသြငးယေဆာငျခငးႏင တရားစရငေရးစနစတြင အရာရမားႏငေဆြးေႏြးျခငးမားအတြက နညးဗဟာမားက စဥးစားသည။သငတနးသ/သားမားသညမရမျဖစလအပၿပး၊တရားဥပေဒစးမးေရးနငကကညေသာတရားစရငေရးဆငရာလြတလပျခငးႏငသမာသမတကျခငး(အဓကကေသာသြငျပငလကၡဏာမား)ကစဥးစားဆငျခငၾကသည(၃.၃)။

4. eQUALItY AnD VULneRABLe GRoUPs (4 sessIons)၄။တနးတညမရျခငးႏငစာနာေထာကထားသငသမား(အစအစဥ၃ခ)

Participants explore the concept of equality before the law. They are invited to consider the meaning and requirements for procedural equality, identifying existing guarantees set forth by international and Myanmar provisions (4.1). Subsequent sessions invite them to further reflect on the protection standards and challenges and ways forward for specific vulnerable groups, namely children (4.2) and women (4.3). A practical activity, where parties in a divorce represent themselves before a decision maker, enables participants to look at the issue of equality from dif-ferent perspectives. An advanced session plan, to be used in lieu of 4.1, expands the discussion of equality to include substantive equality and focuses on constitutional provisions for gender equality (4.4).

သငတနးသ/သားမားသညဥပေဒေရ႕ေမာကတနးတညမရမႈဟေသာအယအဆကရာေဖြေလလာၾကသည။၄ငးတ႔သညကငထးဆငရာႏင အေျခခညမမႈ၊ အျပညျပညဆငရာႏင ျမနမာျပ႒ာနးခကတ႔တြင ထတေဖာေၾကျငာထားေသာ ရရငးစြအာမခခကမားက ေဖာထတျခငးတ႔အတြကလအပခကမားႏငအဓပၸာယက ေတြးေတာစဥးစားၾကသည (၄.၁)။ ေနာကဆကတြ အစအစဥမားသညလညး ကာကြယမႈစႏႈနးမား၊ စနေခၚခကမား ႏင ကေလးမား(၄.၂) ႏင အမးသမးမား(၄.၃) ဟ အပစအမညတပထားေသာ စာနာေထာကထားသငသမားအတြက ေရ႕သ႔ဆကလမးႏငမည နညးလမးမားကေနာကထပေတြးေတာစဥးစားႏငရန ျပလပေပးပါသည။ကြာရငးျပတဆမႈတခမ ႏစဖကအမႈသညမားသညဆးျဖတခကခမတသေရ႕တြင၄ငးတ႔ကယတငကယစားျပေသာလကေတြ႕လပေဆာငခကတခ(သငခနးစာတခ)သညသငတနးသ/သားမားအားတနးတညမမႈျပနာကမတညေသာအျမင႐ႈေထာငမားျဖငၾကည႐ႈႏငသည။


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5. PUBLIc AWAReness (3 sessIons)၅။လထအသပညာေပးျခငး(အစအစဥ၃ခ)

Participants discuss the meaning and various possible forms of community engagement, in-cluding raising public awareness on legal matters (5.1). The discussion then moves to exploring concrete strategies for identifying and engaging with community leaders (5.2).With the use of role-play they develop strategies to engaging with communities to look at community need or deliver legal education. A fieldwork activity in small groups, with a local community of their choice, allows them to take their strategies forward into practice and report (5.3). The final ses-sion must be delivered on a day subsequent to the first two to allow for time for the field activity.

သငတနးသ/သားမားသည ဥပေဒေရးရာျပနာမားဆငေသာ လထအသပညာေပးျခငးက ျမႇငတငျခငးအပါအဝငလမႈအဖြ႕အစညးမားႏငခတဆကျခငးပစအမးမးႏငအဓပၸာယကေဆြးေႏြးၾကသည(၅.၁)။ထ႔ေနာကလမႈအဖြ႕အစညးမေခါငးေဆာငမားႏင ခတဆကျခငး၊ ေဖာထတျခငးမားအတြက တကေသာ နညးဗဟာမားက ရာေဖြေလလာျခငးသ႔ဆကလကေဆြးေႏြးပါသည(၅.၂)။လမႈအဖြ႕အစညးမား၏လအပခကကၾကည႐ႈရနႏငဥပေဒဆငရာအသပညာေပးႏငရနအတြက လမႈအဖြ႕အစညးမားႏငခတဆကရသည။ ထသ႔လမႈအဖြ႕အစညးမားႏင ခတဆကရာတြငအသးျပေသာနညးဗဟာမားက သ႐ပေဖာတငျပျခငးက အသးျပျခငးအားျဖငရရႏငသည။ အပစငယမားဖြ႕ၿပး ကြငးဆငးေလလာျခငးျပလပေသာ လပေဆာငခက (ေဒသတြငး လမႈအဖြ႕အစညးမားက စတႀကကေရြးခယႏငသည)သည သငတနးသ/သားမားက၄ငးတ႔ရရထားေသာနညးဗဟာမားကေလကငေစႏငၿပးျပနလညတငျပႏငေစသည(၅.၃)။

6. DIFFeRences In LeGAL PRocesses (1 sessIon) AnD eVIDence (2 sessIons)၆။ဥပေဒဆငရာလပငနးစဥမားကြျပားျခားနားမႈ(အစအစဥ၁ခ)ႏငသကေသခအေထာကအထား(အစအစဥ၁ခ)

Participants familiarize themselves with the specifics of alternative dispute resolution mecha-nisms, criminal, civil and administrative law and learn to make decisions about which type of law and cause of action would be most relevant in a range of cases (6.1).

Participants engage in a general introduction to the topic of evidence to be applied in subse-quent substantive modules and mock trial sessions. They identify various types of evidence (in-cluding oral, written, physical, expert opinion) and discuss key criteria for considering evidence in legal cases - admissibility, relevance and weight (persuasive value). A fictional case is used to consider applicability in more concrete terms (6.2). An alternative session for lawyers demands more in-depth knowledge of the law, and provides opportunities to apply recent revisions to the Evidence Law (6.3).

သငတနးသ/သားမားသညအျငငးပြားမႈကအျခားနညးျဖငေျဖရငးျခငးနညးလမးမား၊ရာဇဝတမႈ၊တရားမမႈႏငအပခပမႈဥပေဒမားက ရငးႏးကၽြမးဝငလာသည။ထ႔ျပငမညသည ဥပေဒအမးအစားႏငအေရးယမႈသညအမႈစြဆရျခငးအေၾကာငးအရငးတ႔ႏငစပဆငမႈရသညကဆးျဖတႏငရနေလလာသည(၆.၁)။ေနာကဆကတြ ပငရငးေမာဂးမားႏင တရားခြငပစ သ႐ပျပျခငးအစအစဥမားတြင အသးျပႏငေစရန သငတနးသ/သားမားအား သကေသခအေထာကအထားေခါငးစဥက ေယဘယမတဆကျခငး ျပလပေပးပါသည။ ၄ငးတ႔သညသကေသခအေထာကအထားအမးမး (ႏႈတ၊အေရး၊ ကယအားျဖင၊ ကၽြမးကငသအျမငမားအပါအဝင)ႏင ဥပေဒဆငရာအမႈမားတြငသကေသခအေထာကအထား (ဝနခႏငမႈ၊ စပဆငမႈ ႏင သကေသထြကခကအေလးသာခက (ဆြေဆာငမႈတနဖး))ကစဥးစားရနအတြကအဓကစႏႈနးသတမတခကကေဖာထတေလလာပါသည။အသးျပသညအခကအလကမားပမတကေစရနအတြက၀တဆနေသာဇာတလမးကအသးျပထားပါသည။(၆.၂)။


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7. ALteRnAtIVe DIsPUte ResoLUtIon (2 sessIons)၇။အျငငးပြားမႈကအျခားနညးျဖငေျဖရငးျခငး(အစအစဥ၂ခ)

After considering the costs and benefits of using the formal judicial process for resolving dis-putes, participants consider types of problems that may be better suited for alternative dispute resolution (7.1).

In addition to investigating various agencies that offer ADR services in Myanmar, participants have an opportunity to practice using mediation, negotiation, conciliation, and arbitration and consider how these methods are applicable in various community settings. They explore current practices of ADR, in particular, arbitration, and the necessary guarantees of procedural fairness, and possible benefits for communities (7.2).

Sessions on communication, negotiation and mediation are contained in the Skills Module (13). These can be implemented in conjunction with the ADR module to provide practical skills for participants to use in conducting alternative dispute resolution in their workplaces and commu-nities.

သငတနးသ/သားမားသည အျငငးပြားမႈမားက ေျဖရငးရာတြင ပမနလပ႐းလပစဥျဖစေသာတရားစရငေရးလပထးလပနညးကအသးျပျခငး၏အကးေကးဇးမားနငကနကမႈမားကစဥးစားၿပးေနာကအျငငးပြားမႈကအျခားနညးျဖငေျဖရငးရနအတြကပမသငေလာသညျပနာမားကစဥးစားပါသည(၇.၁)။

ျမနမာႏငငတြငADRေျဖရငးနညးျဖငေျဖရငးေပးေနေသာကယစားလယ/အဖြ႕အစညးမားအမးမးကေလလာေဖာထတျခငးႏင ပတသကၿပး ျဖညစြကေျပာရမညဆလင သငတနးသ/သားမားသည ၾကားဝငဖနေျဖျခငး၊ ေစစပညႇႏႈငးျခငးႏင ခသမာဓအဆးအျဖတခယျခငးက အသးျပ၍ ေလကငႏငၿပး ထနညးလမးမားသည လမႈအဖြ႕အစညးအမးမးတြငမညသ႔ အသးခႏငသညက စဥးစားႏငေသာ အခြငအေရးတခ ရရပါသည။ လကရကငသးေနေသာ ADR နညးလမး(အထးသျဖင-ခသမာဓအဆးအျဖတခယျခငး)လပထးလပနညးဆငရာတရားမတမႈ၏လအပေသာအာမခခကမားႏငလမႈအဖြ႕အစညးမားအတြကရရႏငေသာအကးေကးဇးမားကရာေဖြေလလာႏငသည(၇.၂)။

8. ADMInIstRAtIVe LAW (3 sessIons)၈။အပခပေရးဆငရာဥပေဒ(အစအစဥ၃ခ)

Participants learn about the administrative law framework in Myanmar and identify key adminis-trative bodies, mapping out their powers, duties, and discuss the notion of separation of powers

(8.1). The first session contains alternative activities, to be used depending on the knowledge and experience of the participants. The activity for non-lawyers focuses on the role of land ad-ministrators, while lawyers are introduced to writs as a remedy to governmental administrative action. They subsequently look at practice, analysing procedural fairness in administrative law structures in light of rule of law principles and discussing key notions of access to information and transparency (8.2) Principles of equality, fairness and accountability are explored with a case study involving a dispute between a land owner and the land rights commission, and Constitu-tional writs are discussed as a mechanism to help resolve land disputes (8.3).

သငတနးသ/သားမားသညျမနမာႏငငရအပခပေရးဥပေဒဆငရာမေဘာငကေလလာႏငၿပးအဓကကေသာအပခပေရးအဖြ႕အစညးမား၊၄ငးတ႔၏လပပငခြငအာဏာမား၊တာဝနမားကေလလာေဖာထတႏငသည။ထ႔ျပငအာဏာခြေဝျခငး၏အျမငကလညးေဆြးေႏြးႏငသည(၈.၁)။ထ႔ေနာက၄ငးတ႔သညအပခပေရးဆငရာဥပေဒဖြ႕စညးပတြငတရားဥပေဒစးမးေရး


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စညးမဥးမားအရ လပထးလပနညး မတမႈက ခြျခမးစတျဖာႏငၿပး သတငးအခကအလက ရရမႈ ႏင ပြငလငးျမငသာမႈရျခငးတ႔အေပၚ အဓကအျမငမားက ေဆြးေႏြးျခငးတ႔ျဖငလညး လကေတြ႕လပေဆာငႏငသည (၈.၂)။ ေျမယာပငရငႏငေျမယာစမခန႕ခြမႈေကာမတတ႔အၾကားျဖစပြားေသာအျငငးပြားမႈကေလလာျခငးအားျဖငတနးတညမရျခငး၊မတျခငးႏငတာဝနယျခငးဟေသာစညးမဥးမားကေဖာထတႏငသည(၈.၃)။

9. cIVIL LAW (3 sessIons)၉။တရားမဥပေဒ(အစအစဥ၃ခ)

Participants identify the sources of contract law in Myanmar, review the key components of a val-id contract, and consider available remedies and strategies to address breaches (9.1). Important aspects of family law concerning marriage or inheritance are explored in a similar way (9.2). Par-ticipants are offered a chance to reflect critically on ways in which existing provisions are aligned or could potentially conflict with key rule of law principles, and on potential changes they could suggest. They also map out key steps of civil law procedures and review the rules governing the submission and admissibility of evidence (9.3). A new session (9.4) has been added for advanced lawyers which can be delivered instead of 9.1; this includes a close analysis of an informal con-tract, a counselling simulation on a land use issue, and a discussion of rule of law implications of contractual provisions that favour the powerful in society.

သငတနးသ/သားမားသညျမနမာႏငငရပဋဉာဥဥပေဒ၏အရငးအျမစကေဖာထတသည၊တရားဝငေသာပဋဉာဥတစခ၏အဓက အစတအပငးမားက ျပနလညေလလာၿပး ပဋဉာဥခးေဖာကမႈမားက ေျပာျပညႊနးဆေပးႏငေသာ ရရႏငသညနညးဗဟာမားႏင သကသာခြငကစားခကမားက စဥးစားၾကသည။ လကထပထမးျမားျခငး (သ႔) အေမြဆကခမႈႏငသကဆငေသာ မသားစဥပေဒ၏ အေရးႀကးေသာ က႑က တညေသာနညးလမးျဖင ရာေဖြ ေလလာရသည (၉.၂)။သငတနးသ/သားမားက လကရတညရေနေသာ ျပ႒ာနးခကမားသည အဓကကေသာ တရားဥပေဒစးမးေရးစညးမဥးမားႏင ကကညသည (သ႔) ဆန႔ကငႏငသည၊ ၄ငးတ႔အႀကေပးႏငေသာ အေျပာငးအလမားက ေဝဖနသးသပမႈျပလပရနေျပာသည။၄ငးတ႔သညအဓကကေသာတရားမဥပေဒလပထးလပနညးအဆငမားကစတကးပေဖာၾကညၿပးလကခႏငေသာ သကေသခအေထာကအထားက တငသြငးျခငးဆငရာ စမအပခပမႈ ဥပေဒမားက ျပနလညသးသပရနအတြကျဖစသည။

10. cRIMInAL LAW (4 sessIons)၁၀။ျပစမႈဆငရာဥပေဒ(အစအစဥ၄ခ)

Participants take a closer look at the criminal law system, analyse relevant legal sources, the stan-dard path of a criminal procedure (10.1), as well as the roles and responsibilities of the actors, including the police vis-à-vis the public and victims of criminal offences (10.2). With specific at-tention devoted to the effective access to a lawyer and the rationale for legal aid mechanism (10.3), a combination of role-plays, scenarios and statements for debate invite them to reflect on the importance of several rights and fair trial standards (right to remain silent, presumption of in-nocence, rules governing burden of proof, etc.) (10.4). For training courses which cannot use all four sessions, a more advanced pathway can be created by delivering 10.4, 10.2, and 10.3, while less knowledgeable participants would receive 10.1, 10.2, and 10.3.

သငတနးသ/သားမားသညျပစမႈဆငရာဥပေဒစနစကေသခာေလလာသည၊စပဆငေသာဥပေဒဆငရာအရငးအျမစမား၊ရာဇဝတမႈဆငရာလပထးလပနညးမား၏စထားေသာလမးေၾကာငး(၁၀.၁)၊အမႈတြငပါဝငပတသကေဆာငရြကသမား၏အခနးက႑ႏငတာဝနမား (ရ၊ ျပညသႏငအမႈတြင နစနာသမား ပါဝငသည (၁၀.၂))က ခြျခမးစတျဖာသးသပသည။


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အကးရေသာေရ႕ေနငားရမးႏငမႈ၊ဥပေဒဆငရာအကအညနညးလမး(၁၀.၃)သ႐ပေဖာတငျပျခငးမား၊ဇာတညႊနးမားႏငျငငးခနးေဆြးေႏြးျခငးအတြကအဆျပခကမားကေပါငးစပျခငးတ႔က အခြငအေရးမားႏငမတေသာတရာခြငစစေဆးမႈစႏႈနးမား၏ (တတတတေနခြင၊ အျပစကငးစငသညဟ မတယျခငး၊သကေသျပရနအတားအဆးမားဆငရာ စညးမဥး/စညးကမးမားအေရးႀကးပကစဥးစားေစသည။(၁၀.၄)

11. MocK tRIAL (4 sessIons)၁၁။တရားခြငပစသ႐ပျပျခငး(အစအစဥ၄ခ)

Based on a theft case, and using a modified version of Myanmar criminal law procedure, the mock trial module complements lessons on criminal law (10.1 to 10.4) with a hands-on exercise.

Participants also develop knowledge on case analysis (11.1) and practice skills concerning chief and cross-examinations in court (11.2). Participants are assigned roles and provided instructions – as judge, court clerk, law officer, defence lawyers, accused, or witness (11.3). Throughout the execution of the mock trial itself (11.4), they can reflect collectively on each of these roles while deepening their understanding of the criminal procedure and of fair trial standards.A two day workshop can be created by combining the mock trial module with the 10.4, fair trial rights, and 3.5, ethics and witnesses.

ခးမႈတခအေပၚ အေျခခ၍ျပျပငထားေသာ ျမနမာရာဇဝတမႈဆငရာဥပေဒလပထးလပနညးက အသးျပၿပး တရားခြငပစသ႐ပျပျခငး ေမာဂးသည ေလကငခနးမားျဖင (၁၀.၁ မ ၁၀.၄ ထ) ရာဇဝတမႈဥပေဒအေၾကာငး သငခနးစာမားကျဖညစြကေပးပါသည။သငတနးသ/သားမားသညအမႈခြျခမးစတျဖာျခငး (၁၁.၁) ႏငဆငရာအသပညာမားတးပြားေစၿပး၊တရား႐းတြငေလာကလရေသာအဓကစစေမးျခငးႏငျပနလနစစေမးျခငး(၁၁.၂)တ႔ႏငဆကစပေနေသာကၽြမးကငမႈမားေလကငရသည။ ၄ငးတ႔က ၄ငးတ႔ ပါဝငရမညအခနးက႑မားကတာဝနေပးထားၿပးညႊနၾကားခကမားလညး ေပးထားပါသည(တရားသႀကး၊တရားခြငစာေရး၊ဥပေဒအရာရ၊တရားခေရ႕ေန၊စြပစြခရသ၊(သ႔)သကေသအျဖစ)(၁၁.၃)။တရားခြငသ႐ပျပတငျပျခငးအဆးသတသညအထသငတနးသ/သားတ႔သညရာဇဝတမႈဆငရာလပထးလပနညးႏငမတေသာစစေဆးျခငးစႏႈနးမားက နားလညလာေအာင ေသေသခာခာေလလာေနစဥတြငစေပါငး၍ ၄ငးတ႔၏ အခနးက႑မားကျပနလညေလလာႏငသည။

12. tHe WAY FoRWARD (3 sessIons)၁၂။ေရ႕ဆကရနလမးစဥ(အစအစဥ၃ခ)

This final module is designed to help participants reflect on what they learned throughout the trainings, share their feedback on community engagement fieldwork activity and on the various other modules but also on the teaching methodology (12.1). They discuss methods and strat-egies to engage with decision-makers, including officials of various administrations (12.2) and eventually make and report on individual plans to integrate and use the acquired knowledge, skills, and principles into their individual lives and/or work within their organization (12.3).

ဤေနာကဆးေမာဂးသည သငတနးသ/သားမားက အလပ႐ေဆြးေႏြးပြအေတာအတြငး ေလလာခသညမားကျပနလညစဥးစားခငးသည။ ၿပးလငလမႈအဖြ႕အစညးမားႏင ခတဆက၍ကြငးဆငးလပေဆာငခက၊အျခားေမာဂးမား၊သငၾကားနညး နညးပညာမားအေပၚ (၁၂.၁) တြင ၄ငးတ႔၏ တန႔ျပနခကက ေဝမေပးခငးသည။ ၄ငးတ႔သညဆးျဖတခကခသမားႏင ခတဆကမႈ ရေစရန သငၾကားနညး နညးပညာမားႏင နညးဗဟာမားက ေဆြးေႏြးသည။ထသ႔ေဆြးေႏြးရာတြငအပခပမႈဆငရာဌာနအသးသးမအရာရမား(၁၂.၂)ပါဝငသည။ရဖနရခါတြင၄ငးတ႔ရရထားေသာ


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အသပညာမား၊ကၽြမးကငမႈမား၊ ၄ငးတ႔တဥးခငးစဘဝမားထသ႔ (ႏင/သ႔) မမအလပအဖြ႕အစညးမားသ႔ကငသးရနယေဆာငသြားေသာစညးမဥးမား (၁၂.၃)ကအသးျပၿပး ပးေပါငးထညထားေသာတေယာကခငးစ၏အစအစဥမားကျပနလညတငျပရနျဖစသည။

The final three modules in the Manual consist of new materials created in Phase 2 that can be incorporated into Foundations in Rule of Law courses or other shorter workshops as required. They should proceed some ‘capstone’ conclusory sessions such as Module 12 or the conclusory session in the mobile training module (15.3).

သငရးညႊနးတမး၏ေနာကဆးေမာဂး၃ခနး၌Phase2(စမခကအပငး၂)တြငဖနတးေရးဆြခသညအသစအသစေသာအရာမားက ထညသြငးထားပါသည။ ထအရာမားက တရားဥပေဒစးမးေရးဆငရာ အေျခခသငတနးမား ေပးရာတြငလညးေကာငး၊ တျခားေသာ အလပရေဆြးေႏြးပြငယမား ျပလပရာတြငလညးေကာငး ထညသြငး အသး ျပႏငပါသည။ထအရာမားက ေမာဂး ၁၂ ရ အဆးသတအစအစဥမား (သ႔) ေရြ႕လားသငတနးေမာဂး (၁၅.၃) ရ အဆးသတအစအစဥမားျဖငအဆးသတေပးရပါမည။

13. sKILLs MoDULe (4 sessIons)၁၃။ကြမးကငမဆငရာေမာဂး(အစအစဥ၄ခ)

The four sessions in the skills module focus on developing capacities relevant to lawyers and non-lawyers as they communicate about legal problems, negotiate solutions and seek resolu-tions through mediation. Although the examples used are relevant to Myanmar experience, they can be combined with any “substantive” sessions. If utilized, Basic Communications 1 (13.1) should proceed any of the other three: Basic Communications 2 (13.2); Negotiation (13.3) or; Mediation (13.4). Each session employs a variety of methodologies to create tightly focused learning moments.

ကၽြမးကငမႈဆငရာ ေမာဂးရ အခနး ၄ ခနးသည ေရ႕ေနမားႏင ေရ႕ေနမဟတေသာသမား၏ ကယရညကယေသြးကျမငမားေစရနအေလးေပးလပေဆာငထားပါသည။ထအခနးမား၌တရားေရးရာျပနာမားေျဖရငးရာတြငလအပသည

ေျပာဆဆကသြယနညးမား၊ရလဒအေျဖမားအတြကညႏႈငးေဆြးေႏြးျခငးမားႏငၾကားဝငျဖနေျဖျခငးနညးမားကအသးျပ၍ျပနာမားကေျဖရငးျခငးစသညနညးလမးမားကထညသြငးထားပါသည။ထတြငအသးျပထားေသာဥပမာမားသညျမနမာတ႔၏အေတြ႕အႀကမားႏင စပဆငမႈရေသာလညးထသညဥပမာမားကတျခားမညသညဆကရငမားႏငအတတြဖက၍အသးျပႏငပါသည။အကယ၍အသးျပခလင…အေျခခဆကသြယျခငး၁ (၁၃.၁)သညေအာကပါ၃ခထရတခခ ႏင တြဖက အသးျပရပါမည။ ထ ၃ ခမာ အေျခခဆကသြယေျပာဆေရးမား ၂ (၁၃.၂)၊ ညႏႈငးေဆြးေႏြးျခငး(၁၃.၃) သ႔မဟတ ၾကားဝငဖနေျဖျခငး (၁၃.၄) တ႔ ျဖစပါသည။ ထ႔ျပင ထဆကရင တခစတြင သငၾကားျခငးမားကအေထာကအကျပေစမညမတညေသာသငၾကားနညးစနစမားကထညသြငးထားပါသည။

14. PUBLIc InteRest LAW MoDULe (3 sessIons)၁၄။အမားျပညသခစားခြငဆငရာဥပေဒေမာဂး(အစအစဥ၃ခ)

The three sessions in this module introduce the concept of public interest law as a means by which larger problems of public concern can be resolved through individual and strategic litiga-tion. The first session introduces participants to the concept and role of public interest law and to identify its role in achieving the rule of law. (14.1) The second session has participants identify public interest law issues in Myanmar and expose participants to different public interest law mechanisms to address these issues, with a focus on the concept of pro bono (14.2). Finally, the last session builds upon the land rights scenario introduced in Session 2.3 (Public Participation in


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Lawmaking) and 8.3 (Administrative Law in Practice: Writs) to plan and analyse specific possible public interest litigation strategies.

ဤေမာဂးရဆကရင၃ခတြငအမားျပညသခစားခြငဆငရာဥပေဒ၏အေျခခသေဘာတရားမားႏငအမားျပညသအကးႏငစပဆငသညႀကးမားေသာျပနာမားကေျဖရငးရာတြငမမတစဥးတညးေျဖရငး၍ေသာလညးေကာငး၊နညးဗဟာကကတရားစြဆျခငးမားျပလပ၍ေသာလညးေကာငး ကငတြယေျဖရငး၍ ရေၾကာငးက မတဆကေပးထားပါသည။ပထမဆကရငတြင သငတနးသ၊သားမားအား အမားျပညသခစားခြငဆငရာဥပေဒ၏ အေျခခသေဘာတရားႏင ၄ငး၏အခနးက႑မား၊ ထ႔ျပင ထဥပေဒ၏ အခနးက႑က အသးျပ၍ တရားဥပေဒစးမးေရးက ရရႏငရန မညသ႔မညပျပလပသငေၾကာငးကလညးေဖာထတေဆြးေႏြးသြားမည ျဖစပါသည။ (၁၄.၁)ဒတယဆကရငတြငသငတနးသ၊သားမားအား ျမနမာႏငငရ အမားျပညသခစားခြငဆငရာဥပေဒႏင စပဆငေသာ ကစၥ/ျပနာမားက ေဖာထတသြားရန ႏငထျပနာမားကေျဖရငးရနအသးျပႏငမညအမးမးေသာအမားျပညသခစားခြငဆငရာဥပေဒႏငဆငသညေျဖရငးနညးမားႏင သငတနးသ၊သားမားအား ထေတြ႔ေပးေစရန၊ ထ႔ျပင Pro-bono ဟေခၚသည အခမေရ႕ေနျပလပျခငးဆငရာအေျခခသေဘာတရားမားႏငလညး ထေတြ႕ေပးရန ျဖစပါသည။ ထ႔ေနာက ေနာကဆးဆကရငက ဆကရင ၂.၃(ဥပေဒျပေရးတြငအမားျပညသတ႔၏ ပါဝငႏငမႈ)တြင မတဆကေပးထားခသည ေျမယာပငဆငမႈဆငရာ ဇာတလမးႏငဆကရင ၈.၃ ( လကေတြ႕ကငသးေနသည အပခပေရးဥပေဒ - စာခၽြနလႊာ) အေပၚတြင အေျချပ၍ တကမႈရေသာအမားျပညသခစားခြငအတြကတရားစြဆျခငးနညးဗဟာမားကဖနတး၊တညေဆာကႏငရနအတြကေရးဆြထားပါသည။

15. MoBILe tRAInInG MoDULes (3 sessIons)၁၅။ေရြ႕လားသငတနးေမာဂး(အစအစဥ၃ခ)

The two introductory and conclusory sessions in this module are meant to be used to begin and end shorter training courses such as the mobile trainings. By condensing the information provided in Modules 1 and 2 of the longer workshop, the first session introduces participants to

the content and methodology of a Rule of Law Centre Foundations in ROL training course and introduces participants to the concept of the Rule of Law (15.1). There is a very useful resource – the Rule of Law Principles Flashcards – that may be utilized in other sessions as review activities. The conclusory session (15.2) similarly summarizes the concepts developed in greater depth in Module 12, the way forward. Additional mobile training content is sourced through selected sessions from the above modules, based on the expressed interests of the participants. Module 15 also includes section 15.2, an adapted version of the Equality Before the Law session under Module 4, tailored to community leaders.

ဤေမာကးရ နဒါနးခနး ၂ ခနးႏင နဂးခနး ၁ ခနးတ႔သည ေရြ႕လားသငတနးမားေပးရာတြင အစျပရနႏငအဆးသတရနသငခနးစာမား ျဖစၾကပါသည။ရညလားေသာအလပရေဆြးေႏြးပြမား ျဖစၾကသညေမာကး၁ႏင၂ရသတငးအခကအလကအေၾကာငးအရာမားက စစညး၍ဤေမာကး၏ ပထမဆကရငတြငတရားဥပေဒစးမးေရးဆငရာသငတနးမားအေၾကာငးနင တရားဥပေဒစးမးေရးဆငရာ အေျခခသေဘာတရားမား (၁၅.၁) အျဖစ စစညးကာသငတနးသ၊သားမားႏင မတဆကေပးထားပါသည။ ထ႔ျပင လြနစြာအသးဝငသည တရားဥပေဒစးမးေရးဆငရာစညးမဥးစညးကမးမားပါဝငသညသငေထာကကျပကဒမားလညးရပါသည။ထကဒမားကတခ႕ေသာဆကရငမားတြငသငတနးသ၊သားမားအားတရားဥပေဒစးမးေရးဆငရာစညးမဥးစညးကမးမားက ျပနေႏႊးေပးရာတြငအသးျပႏငပါသည။အၿပးသတအစအစဥျဖစသညဆကရင(၁၅.၂)တြငမေမာကး၁၂-(ေရ႕ဆကရနလပငနးစဥမား)တြငအကယတဝငေဆြးေႏြးခသည အေျခခသေဘာတရားဆငရာကစၥမားက အကဥးခပေရးသားထားပါသည။ ေရြ႕လားသငတနးမားတြငပါဝငသညအေၾကာငးအရာမားသညသငတနးသ၊သားမားစတဝငစားသညအေၾကာငးအရာမားကအထကပါေမာကးမားရတခ႕ေသာဆကရငမားကအသးျပ၍ဖနတးထားျခငး ျဖစပါသည။ ေမာကး ၁၅တြငဆကရင ၁၅.၂မ (ေမာကး၄တရားဥပေဒေရ႕ေမာကတြင တနးတညမရျခငးမ အေၾကာငးအရာမားပါ) အေၾကာငးအရာမား ပါဝငပါသည။ ထသညအေၾကာငးအရာမားသညရပရြာေခါငးေဆာငမားအတြကရညမနးထားသညအေၾကာငးအရာမားပါဝငပါသည။

တရားဥပေဒစးမးေရးစငတာမားစမခကတရားဥပေဒစးမးေရးအေျခခသငတနး(၁၀)ရကတာသငတနးအစအစဥ

RULe oF LAW centRes PRoJectFoUnDAtIons In RULe oF LAW tRAInInG coURse

tRAInInG AGenDA FoR 10 DAYs

no: of Days Modules Module

title

1 အလပရေဆြးေႏြးပြႏငတရားဥပေဒစးမးေရးကမတဆကျခငးIntroduction to the course and Rule of Law

Module 1

2 ျမနမာႏငငရဥပေဒစနစ၊ဥပေဒျပလပျခငးျဖစစဥအတြငးအမားျပညသပးေပါငးပါ၀ငမႈsystem of Law in Myanmar, Public Participation in Law Making Process

Module 2

3အသကေမြး၀မးေၾကာငးအတတပညာရငမား၏အခနးက႑မား၊ကင႔၀တမားႏငတရားေရးဆငရာလြတလပမႈရျခငးProfessional Roles, ethics and Judicial Independence

Module 3

4 တနးတညမမႈႏငစာနာေထာကထားသငေသာအပစမားequality and Vulnerable Groups

Module 4

5 ဆကသြယေျပာဆျခငးဆငရာစြမးရည(၁)၊လထအသပညာေပးျခငးcommunication skills 1, Public Awareness

Module 5 & Module 13

6 ဥပေဒဆငရာလပငနးစဥမားကြျပားျခားနားမႈႏငသကေသခအေထာကအထားDifferences in Legal Processes and evidence

Module 6

7ျမနမာႏငငရအပခပေရးဥပေဒဆငရာမေဘာင၊အျငငးပြားမႈကအျခားနညးျဖငေျဖရငးျခငးAdministrative Law Framework in Myanmar, Alternative Dispute Resolution

Module 7 & Module 8

8 ေစစပညႏႈငးျခငး၊တရားမဥပေဒnegotiation, civil Law

Module 9 & Module 13

9 ျပစမႈဆငရာဥပေဒcriminal Law

Module 10

10 ေရ႕ဆကရနလမးစဥႏငလပေဆာငခကအစအစဥမားthe Way Forward and Action Plans

Module 12

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