进化论和圣经中神的创造Evolution and Biblical Creation

(by Ernst Haeckel, Bodleian Library, University of Oxford, Plates 4 & 5 from 18917d.25)

Fish Salamander Turtle Chicken Pig Cow Rabbit Human

胚胎重演论 (Ontogeny recaptulates phylogeny)

Morphological divergence during evolution( 进化过程中形态上的差异 )

Dev

elop

men

tal s

tage

(发育时

期)

The HourglassModel日晷模型

“Contrary to recent claims that all vertebrate embryos pass through a stage when they are the same size, we find a greater than 10-fold variation in greatest length at the tailbud stage. Our survey seriously undermines the credibility of Haeckel’s drawings, which depicts not a conserved stage for vertebrates, but a stylised amniote embryo. ”

a. 海洋七腮鳗 b. 电鳐 c. 小体鲟Pectromyzon marinus Torpedo ocellata Acipenser ruthenus

d. 多米尼加树蛙 e. 欧洲鳖 f. 鸡Eleutherodactylus coqui Emys orbicularis Gallus gallus

g. 袋鼠 h. 家猫Trichosurus vulpecula Felis catus

脊柱

内脏

腿

臂

人的胚胎 Haeckel 的人胚胎

“ The present generation cannot imagine the role he played in his time, far beyond his actual scientific performance … Haeckel’s easy hand at drawing made him improve on nature and put more into the illustrations than he saw … one had the impression that he first made a sketch from nature and then drew an ideal picture as he saw it in his mind.”

R.B. Goldschmidt, The Golden Age of Zoology

长颈鹿颈部的进化

一百万年前二、三千万年前

Jean Baptiste Pierre Antoine de Monet de Lamarck  (1744 - 1829)

用 进 废 退 The Principle of Use and Disuse

反面证据

1. Giraffes generally feed from low shrubs during the dry season.

2. Disproportional change of other parts of the body

3. Disadvantages of a long neck

1854 年 , 45 岁

1880 年 , 71 岁

Nov. 22, 1859 “The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection: Or, the Preservation of Favored Races in the Struggle for Life”

达尔文和物种起源 Charles Robert Darwin (1809-1882)

Galapagos Islands

H.M.S. Beagle, 1835

PeruEcuador

Columbia

Brazil

ChileBolivia

达尔文的自然进化论 (Naturalistic Evolution)

达尔文的观察

1. Galapagos 群岛鸟类 (Darwin’s Finch) 受环境影响产生的变异

2. 人工育种

宇宙形成(100 － 200 亿年前 )

地球形成(45 亿年前 )

单细胞生命 人

变异 / 突变

自然选择( 物竞天择，优胜劣汰 )

达尔文的理论：渐进论 (Gradualism)

Evolution and Human Behavior  Official Journal of the Human Behavior and Evolution Society

分 子 进 化

自然进化论其他证据

1. 细菌对抗生素的耐药性和昆虫对杀虫药的抗药性。

2. 鸟的体格和在暴风中的生存能力

3. 食物结构的改变和鸟类的生存能力及嘴部形状的变化

4. 非洲镰状细胞性贫血的等位基因和抗疟疾的特性

5. 小鼠雄性不育的基因短期泛滥，造成全体灭亡。

6. 飞蛾工业黑化现象

Revised from Douglas Futuyma, “Science on Trial: The Case for Evolution”, 1983

飞蛾工业黑化现象(Industrial melanism of the pepper moth, Biston betularia)

f. typica

f. carbonaria

Wales 农村

Liverpool

Blue Jay (Cyanocitta cristata)

飞蛾 放飞数 重新俘获数

黑 447 123(27.5%)

白 137 18(13.0%)

污染区 (Rubery near Birmingham)

Kettlewell H.B.D. Heredity 1955;9:323-342.

飞蛾 放飞数 重新俘获数

黑 406 19(4.68%)

白 393 54(13.74%)

非污染区 (Deanend near Dorset)

Kettlewell H.B.D. Heredity 1956;10:287-301.

Kettlewell H.B.D. Ann Rev. Entomol 1961;6:245-262.

森林 黑 白

污染区 15 43

非污染区 164 26

鸟类对飞蛾的捕食 Conclusion

Industrial melanism is due to cryptic coloration and selective predation.

Liverpool 西部 Wirral 半岛上飞蛾的变化和环境污染的关系

年代 

污染状况

飞蛾

~1850 年 

无

100%

1959 年 

重

7%

93%

1984 

轻

61%

39%

1996 年 

微

91.5%

8.5%

1

0

1

非 污 染 区

污 染 区

SCOTLAND

ENGLANDWALES

 

a. 为 什 么 Manchester周 围 白 色 飞 蛾 不 灭绝？

IRELAND

FRANCE

BELGIUM

b. 为什么 East Anglia农村黑色飞蛾占 80% ？

c. 为什么环境改善后， London （北纬 52度）以北黑色飞蛾减少，但以南黑色飞蛾却增加？

d. 为什么 Wirral 半岛树干上的苔藓还没有恢复，白色飞蛾就已经增加？

e. 为什么荷兰在黑色飞蛾减少，白色飞蛾增加的同时，出现一种灰色飞蛾？

Manchester

East Anglia

London

Wirral 半岛

NETHERLANDS

树干 树荫下的小树枝

“We contend, however, that there is little persuasive evidence, in the form of rigorous and replicated observations and experiments, to support this explanation at the present time. We suggest that more attention be directed to assessing ways in which typical and melanic morphs differ, other than in adult coloration, and to devising and testing alternative hypotheses.”

Sargent TD, Millar CD and Lambert DM (1998) The “classical” explanation of industrial melanism: assessing the evidence. Evolutionary Biology

30:299-322.

界Kingdom

门Phylum

纲Class

目Order

科Family

属Genus

种Species

Carl von Linné or Carolus Linnaeus, 1707-1778

人动物界

Animalia

脊索动物门Chordata

哺乳动物纲Mammalia

原长目Primates

人科Hominidae

人属Homo

人种Homo sapiens

达尔文的主要错误

科学规律Scientific

Law

现象Evidence

观察 Observation

归纳 Deduction

演绎 Induction

求证 Verification

广进化论 (macroevolution)

Galapagos 群岛鸟类受环境影响产生的变异

人工育种

微进化论 (microevolution)

-----------------------------

--------

----

----

----

----

----

----

--

蛋白

质浓

度

光吸附值

Y = a * X + b

X

Y

科学规律的条件限制

事实

假设

--------

--------

----

• 突变的速度 : 微突变 / 系统大突变

• 化石的难题（ 1 ）物种演化的规律 理论模式 :大量中间型 事实：化石的大量缺环 (Missing Link)

（ 2 ）物种生灭的规律 理论模式 : 少多少 事实：生物种表现停滞不变、突然同时出现、突然 消灭

（ 1995 年 7月 19日人民日报海外版“云南省澄江县帽天山的寒武纪化石爆炸”）

自然进化论的主要问题

Can you tell me anything you know about evolution, any one thing… that is true? I tried that question on the geology staff at the Field Museum of Natural History and the only answer I got was silence. I tried it on the members of the Evolutionary Morphology seminar in the University of Chicago, a very prestigious body of evolutionists, and all I got there was silence for a long time and eventually one person said “I do know one thing – it ought not to be taught in high school.”

Colin PattersonSenior Paleontologist, British Natural History Museum

— Lecture given at the American Museum of Natural History, 1981

命题一

“在一个群体中，最能适应的个体，必定留下最多的子孙”

命题二  

“生产后代最多的生物最能适应”

“ 在一个群体中，生产后代最多的生物个体，

必定留下最多的子孙”

自然进化论是同义反复（ Tautology ）

自然进化论是自然主义科学哲学的产物

“It (creationism) fails to display the most basic characteristic of science: reliance upon naturalistic explanations. Instead, proponents of ‘creationism’ hold that the creation of the universe, the earth, living things, and man was accomplished through supernatural means inaccessible to human understanding.”

“Science and Creationism: A View from the National Academy of Sciences”, 1984

“What is your alternative?”

Thomas H. Huxley, Darwin’s Bulldog

Science pursues Truth without God

“Darwin made it possible to be an intellectually fulfilled atheist.”

“It is absolutely safe to say that, if you meet somebody who claims not to believe in evolution, that person is ignorant, stupid or insane (or wicked, but I’d rather not consider that).”

— Richard Dawkins, Oxford Zoologist, “The Blind Watchmaker”, 1986

自然进化论是形而上学

1 、 19-20世纪自然科学和人文科学的发展，是对黑暗中世纪天主教宗教思想禁锢的一个反弹

2 、适合当时社会的需要 (英国的帝国主义政治哲学 /马尔萨斯的人口论 /社会达尔文主义 )

 达尔文的著作非常重要，它从自然科学的角度支持了人类历史上的阶级斗争，完全符合我的观点。 马克斯

十九世纪三大科学发现之一……优越的无产阶级将赢得这场生存斗争。 恩格斯

 3 、自然进化论是“科学”

达尔文进化论为何受欢迎？

•Modern science directly implies that there are no inherent moral or ethical laws, no absolute guiding principles for human society.

•Human beings are marvelously complex machines. The individual human becomes an ethical person by means of two primary mechanisms: heredity and environmental influences. That is all there is.

•We must conclude that when we die, we die, and that is the end of us.

•Free will as it is traditionally conceived – the freedom to make uncoerced and unpredictable choices among alternative possible courses of action – simply does not exist…. There is no way that the evolutionary process as currently conceived can produce a being that is fully free to make choices.”

William ProvineCornell University, Professor, Historian of Science.

到底有没有神 ?

                       

                 

                       

                 

自从创造世界以来，神那看不见永远的大能，和神性的特征，是人所洞见的，

乃是藉着受造之物，给人晓得，叫人无可推诿。

-- 新约圣经罗马书一章二十节

起初神创造天地

旧约圣经创世记一章一节

第二天

第一天

第五天

第六天

第五天

第四天

第三天

耶和华神用地上的尘土造人，

他就成了有灵的活魂。

将生气吹在他鼻孔里，

创世纪二章七节

神灵

魂 体 人

灵 魂 体 人

神造万物，各按其时成为 美好；

又将永远安置在世人心里。然而神从始至终的作为，

人不能参透。 传道书三章十一节

神说：我们要照着我们的形象，按着我们的样式造人，使他们管理海里的鱼、空中的鸟、地上的牲畜和全地，并地上一切的爬虫。

创世纪一章二十六节

祂从一本造出万族的人，住在全地面上，并且预先定准他们的时期和居住的疆界，要叫他们寻求神，或者可以揣摩而得，其实祂离我们并不远；因我们生活、行动、存留都在乎祂，就如你们中间有些做诗的说，原来我们也是祂的族类。

使徒行传十七章二十六至二十八节

从此，人离开了神，人类的历史开始了……

神爱世人，甚至将祂的独生子赐给他们，叫一切信入祂的，不至灭亡，

反得永远的生命。

约翰福音三章十六节