教科書 Essentials of Biology/ Sylvia S. Mader

整體教學目標 提供學生基礎而廣泛的生物知識，從細胞的基本構造到基因的表現、生理生化的調控、物種的多元變異性及族群的演化，作一整體性的探討。

成績考核 期中考  50%期末考  50%

103-1 普通生物學 / 護理系甲、乙班 (C203/C202)

生醫系 許勝傑  (乙班課程負責老師 )(第一醫學大樓十樓， A區；分機 3690 ； Office Hour: W2, 17:00-18:00)Overview/ CH1. A view of lifeCH2. The Chemical Basis of Life/ CH3. The Organic Molecules of Life CH4. Inside the Cell/ CH5. The Dynamic CellCH6. Energy for Life/ CH7. Energy for Cell

生醫系 賴銘志  (甲班課程負責老師 皮海薇 )CH8. Cellular Reproduction/ CH9. Sexual Reproduction CH10. Patterns of Inheritance CH11. DNA Biology and Technology CH12. Gene Regulation and Cancer

生醫系 陳建仲CH15. Evolution on a Small ScaleCH17. The Microorganisms: Viruses, Bacteria, and ProtistsCH18. Land Environment:Plants and FungiCH26. Defense Against Disease

生醫系 黃國正CH23. The Transport Systems CH24. The Maintenance Systems CH27. The Control Systems CH28. Sensory Input and Motor Output

長庚大學護理學系學生核心能力素養

核心能力 定義 階層內容1.批判性思考critical thinking and reasoning

針對特定的議題，運用論證的技巧，理性地去檢視個人與他人的想法、論點、假設、價值及行為等，以建構更有說服力的論證，來提升自己的思考能力。

A. 能發現問題B. 能運用邏輯推理以確認問C. 尋找問題的可能解決方案並形成假設D. 驗證假設

2.一般臨床護理技能general clinical skills

具備從事健康照護時所需的護理技能

A. 瞭解與體認一般臨床護理技能B. 瞭解一般臨床護理技能之應用C. 運用一般臨床護理技能於健康照護中D. 統整一般臨床護理技 能以提供個別化健康照護

3.基礎生物醫學科學basic biomedical science

具備從事健康照護時所需的生物醫學相關知識。

A. 瞭解基礎生物醫學科學知識B. 瞭解基礎生物醫學 科學知識之應用C. 運用基礎生物醫學科學知識於以人為 D. 中心的健康照護中

4.溝通與合作communication and team work capability

能尊重他人的意見、適當表達自己的想法，於團隊中展現合作的態度與行為，進而展現領導與管理能力。

A-1 學習適當傾聽、表達及回應等溝通技巧A-2 察覺合作的重要性B-1 運用適當的溝通技巧於社交互動中B-2 養成合作的態度與行為C-1 運用適當的溝通技巧於健康照護團隊及治療性的人際關係中C-2 展現合作的態度與行為

核心能力 定義 階層內容

5.倫理素養ethics

在實作與研究中，能覺察及尊重自己與他人的道德與價值觀，具備倫理的思辨能力，能在倫理困境中選擇並執行符合道德的行動。

A. 能覺察自我的價值觀與道德觀B. 能尊重他人不同的價值觀與道德觀，維護自我與他人的權利與義務C. 具備倫理的思辨能力D. 能在倫理困境中選擇符合道德的行動

6.關愛caring

藉由對自我及他人的敏感度，以尊重自我及他人的方式，發展助人關係及營造關懷的環境。

A. 具有對自己及他人的敏感度B. 能接納及尊重自我及他人C. 具有利他主義的價值觀，能發展助人的關係D. 能運用創造性問題解決能力於助人過程

7.克盡職責Accountability

能夠善盡自己的職務與責任。 A. 呈現自我負責任態度，並完成個人分內工作B. 能分擔責任並完成團隊中所分配的任務C. 能展現忠於職守的護理專業素養

8.終生 (身 )學習 life-long learning

能主動發掘自我潛能，整合多元資源及管道、規劃自我學習方向，以促進個人及專業全方位的成長。

A. 對現在學習產生興趣B. 養成主動學習的態度C. 能主動規劃學習方向

長庚大學護理學系學生核心能力素養

Essentials of BiologySylvia S. Mader

Michael Windelspecht

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

許勝傑  博士

長庚大學生物醫學系 助理教授生物醫學研究所 生化暨細胞分子生物學組

E-mail: schsu@mail.cgu.edu.tw 電話  (03)211-8800#3690

Chapter 1 Biology: The Science of Life

Outline

1.1. The Characteristics of Life

1.2 Evolution: The Core Concept of Biology

1.3 Science: A Way of Knowing

1.4 Challenges Facing Science

1.1 The Characteristics of Life

1.Living things are organized. Cell – smallest, most basic unit of life

• Organisms may be unicellular or multicellular.

Tissues – made up of similar cells Organ – made up of tissues Organ systems – organs working

together

Levels of biological organization

2. Living things acquire materials and energy.

Life cannot be maintained without them.

Food – building blocks and energy source• Energy – capacity to do work• Metabolism – all chemical reactions occurring in

the cell

Ultimate source of energy for Earth is the sun.• Photosynthesis transforms solar energy into

chemical energy of food.

Remaining homeostatic• Homeostasis – maintenance of internal

conditions within certain boundaries• May be behavior – moving to a warmer area• May not require conscious activity – liver

releases stored sugar

4.Living things reproduce and develop.

Every living thing can make another organism like itself or reproduce.

• Bacteria simply split in two.

• Union of egg and sperm produces embryo. Embryo grows according to genes inherited from

parents. In all organisms, genes are made of DNA.

• DNA is the blueprint.

3. Living things respond.

Find energy and/or nutrients by interacting with

the environment. Ability to respond often results in movement.

5. Living things have adaptations.

Modifications that make organisms suited to their way of life

Some hawks catch fish, others are better catching rabbits.

• Adaptations for flight and catching prey

Penguins have adaptations for swimming and surviving in very cold temperatures.

1.2 Evolution: The Core Concept of Biology

• Evolution – process by which species have changed and diversified since life arose Explains the unity and diversity of life

• Evolutionary tree illustrates the lineages of the major groups of living things. Summarizes the 3.5 billion years of the history of life on Earth

AnimalsFungiPlantsProtistsArchaeaBacteria0

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Evolutionary tree

• Natural selection ( 天擇 ) Charles Darwin and Alfred Russell Wallace both independently came

to the conclusion that evolution occurs by natural selection. Charles Darwin wrote On the Origin of Species presenting

substantiating data. Evolution is a core concept of biology – explains so many different types

of observations in every field of biology.

• Environments may change due to the influence of living or nonliving factors

• Natural selection is a process that results in a population adapted to the environment.

1. Some individuals of a population may possess certain adaptations that make them better suited to a new environment.

2. Individuals that are better suited to a new environment tend to live longer and produce more offspring.

3. The adaptations that result in higher reproductive success increase in frequency from one generation to the next, which is evolution.

• Darwin said evolution is descent ( 血統 ) with modification.• Hawaiian honeycreepers

All evolved from one species of finch Assortment of bill types adapted to different types of food Still share certain characteristics from common finch ancestor – body

shape, nesting behavior, etc.

Evolution of Hawaiian honeycreepers

• Taxonomy (分類 )– discipline of naming and classifying organisms according to certain rules Systematics—classifies organisms according to presumed evolutionary

relationship Categories of classification

• Domain ( 域 )• Kingdom ( 界 )• Phylum ( 門 )• Class ( 綱 )• Order ( 目 )• Family ( 科 )• Genus ( 屬 )• Species ( 種 )

Organizing the Diversity of Life

Least inclusive

Most inclusive

20,00064,000

• 3 domains Domain Archaea

• Prokaryote – unicellular, lacks membrane-bound nucleus

• May be representative of first cells on Earth Domain Bacteria

• Prokaryote – unicellular, lacks membrane-bound nucleus Domain Eukarya

• Eukaryote

• Unicellular or multicellular

• Membrane-bound nucleus

6,60065,000Domain Archaea Domain Bacteria

• Domain Eukarya is divided into four kingdoms Kingdom Protista Kingdom Fungi Kingdom Plantae Kingdom Animalia

Domain Eukarya, Kingdom Protista

Domain Eukarya, Kingdom Plantae

Domain Eukarya, Kingdom Animalia

Domain Eukarya, Kingdom Fungi

• Binomial name for each organism Pisum sativum, the garden pea (豌豆 );

Homo sapiens First word is genus Second word is specific epithet Universally used by scientists to avoid

confusion of common names

1.3 Science: A Way of Knowing

Figure 1.13 Biologists

a. Botanist

c. Ecologists

b. Biochemist

•Biology is the scientific study of life.

•Start with an observation•Scientific method begins with observations.

•May take advantage of knowledge and experiences of other scientists•Develop a hypothesis

•Scientist uses inductive (歸納性的 ) reasoning—uses creative thinking to combine isolated facts into a cohesive (凝聚性的 ) whole.

•Hypothesis—possible explanation for an event•Consider only those that can be tested.

• Make a prediction and perform experiments• Experiments further observations and test hypothesis.

Good experimental design, all conditions constant except experimental variable

• Test group versus control group Data may suggest correlation.

• Does not necessarily mean causation (因果關係 )

• Scientists are skeptics (懷疑論者 )

• Conclusion – is the hypothesis supported or not? Experiments and observations must be repeatable.

• Scientific theory Ultimate goal of science is to understand the natural world in accepted

explanations for how the world works. Cell theory, gene theory Theory of evolution is considered a unifying concept in biology. Some biologists refer to the principle or law of evolution due to over 100

years of support by so many observations and experiments.

Figure 1.8 Flow diagram for the scientific method

An example of a controlled study

• Hypothesis : Antibiotic B is better than Antibiotic A in current use for the treatment of ulcers.

• 3 experimental groups Reduce possible variances by

randomly dividing large group. Control group receives placebo.

State Hypothesis:Antibiotic B is a better treatment for

ulcers than antibiotic A

Perform Experiment:Groups were treated the same

except as noted

Control group:receivedplacebo

Test group 1:received

antibiotic A

Test group 2:received

antibiotic B

A controlled laboratory experiment to test the effectiveness of a medication in humans

• Results determined by endoscopy Double-blind study – Technician

doesn’t know which group patient is in.

• Conclusion – investigators conclude their hypothesis is supported.

• Scientific studies published in a scientific journal Review process General public usually relies on

secondary sources which may be inaccurate.

Be especially careful of information on the Internet.

Collect Data:Each subject was examinedfor the presence of ulcers

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Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

1.4 Challenges Facing Science

• Technology—application of scientific knowledge for a practical purpose• Bioethics—branch of ethics concerned with the development and

consequences of technology Biodiversity is perhaps the single most significant bioethical issue

today.

Human Influence on Ecosystems

• Biodiversity—variation in life on Earth; refers to numbers of different species• Estimated 15 million species on Earth; around two million classified• Extinction—death of an entire species or taxonomical group• Estimated 400 species per day are lost due to human activity• Extinction affects biodiversity

Emerging diseases Emerging diseases may result from new and/or increased exposure to

animals or insect populations that may act as vectors for disease Change in human behavior and use of technology

Climate change Changes in the normal cycles of the Earth’s climate that may be

attributed to human activity Primarily due to imbalance in chemical cycling of carbon Due to burning of fossil fuels and destruction of forests

Q & A:

1. List five features common to organisms.

A: Organisms are organized, acquire material and energy, response to external stimuli, reproduce and develop and have adaptations.

2. List the eight classification categories, from least to most inclusive.

A: species, genus, family, order, class, phylum, kingdom, domain.

3. The smallest living unit is a(n) A. atom. B. molecule. C. cell. D. tissue.