计算机网络（ internet ） 历史，现状与未来 舒炎泰 2008. 计算机网络 n n...
TRANSCRIPT
计算机网络（ Internet ）历史现状与未来
舒炎泰 舒炎泰 20020088
计算机网络 Transportation service move objects
horse train truck airplane Communication network move information
bird fire telegraph telephone 计算机网络计算机网络hellip Internet hellip
Communication networks can be classified based on the way in which the nodes exchange information
A Taxonomy of Communication Networks
Communication Network
SwitchedCommunication
Network
BroadcastCommunication Network
广播电视Circuit-SwitchedCommunication Network
电话
Packet-SwitchedCommunication Network
Datagram Network
Virtual Circuit Network
Internet
Circuit Switching （电路交换 - 电话） A node (switch) in a circuit switching network
incoming links outgoing linksNode
Timing in Circuit Switching
propagation delay between Host 1 and Node 1
propagation delay between Host 2 and Node 1
DATA
Circuit Establishment
Data Transmission
Circuit Termination
Host 1 Host 2Node 1 Node 2
processing delay at Node 1
Circuit Switching MultiplexingDemultiplexing
Time divided in frames and frames divided in slots
Relative slot position inside a frame determines which conversation the data belongs to
Needs synchronization between sender and receiver
In case of non-permanent conversations Needs to dynamic bind a slot to a conservation How to do this
Packet Switching （分组 包交换） 1961 A node in a packet switching networkA node in a packet switching network
incoming links outgoing linksNode
Memory
Packet Switching （分组 包交换） 1961
Data are sent as formatted bit-sequences so-called packets
Packets have the following structure
Header and Trailer carry control information (eg destination address check sum)
Each packet is passed through the network from node to node along some path (Routing)
At each node the entire packet is received stored briefly and then forwarded to the next node
(Store-and-Forward Networks) Typically no capacity is allocated for packets
Header Data Trailer
Timing of Datagram Packet Switching
Packet 3
Packet 3
Packet 1
Packet 2
Packet 1
Packet 2
Packet 1
Packet 2
Packet 3
processing delay of Packet 1 at Node 2
Host 1 Host 2Node 1 Node 2
propagationdelay betweenHost 1 and Node 2
transmission time of Packet 1at Host 1
Datagram Packet Switching
Host A
Host BHost E
Host D
Host C
Node 1 Node 2
Node 3
Node 4
Node 5
Node 6Node 7
Packet Switching MultiplexingDemultiplexing
Data from any conversation can be transmitted at any given time
How to tell them apart Use meta-data (header) to describe data
Datagram Packet Switching Each packet is independently switched
Each packet header contains destination address No resources are pre-allocated (reserved) in advance Example IP networks
Packet-Switching vs Circuit-Switching
Most important advantage of packet-switching over circuit switching ability to exploit statistical multiplexing
Efficient bandwidth usage ratio between peek and average rate is 31 for audio and 151 for data traffic
However packet-switching needs to deal with congestion
More complex routers Harder to provide good network services (eg delay
and bandwidth guarantees)
In practice they are combined IP over SONET IP over Frame Relay
Virtual-Circuit Packet Switching Hybrid of circuit switching and packet
switching Data is transmitted as packets All packets from one packet stream are sent
along a pre-established path ( = virtual circuit)
Guarantees in-sequence delivery of packets However Packets from different virtual
circuits may be interleaved Example ATM networks
MPLS
Virtual-Circuit Packet Switching
Communication with virtual circuits takes place in three phases
1 VC establishment
2 data transfer
3 VC disconnect Note packet headers donrsquot need to contain
the full destination address of the packet
Packet 1
Packet 2
Packet 3
Packet 1
Packet 2
Packet 3
Timing of Virtual-Circuit Packet Switching
Packet 1
Packet 2
Packet 3
Host 1 Host 2Node
1Node
2
propagation delay between Host 1 and Node 1VC
establishment
VCtermination
Datatransfer
Virtual-Circuit Packet Switching
Host A
Host BHost E
Host D
Host C
Node 1 Node 2
Node 3
Node 4
Node 5
Node 6 Node 7
Internet 历史 (1) Sep69 1st IMP in UCLA Oct69 2nd IMP in SRI
Internet 之父 -- L Kleinrock1999 1969
History of the Internet (2)
History of the Internet (3)
Sep69 1st IMP in UCLA Sep69 1st IMP in UCLA Oct69 2nd IMP in SRI Oct69 2nd IMP in SRI
2230 29Oct692230 29Oct69 LOGIN from UCLA to
SRI CLA We sent an ldquoLrdquo - did
you get the ldquoLrdquo YEP We sent a ldquoOrdquo - did you
get the ldquoOrdquo YEP We sent an ldquoGrdquo - did
you get the ldquoGrdquo Crash
History of the Internet (4) 1961-1972 Early packet-switching principles 1961 Kleinrock ndash queueing theory shows
effectiveness of packet-switching 1964 Baran - packet-switching in military
nets 1967 ARPAnet conceived by Advanced
Research Projects Agency (Licklider Roberts) 1969 first ARPAnet node operational 1972 ARPAnet has 15 nodes
ARPAnet demonstrated publicly NCP (Network Control Protocol) first host-
host protocol first e-mail program
History of the Internet (5) 1972-1980 Internetworking research networks 1970ALOHAnet satellite network in Hawaii
(Abramson) 1973Metcalfersquos PhD thesis proposes Ethernet 1974Cerf and Kahn - 2004 AM Turing Award
-define todayrsquos Internet architecture minimalism autonomy ndashno internal changes
required to interconnect networks best effort service model stateless routers decentralized control
1979ARPAnet has 200 nodes 56 kbps Late 70rsquos proprietary architectures DECnet
SNA Late 70rsquos switching fixed length packets (-gt
ATM)
History of the Internet (6) 1980rsquos new protocols a proliferation of net 1983deployment of TCPIP (Critical
separation Cohen) 1982SMTP e-mail protocol defined 1983DNS defined for name-to-IP-address
translation mid-1980rsquos IETF active 1985FTP protocol defined 1988TCP congestion control new national networks Csnet BITnet Minitel
NSFnet (15 Mbps10000 computers) NSI (NASA) ESNet(DOE) DARTnet TWBNet (DARPA)
100000 hosts connected to confederation of networks
History of the Internet (7) 1990rsquos commercialization the WWW Early 1990rsquos ARPAnet decommissioned 1991 NSFnet (45 Mbps) -gt commercial use of
NSF (decommissioned 1995) Late 1990rsquos
multiple private backbones 50 million computers on Internet 100 million+ users backbone links running at 1 Gbps
Early 1990s WWW hypertext [Bush 1945 Nelson 1960rsquos] HTML http Berners-Lee 1994 Mosaic later Netscape late 1990rsquos commercialization of the WWW
Growth of the Internet Today backbones run at 2410 Gbps Today backbones run at 2410 Gbps 400 millions computers in 150 countries400 millions computers in 150 countries
Internet 在中国 19931993 年年 33 月月中科院高能物理所 中科院高能物理所 64 Kbps64 Kbps TJU1995322TJU1995322 20062006 年年 1212 月月
计算机计算机 59405940 万万 用户 用户 1414 亿 亿 WWWWWW 站 站 8484 万万 CNCN 域名 域名 180180 万万 国际出口带宽 国际出口带宽 257 Gbps257 Gbps
连接美国俄罗斯法国英国德国日本连接美国俄罗斯法国英国德国日本韩国新加坡等 韩国新加坡等
Internet 提供的服务 Shared access to computing resources
telnet (1970rsquos) Shared access to data files
FTP NFS AFS (1980rsquos) Communication medium over which people interact
email (1980rsquos) on-line chat messaging (1990rsquos) audio video (1990rsquos)
replacing telephone network A medium for information dissemination
USENET (1980rsquos) WWW (1990rsquos)
replacing newspaper magazine audio video (1990rsquos)
replacing radio CD TV
Todayrsquos Internet
Internet Physical Infrastructure
Classification by Coverage
模型 协议 分层
Protocol Architecture
Donrsquot Need All Layers Everywhere
Protocol Data Unit - PDUs
Network Components (Examples)
Fibers
Coaxial Cable
Links Interfaces Switchesrouters
Ethernet card
Wireless card
Large router
Telephoneswitch
趋势 网络时代 每一件事务都是数字的 声音 视频 音
乐 画片 及生活日常事务 每一件事务都是在线的 银行结算 医疗
记录 各类书籍 航空日程 天气情况 公路交通 hellip
每个人之间都是相互联系的 医生 教师 经济人 母亲 儿子 朋友 敌人
趋势 网络时代 实现家庭
教育 办公 购物 娱乐 网上娱乐 虚拟工作场所
2000 年美国有五千五百万人实现远程工作
网络制造 电子商务 虚拟公司 虚拟制造与虚拟装配 ( 设计过程 ) 制造过程更加分散化并发进行 新型的价值链 虚拟兑现
趋势 网络时代
趋势 网络时代
网络制造 (1)
随着基于随着基于 InternetInternet 的全球化数字通信基础设的全球化数字通信基础设施的建立网络从单纯的信息工具变成rdquo施的建立网络从单纯的信息工具变成rdquo EE －－时代rdquo的关键资源时代rdquo的关键资源 全球经济一体化成为制造全球经济一体化成为制造业变革的最根本的推动力业变革的最根本的推动力
InternetInternet 向ldquo资源功能rdquo发展基于向ldquo资源功能rdquo发展基于InternetInternet 的网络化制造是适应时代的需要的网络化制造是适应时代的需要
网络制造的本质特性就是产品的制造过程更加网络制造的本质特性就是产品的制造过程更加分散化信息的传递网络化信息的流动伴随分散化信息的传递网络化信息的流动伴随着各项工作的并发进行而同时发生着各项工作的并发进行而同时发生
网络制造 (2)
基于基于 InternetInternet 的虚拟制造与虚拟装配的虚拟制造与虚拟装配 在相互联结的网络上建立在相互联结的网络上建立 2424 小时工作的协同小时工作的协同
工作组大大加快了设计进度及时获得所需工作组大大加快了设计进度及时获得所需要的零部件减少库存降低成本提高质量要的零部件减少库存降低成本提高质量
电子商务 信息技术和 Internet 引发的商务过程的变化 利用以 Internet 为核心的信息技术进行商
务活动和企业资源管理 CIMS 是企业实施电子商务的基础 企业实施电子商务是 CIMS 发展的主要标志和
主要内容
竞争环境改变 核心 产品竞争
电子商务产生背景
服务竞争
范围 单个企业 全球多企业
资源 人财物 信息知识
管理重心迁移 生产管理 供应 营销链管理
集中内部资源 整合外部资源
离散管理 集约管理
商务模式转化
bull文秘型管理bull关注后台（企业内部）bull关注业务记录（报表）bull地区性bull推销产品为中心bull（卖方市场）
bull自我服务型管理bull关注前端（客户关系）bull要求商业智能（分析）bull全球化bull客户为中心bull（买方市场）
传统商务 电子商务
客户
供应商
合作伙伴
网络智能
市场营销 产品 服务销售 产品制造
服务 支持
e 企业的业务体系结构
网络发展趋势 趋势趋势 融合融合 趋势趋势 泛在（泛在（ UbiquitousUbiquitous ）） 趋势趋势 信息爆炸信息爆炸 更多的网络业务流量更多的网络业务流量 数据流量 数据流量 gt gt 话声流量话声流量 更快的传输介质更快的传输介质 骨干网（骨干网（ BackboneBackbone ）） 更大的带宽（更大的带宽（ BandwidthBandwidth ）） 宽带无线网宽带无线网飞速增长飞速增长 (WLAN) (Wi-Fi)(WLAN) (Wi-Fi) Everything over IPEverything over IP
趋势 融合 新闻新闻 广告广告 -- 媒体媒体 --信息提供者信息提供者
数字媒体产品数字媒体产品 有线电视有线电视
视频传输视频传输 电话电话
声音传输声音传输 计算机计算机
数字媒体存储数字媒体存储 处理处理 信息提供者和信息传输者的结合信息提供者和信息传输者的结合 电话公司电话公司 有线公司有线公司 娱乐事业娱乐事业 和计算机公司和计算机公司
的结合的结合
Trend
趋势 更多的网络业务流量 互联网上的主机数正以超指数量级飞速增长互联网上的主机数正以超指数量级飞速增长 每个主机用户的业务量中也在增长每个主机用户的业务量中也在增长
局域网可达到 局域网可达到 1 1 GbpsGbps 有线电视调制解调器允许以有线电视调制解调器允许以 11到 到 10 10 MbpsMbps 的速的速
度访问主机度访问主机 应用应用 ADSLVDSLADSLVDSL 通过电话线可达到通过电话线可达到 6-6-
2727MbpsMbps 的速度的速度 宽带无线网宽带无线网 (Wi-Fi)(Wi-Fi)可达到可达到 11-54Mbps11-54Mbps 的速的速
度度 带宽需求每四个月增加一倍带宽需求每四个月增加一倍 数据流量 数据流量 gt gt 话声流量话声流量
Trend of Internet hosts 1980-2000
Trend Data gt Voice
趋势 更快的传输介质 局局域域网网 1 Gbps over 4-pair UTP-5 up to 100 m 1 Gbps over 4-pair UTP-5 up to 100 m
10Gbps being discussed10Gbps being discussed Was 1 Mbps (1Base-5) in 1984Was 1 Mbps (1Base-5) in 1984
骨干网光纤骨干网光纤 DWDMDWDM (( Dense Wavelength Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing)Division Multiplexing) OC-768 = 40 Gbps over a to 65 km OC-768 = 40 Gbps over a to 65 km
1600 Gbps - 10 Tbps1600 Gbps - 10 Tbps Was 100 Mbps (FDDI) in 1993Was 100 Mbps (FDDI) in 1993
无线网无线网 54 100 Mbps(100-2km) wireless 54 100 Mbps(100-2km) wireless networks 25 Gbps to 5km using light networks 25 Gbps to 5km using light Was 1 Mbps (IEEE 80211) in 1998Was 1 Mbps (IEEE 80211) in 1998
Trend Bandwidth
Why Optical Networks DWDM optoelectricl metro network
Trend Wireless Mobile (1)
Trend宽带无线网 (Wi-Fi)飞速增长
Trend宽带无线网 (Wi-Fi)飞速增长
Trend宽带无线网 (Wi-Fi)飞速增长
Trend宽带无线网 (Wi-Fi)飞速增长
Integration of 3G and WLAN- offer possibility of achieving anywhere anytime
high speed and low expense Internet access
3G3G WLANWLAN
Wide areaWide area Local areaLocal area
Low bit rate Low bit rate
(2M when stand (2M when stand still)still)
High bit rateHigh bit rate
(11M to 54M)(11M to 54M)
DataVoice serviceDataVoice service
((QoS supportQoS support))
Data serviceData service
High expenseHigh expense Low expenseLow expense
High mobilityHigh mobility Low mobilityLow mobility
Trend Everything over IP
Data over IP =gt IP needs Traffic Data over IP =gt IP needs Traffic engineeringengineering
Voice over IP =gt Quality of Service and Voice over IP =gt Quality of Service and SignalingSignaling
Backbone -- Optic networksBackbone -- Optic networks IP over ATM IP over ATM （（异步传输模式）异步传输模式） IP over SONET -- POS (Packet over SDH) IP over SONET -- POS (Packet over SDH)
(( 同步同步 )) IP over DWDMIP over DWDM
Asynchronous Transfer Mode ATM
1990rsquos00 standard for high-speed (155Mbps to 1990rsquos00 standard for high-speed (155Mbps to 622 Mbps and higher) 622 Mbps and higher) Broadband Integrated Broadband Integrated Service Digital NetworkService Digital Network architecture architecture
GoalGoal integrated end-end transport of carry integrated end-end transport of carry voice video datavoice video data meeting timingQoS requirements of voice meeting timingQoS requirements of voice
video (versus Internet best-effort model)video (versus Internet best-effort model) ldquoldquonext generationrdquo telephony technical roots next generationrdquo telephony technical roots
in telephone worldin telephone world packet-switching (fixed length packets packet-switching (fixed length packets
called ldquocellsrdquo) using called ldquocellsrdquo) using virtual circuitsvirtual circuits
ATM reference model
How far along are we
Standardization bodies - ATM Forum ITU-T Standardization bodies - ATM Forum ITU-T We may never see end-to-end ATM (1997)We may never see end-to-end ATM (1997)
ATM - too complex - too expansive ltIPgtATM - too complex - too expansive ltIPgt Backbone - 1995 vBNS (ATM) Backbone - 1995 vBNS (ATM)
- 1998 Abilene (SONET) - 2000 IP over - 1998 Abilene (SONET) - 2000 IP over DWDMDWDM
Internet technology + ATM philosophyInternet technology + ATM philosophy but ATM ideas continue to powerfully but ATM ideas continue to powerfully
influence design of next-generation influence design of next-generation InternetInternet
ex ex MPLSMPLS admission ctl resource admission ctl resource reservation hellipreservation hellip
Best of Both Worlds
Multiprotocol label switching (Multiprotocol label switching (MPLSMPLS)) MPLS + IP form a middle ground that MPLS + IP form a middle ground that
combines the best of IP and the best of combines the best of IP and the best of virtual virtual circuit switching technologiescircuit switching technologies
ATM and Frame Relay cannot easily come to ATM and Frame Relay cannot easily come to the middle so IP hasthe middle so IP has
Label Encapsulation
MPLS Encapsulation is specified over MPLS Encapsulation is specified over various media types Top labels may use various media types Top labels may use existing format lower label(s) use a new existing format lower label(s) use a new ldquoshimrdquo label formatldquoshimrdquo label format
Label Substitution Have a friend go to B ahead of you using one of the Have a friend go to B ahead of you using one of the
previous two techniques At every road they reserve previous two techniques At every road they reserve a lane just for you At every intersection they post a a lane just for you At every intersection they post a big sign that says for a given lane which way to turn big sign that says for a given lane which way to turn and what new lane to takeand what new lane to take
Future Internet Research and Experimentation
Todayrsquos Internet Millions of usersMillions of users Web email low-quality audio amp videoWeb email low-quality audio amp video Interconnect personal computers and serversInterconnect personal computers and servers Applications adapt to underlying technologyApplications adapt to underlying technology Todayrsquos Internet DoesnrsquotTodayrsquos Internet Doesnrsquot
Provide reliable end-to-end performanceProvide reliable end-to-end performanceEncourage cooperation on new capabilitiesEncourage cooperation on new capabilitiesAllow testing of new technologiesAllow testing of new technologiesSupport development of revolutionary Support development of revolutionary applicationsapplications
Tomorrowrsquos Internet
Billions of users and devicesBillions of users and devices Convergence of todayrsquos applications Convergence of todayrsquos applications with multimedia (telephony video-with multimedia (telephony video-conference HDTV)conference HDTV)
Interconnect personal computers Interconnect personal computers servers and embedded computersservers and embedded computers
New technologies enable unanticipated New technologies enable unanticipated applications (and create new challenges)applications (and create new challenges)
Vint Cerf Open Challenges
My primary disappointment has been the slow pace of high speed access for residential customers hellip
The second area of disappointment is the slow uptake of version 6 of the Internet protocol (IPv6)
Perhaps the third area is the continuing difficulty caused by viruses worms and distributed denial of service attacksrdquo
How to make the Internet better Addressing current problems
Security1048766 Privacy1048766 Self-diagnosis amp self-healing networks1048766 Cheap connectivity for poor area and third world countries1048766
Wireless mesh networks1048766 sensors1048766 Mobility1048766
New cool apps1048766 What is after IPTV VoIP BitTorrent
Why Internet2 (1996)
The Internet was not designed forThe Internet was not designed forMillions of usersMillions of usersCongestionCongestionMultimediaMultimediaReal time interactionReal time interaction
But only the Internet canBut only the Internet canAccommodate explosive growthAccommodate explosive growthEnable convergence of information Enable convergence of information work mass media and human work mass media and human collaborationcollaboration
Internet2 Project Develop and deploy advanced network Develop and deploy advanced network
applications and technologies accelerating applications and technologies accelerating the creation of tomorrowrsquos Internetthe creation of tomorrowrsquos Internet
GoalsGoals Enable new generation of applicationsEnable new generation of applications Re-create leading edge RampE network Re-create leading edge RampE network
capabilitycapability Transfer capability to the global Transfer capability to the global
production Internetproduction Internet 206 University Members Jan 2005206 University Members Jan 2005
Internet2 Focus Areas Advanced Network Infrastructure - AbileneAdvanced Network Infrastructure - Abilene
Backbones operate at 10 Gbps capacity - 100 Backbones operate at 10 Gbps capacity - 100 Gbps (2007)Gbps (2007)
Middleware Middleware A layer of software between the network and the A layer of software between the network and the
applications applications Authentication Identification Authorization Authentication Identification Authorization
Directories SecurityDirectories Security EngineeringEngineering
IPv6 Measurement Multicast QoS Routing IPv6 Measurement Multicast QoS Routing Security TopologySecurity Topology
Advanced ApplicationsAdvanced Applications Distributed computation Virtual laboratories Distributed computation Virtual laboratories
Digital libraries Distributed learning Digital video Digital libraries Distributed learning Digital video Tele-immersion All of the above in combinationTele-immersion All of the above in combination
Abilene Connections Apr-2000Abilene Connections July 2006
Abilene Connections Apr-2000Abilene International Peering 2006
Research andDevelopment
Commercialization
Partnerships
Privatization
Internet Development Spiral
Todayrsquos Internet
Internet2
University-led Federal agency-led
Developing education and research driven applications
Agency mission-driven and general purpose applications
Building out campus networks gigaPoPs and inter-gigapop
infrastructure
Funding research testbeds and agency research networks
Interconnecting and interoperating to provide advanced networking capabilities needed to support advanced
research and education applications
Internet2 and the Next Generation Internet Initiative
Internet2 NGI
Our Founding (Funding) Fable
Researchers invent new architectures Architectures are validated on a testbed IETF ISPs and router vendors collaborate to deploy new design
This is complete BS
Do Traditional Testbeds Really Test
Production-oriented testbeds Real traffic provides good validation But can test only very incremental changes
Research-oriented testbeds Can test radical architectures Lack of real traffic results in poor validation
Both are expensive (dedicated bandwidth)
What about Deployment Architectural change requires ISP consensus
- Hard to agree- No competitive advantage from architectural innovation
- All have huge sunk investment in the status quo
ISPs are unlikely candidates for architectural change
Architecture isnrsquot just static its decaying Ad hoc workarounds muddy the architectural waters
We are at an Impasse
We canrsquot test new architectures- Despite sizable investments in testbeds
We canrsquot deploy new architectures- And things are getting worse not better
Yet there are pressing requirements for which the current architecture is not well suited
The Communityrsquos Response Focus on areas where we can have impact
Empirical studies Incremental changes (subject to current constraints)
Small stream of architectural proposals Paper designs without hope of deployment
More science fiction than engineering Have largely abandoned hope of effecting fundamental architectural change
Living with rather than overcoming the impasse
Overcoming the Impasse
Must be able to test new architectures Wide range of architectures Real traffic from willing individuals Low overhead for individual researchers
Meet the grand challenge of reinventing the Internet
Empirical incremental research is great but not enough
If someone put us in charge what would we do
What about deployment Several options none good but no excuse to not have an answer to the grand challenge
Testing Virtual Testbed
Overlay testbed (think RON etc) Host proxy directs packets to overlay
Proxy must architecturally neutral and flexible
Individuals (anywhere) opt-in by turning on proxy
Shared testing infrastructure (think Planetlab) Overlay nodes shared among experiments
Slicing on per-packet timescales Virtualized routers
These ideas have turned into the GENI program
Why GENI (Global Environment for Network Innovations) Future Internet Network (2005)
The original designing idea of current information networks is basically a specific network supports one major service
The limitation of the original designing idea can not support the multiple requirements for networks and services (such as Telecom network Internet)
The original design mode of Internet leads to itrsquos shortage in mobility security controllable and administrable
We urgently need redesign the framework of new generation Internet to overcome the serious shortage of current Internet
Providing pervasive and trusted services based on a specific network has became the key research directions of national informatization
GENI (Global Environment for Network Innovations) - NSF 2005 (1)
What is GENIWhat is GENIGENI is GENI is a facility concepta facility concept being explored by being explored by the US computing community the US computing community
back to an NSF workshop in 2005back to an NSF workshop in 2005focus on focus on architecturalarchitectural research and research and provide the provide the experimentalexperimental infrastructure infrastructure needed to support that researchneeded to support that research
focus on the research agenda (and focus on the research agenda (and infrastructure needs) of the infrastructure needs) of the opticaloptical wirelesswireless sensorsensor network and network and distributeddistributed systems communitiessystems communities
GENI (Global Environment for Network Innovations) (2)
The goal of GENI The goal of GENI Goal a Future Internet that meets the Goal a Future Internet that meets the demands of 21st centurydemands of 21st century
to increase the to increase the qualityquality and and quantityquantity of of experimental experimental researchresearch outcomes in networking and distributed outcomes in networking and distributed systemssystems
to accelerate the to accelerate the transitiontransition of these outcomes into of these outcomes into products and servicesproducts and services
enhance economic competitiveness and secure enhance economic competitiveness and secure the Nations futurethe Nations future
Ultimately to lead to a Ultimately to lead to a transition of the transition of the InternetInternet
GENI Research Opportunities (3)
Two dichotomy thought (false or at least Two dichotomy thought (false or at least unnecessary)unnecessary)
a a clean slateclean slate reconceptualization of Internet reconceptualization of Internet architecture architecture
todays 30-year-old architecture that todays 30-year-old architecture that limit its limit its abilityability to cope with emerging threats and to cope with emerging threats and opportunitiesopportunities
bull eroding trust reduced innovation slowing eroding trust reduced innovation slowing updateupdate
future innovation will take the form of new future innovation will take the form of new services and applications running services and applications running on top of the on top of the InternetInternet
GENI Research Opportunities (4)
GENI discussion GENI discussion First we interpret Future Internet very broadly to First we interpret Future Internet very broadly to
include innovations at include innovations at any levelany level of the architecture of the architecture alternative protocols and architectures running alternative protocols and architectures running
inside the network (as overlays on top of inside the network (as overlays on top of todays network) todays network)
Second research should employ Second research should employ clean slate clean slate thinkingthinking but this does but this does not imply that an entirely not imply that an entirely newnew Internet will be necessary In other words Internet will be necessary In other words clean slate is a clean slate is a processprocess not a not a resultresult
Third opportunities Third opportunities betweenbetween two perspectives two perspectives exploring how todays architecture is best exploring how todays architecture is best
evolved to support emerging overlay services evolved to support emerging overlay services
GENI Facility Concept (5)
Facility ConceptFacility Concept experimental platforms for experimental platforms for bothboth research and research and
deploymentdeployment filling the filling the gapgap between small-scale exp and mature between small-scale exp and mature
tech tech GENI evaluate new network systems on large-GENI evaluate new network systems on large-
scalescale
Two levelsTwo levels Physical level Physical level GENI substrateGENI substrate will consist of a will consist of a
collection of links forwarders storage collection of links forwarders storage processors and wireless net processors and wireless net
On top of this substrate a On top of this substrate a software software management management frameworkframework will be overlay network experiments on will be overlay network experiments on
the substratethe substrate
GENI Facility Concept (6)
Four key ideasFour key ideas substrate components will be substrate components will be programmableprogrammable - -
possible to embed any network experiment including possible to embed any network experiment including clean-slate designs clean-slate designs
Substrate will be Substrate will be virtualizable virtualizable -- possible to embed possible to embed multiple slices in the substrate at the same time multiple slices in the substrate at the same time (allow experimental services and architectures to run (allow experimental services and architectures to run continuously) continuously)
GENI will include mechanisms that allow end-users GENI will include mechanisms that allow end-users to to seamlessly seamlessly opt-inopt-in to experimental services to experimental services
GENI will be GENI will be modularmodular ( (architecture and interfaces) - architecture and interfaces) - possible to extend GENI with new networking possible to extend GENI with new networking technologies GENI will not be a static artifact but technologies GENI will not be a static artifact but rather a rather a dynamic infrastructuredynamic infrastructure that is continually that is continually renewedrenewed
FIND (Future Internet Network Design) ndash NSF 2006 (1)
FIND asks two broad questionsFIND asks two broad questions What are the What are the requirementsrequirements for the global network for the global network
in 15 years in 15 years How How would we would we re-conceivere-conceive tomorrows global tomorrows global
network today if we could design it from scratch network today if we could design it from scratch FIND program solicits FIND program solicits clean slate processclean slate process research proposals in the broad area of research proposals in the broad area of network architecture principles and designnetwork architecture principles and design
FIND (Future Internet Network Design) (2)
FIND research might address wide questionsFIND research might address wide questions What will the What will the edgeedge of the network look like in 15 of the network look like in 15
years How might the network years How might the network architecturearchitecture of 15 of 15 years hence best accommodate sensors embedded years hence best accommodate sensors embedded systems and the like systems and the like
How might the network of 15 years from now How might the network of 15 years from now supportsupport what users really do (and care about) How what users really do (and care about) How might such functions as information access location might such functions as information access location management or identity management best fit into a management or identity management best fit into a new overall network architecture new overall network architecture
What will the What will the core core of the network look like in 15 of the network look like in 15 years How might the changing economics of years How might the changing economics of optical systems affect the overall design of the larger optical systems affect the overall design of the larger networknetwork
FIRE (Future Internet Research and Experimentation) ndash European 2007 (1)
Internet has Internet has growngrown to an unexpected reach to an unexpected reach as for the as for the numbernumber of users of users capacitycapacity of the of the links broadband penetration to the links broadband penetration to the homehome servicesservices
ProblemsProblems spam viruses denial of service spam viruses denial of service attacks complexity of managementattacks complexity of management
Internet drawbacks and Internet drawbacks and limitationslimitations ndash to ndash to scalabilityscalability suitabilitysuitability mobilitymobility transparencytransparency securitysecurity
require new radical approaches to require new radical approaches to fundamentally redesign its protocols and fundamentally redesign its protocols and architectures architectures
FIRE (2) FIRE is an FIRE is an experimentallyexperimentally-driven -driven longlong-term research initiative on -term research initiative on
Future Internet Future Internet conceptsconcepts protocolsprotocols and and architecturesarchitectures encompassing technological industrial and socio-economic encompassing technological industrial and socio-economic
aspects aspects acting as proof-of-concept of the newly proposed acting as proof-of-concept of the newly proposed
technologies and services technologies and services FIRE RESEARCHFIRE RESEARCH
Long term multidisciplinary research on future internet Long term multidisciplinary research on future internet paradigms paradigms
Open to Open to fresh bottom-upfresh bottom-up ideas with ideas with no backwards-no backwards-compatibilitycompatibility constraints constraints
Building on the FET SAC initiative ldquoSituated and Autonomic Building on the FET SAC initiative ldquoSituated and Autonomic Communicationsrdquo Communicationsrdquo
Considering at the Considering at the same timesame time technological economic and technological economic and socialpolicy aspects socialpolicy aspects
Build in from the outset and on all levels the right Build in from the outset and on all levels the right balancebalance between security accountability and privacybetween security accountability and privacy
FIRE (3)
FIRE EXPERIMENTATIONFIRE EXPERIMENTATION Large scale experimentationLarge scale experimentation of new paradigms and of new paradigms and
concepts for the future internet and related service concepts for the future internet and related service architectures architectures
Learning through broad experimentation Learning through broad experimentation Integrating and validating new conceptsIntegrating and validating new concepts
Federating and extending Federating and extending existing testbedsexisting testbeds and and research infrastructures research infrastructures
no backwards-compatibility constraints no backwards-compatibility constraints European approach and develop a European European approach and develop a European
identityidentity
- Slide 1
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
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- Slide 22
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- Slide 41
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- Slide 51
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- Slide 67
- Slide 68
- Slide 70
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- Slide 114
- Slide 115
-
计算机网络 Transportation service move objects
horse train truck airplane Communication network move information
bird fire telegraph telephone 计算机网络计算机网络hellip Internet hellip
Communication networks can be classified based on the way in which the nodes exchange information
A Taxonomy of Communication Networks
Communication Network
SwitchedCommunication
Network
BroadcastCommunication Network
广播电视Circuit-SwitchedCommunication Network
电话
Packet-SwitchedCommunication Network
Datagram Network
Virtual Circuit Network
Internet
Circuit Switching （电路交换 - 电话） A node (switch) in a circuit switching network
incoming links outgoing linksNode
Timing in Circuit Switching
propagation delay between Host 1 and Node 1
propagation delay between Host 2 and Node 1
DATA
Circuit Establishment
Data Transmission
Circuit Termination
Host 1 Host 2Node 1 Node 2
processing delay at Node 1
Circuit Switching MultiplexingDemultiplexing
Time divided in frames and frames divided in slots
Relative slot position inside a frame determines which conversation the data belongs to
Needs synchronization between sender and receiver
In case of non-permanent conversations Needs to dynamic bind a slot to a conservation How to do this
Packet Switching （分组 包交换） 1961 A node in a packet switching networkA node in a packet switching network
incoming links outgoing linksNode
Memory
Packet Switching （分组 包交换） 1961
Data are sent as formatted bit-sequences so-called packets
Packets have the following structure
Header and Trailer carry control information (eg destination address check sum)
Each packet is passed through the network from node to node along some path (Routing)
At each node the entire packet is received stored briefly and then forwarded to the next node
(Store-and-Forward Networks) Typically no capacity is allocated for packets
Header Data Trailer
Timing of Datagram Packet Switching
Packet 3
Packet 3
Packet 1
Packet 2
Packet 1
Packet 2
Packet 1
Packet 2
Packet 3
processing delay of Packet 1 at Node 2
Host 1 Host 2Node 1 Node 2
propagationdelay betweenHost 1 and Node 2
transmission time of Packet 1at Host 1
Datagram Packet Switching
Host A
Host BHost E
Host D
Host C
Node 1 Node 2
Node 3
Node 4
Node 5
Node 6Node 7
Packet Switching MultiplexingDemultiplexing
Data from any conversation can be transmitted at any given time
How to tell them apart Use meta-data (header) to describe data
Datagram Packet Switching Each packet is independently switched
Each packet header contains destination address No resources are pre-allocated (reserved) in advance Example IP networks
Packet-Switching vs Circuit-Switching
Most important advantage of packet-switching over circuit switching ability to exploit statistical multiplexing
Efficient bandwidth usage ratio between peek and average rate is 31 for audio and 151 for data traffic
However packet-switching needs to deal with congestion
More complex routers Harder to provide good network services (eg delay
and bandwidth guarantees)
In practice they are combined IP over SONET IP over Frame Relay
Virtual-Circuit Packet Switching Hybrid of circuit switching and packet
switching Data is transmitted as packets All packets from one packet stream are sent
along a pre-established path ( = virtual circuit)
Guarantees in-sequence delivery of packets However Packets from different virtual
circuits may be interleaved Example ATM networks
MPLS
Virtual-Circuit Packet Switching
Communication with virtual circuits takes place in three phases
1 VC establishment
2 data transfer
3 VC disconnect Note packet headers donrsquot need to contain
the full destination address of the packet
Packet 1
Packet 2
Packet 3
Packet 1
Packet 2
Packet 3
Timing of Virtual-Circuit Packet Switching
Packet 1
Packet 2
Packet 3
Host 1 Host 2Node
1Node
2
propagation delay between Host 1 and Node 1VC
establishment
VCtermination
Datatransfer
Virtual-Circuit Packet Switching
Host A
Host BHost E
Host D
Host C
Node 1 Node 2
Node 3
Node 4
Node 5
Node 6 Node 7
Internet 历史 (1) Sep69 1st IMP in UCLA Oct69 2nd IMP in SRI
Internet 之父 -- L Kleinrock1999 1969
History of the Internet (2)
History of the Internet (3)
Sep69 1st IMP in UCLA Sep69 1st IMP in UCLA Oct69 2nd IMP in SRI Oct69 2nd IMP in SRI
2230 29Oct692230 29Oct69 LOGIN from UCLA to
SRI CLA We sent an ldquoLrdquo - did
you get the ldquoLrdquo YEP We sent a ldquoOrdquo - did you
get the ldquoOrdquo YEP We sent an ldquoGrdquo - did
you get the ldquoGrdquo Crash
History of the Internet (4) 1961-1972 Early packet-switching principles 1961 Kleinrock ndash queueing theory shows
effectiveness of packet-switching 1964 Baran - packet-switching in military
nets 1967 ARPAnet conceived by Advanced
Research Projects Agency (Licklider Roberts) 1969 first ARPAnet node operational 1972 ARPAnet has 15 nodes
ARPAnet demonstrated publicly NCP (Network Control Protocol) first host-
host protocol first e-mail program
History of the Internet (5) 1972-1980 Internetworking research networks 1970ALOHAnet satellite network in Hawaii
(Abramson) 1973Metcalfersquos PhD thesis proposes Ethernet 1974Cerf and Kahn - 2004 AM Turing Award
-define todayrsquos Internet architecture minimalism autonomy ndashno internal changes
required to interconnect networks best effort service model stateless routers decentralized control
1979ARPAnet has 200 nodes 56 kbps Late 70rsquos proprietary architectures DECnet
SNA Late 70rsquos switching fixed length packets (-gt
ATM)
History of the Internet (6) 1980rsquos new protocols a proliferation of net 1983deployment of TCPIP (Critical
separation Cohen) 1982SMTP e-mail protocol defined 1983DNS defined for name-to-IP-address
translation mid-1980rsquos IETF active 1985FTP protocol defined 1988TCP congestion control new national networks Csnet BITnet Minitel
NSFnet (15 Mbps10000 computers) NSI (NASA) ESNet(DOE) DARTnet TWBNet (DARPA)
100000 hosts connected to confederation of networks
History of the Internet (7) 1990rsquos commercialization the WWW Early 1990rsquos ARPAnet decommissioned 1991 NSFnet (45 Mbps) -gt commercial use of
NSF (decommissioned 1995) Late 1990rsquos
multiple private backbones 50 million computers on Internet 100 million+ users backbone links running at 1 Gbps
Early 1990s WWW hypertext [Bush 1945 Nelson 1960rsquos] HTML http Berners-Lee 1994 Mosaic later Netscape late 1990rsquos commercialization of the WWW
Growth of the Internet Today backbones run at 2410 Gbps Today backbones run at 2410 Gbps 400 millions computers in 150 countries400 millions computers in 150 countries
Internet 在中国 19931993 年年 33 月月中科院高能物理所 中科院高能物理所 64 Kbps64 Kbps TJU1995322TJU1995322 20062006 年年 1212 月月
计算机计算机 59405940 万万 用户 用户 1414 亿 亿 WWWWWW 站 站 8484 万万 CNCN 域名 域名 180180 万万 国际出口带宽 国际出口带宽 257 Gbps257 Gbps
连接美国俄罗斯法国英国德国日本连接美国俄罗斯法国英国德国日本韩国新加坡等 韩国新加坡等
Internet 提供的服务 Shared access to computing resources
telnet (1970rsquos) Shared access to data files
FTP NFS AFS (1980rsquos) Communication medium over which people interact
email (1980rsquos) on-line chat messaging (1990rsquos) audio video (1990rsquos)
replacing telephone network A medium for information dissemination
USENET (1980rsquos) WWW (1990rsquos)
replacing newspaper magazine audio video (1990rsquos)
replacing radio CD TV
Todayrsquos Internet
Internet Physical Infrastructure
Classification by Coverage
模型 协议 分层
Protocol Architecture
Donrsquot Need All Layers Everywhere
Protocol Data Unit - PDUs
Network Components (Examples)
Fibers
Coaxial Cable
Links Interfaces Switchesrouters
Ethernet card
Wireless card
Large router
Telephoneswitch
趋势 网络时代 每一件事务都是数字的 声音 视频 音
乐 画片 及生活日常事务 每一件事务都是在线的 银行结算 医疗
记录 各类书籍 航空日程 天气情况 公路交通 hellip
每个人之间都是相互联系的 医生 教师 经济人 母亲 儿子 朋友 敌人
趋势 网络时代 实现家庭
教育 办公 购物 娱乐 网上娱乐 虚拟工作场所
2000 年美国有五千五百万人实现远程工作
网络制造 电子商务 虚拟公司 虚拟制造与虚拟装配 ( 设计过程 ) 制造过程更加分散化并发进行 新型的价值链 虚拟兑现
趋势 网络时代
趋势 网络时代
网络制造 (1)
随着基于随着基于 InternetInternet 的全球化数字通信基础设的全球化数字通信基础设施的建立网络从单纯的信息工具变成rdquo施的建立网络从单纯的信息工具变成rdquo EE －－时代rdquo的关键资源时代rdquo的关键资源 全球经济一体化成为制造全球经济一体化成为制造业变革的最根本的推动力业变革的最根本的推动力
InternetInternet 向ldquo资源功能rdquo发展基于向ldquo资源功能rdquo发展基于InternetInternet 的网络化制造是适应时代的需要的网络化制造是适应时代的需要
网络制造的本质特性就是产品的制造过程更加网络制造的本质特性就是产品的制造过程更加分散化信息的传递网络化信息的流动伴随分散化信息的传递网络化信息的流动伴随着各项工作的并发进行而同时发生着各项工作的并发进行而同时发生
网络制造 (2)
基于基于 InternetInternet 的虚拟制造与虚拟装配的虚拟制造与虚拟装配 在相互联结的网络上建立在相互联结的网络上建立 2424 小时工作的协同小时工作的协同
工作组大大加快了设计进度及时获得所需工作组大大加快了设计进度及时获得所需要的零部件减少库存降低成本提高质量要的零部件减少库存降低成本提高质量
电子商务 信息技术和 Internet 引发的商务过程的变化 利用以 Internet 为核心的信息技术进行商
务活动和企业资源管理 CIMS 是企业实施电子商务的基础 企业实施电子商务是 CIMS 发展的主要标志和
主要内容
竞争环境改变 核心 产品竞争
电子商务产生背景
服务竞争
范围 单个企业 全球多企业
资源 人财物 信息知识
管理重心迁移 生产管理 供应 营销链管理
集中内部资源 整合外部资源
离散管理 集约管理
商务模式转化
bull文秘型管理bull关注后台（企业内部）bull关注业务记录（报表）bull地区性bull推销产品为中心bull（卖方市场）
bull自我服务型管理bull关注前端（客户关系）bull要求商业智能（分析）bull全球化bull客户为中心bull（买方市场）
传统商务 电子商务
客户
供应商
合作伙伴
网络智能
市场营销 产品 服务销售 产品制造
服务 支持
e 企业的业务体系结构
网络发展趋势 趋势趋势 融合融合 趋势趋势 泛在（泛在（ UbiquitousUbiquitous ）） 趋势趋势 信息爆炸信息爆炸 更多的网络业务流量更多的网络业务流量 数据流量 数据流量 gt gt 话声流量话声流量 更快的传输介质更快的传输介质 骨干网（骨干网（ BackboneBackbone ）） 更大的带宽（更大的带宽（ BandwidthBandwidth ）） 宽带无线网宽带无线网飞速增长飞速增长 (WLAN) (Wi-Fi)(WLAN) (Wi-Fi) Everything over IPEverything over IP
趋势 融合 新闻新闻 广告广告 -- 媒体媒体 --信息提供者信息提供者
数字媒体产品数字媒体产品 有线电视有线电视
视频传输视频传输 电话电话
声音传输声音传输 计算机计算机
数字媒体存储数字媒体存储 处理处理 信息提供者和信息传输者的结合信息提供者和信息传输者的结合 电话公司电话公司 有线公司有线公司 娱乐事业娱乐事业 和计算机公司和计算机公司
的结合的结合
Trend
趋势 更多的网络业务流量 互联网上的主机数正以超指数量级飞速增长互联网上的主机数正以超指数量级飞速增长 每个主机用户的业务量中也在增长每个主机用户的业务量中也在增长
局域网可达到 局域网可达到 1 1 GbpsGbps 有线电视调制解调器允许以有线电视调制解调器允许以 11到 到 10 10 MbpsMbps 的速的速
度访问主机度访问主机 应用应用 ADSLVDSLADSLVDSL 通过电话线可达到通过电话线可达到 6-6-
2727MbpsMbps 的速度的速度 宽带无线网宽带无线网 (Wi-Fi)(Wi-Fi)可达到可达到 11-54Mbps11-54Mbps 的速的速
度度 带宽需求每四个月增加一倍带宽需求每四个月增加一倍 数据流量 数据流量 gt gt 话声流量话声流量
Trend of Internet hosts 1980-2000
Trend Data gt Voice
趋势 更快的传输介质 局局域域网网 1 Gbps over 4-pair UTP-5 up to 100 m 1 Gbps over 4-pair UTP-5 up to 100 m
10Gbps being discussed10Gbps being discussed Was 1 Mbps (1Base-5) in 1984Was 1 Mbps (1Base-5) in 1984
骨干网光纤骨干网光纤 DWDMDWDM (( Dense Wavelength Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing)Division Multiplexing) OC-768 = 40 Gbps over a to 65 km OC-768 = 40 Gbps over a to 65 km
1600 Gbps - 10 Tbps1600 Gbps - 10 Tbps Was 100 Mbps (FDDI) in 1993Was 100 Mbps (FDDI) in 1993
无线网无线网 54 100 Mbps(100-2km) wireless 54 100 Mbps(100-2km) wireless networks 25 Gbps to 5km using light networks 25 Gbps to 5km using light Was 1 Mbps (IEEE 80211) in 1998Was 1 Mbps (IEEE 80211) in 1998
Trend Bandwidth
Why Optical Networks DWDM optoelectricl metro network
Trend Wireless Mobile (1)
Trend宽带无线网 (Wi-Fi)飞速增长
Trend宽带无线网 (Wi-Fi)飞速增长
Trend宽带无线网 (Wi-Fi)飞速增长
Trend宽带无线网 (Wi-Fi)飞速增长
Integration of 3G and WLAN- offer possibility of achieving anywhere anytime
high speed and low expense Internet access
3G3G WLANWLAN
Wide areaWide area Local areaLocal area
Low bit rate Low bit rate
(2M when stand (2M when stand still)still)
High bit rateHigh bit rate
(11M to 54M)(11M to 54M)
DataVoice serviceDataVoice service
((QoS supportQoS support))
Data serviceData service
High expenseHigh expense Low expenseLow expense
High mobilityHigh mobility Low mobilityLow mobility
Trend Everything over IP
Data over IP =gt IP needs Traffic Data over IP =gt IP needs Traffic engineeringengineering
Voice over IP =gt Quality of Service and Voice over IP =gt Quality of Service and SignalingSignaling
Backbone -- Optic networksBackbone -- Optic networks IP over ATM IP over ATM （（异步传输模式）异步传输模式） IP over SONET -- POS (Packet over SDH) IP over SONET -- POS (Packet over SDH)
(( 同步同步 )) IP over DWDMIP over DWDM
Asynchronous Transfer Mode ATM
1990rsquos00 standard for high-speed (155Mbps to 1990rsquos00 standard for high-speed (155Mbps to 622 Mbps and higher) 622 Mbps and higher) Broadband Integrated Broadband Integrated Service Digital NetworkService Digital Network architecture architecture
GoalGoal integrated end-end transport of carry integrated end-end transport of carry voice video datavoice video data meeting timingQoS requirements of voice meeting timingQoS requirements of voice
video (versus Internet best-effort model)video (versus Internet best-effort model) ldquoldquonext generationrdquo telephony technical roots next generationrdquo telephony technical roots
in telephone worldin telephone world packet-switching (fixed length packets packet-switching (fixed length packets
called ldquocellsrdquo) using called ldquocellsrdquo) using virtual circuitsvirtual circuits
ATM reference model
How far along are we
Standardization bodies - ATM Forum ITU-T Standardization bodies - ATM Forum ITU-T We may never see end-to-end ATM (1997)We may never see end-to-end ATM (1997)
ATM - too complex - too expansive ltIPgtATM - too complex - too expansive ltIPgt Backbone - 1995 vBNS (ATM) Backbone - 1995 vBNS (ATM)
- 1998 Abilene (SONET) - 2000 IP over - 1998 Abilene (SONET) - 2000 IP over DWDMDWDM
Internet technology + ATM philosophyInternet technology + ATM philosophy but ATM ideas continue to powerfully but ATM ideas continue to powerfully
influence design of next-generation influence design of next-generation InternetInternet
ex ex MPLSMPLS admission ctl resource admission ctl resource reservation hellipreservation hellip
Best of Both Worlds
Multiprotocol label switching (Multiprotocol label switching (MPLSMPLS)) MPLS + IP form a middle ground that MPLS + IP form a middle ground that
combines the best of IP and the best of combines the best of IP and the best of virtual virtual circuit switching technologiescircuit switching technologies
ATM and Frame Relay cannot easily come to ATM and Frame Relay cannot easily come to the middle so IP hasthe middle so IP has
Label Encapsulation
MPLS Encapsulation is specified over MPLS Encapsulation is specified over various media types Top labels may use various media types Top labels may use existing format lower label(s) use a new existing format lower label(s) use a new ldquoshimrdquo label formatldquoshimrdquo label format
Label Substitution Have a friend go to B ahead of you using one of the Have a friend go to B ahead of you using one of the
previous two techniques At every road they reserve previous two techniques At every road they reserve a lane just for you At every intersection they post a a lane just for you At every intersection they post a big sign that says for a given lane which way to turn big sign that says for a given lane which way to turn and what new lane to takeand what new lane to take
Future Internet Research and Experimentation
Todayrsquos Internet Millions of usersMillions of users Web email low-quality audio amp videoWeb email low-quality audio amp video Interconnect personal computers and serversInterconnect personal computers and servers Applications adapt to underlying technologyApplications adapt to underlying technology Todayrsquos Internet DoesnrsquotTodayrsquos Internet Doesnrsquot
Provide reliable end-to-end performanceProvide reliable end-to-end performanceEncourage cooperation on new capabilitiesEncourage cooperation on new capabilitiesAllow testing of new technologiesAllow testing of new technologiesSupport development of revolutionary Support development of revolutionary applicationsapplications
Tomorrowrsquos Internet
Billions of users and devicesBillions of users and devices Convergence of todayrsquos applications Convergence of todayrsquos applications with multimedia (telephony video-with multimedia (telephony video-conference HDTV)conference HDTV)
Interconnect personal computers Interconnect personal computers servers and embedded computersservers and embedded computers
New technologies enable unanticipated New technologies enable unanticipated applications (and create new challenges)applications (and create new challenges)
Vint Cerf Open Challenges
My primary disappointment has been the slow pace of high speed access for residential customers hellip
The second area of disappointment is the slow uptake of version 6 of the Internet protocol (IPv6)
Perhaps the third area is the continuing difficulty caused by viruses worms and distributed denial of service attacksrdquo
How to make the Internet better Addressing current problems
Security1048766 Privacy1048766 Self-diagnosis amp self-healing networks1048766 Cheap connectivity for poor area and third world countries1048766
Wireless mesh networks1048766 sensors1048766 Mobility1048766
New cool apps1048766 What is after IPTV VoIP BitTorrent
Why Internet2 (1996)
The Internet was not designed forThe Internet was not designed forMillions of usersMillions of usersCongestionCongestionMultimediaMultimediaReal time interactionReal time interaction
But only the Internet canBut only the Internet canAccommodate explosive growthAccommodate explosive growthEnable convergence of information Enable convergence of information work mass media and human work mass media and human collaborationcollaboration
Internet2 Project Develop and deploy advanced network Develop and deploy advanced network
applications and technologies accelerating applications and technologies accelerating the creation of tomorrowrsquos Internetthe creation of tomorrowrsquos Internet
GoalsGoals Enable new generation of applicationsEnable new generation of applications Re-create leading edge RampE network Re-create leading edge RampE network
capabilitycapability Transfer capability to the global Transfer capability to the global
production Internetproduction Internet 206 University Members Jan 2005206 University Members Jan 2005
Internet2 Focus Areas Advanced Network Infrastructure - AbileneAdvanced Network Infrastructure - Abilene
Backbones operate at 10 Gbps capacity - 100 Backbones operate at 10 Gbps capacity - 100 Gbps (2007)Gbps (2007)
Middleware Middleware A layer of software between the network and the A layer of software between the network and the
applications applications Authentication Identification Authorization Authentication Identification Authorization
Directories SecurityDirectories Security EngineeringEngineering
IPv6 Measurement Multicast QoS Routing IPv6 Measurement Multicast QoS Routing Security TopologySecurity Topology
Advanced ApplicationsAdvanced Applications Distributed computation Virtual laboratories Distributed computation Virtual laboratories
Digital libraries Distributed learning Digital video Digital libraries Distributed learning Digital video Tele-immersion All of the above in combinationTele-immersion All of the above in combination
Abilene Connections Apr-2000Abilene Connections July 2006
Abilene Connections Apr-2000Abilene International Peering 2006
Research andDevelopment
Commercialization
Partnerships
Privatization
Internet Development Spiral
Todayrsquos Internet
Internet2
University-led Federal agency-led
Developing education and research driven applications
Agency mission-driven and general purpose applications
Building out campus networks gigaPoPs and inter-gigapop
infrastructure
Funding research testbeds and agency research networks
Interconnecting and interoperating to provide advanced networking capabilities needed to support advanced
research and education applications
Internet2 and the Next Generation Internet Initiative
Internet2 NGI
Our Founding (Funding) Fable
Researchers invent new architectures Architectures are validated on a testbed IETF ISPs and router vendors collaborate to deploy new design
This is complete BS
Do Traditional Testbeds Really Test
Production-oriented testbeds Real traffic provides good validation But can test only very incremental changes
Research-oriented testbeds Can test radical architectures Lack of real traffic results in poor validation
Both are expensive (dedicated bandwidth)
What about Deployment Architectural change requires ISP consensus
- Hard to agree- No competitive advantage from architectural innovation
- All have huge sunk investment in the status quo
ISPs are unlikely candidates for architectural change
Architecture isnrsquot just static its decaying Ad hoc workarounds muddy the architectural waters
We are at an Impasse
We canrsquot test new architectures- Despite sizable investments in testbeds
We canrsquot deploy new architectures- And things are getting worse not better
Yet there are pressing requirements for which the current architecture is not well suited
The Communityrsquos Response Focus on areas where we can have impact
Empirical studies Incremental changes (subject to current constraints)
Small stream of architectural proposals Paper designs without hope of deployment
More science fiction than engineering Have largely abandoned hope of effecting fundamental architectural change
Living with rather than overcoming the impasse
Overcoming the Impasse
Must be able to test new architectures Wide range of architectures Real traffic from willing individuals Low overhead for individual researchers
Meet the grand challenge of reinventing the Internet
Empirical incremental research is great but not enough
If someone put us in charge what would we do
What about deployment Several options none good but no excuse to not have an answer to the grand challenge
Testing Virtual Testbed
Overlay testbed (think RON etc) Host proxy directs packets to overlay
Proxy must architecturally neutral and flexible
Individuals (anywhere) opt-in by turning on proxy
Shared testing infrastructure (think Planetlab) Overlay nodes shared among experiments
Slicing on per-packet timescales Virtualized routers
These ideas have turned into the GENI program
Why GENI (Global Environment for Network Innovations) Future Internet Network (2005)
The original designing idea of current information networks is basically a specific network supports one major service
The limitation of the original designing idea can not support the multiple requirements for networks and services (such as Telecom network Internet)
The original design mode of Internet leads to itrsquos shortage in mobility security controllable and administrable
We urgently need redesign the framework of new generation Internet to overcome the serious shortage of current Internet
Providing pervasive and trusted services based on a specific network has became the key research directions of national informatization
GENI (Global Environment for Network Innovations) - NSF 2005 (1)
What is GENIWhat is GENIGENI is GENI is a facility concepta facility concept being explored by being explored by the US computing community the US computing community
back to an NSF workshop in 2005back to an NSF workshop in 2005focus on focus on architecturalarchitectural research and research and provide the provide the experimentalexperimental infrastructure infrastructure needed to support that researchneeded to support that research
focus on the research agenda (and focus on the research agenda (and infrastructure needs) of the infrastructure needs) of the opticaloptical wirelesswireless sensorsensor network and network and distributeddistributed systems communitiessystems communities
GENI (Global Environment for Network Innovations) (2)
The goal of GENI The goal of GENI Goal a Future Internet that meets the Goal a Future Internet that meets the demands of 21st centurydemands of 21st century
to increase the to increase the qualityquality and and quantityquantity of of experimental experimental researchresearch outcomes in networking and distributed outcomes in networking and distributed systemssystems
to accelerate the to accelerate the transitiontransition of these outcomes into of these outcomes into products and servicesproducts and services
enhance economic competitiveness and secure enhance economic competitiveness and secure the Nations futurethe Nations future
Ultimately to lead to a Ultimately to lead to a transition of the transition of the InternetInternet
GENI Research Opportunities (3)
Two dichotomy thought (false or at least Two dichotomy thought (false or at least unnecessary)unnecessary)
a a clean slateclean slate reconceptualization of Internet reconceptualization of Internet architecture architecture
todays 30-year-old architecture that todays 30-year-old architecture that limit its limit its abilityability to cope with emerging threats and to cope with emerging threats and opportunitiesopportunities
bull eroding trust reduced innovation slowing eroding trust reduced innovation slowing updateupdate
future innovation will take the form of new future innovation will take the form of new services and applications running services and applications running on top of the on top of the InternetInternet
GENI Research Opportunities (4)
GENI discussion GENI discussion First we interpret Future Internet very broadly to First we interpret Future Internet very broadly to
include innovations at include innovations at any levelany level of the architecture of the architecture alternative protocols and architectures running alternative protocols and architectures running
inside the network (as overlays on top of inside the network (as overlays on top of todays network) todays network)
Second research should employ Second research should employ clean slate clean slate thinkingthinking but this does but this does not imply that an entirely not imply that an entirely newnew Internet will be necessary In other words Internet will be necessary In other words clean slate is a clean slate is a processprocess not a not a resultresult
Third opportunities Third opportunities betweenbetween two perspectives two perspectives exploring how todays architecture is best exploring how todays architecture is best
evolved to support emerging overlay services evolved to support emerging overlay services
GENI Facility Concept (5)
Facility ConceptFacility Concept experimental platforms for experimental platforms for bothboth research and research and
deploymentdeployment filling the filling the gapgap between small-scale exp and mature between small-scale exp and mature
tech tech GENI evaluate new network systems on large-GENI evaluate new network systems on large-
scalescale
Two levelsTwo levels Physical level Physical level GENI substrateGENI substrate will consist of a will consist of a
collection of links forwarders storage collection of links forwarders storage processors and wireless net processors and wireless net
On top of this substrate a On top of this substrate a software software management management frameworkframework will be overlay network experiments on will be overlay network experiments on
the substratethe substrate
GENI Facility Concept (6)
Four key ideasFour key ideas substrate components will be substrate components will be programmableprogrammable - -
possible to embed any network experiment including possible to embed any network experiment including clean-slate designs clean-slate designs
Substrate will be Substrate will be virtualizable virtualizable -- possible to embed possible to embed multiple slices in the substrate at the same time multiple slices in the substrate at the same time (allow experimental services and architectures to run (allow experimental services and architectures to run continuously) continuously)
GENI will include mechanisms that allow end-users GENI will include mechanisms that allow end-users to to seamlessly seamlessly opt-inopt-in to experimental services to experimental services
GENI will be GENI will be modularmodular ( (architecture and interfaces) - architecture and interfaces) - possible to extend GENI with new networking possible to extend GENI with new networking technologies GENI will not be a static artifact but technologies GENI will not be a static artifact but rather a rather a dynamic infrastructuredynamic infrastructure that is continually that is continually renewedrenewed
FIND (Future Internet Network Design) ndash NSF 2006 (1)
FIND asks two broad questionsFIND asks two broad questions What are the What are the requirementsrequirements for the global network for the global network
in 15 years in 15 years How How would we would we re-conceivere-conceive tomorrows global tomorrows global
network today if we could design it from scratch network today if we could design it from scratch FIND program solicits FIND program solicits clean slate processclean slate process research proposals in the broad area of research proposals in the broad area of network architecture principles and designnetwork architecture principles and design
FIND (Future Internet Network Design) (2)
FIND research might address wide questionsFIND research might address wide questions What will the What will the edgeedge of the network look like in 15 of the network look like in 15
years How might the network years How might the network architecturearchitecture of 15 of 15 years hence best accommodate sensors embedded years hence best accommodate sensors embedded systems and the like systems and the like
How might the network of 15 years from now How might the network of 15 years from now supportsupport what users really do (and care about) How what users really do (and care about) How might such functions as information access location might such functions as information access location management or identity management best fit into a management or identity management best fit into a new overall network architecture new overall network architecture
What will the What will the core core of the network look like in 15 of the network look like in 15 years How might the changing economics of years How might the changing economics of optical systems affect the overall design of the larger optical systems affect the overall design of the larger networknetwork
FIRE (Future Internet Research and Experimentation) ndash European 2007 (1)
Internet has Internet has growngrown to an unexpected reach to an unexpected reach as for the as for the numbernumber of users of users capacitycapacity of the of the links broadband penetration to the links broadband penetration to the homehome servicesservices
ProblemsProblems spam viruses denial of service spam viruses denial of service attacks complexity of managementattacks complexity of management
Internet drawbacks and Internet drawbacks and limitationslimitations ndash to ndash to scalabilityscalability suitabilitysuitability mobilitymobility transparencytransparency securitysecurity
require new radical approaches to require new radical approaches to fundamentally redesign its protocols and fundamentally redesign its protocols and architectures architectures
FIRE (2) FIRE is an FIRE is an experimentallyexperimentally-driven -driven longlong-term research initiative on -term research initiative on
Future Internet Future Internet conceptsconcepts protocolsprotocols and and architecturesarchitectures encompassing technological industrial and socio-economic encompassing technological industrial and socio-economic
aspects aspects acting as proof-of-concept of the newly proposed acting as proof-of-concept of the newly proposed
technologies and services technologies and services FIRE RESEARCHFIRE RESEARCH
Long term multidisciplinary research on future internet Long term multidisciplinary research on future internet paradigms paradigms
Open to Open to fresh bottom-upfresh bottom-up ideas with ideas with no backwards-no backwards-compatibilitycompatibility constraints constraints
Building on the FET SAC initiative ldquoSituated and Autonomic Building on the FET SAC initiative ldquoSituated and Autonomic Communicationsrdquo Communicationsrdquo
Considering at the Considering at the same timesame time technological economic and technological economic and socialpolicy aspects socialpolicy aspects
Build in from the outset and on all levels the right Build in from the outset and on all levels the right balancebalance between security accountability and privacybetween security accountability and privacy
FIRE (3)
FIRE EXPERIMENTATIONFIRE EXPERIMENTATION Large scale experimentationLarge scale experimentation of new paradigms and of new paradigms and
concepts for the future internet and related service concepts for the future internet and related service architectures architectures
Learning through broad experimentation Learning through broad experimentation Integrating and validating new conceptsIntegrating and validating new concepts
Federating and extending Federating and extending existing testbedsexisting testbeds and and research infrastructures research infrastructures
no backwards-compatibility constraints no backwards-compatibility constraints European approach and develop a European European approach and develop a European
identityidentity
- Slide 1
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
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- Slide 110
- Slide 113
- Slide 114
- Slide 115
-
Communication networks can be classified based on the way in which the nodes exchange information
A Taxonomy of Communication Networks
Communication Network
SwitchedCommunication
Network
BroadcastCommunication Network
广播电视Circuit-SwitchedCommunication Network
电话
Packet-SwitchedCommunication Network
Datagram Network
Virtual Circuit Network
Internet
Circuit Switching （电路交换 - 电话） A node (switch) in a circuit switching network
incoming links outgoing linksNode
Timing in Circuit Switching
propagation delay between Host 1 and Node 1
propagation delay between Host 2 and Node 1
DATA
Circuit Establishment
Data Transmission
Circuit Termination
Host 1 Host 2Node 1 Node 2
processing delay at Node 1
Circuit Switching MultiplexingDemultiplexing
Time divided in frames and frames divided in slots
Relative slot position inside a frame determines which conversation the data belongs to
Needs synchronization between sender and receiver
In case of non-permanent conversations Needs to dynamic bind a slot to a conservation How to do this
Packet Switching （分组 包交换） 1961 A node in a packet switching networkA node in a packet switching network
incoming links outgoing linksNode
Memory
Packet Switching （分组 包交换） 1961
Data are sent as formatted bit-sequences so-called packets
Packets have the following structure
Header and Trailer carry control information (eg destination address check sum)
Each packet is passed through the network from node to node along some path (Routing)
At each node the entire packet is received stored briefly and then forwarded to the next node
(Store-and-Forward Networks) Typically no capacity is allocated for packets
Header Data Trailer
Timing of Datagram Packet Switching
Packet 3
Packet 3
Packet 1
Packet 2
Packet 1
Packet 2
Packet 1
Packet 2
Packet 3
processing delay of Packet 1 at Node 2
Host 1 Host 2Node 1 Node 2
propagationdelay betweenHost 1 and Node 2
transmission time of Packet 1at Host 1
Datagram Packet Switching
Host A
Host BHost E
Host D
Host C
Node 1 Node 2
Node 3
Node 4
Node 5
Node 6Node 7
Packet Switching MultiplexingDemultiplexing
Data from any conversation can be transmitted at any given time
How to tell them apart Use meta-data (header) to describe data
Datagram Packet Switching Each packet is independently switched
Each packet header contains destination address No resources are pre-allocated (reserved) in advance Example IP networks
Packet-Switching vs Circuit-Switching
Most important advantage of packet-switching over circuit switching ability to exploit statistical multiplexing
Efficient bandwidth usage ratio between peek and average rate is 31 for audio and 151 for data traffic
However packet-switching needs to deal with congestion
More complex routers Harder to provide good network services (eg delay
and bandwidth guarantees)
In practice they are combined IP over SONET IP over Frame Relay
Virtual-Circuit Packet Switching Hybrid of circuit switching and packet
switching Data is transmitted as packets All packets from one packet stream are sent
along a pre-established path ( = virtual circuit)
Guarantees in-sequence delivery of packets However Packets from different virtual
circuits may be interleaved Example ATM networks
MPLS
Virtual-Circuit Packet Switching
Communication with virtual circuits takes place in three phases
1 VC establishment
2 data transfer
3 VC disconnect Note packet headers donrsquot need to contain
the full destination address of the packet
Packet 1
Packet 2
Packet 3
Packet 1
Packet 2
Packet 3
Timing of Virtual-Circuit Packet Switching
Packet 1
Packet 2
Packet 3
Host 1 Host 2Node
1Node
2
propagation delay between Host 1 and Node 1VC
establishment
VCtermination
Datatransfer
Virtual-Circuit Packet Switching
Host A
Host BHost E
Host D
Host C
Node 1 Node 2
Node 3
Node 4
Node 5
Node 6 Node 7
Internet 历史 (1) Sep69 1st IMP in UCLA Oct69 2nd IMP in SRI
Internet 之父 -- L Kleinrock1999 1969
History of the Internet (2)
History of the Internet (3)
Sep69 1st IMP in UCLA Sep69 1st IMP in UCLA Oct69 2nd IMP in SRI Oct69 2nd IMP in SRI
2230 29Oct692230 29Oct69 LOGIN from UCLA to
SRI CLA We sent an ldquoLrdquo - did
you get the ldquoLrdquo YEP We sent a ldquoOrdquo - did you
get the ldquoOrdquo YEP We sent an ldquoGrdquo - did
you get the ldquoGrdquo Crash
History of the Internet (4) 1961-1972 Early packet-switching principles 1961 Kleinrock ndash queueing theory shows
effectiveness of packet-switching 1964 Baran - packet-switching in military
nets 1967 ARPAnet conceived by Advanced
Research Projects Agency (Licklider Roberts) 1969 first ARPAnet node operational 1972 ARPAnet has 15 nodes
ARPAnet demonstrated publicly NCP (Network Control Protocol) first host-
host protocol first e-mail program
History of the Internet (5) 1972-1980 Internetworking research networks 1970ALOHAnet satellite network in Hawaii
(Abramson) 1973Metcalfersquos PhD thesis proposes Ethernet 1974Cerf and Kahn - 2004 AM Turing Award
-define todayrsquos Internet architecture minimalism autonomy ndashno internal changes
required to interconnect networks best effort service model stateless routers decentralized control
1979ARPAnet has 200 nodes 56 kbps Late 70rsquos proprietary architectures DECnet
SNA Late 70rsquos switching fixed length packets (-gt
ATM)
History of the Internet (6) 1980rsquos new protocols a proliferation of net 1983deployment of TCPIP (Critical
separation Cohen) 1982SMTP e-mail protocol defined 1983DNS defined for name-to-IP-address
translation mid-1980rsquos IETF active 1985FTP protocol defined 1988TCP congestion control new national networks Csnet BITnet Minitel
NSFnet (15 Mbps10000 computers) NSI (NASA) ESNet(DOE) DARTnet TWBNet (DARPA)
100000 hosts connected to confederation of networks
History of the Internet (7) 1990rsquos commercialization the WWW Early 1990rsquos ARPAnet decommissioned 1991 NSFnet (45 Mbps) -gt commercial use of
NSF (decommissioned 1995) Late 1990rsquos
multiple private backbones 50 million computers on Internet 100 million+ users backbone links running at 1 Gbps
Early 1990s WWW hypertext [Bush 1945 Nelson 1960rsquos] HTML http Berners-Lee 1994 Mosaic later Netscape late 1990rsquos commercialization of the WWW
Growth of the Internet Today backbones run at 2410 Gbps Today backbones run at 2410 Gbps 400 millions computers in 150 countries400 millions computers in 150 countries
Internet 在中国 19931993 年年 33 月月中科院高能物理所 中科院高能物理所 64 Kbps64 Kbps TJU1995322TJU1995322 20062006 年年 1212 月月
计算机计算机 59405940 万万 用户 用户 1414 亿 亿 WWWWWW 站 站 8484 万万 CNCN 域名 域名 180180 万万 国际出口带宽 国际出口带宽 257 Gbps257 Gbps
连接美国俄罗斯法国英国德国日本连接美国俄罗斯法国英国德国日本韩国新加坡等 韩国新加坡等
Internet 提供的服务 Shared access to computing resources
telnet (1970rsquos) Shared access to data files
FTP NFS AFS (1980rsquos) Communication medium over which people interact
email (1980rsquos) on-line chat messaging (1990rsquos) audio video (1990rsquos)
replacing telephone network A medium for information dissemination
USENET (1980rsquos) WWW (1990rsquos)
replacing newspaper magazine audio video (1990rsquos)
replacing radio CD TV
Todayrsquos Internet
Internet Physical Infrastructure
Classification by Coverage
模型 协议 分层
Protocol Architecture
Donrsquot Need All Layers Everywhere
Protocol Data Unit - PDUs
Network Components (Examples)
Fibers
Coaxial Cable
Links Interfaces Switchesrouters
Ethernet card
Wireless card
Large router
Telephoneswitch
趋势 网络时代 每一件事务都是数字的 声音 视频 音
乐 画片 及生活日常事务 每一件事务都是在线的 银行结算 医疗
记录 各类书籍 航空日程 天气情况 公路交通 hellip
每个人之间都是相互联系的 医生 教师 经济人 母亲 儿子 朋友 敌人
趋势 网络时代 实现家庭
教育 办公 购物 娱乐 网上娱乐 虚拟工作场所
2000 年美国有五千五百万人实现远程工作
网络制造 电子商务 虚拟公司 虚拟制造与虚拟装配 ( 设计过程 ) 制造过程更加分散化并发进行 新型的价值链 虚拟兑现
趋势 网络时代
趋势 网络时代
网络制造 (1)
随着基于随着基于 InternetInternet 的全球化数字通信基础设的全球化数字通信基础设施的建立网络从单纯的信息工具变成rdquo施的建立网络从单纯的信息工具变成rdquo EE －－时代rdquo的关键资源时代rdquo的关键资源 全球经济一体化成为制造全球经济一体化成为制造业变革的最根本的推动力业变革的最根本的推动力
InternetInternet 向ldquo资源功能rdquo发展基于向ldquo资源功能rdquo发展基于InternetInternet 的网络化制造是适应时代的需要的网络化制造是适应时代的需要
网络制造的本质特性就是产品的制造过程更加网络制造的本质特性就是产品的制造过程更加分散化信息的传递网络化信息的流动伴随分散化信息的传递网络化信息的流动伴随着各项工作的并发进行而同时发生着各项工作的并发进行而同时发生
网络制造 (2)
基于基于 InternetInternet 的虚拟制造与虚拟装配的虚拟制造与虚拟装配 在相互联结的网络上建立在相互联结的网络上建立 2424 小时工作的协同小时工作的协同
工作组大大加快了设计进度及时获得所需工作组大大加快了设计进度及时获得所需要的零部件减少库存降低成本提高质量要的零部件减少库存降低成本提高质量
电子商务 信息技术和 Internet 引发的商务过程的变化 利用以 Internet 为核心的信息技术进行商
务活动和企业资源管理 CIMS 是企业实施电子商务的基础 企业实施电子商务是 CIMS 发展的主要标志和
主要内容
竞争环境改变 核心 产品竞争
电子商务产生背景
服务竞争
范围 单个企业 全球多企业
资源 人财物 信息知识
管理重心迁移 生产管理 供应 营销链管理
集中内部资源 整合外部资源
离散管理 集约管理
商务模式转化
bull文秘型管理bull关注后台（企业内部）bull关注业务记录（报表）bull地区性bull推销产品为中心bull（卖方市场）
bull自我服务型管理bull关注前端（客户关系）bull要求商业智能（分析）bull全球化bull客户为中心bull（买方市场）
传统商务 电子商务
客户
供应商
合作伙伴
网络智能
市场营销 产品 服务销售 产品制造
服务 支持
e 企业的业务体系结构
网络发展趋势 趋势趋势 融合融合 趋势趋势 泛在（泛在（ UbiquitousUbiquitous ）） 趋势趋势 信息爆炸信息爆炸 更多的网络业务流量更多的网络业务流量 数据流量 数据流量 gt gt 话声流量话声流量 更快的传输介质更快的传输介质 骨干网（骨干网（ BackboneBackbone ）） 更大的带宽（更大的带宽（ BandwidthBandwidth ）） 宽带无线网宽带无线网飞速增长飞速增长 (WLAN) (Wi-Fi)(WLAN) (Wi-Fi) Everything over IPEverything over IP
趋势 融合 新闻新闻 广告广告 -- 媒体媒体 --信息提供者信息提供者
数字媒体产品数字媒体产品 有线电视有线电视
视频传输视频传输 电话电话
声音传输声音传输 计算机计算机
数字媒体存储数字媒体存储 处理处理 信息提供者和信息传输者的结合信息提供者和信息传输者的结合 电话公司电话公司 有线公司有线公司 娱乐事业娱乐事业 和计算机公司和计算机公司
的结合的结合
Trend
趋势 更多的网络业务流量 互联网上的主机数正以超指数量级飞速增长互联网上的主机数正以超指数量级飞速增长 每个主机用户的业务量中也在增长每个主机用户的业务量中也在增长
局域网可达到 局域网可达到 1 1 GbpsGbps 有线电视调制解调器允许以有线电视调制解调器允许以 11到 到 10 10 MbpsMbps 的速的速
度访问主机度访问主机 应用应用 ADSLVDSLADSLVDSL 通过电话线可达到通过电话线可达到 6-6-
2727MbpsMbps 的速度的速度 宽带无线网宽带无线网 (Wi-Fi)(Wi-Fi)可达到可达到 11-54Mbps11-54Mbps 的速的速
度度 带宽需求每四个月增加一倍带宽需求每四个月增加一倍 数据流量 数据流量 gt gt 话声流量话声流量
Trend of Internet hosts 1980-2000
Trend Data gt Voice
趋势 更快的传输介质 局局域域网网 1 Gbps over 4-pair UTP-5 up to 100 m 1 Gbps over 4-pair UTP-5 up to 100 m
10Gbps being discussed10Gbps being discussed Was 1 Mbps (1Base-5) in 1984Was 1 Mbps (1Base-5) in 1984
骨干网光纤骨干网光纤 DWDMDWDM (( Dense Wavelength Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing)Division Multiplexing) OC-768 = 40 Gbps over a to 65 km OC-768 = 40 Gbps over a to 65 km
1600 Gbps - 10 Tbps1600 Gbps - 10 Tbps Was 100 Mbps (FDDI) in 1993Was 100 Mbps (FDDI) in 1993
无线网无线网 54 100 Mbps(100-2km) wireless 54 100 Mbps(100-2km) wireless networks 25 Gbps to 5km using light networks 25 Gbps to 5km using light Was 1 Mbps (IEEE 80211) in 1998Was 1 Mbps (IEEE 80211) in 1998
Trend Bandwidth
Why Optical Networks DWDM optoelectricl metro network
Trend Wireless Mobile (1)
Trend宽带无线网 (Wi-Fi)飞速增长
Trend宽带无线网 (Wi-Fi)飞速增长
Trend宽带无线网 (Wi-Fi)飞速增长
Trend宽带无线网 (Wi-Fi)飞速增长
Integration of 3G and WLAN- offer possibility of achieving anywhere anytime
high speed and low expense Internet access
3G3G WLANWLAN
Wide areaWide area Local areaLocal area
Low bit rate Low bit rate
(2M when stand (2M when stand still)still)
High bit rateHigh bit rate
(11M to 54M)(11M to 54M)
DataVoice serviceDataVoice service
((QoS supportQoS support))
Data serviceData service
High expenseHigh expense Low expenseLow expense
High mobilityHigh mobility Low mobilityLow mobility
Trend Everything over IP
Data over IP =gt IP needs Traffic Data over IP =gt IP needs Traffic engineeringengineering
Voice over IP =gt Quality of Service and Voice over IP =gt Quality of Service and SignalingSignaling
Backbone -- Optic networksBackbone -- Optic networks IP over ATM IP over ATM （（异步传输模式）异步传输模式） IP over SONET -- POS (Packet over SDH) IP over SONET -- POS (Packet over SDH)
(( 同步同步 )) IP over DWDMIP over DWDM
Asynchronous Transfer Mode ATM
1990rsquos00 standard for high-speed (155Mbps to 1990rsquos00 standard for high-speed (155Mbps to 622 Mbps and higher) 622 Mbps and higher) Broadband Integrated Broadband Integrated Service Digital NetworkService Digital Network architecture architecture
GoalGoal integrated end-end transport of carry integrated end-end transport of carry voice video datavoice video data meeting timingQoS requirements of voice meeting timingQoS requirements of voice
video (versus Internet best-effort model)video (versus Internet best-effort model) ldquoldquonext generationrdquo telephony technical roots next generationrdquo telephony technical roots
in telephone worldin telephone world packet-switching (fixed length packets packet-switching (fixed length packets
called ldquocellsrdquo) using called ldquocellsrdquo) using virtual circuitsvirtual circuits
ATM reference model
How far along are we
Standardization bodies - ATM Forum ITU-T Standardization bodies - ATM Forum ITU-T We may never see end-to-end ATM (1997)We may never see end-to-end ATM (1997)
ATM - too complex - too expansive ltIPgtATM - too complex - too expansive ltIPgt Backbone - 1995 vBNS (ATM) Backbone - 1995 vBNS (ATM)
- 1998 Abilene (SONET) - 2000 IP over - 1998 Abilene (SONET) - 2000 IP over DWDMDWDM
Internet technology + ATM philosophyInternet technology + ATM philosophy but ATM ideas continue to powerfully but ATM ideas continue to powerfully
influence design of next-generation influence design of next-generation InternetInternet
ex ex MPLSMPLS admission ctl resource admission ctl resource reservation hellipreservation hellip
Best of Both Worlds
Multiprotocol label switching (Multiprotocol label switching (MPLSMPLS)) MPLS + IP form a middle ground that MPLS + IP form a middle ground that
combines the best of IP and the best of combines the best of IP and the best of virtual virtual circuit switching technologiescircuit switching technologies
ATM and Frame Relay cannot easily come to ATM and Frame Relay cannot easily come to the middle so IP hasthe middle so IP has
Label Encapsulation
MPLS Encapsulation is specified over MPLS Encapsulation is specified over various media types Top labels may use various media types Top labels may use existing format lower label(s) use a new existing format lower label(s) use a new ldquoshimrdquo label formatldquoshimrdquo label format
Label Substitution Have a friend go to B ahead of you using one of the Have a friend go to B ahead of you using one of the
previous two techniques At every road they reserve previous two techniques At every road they reserve a lane just for you At every intersection they post a a lane just for you At every intersection they post a big sign that says for a given lane which way to turn big sign that says for a given lane which way to turn and what new lane to takeand what new lane to take
Future Internet Research and Experimentation
Todayrsquos Internet Millions of usersMillions of users Web email low-quality audio amp videoWeb email low-quality audio amp video Interconnect personal computers and serversInterconnect personal computers and servers Applications adapt to underlying technologyApplications adapt to underlying technology Todayrsquos Internet DoesnrsquotTodayrsquos Internet Doesnrsquot
Provide reliable end-to-end performanceProvide reliable end-to-end performanceEncourage cooperation on new capabilitiesEncourage cooperation on new capabilitiesAllow testing of new technologiesAllow testing of new technologiesSupport development of revolutionary Support development of revolutionary applicationsapplications
Tomorrowrsquos Internet
Billions of users and devicesBillions of users and devices Convergence of todayrsquos applications Convergence of todayrsquos applications with multimedia (telephony video-with multimedia (telephony video-conference HDTV)conference HDTV)
Interconnect personal computers Interconnect personal computers servers and embedded computersservers and embedded computers
New technologies enable unanticipated New technologies enable unanticipated applications (and create new challenges)applications (and create new challenges)
Vint Cerf Open Challenges
My primary disappointment has been the slow pace of high speed access for residential customers hellip
The second area of disappointment is the slow uptake of version 6 of the Internet protocol (IPv6)
Perhaps the third area is the continuing difficulty caused by viruses worms and distributed denial of service attacksrdquo
How to make the Internet better Addressing current problems
Security1048766 Privacy1048766 Self-diagnosis amp self-healing networks1048766 Cheap connectivity for poor area and third world countries1048766
Wireless mesh networks1048766 sensors1048766 Mobility1048766
New cool apps1048766 What is after IPTV VoIP BitTorrent
Why Internet2 (1996)
The Internet was not designed forThe Internet was not designed forMillions of usersMillions of usersCongestionCongestionMultimediaMultimediaReal time interactionReal time interaction
But only the Internet canBut only the Internet canAccommodate explosive growthAccommodate explosive growthEnable convergence of information Enable convergence of information work mass media and human work mass media and human collaborationcollaboration
Internet2 Project Develop and deploy advanced network Develop and deploy advanced network
applications and technologies accelerating applications and technologies accelerating the creation of tomorrowrsquos Internetthe creation of tomorrowrsquos Internet
GoalsGoals Enable new generation of applicationsEnable new generation of applications Re-create leading edge RampE network Re-create leading edge RampE network
capabilitycapability Transfer capability to the global Transfer capability to the global
production Internetproduction Internet 206 University Members Jan 2005206 University Members Jan 2005
Internet2 Focus Areas Advanced Network Infrastructure - AbileneAdvanced Network Infrastructure - Abilene
Backbones operate at 10 Gbps capacity - 100 Backbones operate at 10 Gbps capacity - 100 Gbps (2007)Gbps (2007)
Middleware Middleware A layer of software between the network and the A layer of software between the network and the
applications applications Authentication Identification Authorization Authentication Identification Authorization
Directories SecurityDirectories Security EngineeringEngineering
IPv6 Measurement Multicast QoS Routing IPv6 Measurement Multicast QoS Routing Security TopologySecurity Topology
Advanced ApplicationsAdvanced Applications Distributed computation Virtual laboratories Distributed computation Virtual laboratories
Digital libraries Distributed learning Digital video Digital libraries Distributed learning Digital video Tele-immersion All of the above in combinationTele-immersion All of the above in combination
Abilene Connections Apr-2000Abilene Connections July 2006
Abilene Connections Apr-2000Abilene International Peering 2006
Research andDevelopment
Commercialization
Partnerships
Privatization
Internet Development Spiral
Todayrsquos Internet
Internet2
University-led Federal agency-led
Developing education and research driven applications
Agency mission-driven and general purpose applications
Building out campus networks gigaPoPs and inter-gigapop
infrastructure
Funding research testbeds and agency research networks
Interconnecting and interoperating to provide advanced networking capabilities needed to support advanced
research and education applications
Internet2 and the Next Generation Internet Initiative
Internet2 NGI
Our Founding (Funding) Fable
Researchers invent new architectures Architectures are validated on a testbed IETF ISPs and router vendors collaborate to deploy new design
This is complete BS
Do Traditional Testbeds Really Test
Production-oriented testbeds Real traffic provides good validation But can test only very incremental changes
Research-oriented testbeds Can test radical architectures Lack of real traffic results in poor validation
Both are expensive (dedicated bandwidth)
What about Deployment Architectural change requires ISP consensus
- Hard to agree- No competitive advantage from architectural innovation
- All have huge sunk investment in the status quo
ISPs are unlikely candidates for architectural change
Architecture isnrsquot just static its decaying Ad hoc workarounds muddy the architectural waters
We are at an Impasse
We canrsquot test new architectures- Despite sizable investments in testbeds
We canrsquot deploy new architectures- And things are getting worse not better
Yet there are pressing requirements for which the current architecture is not well suited
The Communityrsquos Response Focus on areas where we can have impact
Empirical studies Incremental changes (subject to current constraints)
Small stream of architectural proposals Paper designs without hope of deployment
More science fiction than engineering Have largely abandoned hope of effecting fundamental architectural change
Living with rather than overcoming the impasse
Overcoming the Impasse
Must be able to test new architectures Wide range of architectures Real traffic from willing individuals Low overhead for individual researchers
Meet the grand challenge of reinventing the Internet
Empirical incremental research is great but not enough
If someone put us in charge what would we do
What about deployment Several options none good but no excuse to not have an answer to the grand challenge
Testing Virtual Testbed
Overlay testbed (think RON etc) Host proxy directs packets to overlay
Proxy must architecturally neutral and flexible
Individuals (anywhere) opt-in by turning on proxy
Shared testing infrastructure (think Planetlab) Overlay nodes shared among experiments
Slicing on per-packet timescales Virtualized routers
These ideas have turned into the GENI program
Why GENI (Global Environment for Network Innovations) Future Internet Network (2005)
The original designing idea of current information networks is basically a specific network supports one major service
The limitation of the original designing idea can not support the multiple requirements for networks and services (such as Telecom network Internet)
The original design mode of Internet leads to itrsquos shortage in mobility security controllable and administrable
We urgently need redesign the framework of new generation Internet to overcome the serious shortage of current Internet
Providing pervasive and trusted services based on a specific network has became the key research directions of national informatization
GENI (Global Environment for Network Innovations) - NSF 2005 (1)
What is GENIWhat is GENIGENI is GENI is a facility concepta facility concept being explored by being explored by the US computing community the US computing community
back to an NSF workshop in 2005back to an NSF workshop in 2005focus on focus on architecturalarchitectural research and research and provide the provide the experimentalexperimental infrastructure infrastructure needed to support that researchneeded to support that research
focus on the research agenda (and focus on the research agenda (and infrastructure needs) of the infrastructure needs) of the opticaloptical wirelesswireless sensorsensor network and network and distributeddistributed systems communitiessystems communities
GENI (Global Environment for Network Innovations) (2)
The goal of GENI The goal of GENI Goal a Future Internet that meets the Goal a Future Internet that meets the demands of 21st centurydemands of 21st century
to increase the to increase the qualityquality and and quantityquantity of of experimental experimental researchresearch outcomes in networking and distributed outcomes in networking and distributed systemssystems
to accelerate the to accelerate the transitiontransition of these outcomes into of these outcomes into products and servicesproducts and services
enhance economic competitiveness and secure enhance economic competitiveness and secure the Nations futurethe Nations future
Ultimately to lead to a Ultimately to lead to a transition of the transition of the InternetInternet
GENI Research Opportunities (3)
Two dichotomy thought (false or at least Two dichotomy thought (false or at least unnecessary)unnecessary)
a a clean slateclean slate reconceptualization of Internet reconceptualization of Internet architecture architecture
todays 30-year-old architecture that todays 30-year-old architecture that limit its limit its abilityability to cope with emerging threats and to cope with emerging threats and opportunitiesopportunities
bull eroding trust reduced innovation slowing eroding trust reduced innovation slowing updateupdate
future innovation will take the form of new future innovation will take the form of new services and applications running services and applications running on top of the on top of the InternetInternet
GENI Research Opportunities (4)
GENI discussion GENI discussion First we interpret Future Internet very broadly to First we interpret Future Internet very broadly to
include innovations at include innovations at any levelany level of the architecture of the architecture alternative protocols and architectures running alternative protocols and architectures running
inside the network (as overlays on top of inside the network (as overlays on top of todays network) todays network)
Second research should employ Second research should employ clean slate clean slate thinkingthinking but this does but this does not imply that an entirely not imply that an entirely newnew Internet will be necessary In other words Internet will be necessary In other words clean slate is a clean slate is a processprocess not a not a resultresult
Third opportunities Third opportunities betweenbetween two perspectives two perspectives exploring how todays architecture is best exploring how todays architecture is best
evolved to support emerging overlay services evolved to support emerging overlay services
GENI Facility Concept (5)
Facility ConceptFacility Concept experimental platforms for experimental platforms for bothboth research and research and
deploymentdeployment filling the filling the gapgap between small-scale exp and mature between small-scale exp and mature
tech tech GENI evaluate new network systems on large-GENI evaluate new network systems on large-
scalescale
Two levelsTwo levels Physical level Physical level GENI substrateGENI substrate will consist of a will consist of a
collection of links forwarders storage collection of links forwarders storage processors and wireless net processors and wireless net
On top of this substrate a On top of this substrate a software software management management frameworkframework will be overlay network experiments on will be overlay network experiments on
the substratethe substrate
GENI Facility Concept (6)
Four key ideasFour key ideas substrate components will be substrate components will be programmableprogrammable - -
possible to embed any network experiment including possible to embed any network experiment including clean-slate designs clean-slate designs
Substrate will be Substrate will be virtualizable virtualizable -- possible to embed possible to embed multiple slices in the substrate at the same time multiple slices in the substrate at the same time (allow experimental services and architectures to run (allow experimental services and architectures to run continuously) continuously)
GENI will include mechanisms that allow end-users GENI will include mechanisms that allow end-users to to seamlessly seamlessly opt-inopt-in to experimental services to experimental services
GENI will be GENI will be modularmodular ( (architecture and interfaces) - architecture and interfaces) - possible to extend GENI with new networking possible to extend GENI with new networking technologies GENI will not be a static artifact but technologies GENI will not be a static artifact but rather a rather a dynamic infrastructuredynamic infrastructure that is continually that is continually renewedrenewed
FIND (Future Internet Network Design) ndash NSF 2006 (1)
FIND asks two broad questionsFIND asks two broad questions What are the What are the requirementsrequirements for the global network for the global network
in 15 years in 15 years How How would we would we re-conceivere-conceive tomorrows global tomorrows global
network today if we could design it from scratch network today if we could design it from scratch FIND program solicits FIND program solicits clean slate processclean slate process research proposals in the broad area of research proposals in the broad area of network architecture principles and designnetwork architecture principles and design
FIND (Future Internet Network Design) (2)
FIND research might address wide questionsFIND research might address wide questions What will the What will the edgeedge of the network look like in 15 of the network look like in 15
years How might the network years How might the network architecturearchitecture of 15 of 15 years hence best accommodate sensors embedded years hence best accommodate sensors embedded systems and the like systems and the like
How might the network of 15 years from now How might the network of 15 years from now supportsupport what users really do (and care about) How what users really do (and care about) How might such functions as information access location might such functions as information access location management or identity management best fit into a management or identity management best fit into a new overall network architecture new overall network architecture
What will the What will the core core of the network look like in 15 of the network look like in 15 years How might the changing economics of years How might the changing economics of optical systems affect the overall design of the larger optical systems affect the overall design of the larger networknetwork
FIRE (Future Internet Research and Experimentation) ndash European 2007 (1)
Internet has Internet has growngrown to an unexpected reach to an unexpected reach as for the as for the numbernumber of users of users capacitycapacity of the of the links broadband penetration to the links broadband penetration to the homehome servicesservices
ProblemsProblems spam viruses denial of service spam viruses denial of service attacks complexity of managementattacks complexity of management
Internet drawbacks and Internet drawbacks and limitationslimitations ndash to ndash to scalabilityscalability suitabilitysuitability mobilitymobility transparencytransparency securitysecurity
require new radical approaches to require new radical approaches to fundamentally redesign its protocols and fundamentally redesign its protocols and architectures architectures
FIRE (2) FIRE is an FIRE is an experimentallyexperimentally-driven -driven longlong-term research initiative on -term research initiative on
Future Internet Future Internet conceptsconcepts protocolsprotocols and and architecturesarchitectures encompassing technological industrial and socio-economic encompassing technological industrial and socio-economic
aspects aspects acting as proof-of-concept of the newly proposed acting as proof-of-concept of the newly proposed
technologies and services technologies and services FIRE RESEARCHFIRE RESEARCH
Long term multidisciplinary research on future internet Long term multidisciplinary research on future internet paradigms paradigms
Open to Open to fresh bottom-upfresh bottom-up ideas with ideas with no backwards-no backwards-compatibilitycompatibility constraints constraints
Building on the FET SAC initiative ldquoSituated and Autonomic Building on the FET SAC initiative ldquoSituated and Autonomic Communicationsrdquo Communicationsrdquo
Considering at the Considering at the same timesame time technological economic and technological economic and socialpolicy aspects socialpolicy aspects
Build in from the outset and on all levels the right Build in from the outset and on all levels the right balancebalance between security accountability and privacybetween security accountability and privacy
FIRE (3)
FIRE EXPERIMENTATIONFIRE EXPERIMENTATION Large scale experimentationLarge scale experimentation of new paradigms and of new paradigms and
concepts for the future internet and related service concepts for the future internet and related service architectures architectures
Learning through broad experimentation Learning through broad experimentation Integrating and validating new conceptsIntegrating and validating new concepts
Federating and extending Federating and extending existing testbedsexisting testbeds and and research infrastructures research infrastructures
no backwards-compatibility constraints no backwards-compatibility constraints European approach and develop a European European approach and develop a European
identityidentity
- Slide 1
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- Slide 113
- Slide 114
- Slide 115
-
Circuit Switching （电路交换 - 电话） A node (switch) in a circuit switching network
incoming links outgoing linksNode
Timing in Circuit Switching
propagation delay between Host 1 and Node 1
propagation delay between Host 2 and Node 1
DATA
Circuit Establishment
Data Transmission
Circuit Termination
Host 1 Host 2Node 1 Node 2
processing delay at Node 1
Circuit Switching MultiplexingDemultiplexing
Time divided in frames and frames divided in slots
Relative slot position inside a frame determines which conversation the data belongs to
Needs synchronization between sender and receiver
In case of non-permanent conversations Needs to dynamic bind a slot to a conservation How to do this
Packet Switching （分组 包交换） 1961 A node in a packet switching networkA node in a packet switching network
incoming links outgoing linksNode
Memory
Packet Switching （分组 包交换） 1961
Data are sent as formatted bit-sequences so-called packets
Packets have the following structure
Header and Trailer carry control information (eg destination address check sum)
Each packet is passed through the network from node to node along some path (Routing)
At each node the entire packet is received stored briefly and then forwarded to the next node
(Store-and-Forward Networks) Typically no capacity is allocated for packets
Header Data Trailer
Timing of Datagram Packet Switching
Packet 3
Packet 3
Packet 1
Packet 2
Packet 1
Packet 2
Packet 1
Packet 2
Packet 3
processing delay of Packet 1 at Node 2
Host 1 Host 2Node 1 Node 2
propagationdelay betweenHost 1 and Node 2
transmission time of Packet 1at Host 1
Datagram Packet Switching
Host A
Host BHost E
Host D
Host C
Node 1 Node 2
Node 3
Node 4
Node 5
Node 6Node 7
Packet Switching MultiplexingDemultiplexing
Data from any conversation can be transmitted at any given time
How to tell them apart Use meta-data (header) to describe data
Datagram Packet Switching Each packet is independently switched
Each packet header contains destination address No resources are pre-allocated (reserved) in advance Example IP networks
Packet-Switching vs Circuit-Switching
Most important advantage of packet-switching over circuit switching ability to exploit statistical multiplexing
Efficient bandwidth usage ratio between peek and average rate is 31 for audio and 151 for data traffic
However packet-switching needs to deal with congestion
More complex routers Harder to provide good network services (eg delay
and bandwidth guarantees)
In practice they are combined IP over SONET IP over Frame Relay
Virtual-Circuit Packet Switching Hybrid of circuit switching and packet
switching Data is transmitted as packets All packets from one packet stream are sent
along a pre-established path ( = virtual circuit)
Guarantees in-sequence delivery of packets However Packets from different virtual
circuits may be interleaved Example ATM networks
MPLS
Virtual-Circuit Packet Switching
Communication with virtual circuits takes place in three phases
1 VC establishment
2 data transfer
3 VC disconnect Note packet headers donrsquot need to contain
the full destination address of the packet
Packet 1
Packet 2
Packet 3
Packet 1
Packet 2
Packet 3
Timing of Virtual-Circuit Packet Switching
Packet 1
Packet 2
Packet 3
Host 1 Host 2Node
1Node
2
propagation delay between Host 1 and Node 1VC
establishment
VCtermination
Datatransfer
Virtual-Circuit Packet Switching
Host A
Host BHost E
Host D
Host C
Node 1 Node 2
Node 3
Node 4
Node 5
Node 6 Node 7
Internet 历史 (1) Sep69 1st IMP in UCLA Oct69 2nd IMP in SRI
Internet 之父 -- L Kleinrock1999 1969
History of the Internet (2)
History of the Internet (3)
Sep69 1st IMP in UCLA Sep69 1st IMP in UCLA Oct69 2nd IMP in SRI Oct69 2nd IMP in SRI
2230 29Oct692230 29Oct69 LOGIN from UCLA to
SRI CLA We sent an ldquoLrdquo - did
you get the ldquoLrdquo YEP We sent a ldquoOrdquo - did you
get the ldquoOrdquo YEP We sent an ldquoGrdquo - did
you get the ldquoGrdquo Crash
History of the Internet (4) 1961-1972 Early packet-switching principles 1961 Kleinrock ndash queueing theory shows
effectiveness of packet-switching 1964 Baran - packet-switching in military
nets 1967 ARPAnet conceived by Advanced
Research Projects Agency (Licklider Roberts) 1969 first ARPAnet node operational 1972 ARPAnet has 15 nodes
ARPAnet demonstrated publicly NCP (Network Control Protocol) first host-
host protocol first e-mail program
History of the Internet (5) 1972-1980 Internetworking research networks 1970ALOHAnet satellite network in Hawaii
(Abramson) 1973Metcalfersquos PhD thesis proposes Ethernet 1974Cerf and Kahn - 2004 AM Turing Award
-define todayrsquos Internet architecture minimalism autonomy ndashno internal changes
required to interconnect networks best effort service model stateless routers decentralized control
1979ARPAnet has 200 nodes 56 kbps Late 70rsquos proprietary architectures DECnet
SNA Late 70rsquos switching fixed length packets (-gt
ATM)
History of the Internet (6) 1980rsquos new protocols a proliferation of net 1983deployment of TCPIP (Critical
separation Cohen) 1982SMTP e-mail protocol defined 1983DNS defined for name-to-IP-address
translation mid-1980rsquos IETF active 1985FTP protocol defined 1988TCP congestion control new national networks Csnet BITnet Minitel
NSFnet (15 Mbps10000 computers) NSI (NASA) ESNet(DOE) DARTnet TWBNet (DARPA)
100000 hosts connected to confederation of networks
History of the Internet (7) 1990rsquos commercialization the WWW Early 1990rsquos ARPAnet decommissioned 1991 NSFnet (45 Mbps) -gt commercial use of
NSF (decommissioned 1995) Late 1990rsquos
multiple private backbones 50 million computers on Internet 100 million+ users backbone links running at 1 Gbps
Early 1990s WWW hypertext [Bush 1945 Nelson 1960rsquos] HTML http Berners-Lee 1994 Mosaic later Netscape late 1990rsquos commercialization of the WWW
Growth of the Internet Today backbones run at 2410 Gbps Today backbones run at 2410 Gbps 400 millions computers in 150 countries400 millions computers in 150 countries
Internet 在中国 19931993 年年 33 月月中科院高能物理所 中科院高能物理所 64 Kbps64 Kbps TJU1995322TJU1995322 20062006 年年 1212 月月
计算机计算机 59405940 万万 用户 用户 1414 亿 亿 WWWWWW 站 站 8484 万万 CNCN 域名 域名 180180 万万 国际出口带宽 国际出口带宽 257 Gbps257 Gbps
连接美国俄罗斯法国英国德国日本连接美国俄罗斯法国英国德国日本韩国新加坡等 韩国新加坡等
Internet 提供的服务 Shared access to computing resources
telnet (1970rsquos) Shared access to data files
FTP NFS AFS (1980rsquos) Communication medium over which people interact
email (1980rsquos) on-line chat messaging (1990rsquos) audio video (1990rsquos)
replacing telephone network A medium for information dissemination
USENET (1980rsquos) WWW (1990rsquos)
replacing newspaper magazine audio video (1990rsquos)
replacing radio CD TV
Todayrsquos Internet
Internet Physical Infrastructure
Classification by Coverage
模型 协议 分层
Protocol Architecture
Donrsquot Need All Layers Everywhere
Protocol Data Unit - PDUs
Network Components (Examples)
Fibers
Coaxial Cable
Links Interfaces Switchesrouters
Ethernet card
Wireless card
Large router
Telephoneswitch
趋势 网络时代 每一件事务都是数字的 声音 视频 音
乐 画片 及生活日常事务 每一件事务都是在线的 银行结算 医疗
记录 各类书籍 航空日程 天气情况 公路交通 hellip
每个人之间都是相互联系的 医生 教师 经济人 母亲 儿子 朋友 敌人
趋势 网络时代 实现家庭
教育 办公 购物 娱乐 网上娱乐 虚拟工作场所
2000 年美国有五千五百万人实现远程工作
网络制造 电子商务 虚拟公司 虚拟制造与虚拟装配 ( 设计过程 ) 制造过程更加分散化并发进行 新型的价值链 虚拟兑现
趋势 网络时代
趋势 网络时代
网络制造 (1)
随着基于随着基于 InternetInternet 的全球化数字通信基础设的全球化数字通信基础设施的建立网络从单纯的信息工具变成rdquo施的建立网络从单纯的信息工具变成rdquo EE －－时代rdquo的关键资源时代rdquo的关键资源 全球经济一体化成为制造全球经济一体化成为制造业变革的最根本的推动力业变革的最根本的推动力
InternetInternet 向ldquo资源功能rdquo发展基于向ldquo资源功能rdquo发展基于InternetInternet 的网络化制造是适应时代的需要的网络化制造是适应时代的需要
网络制造的本质特性就是产品的制造过程更加网络制造的本质特性就是产品的制造过程更加分散化信息的传递网络化信息的流动伴随分散化信息的传递网络化信息的流动伴随着各项工作的并发进行而同时发生着各项工作的并发进行而同时发生
网络制造 (2)
基于基于 InternetInternet 的虚拟制造与虚拟装配的虚拟制造与虚拟装配 在相互联结的网络上建立在相互联结的网络上建立 2424 小时工作的协同小时工作的协同
工作组大大加快了设计进度及时获得所需工作组大大加快了设计进度及时获得所需要的零部件减少库存降低成本提高质量要的零部件减少库存降低成本提高质量
电子商务 信息技术和 Internet 引发的商务过程的变化 利用以 Internet 为核心的信息技术进行商
务活动和企业资源管理 CIMS 是企业实施电子商务的基础 企业实施电子商务是 CIMS 发展的主要标志和
主要内容
竞争环境改变 核心 产品竞争
电子商务产生背景
服务竞争
范围 单个企业 全球多企业
资源 人财物 信息知识
管理重心迁移 生产管理 供应 营销链管理
集中内部资源 整合外部资源
离散管理 集约管理
商务模式转化
bull文秘型管理bull关注后台（企业内部）bull关注业务记录（报表）bull地区性bull推销产品为中心bull（卖方市场）
bull自我服务型管理bull关注前端（客户关系）bull要求商业智能（分析）bull全球化bull客户为中心bull（买方市场）
传统商务 电子商务
客户
供应商
合作伙伴
网络智能
市场营销 产品 服务销售 产品制造
服务 支持
e 企业的业务体系结构
网络发展趋势 趋势趋势 融合融合 趋势趋势 泛在（泛在（ UbiquitousUbiquitous ）） 趋势趋势 信息爆炸信息爆炸 更多的网络业务流量更多的网络业务流量 数据流量 数据流量 gt gt 话声流量话声流量 更快的传输介质更快的传输介质 骨干网（骨干网（ BackboneBackbone ）） 更大的带宽（更大的带宽（ BandwidthBandwidth ）） 宽带无线网宽带无线网飞速增长飞速增长 (WLAN) (Wi-Fi)(WLAN) (Wi-Fi) Everything over IPEverything over IP
趋势 融合 新闻新闻 广告广告 -- 媒体媒体 --信息提供者信息提供者
数字媒体产品数字媒体产品 有线电视有线电视
视频传输视频传输 电话电话
声音传输声音传输 计算机计算机
数字媒体存储数字媒体存储 处理处理 信息提供者和信息传输者的结合信息提供者和信息传输者的结合 电话公司电话公司 有线公司有线公司 娱乐事业娱乐事业 和计算机公司和计算机公司
的结合的结合
Trend
趋势 更多的网络业务流量 互联网上的主机数正以超指数量级飞速增长互联网上的主机数正以超指数量级飞速增长 每个主机用户的业务量中也在增长每个主机用户的业务量中也在增长
局域网可达到 局域网可达到 1 1 GbpsGbps 有线电视调制解调器允许以有线电视调制解调器允许以 11到 到 10 10 MbpsMbps 的速的速
度访问主机度访问主机 应用应用 ADSLVDSLADSLVDSL 通过电话线可达到通过电话线可达到 6-6-
2727MbpsMbps 的速度的速度 宽带无线网宽带无线网 (Wi-Fi)(Wi-Fi)可达到可达到 11-54Mbps11-54Mbps 的速的速
度度 带宽需求每四个月增加一倍带宽需求每四个月增加一倍 数据流量 数据流量 gt gt 话声流量话声流量
Trend of Internet hosts 1980-2000
Trend Data gt Voice
趋势 更快的传输介质 局局域域网网 1 Gbps over 4-pair UTP-5 up to 100 m 1 Gbps over 4-pair UTP-5 up to 100 m
10Gbps being discussed10Gbps being discussed Was 1 Mbps (1Base-5) in 1984Was 1 Mbps (1Base-5) in 1984
骨干网光纤骨干网光纤 DWDMDWDM (( Dense Wavelength Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing)Division Multiplexing) OC-768 = 40 Gbps over a to 65 km OC-768 = 40 Gbps over a to 65 km
1600 Gbps - 10 Tbps1600 Gbps - 10 Tbps Was 100 Mbps (FDDI) in 1993Was 100 Mbps (FDDI) in 1993
无线网无线网 54 100 Mbps(100-2km) wireless 54 100 Mbps(100-2km) wireless networks 25 Gbps to 5km using light networks 25 Gbps to 5km using light Was 1 Mbps (IEEE 80211) in 1998Was 1 Mbps (IEEE 80211) in 1998
Trend Bandwidth
Why Optical Networks DWDM optoelectricl metro network
Trend Wireless Mobile (1)
Trend宽带无线网 (Wi-Fi)飞速增长
Trend宽带无线网 (Wi-Fi)飞速增长
Trend宽带无线网 (Wi-Fi)飞速增长
Trend宽带无线网 (Wi-Fi)飞速增长
Integration of 3G and WLAN- offer possibility of achieving anywhere anytime
high speed and low expense Internet access
3G3G WLANWLAN
Wide areaWide area Local areaLocal area
Low bit rate Low bit rate
(2M when stand (2M when stand still)still)
High bit rateHigh bit rate
(11M to 54M)(11M to 54M)
DataVoice serviceDataVoice service
((QoS supportQoS support))
Data serviceData service
High expenseHigh expense Low expenseLow expense
High mobilityHigh mobility Low mobilityLow mobility
Trend Everything over IP
Data over IP =gt IP needs Traffic Data over IP =gt IP needs Traffic engineeringengineering
Voice over IP =gt Quality of Service and Voice over IP =gt Quality of Service and SignalingSignaling
Backbone -- Optic networksBackbone -- Optic networks IP over ATM IP over ATM （（异步传输模式）异步传输模式） IP over SONET -- POS (Packet over SDH) IP over SONET -- POS (Packet over SDH)
(( 同步同步 )) IP over DWDMIP over DWDM
Asynchronous Transfer Mode ATM
1990rsquos00 standard for high-speed (155Mbps to 1990rsquos00 standard for high-speed (155Mbps to 622 Mbps and higher) 622 Mbps and higher) Broadband Integrated Broadband Integrated Service Digital NetworkService Digital Network architecture architecture
GoalGoal integrated end-end transport of carry integrated end-end transport of carry voice video datavoice video data meeting timingQoS requirements of voice meeting timingQoS requirements of voice
video (versus Internet best-effort model)video (versus Internet best-effort model) ldquoldquonext generationrdquo telephony technical roots next generationrdquo telephony technical roots
in telephone worldin telephone world packet-switching (fixed length packets packet-switching (fixed length packets
called ldquocellsrdquo) using called ldquocellsrdquo) using virtual circuitsvirtual circuits
ATM reference model
How far along are we
Standardization bodies - ATM Forum ITU-T Standardization bodies - ATM Forum ITU-T We may never see end-to-end ATM (1997)We may never see end-to-end ATM (1997)
ATM - too complex - too expansive ltIPgtATM - too complex - too expansive ltIPgt Backbone - 1995 vBNS (ATM) Backbone - 1995 vBNS (ATM)
- 1998 Abilene (SONET) - 2000 IP over - 1998 Abilene (SONET) - 2000 IP over DWDMDWDM
Internet technology + ATM philosophyInternet technology + ATM philosophy but ATM ideas continue to powerfully but ATM ideas continue to powerfully
influence design of next-generation influence design of next-generation InternetInternet
ex ex MPLSMPLS admission ctl resource admission ctl resource reservation hellipreservation hellip
Best of Both Worlds
Multiprotocol label switching (Multiprotocol label switching (MPLSMPLS)) MPLS + IP form a middle ground that MPLS + IP form a middle ground that
combines the best of IP and the best of combines the best of IP and the best of virtual virtual circuit switching technologiescircuit switching technologies
ATM and Frame Relay cannot easily come to ATM and Frame Relay cannot easily come to the middle so IP hasthe middle so IP has
Label Encapsulation
MPLS Encapsulation is specified over MPLS Encapsulation is specified over various media types Top labels may use various media types Top labels may use existing format lower label(s) use a new existing format lower label(s) use a new ldquoshimrdquo label formatldquoshimrdquo label format
Label Substitution Have a friend go to B ahead of you using one of the Have a friend go to B ahead of you using one of the
previous two techniques At every road they reserve previous two techniques At every road they reserve a lane just for you At every intersection they post a a lane just for you At every intersection they post a big sign that says for a given lane which way to turn big sign that says for a given lane which way to turn and what new lane to takeand what new lane to take
Future Internet Research and Experimentation
Todayrsquos Internet Millions of usersMillions of users Web email low-quality audio amp videoWeb email low-quality audio amp video Interconnect personal computers and serversInterconnect personal computers and servers Applications adapt to underlying technologyApplications adapt to underlying technology Todayrsquos Internet DoesnrsquotTodayrsquos Internet Doesnrsquot
Provide reliable end-to-end performanceProvide reliable end-to-end performanceEncourage cooperation on new capabilitiesEncourage cooperation on new capabilitiesAllow testing of new technologiesAllow testing of new technologiesSupport development of revolutionary Support development of revolutionary applicationsapplications
Tomorrowrsquos Internet
Billions of users and devicesBillions of users and devices Convergence of todayrsquos applications Convergence of todayrsquos applications with multimedia (telephony video-with multimedia (telephony video-conference HDTV)conference HDTV)
Interconnect personal computers Interconnect personal computers servers and embedded computersservers and embedded computers
New technologies enable unanticipated New technologies enable unanticipated applications (and create new challenges)applications (and create new challenges)
Vint Cerf Open Challenges
My primary disappointment has been the slow pace of high speed access for residential customers hellip
The second area of disappointment is the slow uptake of version 6 of the Internet protocol (IPv6)
Perhaps the third area is the continuing difficulty caused by viruses worms and distributed denial of service attacksrdquo
How to make the Internet better Addressing current problems
Security1048766 Privacy1048766 Self-diagnosis amp self-healing networks1048766 Cheap connectivity for poor area and third world countries1048766
Wireless mesh networks1048766 sensors1048766 Mobility1048766
New cool apps1048766 What is after IPTV VoIP BitTorrent
Why Internet2 (1996)
The Internet was not designed forThe Internet was not designed forMillions of usersMillions of usersCongestionCongestionMultimediaMultimediaReal time interactionReal time interaction
But only the Internet canBut only the Internet canAccommodate explosive growthAccommodate explosive growthEnable convergence of information Enable convergence of information work mass media and human work mass media and human collaborationcollaboration
Internet2 Project Develop and deploy advanced network Develop and deploy advanced network
applications and technologies accelerating applications and technologies accelerating the creation of tomorrowrsquos Internetthe creation of tomorrowrsquos Internet
GoalsGoals Enable new generation of applicationsEnable new generation of applications Re-create leading edge RampE network Re-create leading edge RampE network
capabilitycapability Transfer capability to the global Transfer capability to the global
production Internetproduction Internet 206 University Members Jan 2005206 University Members Jan 2005
Internet2 Focus Areas Advanced Network Infrastructure - AbileneAdvanced Network Infrastructure - Abilene
Backbones operate at 10 Gbps capacity - 100 Backbones operate at 10 Gbps capacity - 100 Gbps (2007)Gbps (2007)
Middleware Middleware A layer of software between the network and the A layer of software between the network and the
applications applications Authentication Identification Authorization Authentication Identification Authorization
Directories SecurityDirectories Security EngineeringEngineering
IPv6 Measurement Multicast QoS Routing IPv6 Measurement Multicast QoS Routing Security TopologySecurity Topology
Advanced ApplicationsAdvanced Applications Distributed computation Virtual laboratories Distributed computation Virtual laboratories
Digital libraries Distributed learning Digital video Digital libraries Distributed learning Digital video Tele-immersion All of the above in combinationTele-immersion All of the above in combination
Abilene Connections Apr-2000Abilene Connections July 2006
Abilene Connections Apr-2000Abilene International Peering 2006
Research andDevelopment
Commercialization
Partnerships
Privatization
Internet Development Spiral
Todayrsquos Internet
Internet2
University-led Federal agency-led
Developing education and research driven applications
Agency mission-driven and general purpose applications
Building out campus networks gigaPoPs and inter-gigapop
infrastructure
Funding research testbeds and agency research networks
Interconnecting and interoperating to provide advanced networking capabilities needed to support advanced
research and education applications
Internet2 and the Next Generation Internet Initiative
Internet2 NGI
Our Founding (Funding) Fable
Researchers invent new architectures Architectures are validated on a testbed IETF ISPs and router vendors collaborate to deploy new design
This is complete BS
Do Traditional Testbeds Really Test
Production-oriented testbeds Real traffic provides good validation But can test only very incremental changes
Research-oriented testbeds Can test radical architectures Lack of real traffic results in poor validation
Both are expensive (dedicated bandwidth)
What about Deployment Architectural change requires ISP consensus
- Hard to agree- No competitive advantage from architectural innovation
- All have huge sunk investment in the status quo
ISPs are unlikely candidates for architectural change
Architecture isnrsquot just static its decaying Ad hoc workarounds muddy the architectural waters
We are at an Impasse
We canrsquot test new architectures- Despite sizable investments in testbeds
We canrsquot deploy new architectures- And things are getting worse not better
Yet there are pressing requirements for which the current architecture is not well suited
The Communityrsquos Response Focus on areas where we can have impact
Empirical studies Incremental changes (subject to current constraints)
Small stream of architectural proposals Paper designs without hope of deployment
More science fiction than engineering Have largely abandoned hope of effecting fundamental architectural change
Living with rather than overcoming the impasse
Overcoming the Impasse
Must be able to test new architectures Wide range of architectures Real traffic from willing individuals Low overhead for individual researchers
Meet the grand challenge of reinventing the Internet
Empirical incremental research is great but not enough
If someone put us in charge what would we do
What about deployment Several options none good but no excuse to not have an answer to the grand challenge
Testing Virtual Testbed
Overlay testbed (think RON etc) Host proxy directs packets to overlay
Proxy must architecturally neutral and flexible
Individuals (anywhere) opt-in by turning on proxy
Shared testing infrastructure (think Planetlab) Overlay nodes shared among experiments
Slicing on per-packet timescales Virtualized routers
These ideas have turned into the GENI program
Why GENI (Global Environment for Network Innovations) Future Internet Network (2005)
The original designing idea of current information networks is basically a specific network supports one major service
The limitation of the original designing idea can not support the multiple requirements for networks and services (such as Telecom network Internet)
The original design mode of Internet leads to itrsquos shortage in mobility security controllable and administrable
We urgently need redesign the framework of new generation Internet to overcome the serious shortage of current Internet
Providing pervasive and trusted services based on a specific network has became the key research directions of national informatization
GENI (Global Environment for Network Innovations) - NSF 2005 (1)
What is GENIWhat is GENIGENI is GENI is a facility concepta facility concept being explored by being explored by the US computing community the US computing community
back to an NSF workshop in 2005back to an NSF workshop in 2005focus on focus on architecturalarchitectural research and research and provide the provide the experimentalexperimental infrastructure infrastructure needed to support that researchneeded to support that research
focus on the research agenda (and focus on the research agenda (and infrastructure needs) of the infrastructure needs) of the opticaloptical wirelesswireless sensorsensor network and network and distributeddistributed systems communitiessystems communities
GENI (Global Environment for Network Innovations) (2)
The goal of GENI The goal of GENI Goal a Future Internet that meets the Goal a Future Internet that meets the demands of 21st centurydemands of 21st century
to increase the to increase the qualityquality and and quantityquantity of of experimental experimental researchresearch outcomes in networking and distributed outcomes in networking and distributed systemssystems
to accelerate the to accelerate the transitiontransition of these outcomes into of these outcomes into products and servicesproducts and services
enhance economic competitiveness and secure enhance economic competitiveness and secure the Nations futurethe Nations future
Ultimately to lead to a Ultimately to lead to a transition of the transition of the InternetInternet
GENI Research Opportunities (3)
Two dichotomy thought (false or at least Two dichotomy thought (false or at least unnecessary)unnecessary)
a a clean slateclean slate reconceptualization of Internet reconceptualization of Internet architecture architecture
todays 30-year-old architecture that todays 30-year-old architecture that limit its limit its abilityability to cope with emerging threats and to cope with emerging threats and opportunitiesopportunities
bull eroding trust reduced innovation slowing eroding trust reduced innovation slowing updateupdate
future innovation will take the form of new future innovation will take the form of new services and applications running services and applications running on top of the on top of the InternetInternet
GENI Research Opportunities (4)
GENI discussion GENI discussion First we interpret Future Internet very broadly to First we interpret Future Internet very broadly to
include innovations at include innovations at any levelany level of the architecture of the architecture alternative protocols and architectures running alternative protocols and architectures running
inside the network (as overlays on top of inside the network (as overlays on top of todays network) todays network)
Second research should employ Second research should employ clean slate clean slate thinkingthinking but this does but this does not imply that an entirely not imply that an entirely newnew Internet will be necessary In other words Internet will be necessary In other words clean slate is a clean slate is a processprocess not a not a resultresult
Third opportunities Third opportunities betweenbetween two perspectives two perspectives exploring how todays architecture is best exploring how todays architecture is best
evolved to support emerging overlay services evolved to support emerging overlay services
GENI Facility Concept (5)
Facility ConceptFacility Concept experimental platforms for experimental platforms for bothboth research and research and
deploymentdeployment filling the filling the gapgap between small-scale exp and mature between small-scale exp and mature
tech tech GENI evaluate new network systems on large-GENI evaluate new network systems on large-
scalescale
Two levelsTwo levels Physical level Physical level GENI substrateGENI substrate will consist of a will consist of a
collection of links forwarders storage collection of links forwarders storage processors and wireless net processors and wireless net
On top of this substrate a On top of this substrate a software software management management frameworkframework will be overlay network experiments on will be overlay network experiments on
the substratethe substrate
GENI Facility Concept (6)
Four key ideasFour key ideas substrate components will be substrate components will be programmableprogrammable - -
possible to embed any network experiment including possible to embed any network experiment including clean-slate designs clean-slate designs
Substrate will be Substrate will be virtualizable virtualizable -- possible to embed possible to embed multiple slices in the substrate at the same time multiple slices in the substrate at the same time (allow experimental services and architectures to run (allow experimental services and architectures to run continuously) continuously)
GENI will include mechanisms that allow end-users GENI will include mechanisms that allow end-users to to seamlessly seamlessly opt-inopt-in to experimental services to experimental services
GENI will be GENI will be modularmodular ( (architecture and interfaces) - architecture and interfaces) - possible to extend GENI with new networking possible to extend GENI with new networking technologies GENI will not be a static artifact but technologies GENI will not be a static artifact but rather a rather a dynamic infrastructuredynamic infrastructure that is continually that is continually renewedrenewed
FIND (Future Internet Network Design) ndash NSF 2006 (1)
FIND asks two broad questionsFIND asks two broad questions What are the What are the requirementsrequirements for the global network for the global network
in 15 years in 15 years How How would we would we re-conceivere-conceive tomorrows global tomorrows global
network today if we could design it from scratch network today if we could design it from scratch FIND program solicits FIND program solicits clean slate processclean slate process research proposals in the broad area of research proposals in the broad area of network architecture principles and designnetwork architecture principles and design
FIND (Future Internet Network Design) (2)
FIND research might address wide questionsFIND research might address wide questions What will the What will the edgeedge of the network look like in 15 of the network look like in 15
years How might the network years How might the network architecturearchitecture of 15 of 15 years hence best accommodate sensors embedded years hence best accommodate sensors embedded systems and the like systems and the like
How might the network of 15 years from now How might the network of 15 years from now supportsupport what users really do (and care about) How what users really do (and care about) How might such functions as information access location might such functions as information access location management or identity management best fit into a management or identity management best fit into a new overall network architecture new overall network architecture
What will the What will the core core of the network look like in 15 of the network look like in 15 years How might the changing economics of years How might the changing economics of optical systems affect the overall design of the larger optical systems affect the overall design of the larger networknetwork
FIRE (Future Internet Research and Experimentation) ndash European 2007 (1)
Internet has Internet has growngrown to an unexpected reach to an unexpected reach as for the as for the numbernumber of users of users capacitycapacity of the of the links broadband penetration to the links broadband penetration to the homehome servicesservices
ProblemsProblems spam viruses denial of service spam viruses denial of service attacks complexity of managementattacks complexity of management
Internet drawbacks and Internet drawbacks and limitationslimitations ndash to ndash to scalabilityscalability suitabilitysuitability mobilitymobility transparencytransparency securitysecurity
require new radical approaches to require new radical approaches to fundamentally redesign its protocols and fundamentally redesign its protocols and architectures architectures
FIRE (2) FIRE is an FIRE is an experimentallyexperimentally-driven -driven longlong-term research initiative on -term research initiative on
Future Internet Future Internet conceptsconcepts protocolsprotocols and and architecturesarchitectures encompassing technological industrial and socio-economic encompassing technological industrial and socio-economic
aspects aspects acting as proof-of-concept of the newly proposed acting as proof-of-concept of the newly proposed
technologies and services technologies and services FIRE RESEARCHFIRE RESEARCH
Long term multidisciplinary research on future internet Long term multidisciplinary research on future internet paradigms paradigms
Open to Open to fresh bottom-upfresh bottom-up ideas with ideas with no backwards-no backwards-compatibilitycompatibility constraints constraints
Building on the FET SAC initiative ldquoSituated and Autonomic Building on the FET SAC initiative ldquoSituated and Autonomic Communicationsrdquo Communicationsrdquo
Considering at the Considering at the same timesame time technological economic and technological economic and socialpolicy aspects socialpolicy aspects
Build in from the outset and on all levels the right Build in from the outset and on all levels the right balancebalance between security accountability and privacybetween security accountability and privacy
FIRE (3)
FIRE EXPERIMENTATIONFIRE EXPERIMENTATION Large scale experimentationLarge scale experimentation of new paradigms and of new paradigms and
concepts for the future internet and related service concepts for the future internet and related service architectures architectures
Learning through broad experimentation Learning through broad experimentation Integrating and validating new conceptsIntegrating and validating new concepts
Federating and extending Federating and extending existing testbedsexisting testbeds and and research infrastructures research infrastructures
no backwards-compatibility constraints no backwards-compatibility constraints European approach and develop a European European approach and develop a European
identityidentity
- Slide 1
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- Slide 49
- Slide 50
- Slide 51
- Slide 52
- Slide 53
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Slide 59
- Slide 60
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- Slide 63
- Slide 64
- Slide 65
- Slide 66
- Slide 67
- Slide 68
- Slide 70
- Slide 71
- Slide 72
- Slide 73
- Slide 75
- Slide 76
- Slide 77
- Slide 78
- Slide 79
- Slide 80
- Slide 81
- Slide 82
- Slide 83
- Slide 84
- Slide 85
- Slide 86
- Slide 87
- Slide 88
- Slide 89
- Slide 90
- Slide 91
- Slide 92
- Slide 95
- Slide 96
- Slide 97
- Slide 98
- Slide 99
- Slide 100
- Slide 101
- Slide 102
- Slide 103
- Slide 104
- Slide 105
- Slide 106
- Slide 107
- Slide 108
- Slide 109
- Slide 110
- Slide 113
- Slide 114
- Slide 115
-
Timing in Circuit Switching
propagation delay between Host 1 and Node 1
propagation delay between Host 2 and Node 1
DATA
Circuit Establishment
Data Transmission
Circuit Termination
Host 1 Host 2Node 1 Node 2
processing delay at Node 1
Circuit Switching MultiplexingDemultiplexing
Time divided in frames and frames divided in slots
Relative slot position inside a frame determines which conversation the data belongs to
Needs synchronization between sender and receiver
In case of non-permanent conversations Needs to dynamic bind a slot to a conservation How to do this
Packet Switching （分组 包交换） 1961 A node in a packet switching networkA node in a packet switching network
incoming links outgoing linksNode
Memory
Packet Switching （分组 包交换） 1961
Data are sent as formatted bit-sequences so-called packets
Packets have the following structure
Header and Trailer carry control information (eg destination address check sum)
Each packet is passed through the network from node to node along some path (Routing)
At each node the entire packet is received stored briefly and then forwarded to the next node
(Store-and-Forward Networks) Typically no capacity is allocated for packets
Header Data Trailer
Timing of Datagram Packet Switching
Packet 3
Packet 3
Packet 1
Packet 2
Packet 1
Packet 2
Packet 1
Packet 2
Packet 3
processing delay of Packet 1 at Node 2
Host 1 Host 2Node 1 Node 2
propagationdelay betweenHost 1 and Node 2
transmission time of Packet 1at Host 1
Datagram Packet Switching
Host A
Host BHost E
Host D
Host C
Node 1 Node 2
Node 3
Node 4
Node 5
Node 6Node 7
Packet Switching MultiplexingDemultiplexing
Data from any conversation can be transmitted at any given time
How to tell them apart Use meta-data (header) to describe data
Datagram Packet Switching Each packet is independently switched
Each packet header contains destination address No resources are pre-allocated (reserved) in advance Example IP networks
Packet-Switching vs Circuit-Switching
Most important advantage of packet-switching over circuit switching ability to exploit statistical multiplexing
Efficient bandwidth usage ratio between peek and average rate is 31 for audio and 151 for data traffic
However packet-switching needs to deal with congestion
More complex routers Harder to provide good network services (eg delay
and bandwidth guarantees)
In practice they are combined IP over SONET IP over Frame Relay
Virtual-Circuit Packet Switching Hybrid of circuit switching and packet
switching Data is transmitted as packets All packets from one packet stream are sent
along a pre-established path ( = virtual circuit)
Guarantees in-sequence delivery of packets However Packets from different virtual
circuits may be interleaved Example ATM networks
MPLS
Virtual-Circuit Packet Switching
Communication with virtual circuits takes place in three phases
1 VC establishment
2 data transfer
3 VC disconnect Note packet headers donrsquot need to contain
the full destination address of the packet
Packet 1
Packet 2
Packet 3
Packet 1
Packet 2
Packet 3
Timing of Virtual-Circuit Packet Switching
Packet 1
Packet 2
Packet 3
Host 1 Host 2Node
1Node
2
propagation delay between Host 1 and Node 1VC
establishment
VCtermination
Datatransfer
Virtual-Circuit Packet Switching
Host A
Host BHost E
Host D
Host C
Node 1 Node 2
Node 3
Node 4
Node 5
Node 6 Node 7
Internet 历史 (1) Sep69 1st IMP in UCLA Oct69 2nd IMP in SRI
Internet 之父 -- L Kleinrock1999 1969
History of the Internet (2)
History of the Internet (3)
Sep69 1st IMP in UCLA Sep69 1st IMP in UCLA Oct69 2nd IMP in SRI Oct69 2nd IMP in SRI
2230 29Oct692230 29Oct69 LOGIN from UCLA to
SRI CLA We sent an ldquoLrdquo - did
you get the ldquoLrdquo YEP We sent a ldquoOrdquo - did you
get the ldquoOrdquo YEP We sent an ldquoGrdquo - did
you get the ldquoGrdquo Crash
History of the Internet (4) 1961-1972 Early packet-switching principles 1961 Kleinrock ndash queueing theory shows
effectiveness of packet-switching 1964 Baran - packet-switching in military
nets 1967 ARPAnet conceived by Advanced
Research Projects Agency (Licklider Roberts) 1969 first ARPAnet node operational 1972 ARPAnet has 15 nodes
ARPAnet demonstrated publicly NCP (Network Control Protocol) first host-
host protocol first e-mail program
History of the Internet (5) 1972-1980 Internetworking research networks 1970ALOHAnet satellite network in Hawaii
(Abramson) 1973Metcalfersquos PhD thesis proposes Ethernet 1974Cerf and Kahn - 2004 AM Turing Award
-define todayrsquos Internet architecture minimalism autonomy ndashno internal changes
required to interconnect networks best effort service model stateless routers decentralized control
1979ARPAnet has 200 nodes 56 kbps Late 70rsquos proprietary architectures DECnet
SNA Late 70rsquos switching fixed length packets (-gt
ATM)
History of the Internet (6) 1980rsquos new protocols a proliferation of net 1983deployment of TCPIP (Critical
separation Cohen) 1982SMTP e-mail protocol defined 1983DNS defined for name-to-IP-address
translation mid-1980rsquos IETF active 1985FTP protocol defined 1988TCP congestion control new national networks Csnet BITnet Minitel
NSFnet (15 Mbps10000 computers) NSI (NASA) ESNet(DOE) DARTnet TWBNet (DARPA)
100000 hosts connected to confederation of networks
History of the Internet (7) 1990rsquos commercialization the WWW Early 1990rsquos ARPAnet decommissioned 1991 NSFnet (45 Mbps) -gt commercial use of
NSF (decommissioned 1995) Late 1990rsquos
multiple private backbones 50 million computers on Internet 100 million+ users backbone links running at 1 Gbps
Early 1990s WWW hypertext [Bush 1945 Nelson 1960rsquos] HTML http Berners-Lee 1994 Mosaic later Netscape late 1990rsquos commercialization of the WWW
Growth of the Internet Today backbones run at 2410 Gbps Today backbones run at 2410 Gbps 400 millions computers in 150 countries400 millions computers in 150 countries
Internet 在中国 19931993 年年 33 月月中科院高能物理所 中科院高能物理所 64 Kbps64 Kbps TJU1995322TJU1995322 20062006 年年 1212 月月
计算机计算机 59405940 万万 用户 用户 1414 亿 亿 WWWWWW 站 站 8484 万万 CNCN 域名 域名 180180 万万 国际出口带宽 国际出口带宽 257 Gbps257 Gbps
连接美国俄罗斯法国英国德国日本连接美国俄罗斯法国英国德国日本韩国新加坡等 韩国新加坡等
Internet 提供的服务 Shared access to computing resources
telnet (1970rsquos) Shared access to data files
FTP NFS AFS (1980rsquos) Communication medium over which people interact
email (1980rsquos) on-line chat messaging (1990rsquos) audio video (1990rsquos)
replacing telephone network A medium for information dissemination
USENET (1980rsquos) WWW (1990rsquos)
replacing newspaper magazine audio video (1990rsquos)
replacing radio CD TV
Todayrsquos Internet
Internet Physical Infrastructure
Classification by Coverage
模型 协议 分层
Protocol Architecture
Donrsquot Need All Layers Everywhere
Protocol Data Unit - PDUs
Network Components (Examples)
Fibers
Coaxial Cable
Links Interfaces Switchesrouters
Ethernet card
Wireless card
Large router
Telephoneswitch
趋势 网络时代 每一件事务都是数字的 声音 视频 音
乐 画片 及生活日常事务 每一件事务都是在线的 银行结算 医疗
记录 各类书籍 航空日程 天气情况 公路交通 hellip
每个人之间都是相互联系的 医生 教师 经济人 母亲 儿子 朋友 敌人
趋势 网络时代 实现家庭
教育 办公 购物 娱乐 网上娱乐 虚拟工作场所
2000 年美国有五千五百万人实现远程工作
网络制造 电子商务 虚拟公司 虚拟制造与虚拟装配 ( 设计过程 ) 制造过程更加分散化并发进行 新型的价值链 虚拟兑现
趋势 网络时代
趋势 网络时代
网络制造 (1)
随着基于随着基于 InternetInternet 的全球化数字通信基础设的全球化数字通信基础设施的建立网络从单纯的信息工具变成rdquo施的建立网络从单纯的信息工具变成rdquo EE －－时代rdquo的关键资源时代rdquo的关键资源 全球经济一体化成为制造全球经济一体化成为制造业变革的最根本的推动力业变革的最根本的推动力
InternetInternet 向ldquo资源功能rdquo发展基于向ldquo资源功能rdquo发展基于InternetInternet 的网络化制造是适应时代的需要的网络化制造是适应时代的需要
网络制造的本质特性就是产品的制造过程更加网络制造的本质特性就是产品的制造过程更加分散化信息的传递网络化信息的流动伴随分散化信息的传递网络化信息的流动伴随着各项工作的并发进行而同时发生着各项工作的并发进行而同时发生
网络制造 (2)
基于基于 InternetInternet 的虚拟制造与虚拟装配的虚拟制造与虚拟装配 在相互联结的网络上建立在相互联结的网络上建立 2424 小时工作的协同小时工作的协同
工作组大大加快了设计进度及时获得所需工作组大大加快了设计进度及时获得所需要的零部件减少库存降低成本提高质量要的零部件减少库存降低成本提高质量
电子商务 信息技术和 Internet 引发的商务过程的变化 利用以 Internet 为核心的信息技术进行商
务活动和企业资源管理 CIMS 是企业实施电子商务的基础 企业实施电子商务是 CIMS 发展的主要标志和
主要内容
竞争环境改变 核心 产品竞争
电子商务产生背景
服务竞争
范围 单个企业 全球多企业
资源 人财物 信息知识
管理重心迁移 生产管理 供应 营销链管理
集中内部资源 整合外部资源
离散管理 集约管理
商务模式转化
bull文秘型管理bull关注后台（企业内部）bull关注业务记录（报表）bull地区性bull推销产品为中心bull（卖方市场）
bull自我服务型管理bull关注前端（客户关系）bull要求商业智能（分析）bull全球化bull客户为中心bull（买方市场）
传统商务 电子商务
客户
供应商
合作伙伴
网络智能
市场营销 产品 服务销售 产品制造
服务 支持
e 企业的业务体系结构
网络发展趋势 趋势趋势 融合融合 趋势趋势 泛在（泛在（ UbiquitousUbiquitous ）） 趋势趋势 信息爆炸信息爆炸 更多的网络业务流量更多的网络业务流量 数据流量 数据流量 gt gt 话声流量话声流量 更快的传输介质更快的传输介质 骨干网（骨干网（ BackboneBackbone ）） 更大的带宽（更大的带宽（ BandwidthBandwidth ）） 宽带无线网宽带无线网飞速增长飞速增长 (WLAN) (Wi-Fi)(WLAN) (Wi-Fi) Everything over IPEverything over IP
趋势 融合 新闻新闻 广告广告 -- 媒体媒体 --信息提供者信息提供者
数字媒体产品数字媒体产品 有线电视有线电视
视频传输视频传输 电话电话
声音传输声音传输 计算机计算机
数字媒体存储数字媒体存储 处理处理 信息提供者和信息传输者的结合信息提供者和信息传输者的结合 电话公司电话公司 有线公司有线公司 娱乐事业娱乐事业 和计算机公司和计算机公司
的结合的结合
Trend
趋势 更多的网络业务流量 互联网上的主机数正以超指数量级飞速增长互联网上的主机数正以超指数量级飞速增长 每个主机用户的业务量中也在增长每个主机用户的业务量中也在增长
局域网可达到 局域网可达到 1 1 GbpsGbps 有线电视调制解调器允许以有线电视调制解调器允许以 11到 到 10 10 MbpsMbps 的速的速
度访问主机度访问主机 应用应用 ADSLVDSLADSLVDSL 通过电话线可达到通过电话线可达到 6-6-
2727MbpsMbps 的速度的速度 宽带无线网宽带无线网 (Wi-Fi)(Wi-Fi)可达到可达到 11-54Mbps11-54Mbps 的速的速
度度 带宽需求每四个月增加一倍带宽需求每四个月增加一倍 数据流量 数据流量 gt gt 话声流量话声流量
Trend of Internet hosts 1980-2000
Trend Data gt Voice
趋势 更快的传输介质 局局域域网网 1 Gbps over 4-pair UTP-5 up to 100 m 1 Gbps over 4-pair UTP-5 up to 100 m
10Gbps being discussed10Gbps being discussed Was 1 Mbps (1Base-5) in 1984Was 1 Mbps (1Base-5) in 1984
骨干网光纤骨干网光纤 DWDMDWDM (( Dense Wavelength Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing)Division Multiplexing) OC-768 = 40 Gbps over a to 65 km OC-768 = 40 Gbps over a to 65 km
1600 Gbps - 10 Tbps1600 Gbps - 10 Tbps Was 100 Mbps (FDDI) in 1993Was 100 Mbps (FDDI) in 1993
无线网无线网 54 100 Mbps(100-2km) wireless 54 100 Mbps(100-2km) wireless networks 25 Gbps to 5km using light networks 25 Gbps to 5km using light Was 1 Mbps (IEEE 80211) in 1998Was 1 Mbps (IEEE 80211) in 1998
Trend Bandwidth
Why Optical Networks DWDM optoelectricl metro network
Trend Wireless Mobile (1)
Trend宽带无线网 (Wi-Fi)飞速增长
Trend宽带无线网 (Wi-Fi)飞速增长
Trend宽带无线网 (Wi-Fi)飞速增长
Trend宽带无线网 (Wi-Fi)飞速增长
Integration of 3G and WLAN- offer possibility of achieving anywhere anytime
high speed and low expense Internet access
3G3G WLANWLAN
Wide areaWide area Local areaLocal area
Low bit rate Low bit rate
(2M when stand (2M when stand still)still)
High bit rateHigh bit rate
(11M to 54M)(11M to 54M)
DataVoice serviceDataVoice service
((QoS supportQoS support))
Data serviceData service
High expenseHigh expense Low expenseLow expense
High mobilityHigh mobility Low mobilityLow mobility
Trend Everything over IP
Data over IP =gt IP needs Traffic Data over IP =gt IP needs Traffic engineeringengineering
Voice over IP =gt Quality of Service and Voice over IP =gt Quality of Service and SignalingSignaling
Backbone -- Optic networksBackbone -- Optic networks IP over ATM IP over ATM （（异步传输模式）异步传输模式） IP over SONET -- POS (Packet over SDH) IP over SONET -- POS (Packet over SDH)
(( 同步同步 )) IP over DWDMIP over DWDM
Asynchronous Transfer Mode ATM
1990rsquos00 standard for high-speed (155Mbps to 1990rsquos00 standard for high-speed (155Mbps to 622 Mbps and higher) 622 Mbps and higher) Broadband Integrated Broadband Integrated Service Digital NetworkService Digital Network architecture architecture
GoalGoal integrated end-end transport of carry integrated end-end transport of carry voice video datavoice video data meeting timingQoS requirements of voice meeting timingQoS requirements of voice
video (versus Internet best-effort model)video (versus Internet best-effort model) ldquoldquonext generationrdquo telephony technical roots next generationrdquo telephony technical roots
in telephone worldin telephone world packet-switching (fixed length packets packet-switching (fixed length packets
called ldquocellsrdquo) using called ldquocellsrdquo) using virtual circuitsvirtual circuits
ATM reference model
How far along are we
Standardization bodies - ATM Forum ITU-T Standardization bodies - ATM Forum ITU-T We may never see end-to-end ATM (1997)We may never see end-to-end ATM (1997)
ATM - too complex - too expansive ltIPgtATM - too complex - too expansive ltIPgt Backbone - 1995 vBNS (ATM) Backbone - 1995 vBNS (ATM)
- 1998 Abilene (SONET) - 2000 IP over - 1998 Abilene (SONET) - 2000 IP over DWDMDWDM
Internet technology + ATM philosophyInternet technology + ATM philosophy but ATM ideas continue to powerfully but ATM ideas continue to powerfully
influence design of next-generation influence design of next-generation InternetInternet
ex ex MPLSMPLS admission ctl resource admission ctl resource reservation hellipreservation hellip
Best of Both Worlds
Multiprotocol label switching (Multiprotocol label switching (MPLSMPLS)) MPLS + IP form a middle ground that MPLS + IP form a middle ground that
combines the best of IP and the best of combines the best of IP and the best of virtual virtual circuit switching technologiescircuit switching technologies
ATM and Frame Relay cannot easily come to ATM and Frame Relay cannot easily come to the middle so IP hasthe middle so IP has
Label Encapsulation
MPLS Encapsulation is specified over MPLS Encapsulation is specified over various media types Top labels may use various media types Top labels may use existing format lower label(s) use a new existing format lower label(s) use a new ldquoshimrdquo label formatldquoshimrdquo label format
Label Substitution Have a friend go to B ahead of you using one of the Have a friend go to B ahead of you using one of the
previous two techniques At every road they reserve previous two techniques At every road they reserve a lane just for you At every intersection they post a a lane just for you At every intersection they post a big sign that says for a given lane which way to turn big sign that says for a given lane which way to turn and what new lane to takeand what new lane to take
Future Internet Research and Experimentation
Todayrsquos Internet Millions of usersMillions of users Web email low-quality audio amp videoWeb email low-quality audio amp video Interconnect personal computers and serversInterconnect personal computers and servers Applications adapt to underlying technologyApplications adapt to underlying technology Todayrsquos Internet DoesnrsquotTodayrsquos Internet Doesnrsquot
Provide reliable end-to-end performanceProvide reliable end-to-end performanceEncourage cooperation on new capabilitiesEncourage cooperation on new capabilitiesAllow testing of new technologiesAllow testing of new technologiesSupport development of revolutionary Support development of revolutionary applicationsapplications
Tomorrowrsquos Internet
Billions of users and devicesBillions of users and devices Convergence of todayrsquos applications Convergence of todayrsquos applications with multimedia (telephony video-with multimedia (telephony video-conference HDTV)conference HDTV)
Interconnect personal computers Interconnect personal computers servers and embedded computersservers and embedded computers
New technologies enable unanticipated New technologies enable unanticipated applications (and create new challenges)applications (and create new challenges)
Vint Cerf Open Challenges
My primary disappointment has been the slow pace of high speed access for residential customers hellip
The second area of disappointment is the slow uptake of version 6 of the Internet protocol (IPv6)
Perhaps the third area is the continuing difficulty caused by viruses worms and distributed denial of service attacksrdquo
How to make the Internet better Addressing current problems
Security1048766 Privacy1048766 Self-diagnosis amp self-healing networks1048766 Cheap connectivity for poor area and third world countries1048766
Wireless mesh networks1048766 sensors1048766 Mobility1048766
New cool apps1048766 What is after IPTV VoIP BitTorrent
Why Internet2 (1996)
The Internet was not designed forThe Internet was not designed forMillions of usersMillions of usersCongestionCongestionMultimediaMultimediaReal time interactionReal time interaction
But only the Internet canBut only the Internet canAccommodate explosive growthAccommodate explosive growthEnable convergence of information Enable convergence of information work mass media and human work mass media and human collaborationcollaboration
Internet2 Project Develop and deploy advanced network Develop and deploy advanced network
applications and technologies accelerating applications and technologies accelerating the creation of tomorrowrsquos Internetthe creation of tomorrowrsquos Internet
GoalsGoals Enable new generation of applicationsEnable new generation of applications Re-create leading edge RampE network Re-create leading edge RampE network
capabilitycapability Transfer capability to the global Transfer capability to the global
production Internetproduction Internet 206 University Members Jan 2005206 University Members Jan 2005
Internet2 Focus Areas Advanced Network Infrastructure - AbileneAdvanced Network Infrastructure - Abilene
Backbones operate at 10 Gbps capacity - 100 Backbones operate at 10 Gbps capacity - 100 Gbps (2007)Gbps (2007)
Middleware Middleware A layer of software between the network and the A layer of software between the network and the
applications applications Authentication Identification Authorization Authentication Identification Authorization
Directories SecurityDirectories Security EngineeringEngineering
IPv6 Measurement Multicast QoS Routing IPv6 Measurement Multicast QoS Routing Security TopologySecurity Topology
Advanced ApplicationsAdvanced Applications Distributed computation Virtual laboratories Distributed computation Virtual laboratories
Digital libraries Distributed learning Digital video Digital libraries Distributed learning Digital video Tele-immersion All of the above in combinationTele-immersion All of the above in combination
Abilene Connections Apr-2000Abilene Connections July 2006
Abilene Connections Apr-2000Abilene International Peering 2006
Research andDevelopment
Commercialization
Partnerships
Privatization
Internet Development Spiral
Todayrsquos Internet
Internet2
University-led Federal agency-led
Developing education and research driven applications
Agency mission-driven and general purpose applications
Building out campus networks gigaPoPs and inter-gigapop
infrastructure
Funding research testbeds and agency research networks
Interconnecting and interoperating to provide advanced networking capabilities needed to support advanced
research and education applications
Internet2 and the Next Generation Internet Initiative
Internet2 NGI
Our Founding (Funding) Fable
Researchers invent new architectures Architectures are validated on a testbed IETF ISPs and router vendors collaborate to deploy new design
This is complete BS
Do Traditional Testbeds Really Test
Production-oriented testbeds Real traffic provides good validation But can test only very incremental changes
Research-oriented testbeds Can test radical architectures Lack of real traffic results in poor validation
Both are expensive (dedicated bandwidth)
What about Deployment Architectural change requires ISP consensus
- Hard to agree- No competitive advantage from architectural innovation
- All have huge sunk investment in the status quo
ISPs are unlikely candidates for architectural change
Architecture isnrsquot just static its decaying Ad hoc workarounds muddy the architectural waters
We are at an Impasse
We canrsquot test new architectures- Despite sizable investments in testbeds
We canrsquot deploy new architectures- And things are getting worse not better
Yet there are pressing requirements for which the current architecture is not well suited
The Communityrsquos Response Focus on areas where we can have impact
Empirical studies Incremental changes (subject to current constraints)
Small stream of architectural proposals Paper designs without hope of deployment
More science fiction than engineering Have largely abandoned hope of effecting fundamental architectural change
Living with rather than overcoming the impasse
Overcoming the Impasse
Must be able to test new architectures Wide range of architectures Real traffic from willing individuals Low overhead for individual researchers
Meet the grand challenge of reinventing the Internet
Empirical incremental research is great but not enough
If someone put us in charge what would we do
What about deployment Several options none good but no excuse to not have an answer to the grand challenge
Testing Virtual Testbed
Overlay testbed (think RON etc) Host proxy directs packets to overlay
Proxy must architecturally neutral and flexible
Individuals (anywhere) opt-in by turning on proxy
Shared testing infrastructure (think Planetlab) Overlay nodes shared among experiments
Slicing on per-packet timescales Virtualized routers
These ideas have turned into the GENI program
Why GENI (Global Environment for Network Innovations) Future Internet Network (2005)
The original designing idea of current information networks is basically a specific network supports one major service
The limitation of the original designing idea can not support the multiple requirements for networks and services (such as Telecom network Internet)
The original design mode of Internet leads to itrsquos shortage in mobility security controllable and administrable
We urgently need redesign the framework of new generation Internet to overcome the serious shortage of current Internet
Providing pervasive and trusted services based on a specific network has became the key research directions of national informatization
GENI (Global Environment for Network Innovations) - NSF 2005 (1)
What is GENIWhat is GENIGENI is GENI is a facility concepta facility concept being explored by being explored by the US computing community the US computing community
back to an NSF workshop in 2005back to an NSF workshop in 2005focus on focus on architecturalarchitectural research and research and provide the provide the experimentalexperimental infrastructure infrastructure needed to support that researchneeded to support that research
focus on the research agenda (and focus on the research agenda (and infrastructure needs) of the infrastructure needs) of the opticaloptical wirelesswireless sensorsensor network and network and distributeddistributed systems communitiessystems communities
GENI (Global Environment for Network Innovations) (2)
The goal of GENI The goal of GENI Goal a Future Internet that meets the Goal a Future Internet that meets the demands of 21st centurydemands of 21st century
to increase the to increase the qualityquality and and quantityquantity of of experimental experimental researchresearch outcomes in networking and distributed outcomes in networking and distributed systemssystems
to accelerate the to accelerate the transitiontransition of these outcomes into of these outcomes into products and servicesproducts and services
enhance economic competitiveness and secure enhance economic competitiveness and secure the Nations futurethe Nations future
Ultimately to lead to a Ultimately to lead to a transition of the transition of the InternetInternet
GENI Research Opportunities (3)
Two dichotomy thought (false or at least Two dichotomy thought (false or at least unnecessary)unnecessary)
a a clean slateclean slate reconceptualization of Internet reconceptualization of Internet architecture architecture
todays 30-year-old architecture that todays 30-year-old architecture that limit its limit its abilityability to cope with emerging threats and to cope with emerging threats and opportunitiesopportunities
bull eroding trust reduced innovation slowing eroding trust reduced innovation slowing updateupdate
future innovation will take the form of new future innovation will take the form of new services and applications running services and applications running on top of the on top of the InternetInternet
GENI Research Opportunities (4)
GENI discussion GENI discussion First we interpret Future Internet very broadly to First we interpret Future Internet very broadly to
include innovations at include innovations at any levelany level of the architecture of the architecture alternative protocols and architectures running alternative protocols and architectures running
inside the network (as overlays on top of inside the network (as overlays on top of todays network) todays network)
Second research should employ Second research should employ clean slate clean slate thinkingthinking but this does but this does not imply that an entirely not imply that an entirely newnew Internet will be necessary In other words Internet will be necessary In other words clean slate is a clean slate is a processprocess not a not a resultresult
Third opportunities Third opportunities betweenbetween two perspectives two perspectives exploring how todays architecture is best exploring how todays architecture is best
evolved to support emerging overlay services evolved to support emerging overlay services
GENI Facility Concept (5)
Facility ConceptFacility Concept experimental platforms for experimental platforms for bothboth research and research and
deploymentdeployment filling the filling the gapgap between small-scale exp and mature between small-scale exp and mature
tech tech GENI evaluate new network systems on large-GENI evaluate new network systems on large-
scalescale
Two levelsTwo levels Physical level Physical level GENI substrateGENI substrate will consist of a will consist of a
collection of links forwarders storage collection of links forwarders storage processors and wireless net processors and wireless net
On top of this substrate a On top of this substrate a software software management management frameworkframework will be overlay network experiments on will be overlay network experiments on
the substratethe substrate
GENI Facility Concept (6)
Four key ideasFour key ideas substrate components will be substrate components will be programmableprogrammable - -
possible to embed any network experiment including possible to embed any network experiment including clean-slate designs clean-slate designs
Substrate will be Substrate will be virtualizable virtualizable -- possible to embed possible to embed multiple slices in the substrate at the same time multiple slices in the substrate at the same time (allow experimental services and architectures to run (allow experimental services and architectures to run continuously) continuously)
GENI will include mechanisms that allow end-users GENI will include mechanisms that allow end-users to to seamlessly seamlessly opt-inopt-in to experimental services to experimental services
GENI will be GENI will be modularmodular ( (architecture and interfaces) - architecture and interfaces) - possible to extend GENI with new networking possible to extend GENI with new networking technologies GENI will not be a static artifact but technologies GENI will not be a static artifact but rather a rather a dynamic infrastructuredynamic infrastructure that is continually that is continually renewedrenewed
FIND (Future Internet Network Design) ndash NSF 2006 (1)
FIND asks two broad questionsFIND asks two broad questions What are the What are the requirementsrequirements for the global network for the global network
in 15 years in 15 years How How would we would we re-conceivere-conceive tomorrows global tomorrows global
network today if we could design it from scratch network today if we could design it from scratch FIND program solicits FIND program solicits clean slate processclean slate process research proposals in the broad area of research proposals in the broad area of network architecture principles and designnetwork architecture principles and design
FIND (Future Internet Network Design) (2)
FIND research might address wide questionsFIND research might address wide questions What will the What will the edgeedge of the network look like in 15 of the network look like in 15
years How might the network years How might the network architecturearchitecture of 15 of 15 years hence best accommodate sensors embedded years hence best accommodate sensors embedded systems and the like systems and the like
How might the network of 15 years from now How might the network of 15 years from now supportsupport what users really do (and care about) How what users really do (and care about) How might such functions as information access location might such functions as information access location management or identity management best fit into a management or identity management best fit into a new overall network architecture new overall network architecture
What will the What will the core core of the network look like in 15 of the network look like in 15 years How might the changing economics of years How might the changing economics of optical systems affect the overall design of the larger optical systems affect the overall design of the larger networknetwork
FIRE (Future Internet Research and Experimentation) ndash European 2007 (1)
Internet has Internet has growngrown to an unexpected reach to an unexpected reach as for the as for the numbernumber of users of users capacitycapacity of the of the links broadband penetration to the links broadband penetration to the homehome servicesservices
ProblemsProblems spam viruses denial of service spam viruses denial of service attacks complexity of managementattacks complexity of management
Internet drawbacks and Internet drawbacks and limitationslimitations ndash to ndash to scalabilityscalability suitabilitysuitability mobilitymobility transparencytransparency securitysecurity
require new radical approaches to require new radical approaches to fundamentally redesign its protocols and fundamentally redesign its protocols and architectures architectures
FIRE (2) FIRE is an FIRE is an experimentallyexperimentally-driven -driven longlong-term research initiative on -term research initiative on
Future Internet Future Internet conceptsconcepts protocolsprotocols and and architecturesarchitectures encompassing technological industrial and socio-economic encompassing technological industrial and socio-economic
aspects aspects acting as proof-of-concept of the newly proposed acting as proof-of-concept of the newly proposed
technologies and services technologies and services FIRE RESEARCHFIRE RESEARCH
Long term multidisciplinary research on future internet Long term multidisciplinary research on future internet paradigms paradigms
Open to Open to fresh bottom-upfresh bottom-up ideas with ideas with no backwards-no backwards-compatibilitycompatibility constraints constraints
Building on the FET SAC initiative ldquoSituated and Autonomic Building on the FET SAC initiative ldquoSituated and Autonomic Communicationsrdquo Communicationsrdquo
Considering at the Considering at the same timesame time technological economic and technological economic and socialpolicy aspects socialpolicy aspects
Build in from the outset and on all levels the right Build in from the outset and on all levels the right balancebalance between security accountability and privacybetween security accountability and privacy
FIRE (3)
FIRE EXPERIMENTATIONFIRE EXPERIMENTATION Large scale experimentationLarge scale experimentation of new paradigms and of new paradigms and
concepts for the future internet and related service concepts for the future internet and related service architectures architectures
Learning through broad experimentation Learning through broad experimentation Integrating and validating new conceptsIntegrating and validating new concepts
Federating and extending Federating and extending existing testbedsexisting testbeds and and research infrastructures research infrastructures
no backwards-compatibility constraints no backwards-compatibility constraints European approach and develop a European European approach and develop a European
identityidentity
- Slide 1
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Slide 5
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- Slide 114
- Slide 115
-
Circuit Switching MultiplexingDemultiplexing
Time divided in frames and frames divided in slots
Relative slot position inside a frame determines which conversation the data belongs to
Needs synchronization between sender and receiver
In case of non-permanent conversations Needs to dynamic bind a slot to a conservation How to do this
Packet Switching （分组 包交换） 1961 A node in a packet switching networkA node in a packet switching network
incoming links outgoing linksNode
Memory
Packet Switching （分组 包交换） 1961
Data are sent as formatted bit-sequences so-called packets
Packets have the following structure
Header and Trailer carry control information (eg destination address check sum)
Each packet is passed through the network from node to node along some path (Routing)
At each node the entire packet is received stored briefly and then forwarded to the next node
(Store-and-Forward Networks) Typically no capacity is allocated for packets
Header Data Trailer
Timing of Datagram Packet Switching
Packet 3
Packet 3
Packet 1
Packet 2
Packet 1
Packet 2
Packet 1
Packet 2
Packet 3
processing delay of Packet 1 at Node 2
Host 1 Host 2Node 1 Node 2
propagationdelay betweenHost 1 and Node 2
transmission time of Packet 1at Host 1
Datagram Packet Switching
Host A
Host BHost E
Host D
Host C
Node 1 Node 2
Node 3
Node 4
Node 5
Node 6Node 7
Packet Switching MultiplexingDemultiplexing
Data from any conversation can be transmitted at any given time
How to tell them apart Use meta-data (header) to describe data
Datagram Packet Switching Each packet is independently switched
Each packet header contains destination address No resources are pre-allocated (reserved) in advance Example IP networks
Packet-Switching vs Circuit-Switching
Most important advantage of packet-switching over circuit switching ability to exploit statistical multiplexing
Efficient bandwidth usage ratio between peek and average rate is 31 for audio and 151 for data traffic
However packet-switching needs to deal with congestion
More complex routers Harder to provide good network services (eg delay
and bandwidth guarantees)
In practice they are combined IP over SONET IP over Frame Relay
Virtual-Circuit Packet Switching Hybrid of circuit switching and packet
switching Data is transmitted as packets All packets from one packet stream are sent
along a pre-established path ( = virtual circuit)
Guarantees in-sequence delivery of packets However Packets from different virtual
circuits may be interleaved Example ATM networks
MPLS
Virtual-Circuit Packet Switching
Communication with virtual circuits takes place in three phases
1 VC establishment
2 data transfer
3 VC disconnect Note packet headers donrsquot need to contain
the full destination address of the packet
Packet 1
Packet 2
Packet 3
Packet 1
Packet 2
Packet 3
Timing of Virtual-Circuit Packet Switching
Packet 1
Packet 2
Packet 3
Host 1 Host 2Node
1Node
2
propagation delay between Host 1 and Node 1VC
establishment
VCtermination
Datatransfer
Virtual-Circuit Packet Switching
Host A
Host BHost E
Host D
Host C
Node 1 Node 2
Node 3
Node 4
Node 5
Node 6 Node 7
Internet 历史 (1) Sep69 1st IMP in UCLA Oct69 2nd IMP in SRI
Internet 之父 -- L Kleinrock1999 1969
History of the Internet (2)
History of the Internet (3)
Sep69 1st IMP in UCLA Sep69 1st IMP in UCLA Oct69 2nd IMP in SRI Oct69 2nd IMP in SRI
2230 29Oct692230 29Oct69 LOGIN from UCLA to
SRI CLA We sent an ldquoLrdquo - did
you get the ldquoLrdquo YEP We sent a ldquoOrdquo - did you
get the ldquoOrdquo YEP We sent an ldquoGrdquo - did
you get the ldquoGrdquo Crash
History of the Internet (4) 1961-1972 Early packet-switching principles 1961 Kleinrock ndash queueing theory shows
effectiveness of packet-switching 1964 Baran - packet-switching in military
nets 1967 ARPAnet conceived by Advanced
Research Projects Agency (Licklider Roberts) 1969 first ARPAnet node operational 1972 ARPAnet has 15 nodes
ARPAnet demonstrated publicly NCP (Network Control Protocol) first host-
host protocol first e-mail program
History of the Internet (5) 1972-1980 Internetworking research networks 1970ALOHAnet satellite network in Hawaii
(Abramson) 1973Metcalfersquos PhD thesis proposes Ethernet 1974Cerf and Kahn - 2004 AM Turing Award
-define todayrsquos Internet architecture minimalism autonomy ndashno internal changes
required to interconnect networks best effort service model stateless routers decentralized control
1979ARPAnet has 200 nodes 56 kbps Late 70rsquos proprietary architectures DECnet
SNA Late 70rsquos switching fixed length packets (-gt
ATM)
History of the Internet (6) 1980rsquos new protocols a proliferation of net 1983deployment of TCPIP (Critical
separation Cohen) 1982SMTP e-mail protocol defined 1983DNS defined for name-to-IP-address
translation mid-1980rsquos IETF active 1985FTP protocol defined 1988TCP congestion control new national networks Csnet BITnet Minitel
NSFnet (15 Mbps10000 computers) NSI (NASA) ESNet(DOE) DARTnet TWBNet (DARPA)
100000 hosts connected to confederation of networks
History of the Internet (7) 1990rsquos commercialization the WWW Early 1990rsquos ARPAnet decommissioned 1991 NSFnet (45 Mbps) -gt commercial use of
NSF (decommissioned 1995) Late 1990rsquos
multiple private backbones 50 million computers on Internet 100 million+ users backbone links running at 1 Gbps
Early 1990s WWW hypertext [Bush 1945 Nelson 1960rsquos] HTML http Berners-Lee 1994 Mosaic later Netscape late 1990rsquos commercialization of the WWW
Growth of the Internet Today backbones run at 2410 Gbps Today backbones run at 2410 Gbps 400 millions computers in 150 countries400 millions computers in 150 countries
Internet 在中国 19931993 年年 33 月月中科院高能物理所 中科院高能物理所 64 Kbps64 Kbps TJU1995322TJU1995322 20062006 年年 1212 月月
计算机计算机 59405940 万万 用户 用户 1414 亿 亿 WWWWWW 站 站 8484 万万 CNCN 域名 域名 180180 万万 国际出口带宽 国际出口带宽 257 Gbps257 Gbps
连接美国俄罗斯法国英国德国日本连接美国俄罗斯法国英国德国日本韩国新加坡等 韩国新加坡等
Internet 提供的服务 Shared access to computing resources
telnet (1970rsquos) Shared access to data files
FTP NFS AFS (1980rsquos) Communication medium over which people interact
email (1980rsquos) on-line chat messaging (1990rsquos) audio video (1990rsquos)
replacing telephone network A medium for information dissemination
USENET (1980rsquos) WWW (1990rsquos)
replacing newspaper magazine audio video (1990rsquos)
replacing radio CD TV
Todayrsquos Internet
Internet Physical Infrastructure
Classification by Coverage
模型 协议 分层
Protocol Architecture
Donrsquot Need All Layers Everywhere
Protocol Data Unit - PDUs
Network Components (Examples)
Fibers
Coaxial Cable
Links Interfaces Switchesrouters
Ethernet card
Wireless card
Large router
Telephoneswitch
趋势 网络时代 每一件事务都是数字的 声音 视频 音
乐 画片 及生活日常事务 每一件事务都是在线的 银行结算 医疗
记录 各类书籍 航空日程 天气情况 公路交通 hellip
每个人之间都是相互联系的 医生 教师 经济人 母亲 儿子 朋友 敌人
趋势 网络时代 实现家庭
教育 办公 购物 娱乐 网上娱乐 虚拟工作场所
2000 年美国有五千五百万人实现远程工作
网络制造 电子商务 虚拟公司 虚拟制造与虚拟装配 ( 设计过程 ) 制造过程更加分散化并发进行 新型的价值链 虚拟兑现
趋势 网络时代
趋势 网络时代
网络制造 (1)
随着基于随着基于 InternetInternet 的全球化数字通信基础设的全球化数字通信基础设施的建立网络从单纯的信息工具变成rdquo施的建立网络从单纯的信息工具变成rdquo EE －－时代rdquo的关键资源时代rdquo的关键资源 全球经济一体化成为制造全球经济一体化成为制造业变革的最根本的推动力业变革的最根本的推动力
InternetInternet 向ldquo资源功能rdquo发展基于向ldquo资源功能rdquo发展基于InternetInternet 的网络化制造是适应时代的需要的网络化制造是适应时代的需要
网络制造的本质特性就是产品的制造过程更加网络制造的本质特性就是产品的制造过程更加分散化信息的传递网络化信息的流动伴随分散化信息的传递网络化信息的流动伴随着各项工作的并发进行而同时发生着各项工作的并发进行而同时发生
网络制造 (2)
基于基于 InternetInternet 的虚拟制造与虚拟装配的虚拟制造与虚拟装配 在相互联结的网络上建立在相互联结的网络上建立 2424 小时工作的协同小时工作的协同
工作组大大加快了设计进度及时获得所需工作组大大加快了设计进度及时获得所需要的零部件减少库存降低成本提高质量要的零部件减少库存降低成本提高质量
电子商务 信息技术和 Internet 引发的商务过程的变化 利用以 Internet 为核心的信息技术进行商
务活动和企业资源管理 CIMS 是企业实施电子商务的基础 企业实施电子商务是 CIMS 发展的主要标志和
主要内容
竞争环境改变 核心 产品竞争
电子商务产生背景
服务竞争
范围 单个企业 全球多企业
资源 人财物 信息知识
管理重心迁移 生产管理 供应 营销链管理
集中内部资源 整合外部资源
离散管理 集约管理
商务模式转化
bull文秘型管理bull关注后台（企业内部）bull关注业务记录（报表）bull地区性bull推销产品为中心bull（卖方市场）
bull自我服务型管理bull关注前端（客户关系）bull要求商业智能（分析）bull全球化bull客户为中心bull（买方市场）
传统商务 电子商务
客户
供应商
合作伙伴
网络智能
市场营销 产品 服务销售 产品制造
服务 支持
e 企业的业务体系结构
网络发展趋势 趋势趋势 融合融合 趋势趋势 泛在（泛在（ UbiquitousUbiquitous ）） 趋势趋势 信息爆炸信息爆炸 更多的网络业务流量更多的网络业务流量 数据流量 数据流量 gt gt 话声流量话声流量 更快的传输介质更快的传输介质 骨干网（骨干网（ BackboneBackbone ）） 更大的带宽（更大的带宽（ BandwidthBandwidth ）） 宽带无线网宽带无线网飞速增长飞速增长 (WLAN) (Wi-Fi)(WLAN) (Wi-Fi) Everything over IPEverything over IP
趋势 融合 新闻新闻 广告广告 -- 媒体媒体 --信息提供者信息提供者
数字媒体产品数字媒体产品 有线电视有线电视
视频传输视频传输 电话电话
声音传输声音传输 计算机计算机
数字媒体存储数字媒体存储 处理处理 信息提供者和信息传输者的结合信息提供者和信息传输者的结合 电话公司电话公司 有线公司有线公司 娱乐事业娱乐事业 和计算机公司和计算机公司
的结合的结合
Trend
趋势 更多的网络业务流量 互联网上的主机数正以超指数量级飞速增长互联网上的主机数正以超指数量级飞速增长 每个主机用户的业务量中也在增长每个主机用户的业务量中也在增长
局域网可达到 局域网可达到 1 1 GbpsGbps 有线电视调制解调器允许以有线电视调制解调器允许以 11到 到 10 10 MbpsMbps 的速的速
度访问主机度访问主机 应用应用 ADSLVDSLADSLVDSL 通过电话线可达到通过电话线可达到 6-6-
2727MbpsMbps 的速度的速度 宽带无线网宽带无线网 (Wi-Fi)(Wi-Fi)可达到可达到 11-54Mbps11-54Mbps 的速的速
度度 带宽需求每四个月增加一倍带宽需求每四个月增加一倍 数据流量 数据流量 gt gt 话声流量话声流量
Trend of Internet hosts 1980-2000
Trend Data gt Voice
趋势 更快的传输介质 局局域域网网 1 Gbps over 4-pair UTP-5 up to 100 m 1 Gbps over 4-pair UTP-5 up to 100 m
10Gbps being discussed10Gbps being discussed Was 1 Mbps (1Base-5) in 1984Was 1 Mbps (1Base-5) in 1984
骨干网光纤骨干网光纤 DWDMDWDM (( Dense Wavelength Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing)Division Multiplexing) OC-768 = 40 Gbps over a to 65 km OC-768 = 40 Gbps over a to 65 km
1600 Gbps - 10 Tbps1600 Gbps - 10 Tbps Was 100 Mbps (FDDI) in 1993Was 100 Mbps (FDDI) in 1993
无线网无线网 54 100 Mbps(100-2km) wireless 54 100 Mbps(100-2km) wireless networks 25 Gbps to 5km using light networks 25 Gbps to 5km using light Was 1 Mbps (IEEE 80211) in 1998Was 1 Mbps (IEEE 80211) in 1998
Trend Bandwidth
Why Optical Networks DWDM optoelectricl metro network
Trend Wireless Mobile (1)
Trend宽带无线网 (Wi-Fi)飞速增长
Trend宽带无线网 (Wi-Fi)飞速增长
Trend宽带无线网 (Wi-Fi)飞速增长
Trend宽带无线网 (Wi-Fi)飞速增长
Integration of 3G and WLAN- offer possibility of achieving anywhere anytime
high speed and low expense Internet access
3G3G WLANWLAN
Wide areaWide area Local areaLocal area
Low bit rate Low bit rate
(2M when stand (2M when stand still)still)
High bit rateHigh bit rate
(11M to 54M)(11M to 54M)
DataVoice serviceDataVoice service
((QoS supportQoS support))
Data serviceData service
High expenseHigh expense Low expenseLow expense
High mobilityHigh mobility Low mobilityLow mobility
Trend Everything over IP
Data over IP =gt IP needs Traffic Data over IP =gt IP needs Traffic engineeringengineering
Voice over IP =gt Quality of Service and Voice over IP =gt Quality of Service and SignalingSignaling
Backbone -- Optic networksBackbone -- Optic networks IP over ATM IP over ATM （（异步传输模式）异步传输模式） IP over SONET -- POS (Packet over SDH) IP over SONET -- POS (Packet over SDH)
(( 同步同步 )) IP over DWDMIP over DWDM
Asynchronous Transfer Mode ATM
1990rsquos00 standard for high-speed (155Mbps to 1990rsquos00 standard for high-speed (155Mbps to 622 Mbps and higher) 622 Mbps and higher) Broadband Integrated Broadband Integrated Service Digital NetworkService Digital Network architecture architecture
GoalGoal integrated end-end transport of carry integrated end-end transport of carry voice video datavoice video data meeting timingQoS requirements of voice meeting timingQoS requirements of voice
video (versus Internet best-effort model)video (versus Internet best-effort model) ldquoldquonext generationrdquo telephony technical roots next generationrdquo telephony technical roots
in telephone worldin telephone world packet-switching (fixed length packets packet-switching (fixed length packets
called ldquocellsrdquo) using called ldquocellsrdquo) using virtual circuitsvirtual circuits
ATM reference model
How far along are we
Standardization bodies - ATM Forum ITU-T Standardization bodies - ATM Forum ITU-T We may never see end-to-end ATM (1997)We may never see end-to-end ATM (1997)
ATM - too complex - too expansive ltIPgtATM - too complex - too expansive ltIPgt Backbone - 1995 vBNS (ATM) Backbone - 1995 vBNS (ATM)
- 1998 Abilene (SONET) - 2000 IP over - 1998 Abilene (SONET) - 2000 IP over DWDMDWDM
Internet technology + ATM philosophyInternet technology + ATM philosophy but ATM ideas continue to powerfully but ATM ideas continue to powerfully
influence design of next-generation influence design of next-generation InternetInternet
ex ex MPLSMPLS admission ctl resource admission ctl resource reservation hellipreservation hellip
Best of Both Worlds
Multiprotocol label switching (Multiprotocol label switching (MPLSMPLS)) MPLS + IP form a middle ground that MPLS + IP form a middle ground that
combines the best of IP and the best of combines the best of IP and the best of virtual virtual circuit switching technologiescircuit switching technologies
ATM and Frame Relay cannot easily come to ATM and Frame Relay cannot easily come to the middle so IP hasthe middle so IP has
Label Encapsulation
MPLS Encapsulation is specified over MPLS Encapsulation is specified over various media types Top labels may use various media types Top labels may use existing format lower label(s) use a new existing format lower label(s) use a new ldquoshimrdquo label formatldquoshimrdquo label format
Label Substitution Have a friend go to B ahead of you using one of the Have a friend go to B ahead of you using one of the
previous two techniques At every road they reserve previous two techniques At every road they reserve a lane just for you At every intersection they post a a lane just for you At every intersection they post a big sign that says for a given lane which way to turn big sign that says for a given lane which way to turn and what new lane to takeand what new lane to take
Future Internet Research and Experimentation
Todayrsquos Internet Millions of usersMillions of users Web email low-quality audio amp videoWeb email low-quality audio amp video Interconnect personal computers and serversInterconnect personal computers and servers Applications adapt to underlying technologyApplications adapt to underlying technology Todayrsquos Internet DoesnrsquotTodayrsquos Internet Doesnrsquot
Provide reliable end-to-end performanceProvide reliable end-to-end performanceEncourage cooperation on new capabilitiesEncourage cooperation on new capabilitiesAllow testing of new technologiesAllow testing of new technologiesSupport development of revolutionary Support development of revolutionary applicationsapplications
Tomorrowrsquos Internet
Billions of users and devicesBillions of users and devices Convergence of todayrsquos applications Convergence of todayrsquos applications with multimedia (telephony video-with multimedia (telephony video-conference HDTV)conference HDTV)
Interconnect personal computers Interconnect personal computers servers and embedded computersservers and embedded computers
New technologies enable unanticipated New technologies enable unanticipated applications (and create new challenges)applications (and create new challenges)
Vint Cerf Open Challenges
My primary disappointment has been the slow pace of high speed access for residential customers hellip
The second area of disappointment is the slow uptake of version 6 of the Internet protocol (IPv6)
Perhaps the third area is the continuing difficulty caused by viruses worms and distributed denial of service attacksrdquo
How to make the Internet better Addressing current problems
Security1048766 Privacy1048766 Self-diagnosis amp self-healing networks1048766 Cheap connectivity for poor area and third world countries1048766
Wireless mesh networks1048766 sensors1048766 Mobility1048766
New cool apps1048766 What is after IPTV VoIP BitTorrent
Why Internet2 (1996)
The Internet was not designed forThe Internet was not designed forMillions of usersMillions of usersCongestionCongestionMultimediaMultimediaReal time interactionReal time interaction
But only the Internet canBut only the Internet canAccommodate explosive growthAccommodate explosive growthEnable convergence of information Enable convergence of information work mass media and human work mass media and human collaborationcollaboration
Internet2 Project Develop and deploy advanced network Develop and deploy advanced network
applications and technologies accelerating applications and technologies accelerating the creation of tomorrowrsquos Internetthe creation of tomorrowrsquos Internet
GoalsGoals Enable new generation of applicationsEnable new generation of applications Re-create leading edge RampE network Re-create leading edge RampE network
capabilitycapability Transfer capability to the global Transfer capability to the global
production Internetproduction Internet 206 University Members Jan 2005206 University Members Jan 2005
Internet2 Focus Areas Advanced Network Infrastructure - AbileneAdvanced Network Infrastructure - Abilene
Backbones operate at 10 Gbps capacity - 100 Backbones operate at 10 Gbps capacity - 100 Gbps (2007)Gbps (2007)
Middleware Middleware A layer of software between the network and the A layer of software between the network and the
applications applications Authentication Identification Authorization Authentication Identification Authorization
Directories SecurityDirectories Security EngineeringEngineering
IPv6 Measurement Multicast QoS Routing IPv6 Measurement Multicast QoS Routing Security TopologySecurity Topology
Advanced ApplicationsAdvanced Applications Distributed computation Virtual laboratories Distributed computation Virtual laboratories
Digital libraries Distributed learning Digital video Digital libraries Distributed learning Digital video Tele-immersion All of the above in combinationTele-immersion All of the above in combination
Abilene Connections Apr-2000Abilene Connections July 2006
Abilene Connections Apr-2000Abilene International Peering 2006
Research andDevelopment
Commercialization
Partnerships
Privatization
Internet Development Spiral
Todayrsquos Internet
Internet2
University-led Federal agency-led
Developing education and research driven applications
Agency mission-driven and general purpose applications
Building out campus networks gigaPoPs and inter-gigapop
infrastructure
Funding research testbeds and agency research networks
Interconnecting and interoperating to provide advanced networking capabilities needed to support advanced
research and education applications
Internet2 and the Next Generation Internet Initiative
Internet2 NGI
Our Founding (Funding) Fable
Researchers invent new architectures Architectures are validated on a testbed IETF ISPs and router vendors collaborate to deploy new design
This is complete BS
Do Traditional Testbeds Really Test
Production-oriented testbeds Real traffic provides good validation But can test only very incremental changes
Research-oriented testbeds Can test radical architectures Lack of real traffic results in poor validation
Both are expensive (dedicated bandwidth)
What about Deployment Architectural change requires ISP consensus
- Hard to agree- No competitive advantage from architectural innovation
- All have huge sunk investment in the status quo
ISPs are unlikely candidates for architectural change
Architecture isnrsquot just static its decaying Ad hoc workarounds muddy the architectural waters
We are at an Impasse
We canrsquot test new architectures- Despite sizable investments in testbeds
We canrsquot deploy new architectures- And things are getting worse not better
Yet there are pressing requirements for which the current architecture is not well suited
The Communityrsquos Response Focus on areas where we can have impact
Empirical studies Incremental changes (subject to current constraints)
Small stream of architectural proposals Paper designs without hope of deployment
More science fiction than engineering Have largely abandoned hope of effecting fundamental architectural change
Living with rather than overcoming the impasse
Overcoming the Impasse
Must be able to test new architectures Wide range of architectures Real traffic from willing individuals Low overhead for individual researchers
Meet the grand challenge of reinventing the Internet
Empirical incremental research is great but not enough
If someone put us in charge what would we do
What about deployment Several options none good but no excuse to not have an answer to the grand challenge
Testing Virtual Testbed
Overlay testbed (think RON etc) Host proxy directs packets to overlay
Proxy must architecturally neutral and flexible
Individuals (anywhere) opt-in by turning on proxy
Shared testing infrastructure (think Planetlab) Overlay nodes shared among experiments
Slicing on per-packet timescales Virtualized routers
These ideas have turned into the GENI program
Why GENI (Global Environment for Network Innovations) Future Internet Network (2005)
The original designing idea of current information networks is basically a specific network supports one major service
The limitation of the original designing idea can not support the multiple requirements for networks and services (such as Telecom network Internet)
The original design mode of Internet leads to itrsquos shortage in mobility security controllable and administrable
We urgently need redesign the framework of new generation Internet to overcome the serious shortage of current Internet
Providing pervasive and trusted services based on a specific network has became the key research directions of national informatization
GENI (Global Environment for Network Innovations) - NSF 2005 (1)
What is GENIWhat is GENIGENI is GENI is a facility concepta facility concept being explored by being explored by the US computing community the US computing community
back to an NSF workshop in 2005back to an NSF workshop in 2005focus on focus on architecturalarchitectural research and research and provide the provide the experimentalexperimental infrastructure infrastructure needed to support that researchneeded to support that research
focus on the research agenda (and focus on the research agenda (and infrastructure needs) of the infrastructure needs) of the opticaloptical wirelesswireless sensorsensor network and network and distributeddistributed systems communitiessystems communities
GENI (Global Environment for Network Innovations) (2)
The goal of GENI The goal of GENI Goal a Future Internet that meets the Goal a Future Internet that meets the demands of 21st centurydemands of 21st century
to increase the to increase the qualityquality and and quantityquantity of of experimental experimental researchresearch outcomes in networking and distributed outcomes in networking and distributed systemssystems
to accelerate the to accelerate the transitiontransition of these outcomes into of these outcomes into products and servicesproducts and services
enhance economic competitiveness and secure enhance economic competitiveness and secure the Nations futurethe Nations future
Ultimately to lead to a Ultimately to lead to a transition of the transition of the InternetInternet
GENI Research Opportunities (3)
Two dichotomy thought (false or at least Two dichotomy thought (false or at least unnecessary)unnecessary)
a a clean slateclean slate reconceptualization of Internet reconceptualization of Internet architecture architecture
todays 30-year-old architecture that todays 30-year-old architecture that limit its limit its abilityability to cope with emerging threats and to cope with emerging threats and opportunitiesopportunities
bull eroding trust reduced innovation slowing eroding trust reduced innovation slowing updateupdate
future innovation will take the form of new future innovation will take the form of new services and applications running services and applications running on top of the on top of the InternetInternet
GENI Research Opportunities (4)
GENI discussion GENI discussion First we interpret Future Internet very broadly to First we interpret Future Internet very broadly to
include innovations at include innovations at any levelany level of the architecture of the architecture alternative protocols and architectures running alternative protocols and architectures running
inside the network (as overlays on top of inside the network (as overlays on top of todays network) todays network)
Second research should employ Second research should employ clean slate clean slate thinkingthinking but this does but this does not imply that an entirely not imply that an entirely newnew Internet will be necessary In other words Internet will be necessary In other words clean slate is a clean slate is a processprocess not a not a resultresult
Third opportunities Third opportunities betweenbetween two perspectives two perspectives exploring how todays architecture is best exploring how todays architecture is best
evolved to support emerging overlay services evolved to support emerging overlay services
GENI Facility Concept (5)
Facility ConceptFacility Concept experimental platforms for experimental platforms for bothboth research and research and
deploymentdeployment filling the filling the gapgap between small-scale exp and mature between small-scale exp and mature
tech tech GENI evaluate new network systems on large-GENI evaluate new network systems on large-
scalescale
Two levelsTwo levels Physical level Physical level GENI substrateGENI substrate will consist of a will consist of a
collection of links forwarders storage collection of links forwarders storage processors and wireless net processors and wireless net
On top of this substrate a On top of this substrate a software software management management frameworkframework will be overlay network experiments on will be overlay network experiments on
the substratethe substrate
GENI Facility Concept (6)
Four key ideasFour key ideas substrate components will be substrate components will be programmableprogrammable - -
possible to embed any network experiment including possible to embed any network experiment including clean-slate designs clean-slate designs
Substrate will be Substrate will be virtualizable virtualizable -- possible to embed possible to embed multiple slices in the substrate at the same time multiple slices in the substrate at the same time (allow experimental services and architectures to run (allow experimental services and architectures to run continuously) continuously)
GENI will include mechanisms that allow end-users GENI will include mechanisms that allow end-users to to seamlessly seamlessly opt-inopt-in to experimental services to experimental services
GENI will be GENI will be modularmodular ( (architecture and interfaces) - architecture and interfaces) - possible to extend GENI with new networking possible to extend GENI with new networking technologies GENI will not be a static artifact but technologies GENI will not be a static artifact but rather a rather a dynamic infrastructuredynamic infrastructure that is continually that is continually renewedrenewed
FIND (Future Internet Network Design) ndash NSF 2006 (1)
FIND asks two broad questionsFIND asks two broad questions What are the What are the requirementsrequirements for the global network for the global network
in 15 years in 15 years How How would we would we re-conceivere-conceive tomorrows global tomorrows global
network today if we could design it from scratch network today if we could design it from scratch FIND program solicits FIND program solicits clean slate processclean slate process research proposals in the broad area of research proposals in the broad area of network architecture principles and designnetwork architecture principles and design
FIND (Future Internet Network Design) (2)
FIND research might address wide questionsFIND research might address wide questions What will the What will the edgeedge of the network look like in 15 of the network look like in 15
years How might the network years How might the network architecturearchitecture of 15 of 15 years hence best accommodate sensors embedded years hence best accommodate sensors embedded systems and the like systems and the like
How might the network of 15 years from now How might the network of 15 years from now supportsupport what users really do (and care about) How what users really do (and care about) How might such functions as information access location might such functions as information access location management or identity management best fit into a management or identity management best fit into a new overall network architecture new overall network architecture
What will the What will the core core of the network look like in 15 of the network look like in 15 years How might the changing economics of years How might the changing economics of optical systems affect the overall design of the larger optical systems affect the overall design of the larger networknetwork
FIRE (Future Internet Research and Experimentation) ndash European 2007 (1)
Internet has Internet has growngrown to an unexpected reach to an unexpected reach as for the as for the numbernumber of users of users capacitycapacity of the of the links broadband penetration to the links broadband penetration to the homehome servicesservices
ProblemsProblems spam viruses denial of service spam viruses denial of service attacks complexity of managementattacks complexity of management
Internet drawbacks and Internet drawbacks and limitationslimitations ndash to ndash to scalabilityscalability suitabilitysuitability mobilitymobility transparencytransparency securitysecurity
require new radical approaches to require new radical approaches to fundamentally redesign its protocols and fundamentally redesign its protocols and architectures architectures
FIRE (2) FIRE is an FIRE is an experimentallyexperimentally-driven -driven longlong-term research initiative on -term research initiative on
Future Internet Future Internet conceptsconcepts protocolsprotocols and and architecturesarchitectures encompassing technological industrial and socio-economic encompassing technological industrial and socio-economic
aspects aspects acting as proof-of-concept of the newly proposed acting as proof-of-concept of the newly proposed
technologies and services technologies and services FIRE RESEARCHFIRE RESEARCH
Long term multidisciplinary research on future internet Long term multidisciplinary research on future internet paradigms paradigms
Open to Open to fresh bottom-upfresh bottom-up ideas with ideas with no backwards-no backwards-compatibilitycompatibility constraints constraints
Building on the FET SAC initiative ldquoSituated and Autonomic Building on the FET SAC initiative ldquoSituated and Autonomic Communicationsrdquo Communicationsrdquo
Considering at the Considering at the same timesame time technological economic and technological economic and socialpolicy aspects socialpolicy aspects
Build in from the outset and on all levels the right Build in from the outset and on all levels the right balancebalance between security accountability and privacybetween security accountability and privacy
FIRE (3)
FIRE EXPERIMENTATIONFIRE EXPERIMENTATION Large scale experimentationLarge scale experimentation of new paradigms and of new paradigms and
concepts for the future internet and related service concepts for the future internet and related service architectures architectures
Learning through broad experimentation Learning through broad experimentation Integrating and validating new conceptsIntegrating and validating new concepts
Federating and extending Federating and extending existing testbedsexisting testbeds and and research infrastructures research infrastructures
no backwards-compatibility constraints no backwards-compatibility constraints European approach and develop a European European approach and develop a European
identityidentity
- Slide 1
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
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- Slide 115
-
Packet Switching （分组 包交换） 1961 A node in a packet switching networkA node in a packet switching network
incoming links outgoing linksNode
Memory
Packet Switching （分组 包交换） 1961
Data are sent as formatted bit-sequences so-called packets
Packets have the following structure
Header and Trailer carry control information (eg destination address check sum)
Each packet is passed through the network from node to node along some path (Routing)
At each node the entire packet is received stored briefly and then forwarded to the next node
(Store-and-Forward Networks) Typically no capacity is allocated for packets
Header Data Trailer
Timing of Datagram Packet Switching
Packet 3
Packet 3
Packet 1
Packet 2
Packet 1
Packet 2
Packet 1
Packet 2
Packet 3
processing delay of Packet 1 at Node 2
Host 1 Host 2Node 1 Node 2
propagationdelay betweenHost 1 and Node 2
transmission time of Packet 1at Host 1
Datagram Packet Switching
Host A
Host BHost E
Host D
Host C
Node 1 Node 2
Node 3
Node 4
Node 5
Node 6Node 7
Packet Switching MultiplexingDemultiplexing
Data from any conversation can be transmitted at any given time
How to tell them apart Use meta-data (header) to describe data
Datagram Packet Switching Each packet is independently switched
Each packet header contains destination address No resources are pre-allocated (reserved) in advance Example IP networks
Packet-Switching vs Circuit-Switching
Most important advantage of packet-switching over circuit switching ability to exploit statistical multiplexing
Efficient bandwidth usage ratio between peek and average rate is 31 for audio and 151 for data traffic
However packet-switching needs to deal with congestion
More complex routers Harder to provide good network services (eg delay
and bandwidth guarantees)
In practice they are combined IP over SONET IP over Frame Relay
Virtual-Circuit Packet Switching Hybrid of circuit switching and packet
switching Data is transmitted as packets All packets from one packet stream are sent
along a pre-established path ( = virtual circuit)
Guarantees in-sequence delivery of packets However Packets from different virtual
circuits may be interleaved Example ATM networks
MPLS
Virtual-Circuit Packet Switching
Communication with virtual circuits takes place in three phases
1 VC establishment
2 data transfer
3 VC disconnect Note packet headers donrsquot need to contain
the full destination address of the packet
Packet 1
Packet 2
Packet 3
Packet 1
Packet 2
Packet 3
Timing of Virtual-Circuit Packet Switching
Packet 1
Packet 2
Packet 3
Host 1 Host 2Node
1Node
2
propagation delay between Host 1 and Node 1VC
establishment
VCtermination
Datatransfer
Virtual-Circuit Packet Switching
Host A
Host BHost E
Host D
Host C
Node 1 Node 2
Node 3
Node 4
Node 5
Node 6 Node 7
Internet 历史 (1) Sep69 1st IMP in UCLA Oct69 2nd IMP in SRI
Internet 之父 -- L Kleinrock1999 1969
History of the Internet (2)
History of the Internet (3)
Sep69 1st IMP in UCLA Sep69 1st IMP in UCLA Oct69 2nd IMP in SRI Oct69 2nd IMP in SRI
2230 29Oct692230 29Oct69 LOGIN from UCLA to
SRI CLA We sent an ldquoLrdquo - did
you get the ldquoLrdquo YEP We sent a ldquoOrdquo - did you
get the ldquoOrdquo YEP We sent an ldquoGrdquo - did
you get the ldquoGrdquo Crash
History of the Internet (4) 1961-1972 Early packet-switching principles 1961 Kleinrock ndash queueing theory shows
effectiveness of packet-switching 1964 Baran - packet-switching in military
nets 1967 ARPAnet conceived by Advanced
Research Projects Agency (Licklider Roberts) 1969 first ARPAnet node operational 1972 ARPAnet has 15 nodes
ARPAnet demonstrated publicly NCP (Network Control Protocol) first host-
host protocol first e-mail program
History of the Internet (5) 1972-1980 Internetworking research networks 1970ALOHAnet satellite network in Hawaii
(Abramson) 1973Metcalfersquos PhD thesis proposes Ethernet 1974Cerf and Kahn - 2004 AM Turing Award
-define todayrsquos Internet architecture minimalism autonomy ndashno internal changes
required to interconnect networks best effort service model stateless routers decentralized control
1979ARPAnet has 200 nodes 56 kbps Late 70rsquos proprietary architectures DECnet
SNA Late 70rsquos switching fixed length packets (-gt
ATM)
History of the Internet (6) 1980rsquos new protocols a proliferation of net 1983deployment of TCPIP (Critical
separation Cohen) 1982SMTP e-mail protocol defined 1983DNS defined for name-to-IP-address
translation mid-1980rsquos IETF active 1985FTP protocol defined 1988TCP congestion control new national networks Csnet BITnet Minitel
NSFnet (15 Mbps10000 computers) NSI (NASA) ESNet(DOE) DARTnet TWBNet (DARPA)
100000 hosts connected to confederation of networks
History of the Internet (7) 1990rsquos commercialization the WWW Early 1990rsquos ARPAnet decommissioned 1991 NSFnet (45 Mbps) -gt commercial use of
NSF (decommissioned 1995) Late 1990rsquos
multiple private backbones 50 million computers on Internet 100 million+ users backbone links running at 1 Gbps
Early 1990s WWW hypertext [Bush 1945 Nelson 1960rsquos] HTML http Berners-Lee 1994 Mosaic later Netscape late 1990rsquos commercialization of the WWW
Growth of the Internet Today backbones run at 2410 Gbps Today backbones run at 2410 Gbps 400 millions computers in 150 countries400 millions computers in 150 countries
Internet 在中国 19931993 年年 33 月月中科院高能物理所 中科院高能物理所 64 Kbps64 Kbps TJU1995322TJU1995322 20062006 年年 1212 月月
计算机计算机 59405940 万万 用户 用户 1414 亿 亿 WWWWWW 站 站 8484 万万 CNCN 域名 域名 180180 万万 国际出口带宽 国际出口带宽 257 Gbps257 Gbps
连接美国俄罗斯法国英国德国日本连接美国俄罗斯法国英国德国日本韩国新加坡等 韩国新加坡等
Internet 提供的服务 Shared access to computing resources
telnet (1970rsquos) Shared access to data files
FTP NFS AFS (1980rsquos) Communication medium over which people interact
email (1980rsquos) on-line chat messaging (1990rsquos) audio video (1990rsquos)
replacing telephone network A medium for information dissemination
USENET (1980rsquos) WWW (1990rsquos)
replacing newspaper magazine audio video (1990rsquos)
replacing radio CD TV
Todayrsquos Internet
Internet Physical Infrastructure
Classification by Coverage
模型 协议 分层
Protocol Architecture
Donrsquot Need All Layers Everywhere
Protocol Data Unit - PDUs
Network Components (Examples)
Fibers
Coaxial Cable
Links Interfaces Switchesrouters
Ethernet card
Wireless card
Large router
Telephoneswitch
趋势 网络时代 每一件事务都是数字的 声音 视频 音
乐 画片 及生活日常事务 每一件事务都是在线的 银行结算 医疗
记录 各类书籍 航空日程 天气情况 公路交通 hellip
每个人之间都是相互联系的 医生 教师 经济人 母亲 儿子 朋友 敌人
趋势 网络时代 实现家庭
教育 办公 购物 娱乐 网上娱乐 虚拟工作场所
2000 年美国有五千五百万人实现远程工作
网络制造 电子商务 虚拟公司 虚拟制造与虚拟装配 ( 设计过程 ) 制造过程更加分散化并发进行 新型的价值链 虚拟兑现
趋势 网络时代
趋势 网络时代
网络制造 (1)
随着基于随着基于 InternetInternet 的全球化数字通信基础设的全球化数字通信基础设施的建立网络从单纯的信息工具变成rdquo施的建立网络从单纯的信息工具变成rdquo EE －－时代rdquo的关键资源时代rdquo的关键资源 全球经济一体化成为制造全球经济一体化成为制造业变革的最根本的推动力业变革的最根本的推动力
InternetInternet 向ldquo资源功能rdquo发展基于向ldquo资源功能rdquo发展基于InternetInternet 的网络化制造是适应时代的需要的网络化制造是适应时代的需要
网络制造的本质特性就是产品的制造过程更加网络制造的本质特性就是产品的制造过程更加分散化信息的传递网络化信息的流动伴随分散化信息的传递网络化信息的流动伴随着各项工作的并发进行而同时发生着各项工作的并发进行而同时发生
网络制造 (2)
基于基于 InternetInternet 的虚拟制造与虚拟装配的虚拟制造与虚拟装配 在相互联结的网络上建立在相互联结的网络上建立 2424 小时工作的协同小时工作的协同
工作组大大加快了设计进度及时获得所需工作组大大加快了设计进度及时获得所需要的零部件减少库存降低成本提高质量要的零部件减少库存降低成本提高质量
电子商务 信息技术和 Internet 引发的商务过程的变化 利用以 Internet 为核心的信息技术进行商
务活动和企业资源管理 CIMS 是企业实施电子商务的基础 企业实施电子商务是 CIMS 发展的主要标志和
主要内容
竞争环境改变 核心 产品竞争
电子商务产生背景
服务竞争
范围 单个企业 全球多企业
资源 人财物 信息知识
管理重心迁移 生产管理 供应 营销链管理
集中内部资源 整合外部资源
离散管理 集约管理
商务模式转化
bull文秘型管理bull关注后台（企业内部）bull关注业务记录（报表）bull地区性bull推销产品为中心bull（卖方市场）
bull自我服务型管理bull关注前端（客户关系）bull要求商业智能（分析）bull全球化bull客户为中心bull（买方市场）
传统商务 电子商务
客户
供应商
合作伙伴
网络智能
市场营销 产品 服务销售 产品制造
服务 支持
e 企业的业务体系结构
网络发展趋势 趋势趋势 融合融合 趋势趋势 泛在（泛在（ UbiquitousUbiquitous ）） 趋势趋势 信息爆炸信息爆炸 更多的网络业务流量更多的网络业务流量 数据流量 数据流量 gt gt 话声流量话声流量 更快的传输介质更快的传输介质 骨干网（骨干网（ BackboneBackbone ）） 更大的带宽（更大的带宽（ BandwidthBandwidth ）） 宽带无线网宽带无线网飞速增长飞速增长 (WLAN) (Wi-Fi)(WLAN) (Wi-Fi) Everything over IPEverything over IP
趋势 融合 新闻新闻 广告广告 -- 媒体媒体 --信息提供者信息提供者
数字媒体产品数字媒体产品 有线电视有线电视
视频传输视频传输 电话电话
声音传输声音传输 计算机计算机
数字媒体存储数字媒体存储 处理处理 信息提供者和信息传输者的结合信息提供者和信息传输者的结合 电话公司电话公司 有线公司有线公司 娱乐事业娱乐事业 和计算机公司和计算机公司
的结合的结合
Trend
趋势 更多的网络业务流量 互联网上的主机数正以超指数量级飞速增长互联网上的主机数正以超指数量级飞速增长 每个主机用户的业务量中也在增长每个主机用户的业务量中也在增长
局域网可达到 局域网可达到 1 1 GbpsGbps 有线电视调制解调器允许以有线电视调制解调器允许以 11到 到 10 10 MbpsMbps 的速的速
度访问主机度访问主机 应用应用 ADSLVDSLADSLVDSL 通过电话线可达到通过电话线可达到 6-6-
2727MbpsMbps 的速度的速度 宽带无线网宽带无线网 (Wi-Fi)(Wi-Fi)可达到可达到 11-54Mbps11-54Mbps 的速的速
度度 带宽需求每四个月增加一倍带宽需求每四个月增加一倍 数据流量 数据流量 gt gt 话声流量话声流量
Trend of Internet hosts 1980-2000
Trend Data gt Voice
趋势 更快的传输介质 局局域域网网 1 Gbps over 4-pair UTP-5 up to 100 m 1 Gbps over 4-pair UTP-5 up to 100 m
10Gbps being discussed10Gbps being discussed Was 1 Mbps (1Base-5) in 1984Was 1 Mbps (1Base-5) in 1984
骨干网光纤骨干网光纤 DWDMDWDM (( Dense Wavelength Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing)Division Multiplexing) OC-768 = 40 Gbps over a to 65 km OC-768 = 40 Gbps over a to 65 km
1600 Gbps - 10 Tbps1600 Gbps - 10 Tbps Was 100 Mbps (FDDI) in 1993Was 100 Mbps (FDDI) in 1993
无线网无线网 54 100 Mbps(100-2km) wireless 54 100 Mbps(100-2km) wireless networks 25 Gbps to 5km using light networks 25 Gbps to 5km using light Was 1 Mbps (IEEE 80211) in 1998Was 1 Mbps (IEEE 80211) in 1998
Trend Bandwidth
Why Optical Networks DWDM optoelectricl metro network
Trend Wireless Mobile (1)
Trend宽带无线网 (Wi-Fi)飞速增长
Trend宽带无线网 (Wi-Fi)飞速增长
Trend宽带无线网 (Wi-Fi)飞速增长
Trend宽带无线网 (Wi-Fi)飞速增长
Integration of 3G and WLAN- offer possibility of achieving anywhere anytime
high speed and low expense Internet access
3G3G WLANWLAN
Wide areaWide area Local areaLocal area
Low bit rate Low bit rate
(2M when stand (2M when stand still)still)
High bit rateHigh bit rate
(11M to 54M)(11M to 54M)
DataVoice serviceDataVoice service
((QoS supportQoS support))
Data serviceData service
High expenseHigh expense Low expenseLow expense
High mobilityHigh mobility Low mobilityLow mobility
Trend Everything over IP
Data over IP =gt IP needs Traffic Data over IP =gt IP needs Traffic engineeringengineering
Voice over IP =gt Quality of Service and Voice over IP =gt Quality of Service and SignalingSignaling
Backbone -- Optic networksBackbone -- Optic networks IP over ATM IP over ATM （（异步传输模式）异步传输模式） IP over SONET -- POS (Packet over SDH) IP over SONET -- POS (Packet over SDH)
(( 同步同步 )) IP over DWDMIP over DWDM
Asynchronous Transfer Mode ATM
1990rsquos00 standard for high-speed (155Mbps to 1990rsquos00 standard for high-speed (155Mbps to 622 Mbps and higher) 622 Mbps and higher) Broadband Integrated Broadband Integrated Service Digital NetworkService Digital Network architecture architecture
GoalGoal integrated end-end transport of carry integrated end-end transport of carry voice video datavoice video data meeting timingQoS requirements of voice meeting timingQoS requirements of voice
video (versus Internet best-effort model)video (versus Internet best-effort model) ldquoldquonext generationrdquo telephony technical roots next generationrdquo telephony technical roots
in telephone worldin telephone world packet-switching (fixed length packets packet-switching (fixed length packets
called ldquocellsrdquo) using called ldquocellsrdquo) using virtual circuitsvirtual circuits
ATM reference model
How far along are we
Standardization bodies - ATM Forum ITU-T Standardization bodies - ATM Forum ITU-T We may never see end-to-end ATM (1997)We may never see end-to-end ATM (1997)
ATM - too complex - too expansive ltIPgtATM - too complex - too expansive ltIPgt Backbone - 1995 vBNS (ATM) Backbone - 1995 vBNS (ATM)
- 1998 Abilene (SONET) - 2000 IP over - 1998 Abilene (SONET) - 2000 IP over DWDMDWDM
Internet technology + ATM philosophyInternet technology + ATM philosophy but ATM ideas continue to powerfully but ATM ideas continue to powerfully
influence design of next-generation influence design of next-generation InternetInternet
ex ex MPLSMPLS admission ctl resource admission ctl resource reservation hellipreservation hellip
Best of Both Worlds
Multiprotocol label switching (Multiprotocol label switching (MPLSMPLS)) MPLS + IP form a middle ground that MPLS + IP form a middle ground that
combines the best of IP and the best of combines the best of IP and the best of virtual virtual circuit switching technologiescircuit switching technologies
ATM and Frame Relay cannot easily come to ATM and Frame Relay cannot easily come to the middle so IP hasthe middle so IP has
Label Encapsulation
MPLS Encapsulation is specified over MPLS Encapsulation is specified over various media types Top labels may use various media types Top labels may use existing format lower label(s) use a new existing format lower label(s) use a new ldquoshimrdquo label formatldquoshimrdquo label format
Label Substitution Have a friend go to B ahead of you using one of the Have a friend go to B ahead of you using one of the
previous two techniques At every road they reserve previous two techniques At every road they reserve a lane just for you At every intersection they post a a lane just for you At every intersection they post a big sign that says for a given lane which way to turn big sign that says for a given lane which way to turn and what new lane to takeand what new lane to take
Future Internet Research and Experimentation
Todayrsquos Internet Millions of usersMillions of users Web email low-quality audio amp videoWeb email low-quality audio amp video Interconnect personal computers and serversInterconnect personal computers and servers Applications adapt to underlying technologyApplications adapt to underlying technology Todayrsquos Internet DoesnrsquotTodayrsquos Internet Doesnrsquot
Provide reliable end-to-end performanceProvide reliable end-to-end performanceEncourage cooperation on new capabilitiesEncourage cooperation on new capabilitiesAllow testing of new technologiesAllow testing of new technologiesSupport development of revolutionary Support development of revolutionary applicationsapplications
Tomorrowrsquos Internet
Billions of users and devicesBillions of users and devices Convergence of todayrsquos applications Convergence of todayrsquos applications with multimedia (telephony video-with multimedia (telephony video-conference HDTV)conference HDTV)
Interconnect personal computers Interconnect personal computers servers and embedded computersservers and embedded computers
New technologies enable unanticipated New technologies enable unanticipated applications (and create new challenges)applications (and create new challenges)
Vint Cerf Open Challenges
My primary disappointment has been the slow pace of high speed access for residential customers hellip
The second area of disappointment is the slow uptake of version 6 of the Internet protocol (IPv6)
Perhaps the third area is the continuing difficulty caused by viruses worms and distributed denial of service attacksrdquo
How to make the Internet better Addressing current problems
Security1048766 Privacy1048766 Self-diagnosis amp self-healing networks1048766 Cheap connectivity for poor area and third world countries1048766
Wireless mesh networks1048766 sensors1048766 Mobility1048766
New cool apps1048766 What is after IPTV VoIP BitTorrent
Why Internet2 (1996)
The Internet was not designed forThe Internet was not designed forMillions of usersMillions of usersCongestionCongestionMultimediaMultimediaReal time interactionReal time interaction
But only the Internet canBut only the Internet canAccommodate explosive growthAccommodate explosive growthEnable convergence of information Enable convergence of information work mass media and human work mass media and human collaborationcollaboration
Internet2 Project Develop and deploy advanced network Develop and deploy advanced network
applications and technologies accelerating applications and technologies accelerating the creation of tomorrowrsquos Internetthe creation of tomorrowrsquos Internet
GoalsGoals Enable new generation of applicationsEnable new generation of applications Re-create leading edge RampE network Re-create leading edge RampE network
capabilitycapability Transfer capability to the global Transfer capability to the global
production Internetproduction Internet 206 University Members Jan 2005206 University Members Jan 2005
Internet2 Focus Areas Advanced Network Infrastructure - AbileneAdvanced Network Infrastructure - Abilene
Backbones operate at 10 Gbps capacity - 100 Backbones operate at 10 Gbps capacity - 100 Gbps (2007)Gbps (2007)
Middleware Middleware A layer of software between the network and the A layer of software between the network and the
applications applications Authentication Identification Authorization Authentication Identification Authorization
Directories SecurityDirectories Security EngineeringEngineering
IPv6 Measurement Multicast QoS Routing IPv6 Measurement Multicast QoS Routing Security TopologySecurity Topology
Advanced ApplicationsAdvanced Applications Distributed computation Virtual laboratories Distributed computation Virtual laboratories
Digital libraries Distributed learning Digital video Digital libraries Distributed learning Digital video Tele-immersion All of the above in combinationTele-immersion All of the above in combination
Abilene Connections Apr-2000Abilene Connections July 2006
Abilene Connections Apr-2000Abilene International Peering 2006
Research andDevelopment
Commercialization
Partnerships
Privatization
Internet Development Spiral
Todayrsquos Internet
Internet2
University-led Federal agency-led
Developing education and research driven applications
Agency mission-driven and general purpose applications
Building out campus networks gigaPoPs and inter-gigapop
infrastructure
Funding research testbeds and agency research networks
Interconnecting and interoperating to provide advanced networking capabilities needed to support advanced
research and education applications
Internet2 and the Next Generation Internet Initiative
Internet2 NGI
Our Founding (Funding) Fable
Researchers invent new architectures Architectures are validated on a testbed IETF ISPs and router vendors collaborate to deploy new design
This is complete BS
Do Traditional Testbeds Really Test
Production-oriented testbeds Real traffic provides good validation But can test only very incremental changes
Research-oriented testbeds Can test radical architectures Lack of real traffic results in poor validation
Both are expensive (dedicated bandwidth)
What about Deployment Architectural change requires ISP consensus
- Hard to agree- No competitive advantage from architectural innovation
- All have huge sunk investment in the status quo
ISPs are unlikely candidates for architectural change
Architecture isnrsquot just static its decaying Ad hoc workarounds muddy the architectural waters
We are at an Impasse
We canrsquot test new architectures- Despite sizable investments in testbeds
We canrsquot deploy new architectures- And things are getting worse not better
Yet there are pressing requirements for which the current architecture is not well suited
The Communityrsquos Response Focus on areas where we can have impact
Empirical studies Incremental changes (subject to current constraints)
Small stream of architectural proposals Paper designs without hope of deployment
More science fiction than engineering Have largely abandoned hope of effecting fundamental architectural change
Living with rather than overcoming the impasse
Overcoming the Impasse
Must be able to test new architectures Wide range of architectures Real traffic from willing individuals Low overhead for individual researchers
Meet the grand challenge of reinventing the Internet
Empirical incremental research is great but not enough
If someone put us in charge what would we do
What about deployment Several options none good but no excuse to not have an answer to the grand challenge
Testing Virtual Testbed
Overlay testbed (think RON etc) Host proxy directs packets to overlay
Proxy must architecturally neutral and flexible
Individuals (anywhere) opt-in by turning on proxy
Shared testing infrastructure (think Planetlab) Overlay nodes shared among experiments
Slicing on per-packet timescales Virtualized routers
These ideas have turned into the GENI program
Why GENI (Global Environment for Network Innovations) Future Internet Network (2005)
The original designing idea of current information networks is basically a specific network supports one major service
The limitation of the original designing idea can not support the multiple requirements for networks and services (such as Telecom network Internet)
The original design mode of Internet leads to itrsquos shortage in mobility security controllable and administrable
We urgently need redesign the framework of new generation Internet to overcome the serious shortage of current Internet
Providing pervasive and trusted services based on a specific network has became the key research directions of national informatization
GENI (Global Environment for Network Innovations) - NSF 2005 (1)
What is GENIWhat is GENIGENI is GENI is a facility concepta facility concept being explored by being explored by the US computing community the US computing community
back to an NSF workshop in 2005back to an NSF workshop in 2005focus on focus on architecturalarchitectural research and research and provide the provide the experimentalexperimental infrastructure infrastructure needed to support that researchneeded to support that research
focus on the research agenda (and focus on the research agenda (and infrastructure needs) of the infrastructure needs) of the opticaloptical wirelesswireless sensorsensor network and network and distributeddistributed systems communitiessystems communities
GENI (Global Environment for Network Innovations) (2)
The goal of GENI The goal of GENI Goal a Future Internet that meets the Goal a Future Internet that meets the demands of 21st centurydemands of 21st century
to increase the to increase the qualityquality and and quantityquantity of of experimental experimental researchresearch outcomes in networking and distributed outcomes in networking and distributed systemssystems
to accelerate the to accelerate the transitiontransition of these outcomes into of these outcomes into products and servicesproducts and services
enhance economic competitiveness and secure enhance economic competitiveness and secure the Nations futurethe Nations future
Ultimately to lead to a Ultimately to lead to a transition of the transition of the InternetInternet
GENI Research Opportunities (3)
Two dichotomy thought (false or at least Two dichotomy thought (false or at least unnecessary)unnecessary)
a a clean slateclean slate reconceptualization of Internet reconceptualization of Internet architecture architecture
todays 30-year-old architecture that todays 30-year-old architecture that limit its limit its abilityability to cope with emerging threats and to cope with emerging threats and opportunitiesopportunities
bull eroding trust reduced innovation slowing eroding trust reduced innovation slowing updateupdate
future innovation will take the form of new future innovation will take the form of new services and applications running services and applications running on top of the on top of the InternetInternet
GENI Research Opportunities (4)
GENI discussion GENI discussion First we interpret Future Internet very broadly to First we interpret Future Internet very broadly to
include innovations at include innovations at any levelany level of the architecture of the architecture alternative protocols and architectures running alternative protocols and architectures running
inside the network (as overlays on top of inside the network (as overlays on top of todays network) todays network)
Second research should employ Second research should employ clean slate clean slate thinkingthinking but this does but this does not imply that an entirely not imply that an entirely newnew Internet will be necessary In other words Internet will be necessary In other words clean slate is a clean slate is a processprocess not a not a resultresult
Third opportunities Third opportunities betweenbetween two perspectives two perspectives exploring how todays architecture is best exploring how todays architecture is best
evolved to support emerging overlay services evolved to support emerging overlay services
GENI Facility Concept (5)
Facility ConceptFacility Concept experimental platforms for experimental platforms for bothboth research and research and
deploymentdeployment filling the filling the gapgap between small-scale exp and mature between small-scale exp and mature
tech tech GENI evaluate new network systems on large-GENI evaluate new network systems on large-
scalescale
Two levelsTwo levels Physical level Physical level GENI substrateGENI substrate will consist of a will consist of a
collection of links forwarders storage collection of links forwarders storage processors and wireless net processors and wireless net
On top of this substrate a On top of this substrate a software software management management frameworkframework will be overlay network experiments on will be overlay network experiments on
the substratethe substrate
GENI Facility Concept (6)
Four key ideasFour key ideas substrate components will be substrate components will be programmableprogrammable - -
possible to embed any network experiment including possible to embed any network experiment including clean-slate designs clean-slate designs
Substrate will be Substrate will be virtualizable virtualizable -- possible to embed possible to embed multiple slices in the substrate at the same time multiple slices in the substrate at the same time (allow experimental services and architectures to run (allow experimental services and architectures to run continuously) continuously)
GENI will include mechanisms that allow end-users GENI will include mechanisms that allow end-users to to seamlessly seamlessly opt-inopt-in to experimental services to experimental services
GENI will be GENI will be modularmodular ( (architecture and interfaces) - architecture and interfaces) - possible to extend GENI with new networking possible to extend GENI with new networking technologies GENI will not be a static artifact but technologies GENI will not be a static artifact but rather a rather a dynamic infrastructuredynamic infrastructure that is continually that is continually renewedrenewed
FIND (Future Internet Network Design) ndash NSF 2006 (1)
FIND asks two broad questionsFIND asks two broad questions What are the What are the requirementsrequirements for the global network for the global network
in 15 years in 15 years How How would we would we re-conceivere-conceive tomorrows global tomorrows global
network today if we could design it from scratch network today if we could design it from scratch FIND program solicits FIND program solicits clean slate processclean slate process research proposals in the broad area of research proposals in the broad area of network architecture principles and designnetwork architecture principles and design
FIND (Future Internet Network Design) (2)
FIND research might address wide questionsFIND research might address wide questions What will the What will the edgeedge of the network look like in 15 of the network look like in 15
years How might the network years How might the network architecturearchitecture of 15 of 15 years hence best accommodate sensors embedded years hence best accommodate sensors embedded systems and the like systems and the like
How might the network of 15 years from now How might the network of 15 years from now supportsupport what users really do (and care about) How what users really do (and care about) How might such functions as information access location might such functions as information access location management or identity management best fit into a management or identity management best fit into a new overall network architecture new overall network architecture
What will the What will the core core of the network look like in 15 of the network look like in 15 years How might the changing economics of years How might the changing economics of optical systems affect the overall design of the larger optical systems affect the overall design of the larger networknetwork
FIRE (Future Internet Research and Experimentation) ndash European 2007 (1)
Internet has Internet has growngrown to an unexpected reach to an unexpected reach as for the as for the numbernumber of users of users capacitycapacity of the of the links broadband penetration to the links broadband penetration to the homehome servicesservices
ProblemsProblems spam viruses denial of service spam viruses denial of service attacks complexity of managementattacks complexity of management
Internet drawbacks and Internet drawbacks and limitationslimitations ndash to ndash to scalabilityscalability suitabilitysuitability mobilitymobility transparencytransparency securitysecurity
require new radical approaches to require new radical approaches to fundamentally redesign its protocols and fundamentally redesign its protocols and architectures architectures
FIRE (2) FIRE is an FIRE is an experimentallyexperimentally-driven -driven longlong-term research initiative on -term research initiative on
Future Internet Future Internet conceptsconcepts protocolsprotocols and and architecturesarchitectures encompassing technological industrial and socio-economic encompassing technological industrial and socio-economic
aspects aspects acting as proof-of-concept of the newly proposed acting as proof-of-concept of the newly proposed
technologies and services technologies and services FIRE RESEARCHFIRE RESEARCH
Long term multidisciplinary research on future internet Long term multidisciplinary research on future internet paradigms paradigms
Open to Open to fresh bottom-upfresh bottom-up ideas with ideas with no backwards-no backwards-compatibilitycompatibility constraints constraints
Building on the FET SAC initiative ldquoSituated and Autonomic Building on the FET SAC initiative ldquoSituated and Autonomic Communicationsrdquo Communicationsrdquo
Considering at the Considering at the same timesame time technological economic and technological economic and socialpolicy aspects socialpolicy aspects
Build in from the outset and on all levels the right Build in from the outset and on all levels the right balancebalance between security accountability and privacybetween security accountability and privacy
FIRE (3)
FIRE EXPERIMENTATIONFIRE EXPERIMENTATION Large scale experimentationLarge scale experimentation of new paradigms and of new paradigms and
concepts for the future internet and related service concepts for the future internet and related service architectures architectures
Learning through broad experimentation Learning through broad experimentation Integrating and validating new conceptsIntegrating and validating new concepts
Federating and extending Federating and extending existing testbedsexisting testbeds and and research infrastructures research infrastructures
no backwards-compatibility constraints no backwards-compatibility constraints European approach and develop a European European approach and develop a European
identityidentity
- Slide 1
- Slide 2
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- Slide 110
- Slide 113
- Slide 114
- Slide 115
-
Packet Switching （分组 包交换） 1961
Data are sent as formatted bit-sequences so-called packets
Packets have the following structure
Header and Trailer carry control information (eg destination address check sum)
Each packet is passed through the network from node to node along some path (Routing)
At each node the entire packet is received stored briefly and then forwarded to the next node
(Store-and-Forward Networks) Typically no capacity is allocated for packets
Header Data Trailer
Timing of Datagram Packet Switching
Packet 3
Packet 3
Packet 1
Packet 2
Packet 1
Packet 2
Packet 1
Packet 2
Packet 3
processing delay of Packet 1 at Node 2
Host 1 Host 2Node 1 Node 2
propagationdelay betweenHost 1 and Node 2
transmission time of Packet 1at Host 1
Datagram Packet Switching
Host A
Host BHost E
Host D
Host C
Node 1 Node 2
Node 3
Node 4
Node 5
Node 6Node 7
Packet Switching MultiplexingDemultiplexing
Data from any conversation can be transmitted at any given time
How to tell them apart Use meta-data (header) to describe data
Datagram Packet Switching Each packet is independently switched
Each packet header contains destination address No resources are pre-allocated (reserved) in advance Example IP networks
Packet-Switching vs Circuit-Switching
Most important advantage of packet-switching over circuit switching ability to exploit statistical multiplexing
Efficient bandwidth usage ratio between peek and average rate is 31 for audio and 151 for data traffic
However packet-switching needs to deal with congestion
More complex routers Harder to provide good network services (eg delay
and bandwidth guarantees)
In practice they are combined IP over SONET IP over Frame Relay
Virtual-Circuit Packet Switching Hybrid of circuit switching and packet
switching Data is transmitted as packets All packets from one packet stream are sent
along a pre-established path ( = virtual circuit)
Guarantees in-sequence delivery of packets However Packets from different virtual
circuits may be interleaved Example ATM networks
MPLS
Virtual-Circuit Packet Switching
Communication with virtual circuits takes place in three phases
1 VC establishment
2 data transfer
3 VC disconnect Note packet headers donrsquot need to contain
the full destination address of the packet
Packet 1
Packet 2
Packet 3
Packet 1
Packet 2
Packet 3
Timing of Virtual-Circuit Packet Switching
Packet 1
Packet 2
Packet 3
Host 1 Host 2Node
1Node
2
propagation delay between Host 1 and Node 1VC
establishment
VCtermination
Datatransfer
Virtual-Circuit Packet Switching
Host A
Host BHost E
Host D
Host C
Node 1 Node 2
Node 3
Node 4
Node 5
Node 6 Node 7
Internet 历史 (1) Sep69 1st IMP in UCLA Oct69 2nd IMP in SRI
Internet 之父 -- L Kleinrock1999 1969
History of the Internet (2)
History of the Internet (3)
Sep69 1st IMP in UCLA Sep69 1st IMP in UCLA Oct69 2nd IMP in SRI Oct69 2nd IMP in SRI
2230 29Oct692230 29Oct69 LOGIN from UCLA to
SRI CLA We sent an ldquoLrdquo - did
you get the ldquoLrdquo YEP We sent a ldquoOrdquo - did you
get the ldquoOrdquo YEP We sent an ldquoGrdquo - did
you get the ldquoGrdquo Crash
History of the Internet (4) 1961-1972 Early packet-switching principles 1961 Kleinrock ndash queueing theory shows
effectiveness of packet-switching 1964 Baran - packet-switching in military
nets 1967 ARPAnet conceived by Advanced
Research Projects Agency (Licklider Roberts) 1969 first ARPAnet node operational 1972 ARPAnet has 15 nodes
ARPAnet demonstrated publicly NCP (Network Control Protocol) first host-
host protocol first e-mail program
History of the Internet (5) 1972-1980 Internetworking research networks 1970ALOHAnet satellite network in Hawaii
(Abramson) 1973Metcalfersquos PhD thesis proposes Ethernet 1974Cerf and Kahn - 2004 AM Turing Award
-define todayrsquos Internet architecture minimalism autonomy ndashno internal changes
required to interconnect networks best effort service model stateless routers decentralized control
1979ARPAnet has 200 nodes 56 kbps Late 70rsquos proprietary architectures DECnet
SNA Late 70rsquos switching fixed length packets (-gt
ATM)
History of the Internet (6) 1980rsquos new protocols a proliferation of net 1983deployment of TCPIP (Critical
separation Cohen) 1982SMTP e-mail protocol defined 1983DNS defined for name-to-IP-address
translation mid-1980rsquos IETF active 1985FTP protocol defined 1988TCP congestion control new national networks Csnet BITnet Minitel
NSFnet (15 Mbps10000 computers) NSI (NASA) ESNet(DOE) DARTnet TWBNet (DARPA)
100000 hosts connected to confederation of networks
History of the Internet (7) 1990rsquos commercialization the WWW Early 1990rsquos ARPAnet decommissioned 1991 NSFnet (45 Mbps) -gt commercial use of
NSF (decommissioned 1995) Late 1990rsquos
multiple private backbones 50 million computers on Internet 100 million+ users backbone links running at 1 Gbps
Early 1990s WWW hypertext [Bush 1945 Nelson 1960rsquos] HTML http Berners-Lee 1994 Mosaic later Netscape late 1990rsquos commercialization of the WWW
Growth of the Internet Today backbones run at 2410 Gbps Today backbones run at 2410 Gbps 400 millions computers in 150 countries400 millions computers in 150 countries
Internet 在中国 19931993 年年 33 月月中科院高能物理所 中科院高能物理所 64 Kbps64 Kbps TJU1995322TJU1995322 20062006 年年 1212 月月
计算机计算机 59405940 万万 用户 用户 1414 亿 亿 WWWWWW 站 站 8484 万万 CNCN 域名 域名 180180 万万 国际出口带宽 国际出口带宽 257 Gbps257 Gbps
连接美国俄罗斯法国英国德国日本连接美国俄罗斯法国英国德国日本韩国新加坡等 韩国新加坡等
Internet 提供的服务 Shared access to computing resources
telnet (1970rsquos) Shared access to data files
FTP NFS AFS (1980rsquos) Communication medium over which people interact
email (1980rsquos) on-line chat messaging (1990rsquos) audio video (1990rsquos)
replacing telephone network A medium for information dissemination
USENET (1980rsquos) WWW (1990rsquos)
replacing newspaper magazine audio video (1990rsquos)
replacing radio CD TV
Todayrsquos Internet
Internet Physical Infrastructure
Classification by Coverage
模型 协议 分层
Protocol Architecture
Donrsquot Need All Layers Everywhere
Protocol Data Unit - PDUs
Network Components (Examples)
Fibers
Coaxial Cable
Links Interfaces Switchesrouters
Ethernet card
Wireless card
Large router
Telephoneswitch
趋势 网络时代 每一件事务都是数字的 声音 视频 音
乐 画片 及生活日常事务 每一件事务都是在线的 银行结算 医疗
记录 各类书籍 航空日程 天气情况 公路交通 hellip
每个人之间都是相互联系的 医生 教师 经济人 母亲 儿子 朋友 敌人
趋势 网络时代 实现家庭
教育 办公 购物 娱乐 网上娱乐 虚拟工作场所
2000 年美国有五千五百万人实现远程工作
网络制造 电子商务 虚拟公司 虚拟制造与虚拟装配 ( 设计过程 ) 制造过程更加分散化并发进行 新型的价值链 虚拟兑现
趋势 网络时代
趋势 网络时代
网络制造 (1)
随着基于随着基于 InternetInternet 的全球化数字通信基础设的全球化数字通信基础设施的建立网络从单纯的信息工具变成rdquo施的建立网络从单纯的信息工具变成rdquo EE －－时代rdquo的关键资源时代rdquo的关键资源 全球经济一体化成为制造全球经济一体化成为制造业变革的最根本的推动力业变革的最根本的推动力
InternetInternet 向ldquo资源功能rdquo发展基于向ldquo资源功能rdquo发展基于InternetInternet 的网络化制造是适应时代的需要的网络化制造是适应时代的需要
网络制造的本质特性就是产品的制造过程更加网络制造的本质特性就是产品的制造过程更加分散化信息的传递网络化信息的流动伴随分散化信息的传递网络化信息的流动伴随着各项工作的并发进行而同时发生着各项工作的并发进行而同时发生
网络制造 (2)
基于基于 InternetInternet 的虚拟制造与虚拟装配的虚拟制造与虚拟装配 在相互联结的网络上建立在相互联结的网络上建立 2424 小时工作的协同小时工作的协同
工作组大大加快了设计进度及时获得所需工作组大大加快了设计进度及时获得所需要的零部件减少库存降低成本提高质量要的零部件减少库存降低成本提高质量
电子商务 信息技术和 Internet 引发的商务过程的变化 利用以 Internet 为核心的信息技术进行商
务活动和企业资源管理 CIMS 是企业实施电子商务的基础 企业实施电子商务是 CIMS 发展的主要标志和
主要内容
竞争环境改变 核心 产品竞争
电子商务产生背景
服务竞争
范围 单个企业 全球多企业
资源 人财物 信息知识
管理重心迁移 生产管理 供应 营销链管理
集中内部资源 整合外部资源
离散管理 集约管理
商务模式转化
bull文秘型管理bull关注后台（企业内部）bull关注业务记录（报表）bull地区性bull推销产品为中心bull（卖方市场）
bull自我服务型管理bull关注前端（客户关系）bull要求商业智能（分析）bull全球化bull客户为中心bull（买方市场）
传统商务 电子商务
客户
供应商
合作伙伴
网络智能
市场营销 产品 服务销售 产品制造
服务 支持
e 企业的业务体系结构
网络发展趋势 趋势趋势 融合融合 趋势趋势 泛在（泛在（ UbiquitousUbiquitous ）） 趋势趋势 信息爆炸信息爆炸 更多的网络业务流量更多的网络业务流量 数据流量 数据流量 gt gt 话声流量话声流量 更快的传输介质更快的传输介质 骨干网（骨干网（ BackboneBackbone ）） 更大的带宽（更大的带宽（ BandwidthBandwidth ）） 宽带无线网宽带无线网飞速增长飞速增长 (WLAN) (Wi-Fi)(WLAN) (Wi-Fi) Everything over IPEverything over IP
趋势 融合 新闻新闻 广告广告 -- 媒体媒体 --信息提供者信息提供者
数字媒体产品数字媒体产品 有线电视有线电视
视频传输视频传输 电话电话
声音传输声音传输 计算机计算机
数字媒体存储数字媒体存储 处理处理 信息提供者和信息传输者的结合信息提供者和信息传输者的结合 电话公司电话公司 有线公司有线公司 娱乐事业娱乐事业 和计算机公司和计算机公司
的结合的结合
Trend
趋势 更多的网络业务流量 互联网上的主机数正以超指数量级飞速增长互联网上的主机数正以超指数量级飞速增长 每个主机用户的业务量中也在增长每个主机用户的业务量中也在增长
局域网可达到 局域网可达到 1 1 GbpsGbps 有线电视调制解调器允许以有线电视调制解调器允许以 11到 到 10 10 MbpsMbps 的速的速
度访问主机度访问主机 应用应用 ADSLVDSLADSLVDSL 通过电话线可达到通过电话线可达到 6-6-
2727MbpsMbps 的速度的速度 宽带无线网宽带无线网 (Wi-Fi)(Wi-Fi)可达到可达到 11-54Mbps11-54Mbps 的速的速
度度 带宽需求每四个月增加一倍带宽需求每四个月增加一倍 数据流量 数据流量 gt gt 话声流量话声流量
Trend of Internet hosts 1980-2000
Trend Data gt Voice
趋势 更快的传输介质 局局域域网网 1 Gbps over 4-pair UTP-5 up to 100 m 1 Gbps over 4-pair UTP-5 up to 100 m
10Gbps being discussed10Gbps being discussed Was 1 Mbps (1Base-5) in 1984Was 1 Mbps (1Base-5) in 1984
骨干网光纤骨干网光纤 DWDMDWDM (( Dense Wavelength Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing)Division Multiplexing) OC-768 = 40 Gbps over a to 65 km OC-768 = 40 Gbps over a to 65 km
1600 Gbps - 10 Tbps1600 Gbps - 10 Tbps Was 100 Mbps (FDDI) in 1993Was 100 Mbps (FDDI) in 1993
无线网无线网 54 100 Mbps(100-2km) wireless 54 100 Mbps(100-2km) wireless networks 25 Gbps to 5km using light networks 25 Gbps to 5km using light Was 1 Mbps (IEEE 80211) in 1998Was 1 Mbps (IEEE 80211) in 1998
Trend Bandwidth
Why Optical Networks DWDM optoelectricl metro network
Trend Wireless Mobile (1)
Trend宽带无线网 (Wi-Fi)飞速增长
Trend宽带无线网 (Wi-Fi)飞速增长
Trend宽带无线网 (Wi-Fi)飞速增长
Trend宽带无线网 (Wi-Fi)飞速增长
Integration of 3G and WLAN- offer possibility of achieving anywhere anytime
high speed and low expense Internet access
3G3G WLANWLAN
Wide areaWide area Local areaLocal area
Low bit rate Low bit rate
(2M when stand (2M when stand still)still)
High bit rateHigh bit rate
(11M to 54M)(11M to 54M)
DataVoice serviceDataVoice service
((QoS supportQoS support))
Data serviceData service
High expenseHigh expense Low expenseLow expense
High mobilityHigh mobility Low mobilityLow mobility
Trend Everything over IP
Data over IP =gt IP needs Traffic Data over IP =gt IP needs Traffic engineeringengineering
Voice over IP =gt Quality of Service and Voice over IP =gt Quality of Service and SignalingSignaling
Backbone -- Optic networksBackbone -- Optic networks IP over ATM IP over ATM （（异步传输模式）异步传输模式） IP over SONET -- POS (Packet over SDH) IP over SONET -- POS (Packet over SDH)
(( 同步同步 )) IP over DWDMIP over DWDM
Asynchronous Transfer Mode ATM
1990rsquos00 standard for high-speed (155Mbps to 1990rsquos00 standard for high-speed (155Mbps to 622 Mbps and higher) 622 Mbps and higher) Broadband Integrated Broadband Integrated Service Digital NetworkService Digital Network architecture architecture
GoalGoal integrated end-end transport of carry integrated end-end transport of carry voice video datavoice video data meeting timingQoS requirements of voice meeting timingQoS requirements of voice
video (versus Internet best-effort model)video (versus Internet best-effort model) ldquoldquonext generationrdquo telephony technical roots next generationrdquo telephony technical roots
in telephone worldin telephone world packet-switching (fixed length packets packet-switching (fixed length packets
called ldquocellsrdquo) using called ldquocellsrdquo) using virtual circuitsvirtual circuits
ATM reference model
How far along are we
Standardization bodies - ATM Forum ITU-T Standardization bodies - ATM Forum ITU-T We may never see end-to-end ATM (1997)We may never see end-to-end ATM (1997)
ATM - too complex - too expansive ltIPgtATM - too complex - too expansive ltIPgt Backbone - 1995 vBNS (ATM) Backbone - 1995 vBNS (ATM)
- 1998 Abilene (SONET) - 2000 IP over - 1998 Abilene (SONET) - 2000 IP over DWDMDWDM
Internet technology + ATM philosophyInternet technology + ATM philosophy but ATM ideas continue to powerfully but ATM ideas continue to powerfully
influence design of next-generation influence design of next-generation InternetInternet
ex ex MPLSMPLS admission ctl resource admission ctl resource reservation hellipreservation hellip
Best of Both Worlds
Multiprotocol label switching (Multiprotocol label switching (MPLSMPLS)) MPLS + IP form a middle ground that MPLS + IP form a middle ground that
combines the best of IP and the best of combines the best of IP and the best of virtual virtual circuit switching technologiescircuit switching technologies
ATM and Frame Relay cannot easily come to ATM and Frame Relay cannot easily come to the middle so IP hasthe middle so IP has
Label Encapsulation
MPLS Encapsulation is specified over MPLS Encapsulation is specified over various media types Top labels may use various media types Top labels may use existing format lower label(s) use a new existing format lower label(s) use a new ldquoshimrdquo label formatldquoshimrdquo label format
Label Substitution Have a friend go to B ahead of you using one of the Have a friend go to B ahead of you using one of the
previous two techniques At every road they reserve previous two techniques At every road they reserve a lane just for you At every intersection they post a a lane just for you At every intersection they post a big sign that says for a given lane which way to turn big sign that says for a given lane which way to turn and what new lane to takeand what new lane to take
Future Internet Research and Experimentation
Todayrsquos Internet Millions of usersMillions of users Web email low-quality audio amp videoWeb email low-quality audio amp video Interconnect personal computers and serversInterconnect personal computers and servers Applications adapt to underlying technologyApplications adapt to underlying technology Todayrsquos Internet DoesnrsquotTodayrsquos Internet Doesnrsquot
Provide reliable end-to-end performanceProvide reliable end-to-end performanceEncourage cooperation on new capabilitiesEncourage cooperation on new capabilitiesAllow testing of new technologiesAllow testing of new technologiesSupport development of revolutionary Support development of revolutionary applicationsapplications
Tomorrowrsquos Internet
Billions of users and devicesBillions of users and devices Convergence of todayrsquos applications Convergence of todayrsquos applications with multimedia (telephony video-with multimedia (telephony video-conference HDTV)conference HDTV)
Interconnect personal computers Interconnect personal computers servers and embedded computersservers and embedded computers
New technologies enable unanticipated New technologies enable unanticipated applications (and create new challenges)applications (and create new challenges)
Vint Cerf Open Challenges
My primary disappointment has been the slow pace of high speed access for residential customers hellip
The second area of disappointment is the slow uptake of version 6 of the Internet protocol (IPv6)
Perhaps the third area is the continuing difficulty caused by viruses worms and distributed denial of service attacksrdquo
How to make the Internet better Addressing current problems
Security1048766 Privacy1048766 Self-diagnosis amp self-healing networks1048766 Cheap connectivity for poor area and third world countries1048766
Wireless mesh networks1048766 sensors1048766 Mobility1048766
New cool apps1048766 What is after IPTV VoIP BitTorrent
Why Internet2 (1996)
The Internet was not designed forThe Internet was not designed forMillions of usersMillions of usersCongestionCongestionMultimediaMultimediaReal time interactionReal time interaction
But only the Internet canBut only the Internet canAccommodate explosive growthAccommodate explosive growthEnable convergence of information Enable convergence of information work mass media and human work mass media and human collaborationcollaboration
Internet2 Project Develop and deploy advanced network Develop and deploy advanced network
applications and technologies accelerating applications and technologies accelerating the creation of tomorrowrsquos Internetthe creation of tomorrowrsquos Internet
GoalsGoals Enable new generation of applicationsEnable new generation of applications Re-create leading edge RampE network Re-create leading edge RampE network
capabilitycapability Transfer capability to the global Transfer capability to the global
production Internetproduction Internet 206 University Members Jan 2005206 University Members Jan 2005
Internet2 Focus Areas Advanced Network Infrastructure - AbileneAdvanced Network Infrastructure - Abilene
Backbones operate at 10 Gbps capacity - 100 Backbones operate at 10 Gbps capacity - 100 Gbps (2007)Gbps (2007)
Middleware Middleware A layer of software between the network and the A layer of software between the network and the
applications applications Authentication Identification Authorization Authentication Identification Authorization
Directories SecurityDirectories Security EngineeringEngineering
IPv6 Measurement Multicast QoS Routing IPv6 Measurement Multicast QoS Routing Security TopologySecurity Topology
Advanced ApplicationsAdvanced Applications Distributed computation Virtual laboratories Distributed computation Virtual laboratories
Digital libraries Distributed learning Digital video Digital libraries Distributed learning Digital video Tele-immersion All of the above in combinationTele-immersion All of the above in combination
Abilene Connections Apr-2000Abilene Connections July 2006
Abilene Connections Apr-2000Abilene International Peering 2006
Research andDevelopment
Commercialization
Partnerships
Privatization
Internet Development Spiral
Todayrsquos Internet
Internet2
University-led Federal agency-led
Developing education and research driven applications
Agency mission-driven and general purpose applications
Building out campus networks gigaPoPs and inter-gigapop
infrastructure
Funding research testbeds and agency research networks
Interconnecting and interoperating to provide advanced networking capabilities needed to support advanced
research and education applications
Internet2 and the Next Generation Internet Initiative
Internet2 NGI
Our Founding (Funding) Fable
Researchers invent new architectures Architectures are validated on a testbed IETF ISPs and router vendors collaborate to deploy new design
This is complete BS
Do Traditional Testbeds Really Test
Production-oriented testbeds Real traffic provides good validation But can test only very incremental changes
Research-oriented testbeds Can test radical architectures Lack of real traffic results in poor validation
Both are expensive (dedicated bandwidth)
What about Deployment Architectural change requires ISP consensus
- Hard to agree- No competitive advantage from architectural innovation
- All have huge sunk investment in the status quo
ISPs are unlikely candidates for architectural change
Architecture isnrsquot just static its decaying Ad hoc workarounds muddy the architectural waters
We are at an Impasse
We canrsquot test new architectures- Despite sizable investments in testbeds
We canrsquot deploy new architectures- And things are getting worse not better
Yet there are pressing requirements for which the current architecture is not well suited
The Communityrsquos Response Focus on areas where we can have impact
Empirical studies Incremental changes (subject to current constraints)
Small stream of architectural proposals Paper designs without hope of deployment
More science fiction than engineering Have largely abandoned hope of effecting fundamental architectural change
Living with rather than overcoming the impasse
Overcoming the Impasse
Must be able to test new architectures Wide range of architectures Real traffic from willing individuals Low overhead for individual researchers
Meet the grand challenge of reinventing the Internet
Empirical incremental research is great but not enough
If someone put us in charge what would we do
What about deployment Several options none good but no excuse to not have an answer to the grand challenge
Testing Virtual Testbed
Overlay testbed (think RON etc) Host proxy directs packets to overlay
Proxy must architecturally neutral and flexible
Individuals (anywhere) opt-in by turning on proxy
Shared testing infrastructure (think Planetlab) Overlay nodes shared among experiments
Slicing on per-packet timescales Virtualized routers
These ideas have turned into the GENI program
Why GENI (Global Environment for Network Innovations) Future Internet Network (2005)
The original designing idea of current information networks is basically a specific network supports one major service
The limitation of the original designing idea can not support the multiple requirements for networks and services (such as Telecom network Internet)
The original design mode of Internet leads to itrsquos shortage in mobility security controllable and administrable
We urgently need redesign the framework of new generation Internet to overcome the serious shortage of current Internet
Providing pervasive and trusted services based on a specific network has became the key research directions of national informatization
GENI (Global Environment for Network Innovations) - NSF 2005 (1)
What is GENIWhat is GENIGENI is GENI is a facility concepta facility concept being explored by being explored by the US computing community the US computing community
back to an NSF workshop in 2005back to an NSF workshop in 2005focus on focus on architecturalarchitectural research and research and provide the provide the experimentalexperimental infrastructure infrastructure needed to support that researchneeded to support that research
focus on the research agenda (and focus on the research agenda (and infrastructure needs) of the infrastructure needs) of the opticaloptical wirelesswireless sensorsensor network and network and distributeddistributed systems communitiessystems communities
GENI (Global Environment for Network Innovations) (2)
The goal of GENI The goal of GENI Goal a Future Internet that meets the Goal a Future Internet that meets the demands of 21st centurydemands of 21st century
to increase the to increase the qualityquality and and quantityquantity of of experimental experimental researchresearch outcomes in networking and distributed outcomes in networking and distributed systemssystems
to accelerate the to accelerate the transitiontransition of these outcomes into of these outcomes into products and servicesproducts and services
enhance economic competitiveness and secure enhance economic competitiveness and secure the Nations futurethe Nations future
Ultimately to lead to a Ultimately to lead to a transition of the transition of the InternetInternet
GENI Research Opportunities (3)
Two dichotomy thought (false or at least Two dichotomy thought (false or at least unnecessary)unnecessary)
a a clean slateclean slate reconceptualization of Internet reconceptualization of Internet architecture architecture
todays 30-year-old architecture that todays 30-year-old architecture that limit its limit its abilityability to cope with emerging threats and to cope with emerging threats and opportunitiesopportunities
bull eroding trust reduced innovation slowing eroding trust reduced innovation slowing updateupdate
future innovation will take the form of new future innovation will take the form of new services and applications running services and applications running on top of the on top of the InternetInternet
GENI Research Opportunities (4)
GENI discussion GENI discussion First we interpret Future Internet very broadly to First we interpret Future Internet very broadly to
include innovations at include innovations at any levelany level of the architecture of the architecture alternative protocols and architectures running alternative protocols and architectures running
inside the network (as overlays on top of inside the network (as overlays on top of todays network) todays network)
Second research should employ Second research should employ clean slate clean slate thinkingthinking but this does but this does not imply that an entirely not imply that an entirely newnew Internet will be necessary In other words Internet will be necessary In other words clean slate is a clean slate is a processprocess not a not a resultresult
Third opportunities Third opportunities betweenbetween two perspectives two perspectives exploring how todays architecture is best exploring how todays architecture is best
evolved to support emerging overlay services evolved to support emerging overlay services
GENI Facility Concept (5)
Facility ConceptFacility Concept experimental platforms for experimental platforms for bothboth research and research and
deploymentdeployment filling the filling the gapgap between small-scale exp and mature between small-scale exp and mature
tech tech GENI evaluate new network systems on large-GENI evaluate new network systems on large-
scalescale
Two levelsTwo levels Physical level Physical level GENI substrateGENI substrate will consist of a will consist of a
collection of links forwarders storage collection of links forwarders storage processors and wireless net processors and wireless net
On top of this substrate a On top of this substrate a software software management management frameworkframework will be overlay network experiments on will be overlay network experiments on
the substratethe substrate
GENI Facility Concept (6)
Four key ideasFour key ideas substrate components will be substrate components will be programmableprogrammable - -
possible to embed any network experiment including possible to embed any network experiment including clean-slate designs clean-slate designs
Substrate will be Substrate will be virtualizable virtualizable -- possible to embed possible to embed multiple slices in the substrate at the same time multiple slices in the substrate at the same time (allow experimental services and architectures to run (allow experimental services and architectures to run continuously) continuously)
GENI will include mechanisms that allow end-users GENI will include mechanisms that allow end-users to to seamlessly seamlessly opt-inopt-in to experimental services to experimental services
GENI will be GENI will be modularmodular ( (architecture and interfaces) - architecture and interfaces) - possible to extend GENI with new networking possible to extend GENI with new networking technologies GENI will not be a static artifact but technologies GENI will not be a static artifact but rather a rather a dynamic infrastructuredynamic infrastructure that is continually that is continually renewedrenewed
FIND (Future Internet Network Design) ndash NSF 2006 (1)
FIND asks two broad questionsFIND asks two broad questions What are the What are the requirementsrequirements for the global network for the global network
in 15 years in 15 years How How would we would we re-conceivere-conceive tomorrows global tomorrows global
network today if we could design it from scratch network today if we could design it from scratch FIND program solicits FIND program solicits clean slate processclean slate process research proposals in the broad area of research proposals in the broad area of network architecture principles and designnetwork architecture principles and design
FIND (Future Internet Network Design) (2)
FIND research might address wide questionsFIND research might address wide questions What will the What will the edgeedge of the network look like in 15 of the network look like in 15
years How might the network years How might the network architecturearchitecture of 15 of 15 years hence best accommodate sensors embedded years hence best accommodate sensors embedded systems and the like systems and the like
How might the network of 15 years from now How might the network of 15 years from now supportsupport what users really do (and care about) How what users really do (and care about) How might such functions as information access location might such functions as information access location management or identity management best fit into a management or identity management best fit into a new overall network architecture new overall network architecture
What will the What will the core core of the network look like in 15 of the network look like in 15 years How might the changing economics of years How might the changing economics of optical systems affect the overall design of the larger optical systems affect the overall design of the larger networknetwork
FIRE (Future Internet Research and Experimentation) ndash European 2007 (1)
Internet has Internet has growngrown to an unexpected reach to an unexpected reach as for the as for the numbernumber of users of users capacitycapacity of the of the links broadband penetration to the links broadband penetration to the homehome servicesservices
ProblemsProblems spam viruses denial of service spam viruses denial of service attacks complexity of managementattacks complexity of management
Internet drawbacks and Internet drawbacks and limitationslimitations ndash to ndash to scalabilityscalability suitabilitysuitability mobilitymobility transparencytransparency securitysecurity
require new radical approaches to require new radical approaches to fundamentally redesign its protocols and fundamentally redesign its protocols and architectures architectures
FIRE (2) FIRE is an FIRE is an experimentallyexperimentally-driven -driven longlong-term research initiative on -term research initiative on
Future Internet Future Internet conceptsconcepts protocolsprotocols and and architecturesarchitectures encompassing technological industrial and socio-economic encompassing technological industrial and socio-economic
aspects aspects acting as proof-of-concept of the newly proposed acting as proof-of-concept of the newly proposed
technologies and services technologies and services FIRE RESEARCHFIRE RESEARCH
Long term multidisciplinary research on future internet Long term multidisciplinary research on future internet paradigms paradigms
Open to Open to fresh bottom-upfresh bottom-up ideas with ideas with no backwards-no backwards-compatibilitycompatibility constraints constraints
Building on the FET SAC initiative ldquoSituated and Autonomic Building on the FET SAC initiative ldquoSituated and Autonomic Communicationsrdquo Communicationsrdquo
Considering at the Considering at the same timesame time technological economic and technological economic and socialpolicy aspects socialpolicy aspects
Build in from the outset and on all levels the right Build in from the outset and on all levels the right balancebalance between security accountability and privacybetween security accountability and privacy
FIRE (3)
FIRE EXPERIMENTATIONFIRE EXPERIMENTATION Large scale experimentationLarge scale experimentation of new paradigms and of new paradigms and
concepts for the future internet and related service concepts for the future internet and related service architectures architectures
Learning through broad experimentation Learning through broad experimentation Integrating and validating new conceptsIntegrating and validating new concepts
Federating and extending Federating and extending existing testbedsexisting testbeds and and research infrastructures research infrastructures
no backwards-compatibility constraints no backwards-compatibility constraints European approach and develop a European European approach and develop a European
identityidentity
- Slide 1
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- Slide 115
-
Timing of Datagram Packet Switching
Packet 3
Packet 3
Packet 1
Packet 2
Packet 1
Packet 2
Packet 1
Packet 2
Packet 3
processing delay of Packet 1 at Node 2
Host 1 Host 2Node 1 Node 2
propagationdelay betweenHost 1 and Node 2
transmission time of Packet 1at Host 1
Datagram Packet Switching
Host A
Host BHost E
Host D
Host C
Node 1 Node 2
Node 3
Node 4
Node 5
Node 6Node 7
Packet Switching MultiplexingDemultiplexing
Data from any conversation can be transmitted at any given time
How to tell them apart Use meta-data (header) to describe data
Datagram Packet Switching Each packet is independently switched
Each packet header contains destination address No resources are pre-allocated (reserved) in advance Example IP networks
Packet-Switching vs Circuit-Switching
Most important advantage of packet-switching over circuit switching ability to exploit statistical multiplexing
Efficient bandwidth usage ratio between peek and average rate is 31 for audio and 151 for data traffic
However packet-switching needs to deal with congestion
More complex routers Harder to provide good network services (eg delay
and bandwidth guarantees)
In practice they are combined IP over SONET IP over Frame Relay
Virtual-Circuit Packet Switching Hybrid of circuit switching and packet
switching Data is transmitted as packets All packets from one packet stream are sent
along a pre-established path ( = virtual circuit)
Guarantees in-sequence delivery of packets However Packets from different virtual
circuits may be interleaved Example ATM networks
MPLS
Virtual-Circuit Packet Switching
Communication with virtual circuits takes place in three phases
1 VC establishment
2 data transfer
3 VC disconnect Note packet headers donrsquot need to contain
the full destination address of the packet
Packet 1
Packet 2
Packet 3
Packet 1
Packet 2
Packet 3
Timing of Virtual-Circuit Packet Switching
Packet 1
Packet 2
Packet 3
Host 1 Host 2Node
1Node
2
propagation delay between Host 1 and Node 1VC
establishment
VCtermination
Datatransfer
Virtual-Circuit Packet Switching
Host A
Host BHost E
Host D
Host C
Node 1 Node 2
Node 3
Node 4
Node 5
Node 6 Node 7
Internet 历史 (1) Sep69 1st IMP in UCLA Oct69 2nd IMP in SRI
Internet 之父 -- L Kleinrock1999 1969
History of the Internet (2)
History of the Internet (3)
Sep69 1st IMP in UCLA Sep69 1st IMP in UCLA Oct69 2nd IMP in SRI Oct69 2nd IMP in SRI
2230 29Oct692230 29Oct69 LOGIN from UCLA to
SRI CLA We sent an ldquoLrdquo - did
you get the ldquoLrdquo YEP We sent a ldquoOrdquo - did you
get the ldquoOrdquo YEP We sent an ldquoGrdquo - did
you get the ldquoGrdquo Crash
History of the Internet (4) 1961-1972 Early packet-switching principles 1961 Kleinrock ndash queueing theory shows
effectiveness of packet-switching 1964 Baran - packet-switching in military
nets 1967 ARPAnet conceived by Advanced
Research Projects Agency (Licklider Roberts) 1969 first ARPAnet node operational 1972 ARPAnet has 15 nodes
ARPAnet demonstrated publicly NCP (Network Control Protocol) first host-
host protocol first e-mail program
History of the Internet (5) 1972-1980 Internetworking research networks 1970ALOHAnet satellite network in Hawaii
(Abramson) 1973Metcalfersquos PhD thesis proposes Ethernet 1974Cerf and Kahn - 2004 AM Turing Award
-define todayrsquos Internet architecture minimalism autonomy ndashno internal changes
required to interconnect networks best effort service model stateless routers decentralized control
1979ARPAnet has 200 nodes 56 kbps Late 70rsquos proprietary architectures DECnet
SNA Late 70rsquos switching fixed length packets (-gt
ATM)
History of the Internet (6) 1980rsquos new protocols a proliferation of net 1983deployment of TCPIP (Critical
separation Cohen) 1982SMTP e-mail protocol defined 1983DNS defined for name-to-IP-address
translation mid-1980rsquos IETF active 1985FTP protocol defined 1988TCP congestion control new national networks Csnet BITnet Minitel
NSFnet (15 Mbps10000 computers) NSI (NASA) ESNet(DOE) DARTnet TWBNet (DARPA)
100000 hosts connected to confederation of networks
History of the Internet (7) 1990rsquos commercialization the WWW Early 1990rsquos ARPAnet decommissioned 1991 NSFnet (45 Mbps) -gt commercial use of
NSF (decommissioned 1995) Late 1990rsquos
multiple private backbones 50 million computers on Internet 100 million+ users backbone links running at 1 Gbps
Early 1990s WWW hypertext [Bush 1945 Nelson 1960rsquos] HTML http Berners-Lee 1994 Mosaic later Netscape late 1990rsquos commercialization of the WWW
Growth of the Internet Today backbones run at 2410 Gbps Today backbones run at 2410 Gbps 400 millions computers in 150 countries400 millions computers in 150 countries
Internet 在中国 19931993 年年 33 月月中科院高能物理所 中科院高能物理所 64 Kbps64 Kbps TJU1995322TJU1995322 20062006 年年 1212 月月
计算机计算机 59405940 万万 用户 用户 1414 亿 亿 WWWWWW 站 站 8484 万万 CNCN 域名 域名 180180 万万 国际出口带宽 国际出口带宽 257 Gbps257 Gbps
连接美国俄罗斯法国英国德国日本连接美国俄罗斯法国英国德国日本韩国新加坡等 韩国新加坡等
Internet 提供的服务 Shared access to computing resources
telnet (1970rsquos) Shared access to data files
FTP NFS AFS (1980rsquos) Communication medium over which people interact
email (1980rsquos) on-line chat messaging (1990rsquos) audio video (1990rsquos)
replacing telephone network A medium for information dissemination
USENET (1980rsquos) WWW (1990rsquos)
replacing newspaper magazine audio video (1990rsquos)
replacing radio CD TV
Todayrsquos Internet
Internet Physical Infrastructure
Classification by Coverage
模型 协议 分层
Protocol Architecture
Donrsquot Need All Layers Everywhere
Protocol Data Unit - PDUs
Network Components (Examples)
Fibers
Coaxial Cable
Links Interfaces Switchesrouters
Ethernet card
Wireless card
Large router
Telephoneswitch
趋势 网络时代 每一件事务都是数字的 声音 视频 音
乐 画片 及生活日常事务 每一件事务都是在线的 银行结算 医疗
记录 各类书籍 航空日程 天气情况 公路交通 hellip
每个人之间都是相互联系的 医生 教师 经济人 母亲 儿子 朋友 敌人
趋势 网络时代 实现家庭
教育 办公 购物 娱乐 网上娱乐 虚拟工作场所
2000 年美国有五千五百万人实现远程工作
网络制造 电子商务 虚拟公司 虚拟制造与虚拟装配 ( 设计过程 ) 制造过程更加分散化并发进行 新型的价值链 虚拟兑现
趋势 网络时代
趋势 网络时代
网络制造 (1)
随着基于随着基于 InternetInternet 的全球化数字通信基础设的全球化数字通信基础设施的建立网络从单纯的信息工具变成rdquo施的建立网络从单纯的信息工具变成rdquo EE －－时代rdquo的关键资源时代rdquo的关键资源 全球经济一体化成为制造全球经济一体化成为制造业变革的最根本的推动力业变革的最根本的推动力
InternetInternet 向ldquo资源功能rdquo发展基于向ldquo资源功能rdquo发展基于InternetInternet 的网络化制造是适应时代的需要的网络化制造是适应时代的需要
网络制造的本质特性就是产品的制造过程更加网络制造的本质特性就是产品的制造过程更加分散化信息的传递网络化信息的流动伴随分散化信息的传递网络化信息的流动伴随着各项工作的并发进行而同时发生着各项工作的并发进行而同时发生
网络制造 (2)
基于基于 InternetInternet 的虚拟制造与虚拟装配的虚拟制造与虚拟装配 在相互联结的网络上建立在相互联结的网络上建立 2424 小时工作的协同小时工作的协同
工作组大大加快了设计进度及时获得所需工作组大大加快了设计进度及时获得所需要的零部件减少库存降低成本提高质量要的零部件减少库存降低成本提高质量
电子商务 信息技术和 Internet 引发的商务过程的变化 利用以 Internet 为核心的信息技术进行商
务活动和企业资源管理 CIMS 是企业实施电子商务的基础 企业实施电子商务是 CIMS 发展的主要标志和
主要内容
竞争环境改变 核心 产品竞争
电子商务产生背景
服务竞争
范围 单个企业 全球多企业
资源 人财物 信息知识
管理重心迁移 生产管理 供应 营销链管理
集中内部资源 整合外部资源
离散管理 集约管理
商务模式转化
bull文秘型管理bull关注后台（企业内部）bull关注业务记录（报表）bull地区性bull推销产品为中心bull（卖方市场）
bull自我服务型管理bull关注前端（客户关系）bull要求商业智能（分析）bull全球化bull客户为中心bull（买方市场）
传统商务 电子商务
客户
供应商
合作伙伴
网络智能
市场营销 产品 服务销售 产品制造
服务 支持
e 企业的业务体系结构
网络发展趋势 趋势趋势 融合融合 趋势趋势 泛在（泛在（ UbiquitousUbiquitous ）） 趋势趋势 信息爆炸信息爆炸 更多的网络业务流量更多的网络业务流量 数据流量 数据流量 gt gt 话声流量话声流量 更快的传输介质更快的传输介质 骨干网（骨干网（ BackboneBackbone ）） 更大的带宽（更大的带宽（ BandwidthBandwidth ）） 宽带无线网宽带无线网飞速增长飞速增长 (WLAN) (Wi-Fi)(WLAN) (Wi-Fi) Everything over IPEverything over IP
趋势 融合 新闻新闻 广告广告 -- 媒体媒体 --信息提供者信息提供者
数字媒体产品数字媒体产品 有线电视有线电视
视频传输视频传输 电话电话
声音传输声音传输 计算机计算机
数字媒体存储数字媒体存储 处理处理 信息提供者和信息传输者的结合信息提供者和信息传输者的结合 电话公司电话公司 有线公司有线公司 娱乐事业娱乐事业 和计算机公司和计算机公司
的结合的结合
Trend
趋势 更多的网络业务流量 互联网上的主机数正以超指数量级飞速增长互联网上的主机数正以超指数量级飞速增长 每个主机用户的业务量中也在增长每个主机用户的业务量中也在增长
局域网可达到 局域网可达到 1 1 GbpsGbps 有线电视调制解调器允许以有线电视调制解调器允许以 11到 到 10 10 MbpsMbps 的速的速
度访问主机度访问主机 应用应用 ADSLVDSLADSLVDSL 通过电话线可达到通过电话线可达到 6-6-
2727MbpsMbps 的速度的速度 宽带无线网宽带无线网 (Wi-Fi)(Wi-Fi)可达到可达到 11-54Mbps11-54Mbps 的速的速
度度 带宽需求每四个月增加一倍带宽需求每四个月增加一倍 数据流量 数据流量 gt gt 话声流量话声流量
Trend of Internet hosts 1980-2000
Trend Data gt Voice
趋势 更快的传输介质 局局域域网网 1 Gbps over 4-pair UTP-5 up to 100 m 1 Gbps over 4-pair UTP-5 up to 100 m
10Gbps being discussed10Gbps being discussed Was 1 Mbps (1Base-5) in 1984Was 1 Mbps (1Base-5) in 1984
骨干网光纤骨干网光纤 DWDMDWDM (( Dense Wavelength Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing)Division Multiplexing) OC-768 = 40 Gbps over a to 65 km OC-768 = 40 Gbps over a to 65 km
1600 Gbps - 10 Tbps1600 Gbps - 10 Tbps Was 100 Mbps (FDDI) in 1993Was 100 Mbps (FDDI) in 1993
无线网无线网 54 100 Mbps(100-2km) wireless 54 100 Mbps(100-2km) wireless networks 25 Gbps to 5km using light networks 25 Gbps to 5km using light Was 1 Mbps (IEEE 80211) in 1998Was 1 Mbps (IEEE 80211) in 1998
Trend Bandwidth
Why Optical Networks DWDM optoelectricl metro network
Trend Wireless Mobile (1)
Trend宽带无线网 (Wi-Fi)飞速增长
Trend宽带无线网 (Wi-Fi)飞速增长
Trend宽带无线网 (Wi-Fi)飞速增长
Trend宽带无线网 (Wi-Fi)飞速增长
Integration of 3G and WLAN- offer possibility of achieving anywhere anytime
high speed and low expense Internet access
3G3G WLANWLAN
Wide areaWide area Local areaLocal area
Low bit rate Low bit rate
(2M when stand (2M when stand still)still)
High bit rateHigh bit rate
(11M to 54M)(11M to 54M)
DataVoice serviceDataVoice service
((QoS supportQoS support))
Data serviceData service
High expenseHigh expense Low expenseLow expense
High mobilityHigh mobility Low mobilityLow mobility
Trend Everything over IP
Data over IP =gt IP needs Traffic Data over IP =gt IP needs Traffic engineeringengineering
Voice over IP =gt Quality of Service and Voice over IP =gt Quality of Service and SignalingSignaling
Backbone -- Optic networksBackbone -- Optic networks IP over ATM IP over ATM （（异步传输模式）异步传输模式） IP over SONET -- POS (Packet over SDH) IP over SONET -- POS (Packet over SDH)
(( 同步同步 )) IP over DWDMIP over DWDM
Asynchronous Transfer Mode ATM
1990rsquos00 standard for high-speed (155Mbps to 1990rsquos00 standard for high-speed (155Mbps to 622 Mbps and higher) 622 Mbps and higher) Broadband Integrated Broadband Integrated Service Digital NetworkService Digital Network architecture architecture
GoalGoal integrated end-end transport of carry integrated end-end transport of carry voice video datavoice video data meeting timingQoS requirements of voice meeting timingQoS requirements of voice
video (versus Internet best-effort model)video (versus Internet best-effort model) ldquoldquonext generationrdquo telephony technical roots next generationrdquo telephony technical roots
in telephone worldin telephone world packet-switching (fixed length packets packet-switching (fixed length packets
called ldquocellsrdquo) using called ldquocellsrdquo) using virtual circuitsvirtual circuits
ATM reference model
How far along are we
Standardization bodies - ATM Forum ITU-T Standardization bodies - ATM Forum ITU-T We may never see end-to-end ATM (1997)We may never see end-to-end ATM (1997)
ATM - too complex - too expansive ltIPgtATM - too complex - too expansive ltIPgt Backbone - 1995 vBNS (ATM) Backbone - 1995 vBNS (ATM)
- 1998 Abilene (SONET) - 2000 IP over - 1998 Abilene (SONET) - 2000 IP over DWDMDWDM
Internet technology + ATM philosophyInternet technology + ATM philosophy but ATM ideas continue to powerfully but ATM ideas continue to powerfully
influence design of next-generation influence design of next-generation InternetInternet
ex ex MPLSMPLS admission ctl resource admission ctl resource reservation hellipreservation hellip
Best of Both Worlds
Multiprotocol label switching (Multiprotocol label switching (MPLSMPLS)) MPLS + IP form a middle ground that MPLS + IP form a middle ground that
combines the best of IP and the best of combines the best of IP and the best of virtual virtual circuit switching technologiescircuit switching technologies
ATM and Frame Relay cannot easily come to ATM and Frame Relay cannot easily come to the middle so IP hasthe middle so IP has
Label Encapsulation
MPLS Encapsulation is specified over MPLS Encapsulation is specified over various media types Top labels may use various media types Top labels may use existing format lower label(s) use a new existing format lower label(s) use a new ldquoshimrdquo label formatldquoshimrdquo label format
Label Substitution Have a friend go to B ahead of you using one of the Have a friend go to B ahead of you using one of the
previous two techniques At every road they reserve previous two techniques At every road they reserve a lane just for you At every intersection they post a a lane just for you At every intersection they post a big sign that says for a given lane which way to turn big sign that says for a given lane which way to turn and what new lane to takeand what new lane to take
Future Internet Research and Experimentation
Todayrsquos Internet Millions of usersMillions of users Web email low-quality audio amp videoWeb email low-quality audio amp video Interconnect personal computers and serversInterconnect personal computers and servers Applications adapt to underlying technologyApplications adapt to underlying technology Todayrsquos Internet DoesnrsquotTodayrsquos Internet Doesnrsquot
Provide reliable end-to-end performanceProvide reliable end-to-end performanceEncourage cooperation on new capabilitiesEncourage cooperation on new capabilitiesAllow testing of new technologiesAllow testing of new technologiesSupport development of revolutionary Support development of revolutionary applicationsapplications
Tomorrowrsquos Internet
Billions of users and devicesBillions of users and devices Convergence of todayrsquos applications Convergence of todayrsquos applications with multimedia (telephony video-with multimedia (telephony video-conference HDTV)conference HDTV)
Interconnect personal computers Interconnect personal computers servers and embedded computersservers and embedded computers
New technologies enable unanticipated New technologies enable unanticipated applications (and create new challenges)applications (and create new challenges)
Vint Cerf Open Challenges
My primary disappointment has been the slow pace of high speed access for residential customers hellip
The second area of disappointment is the slow uptake of version 6 of the Internet protocol (IPv6)
Perhaps the third area is the continuing difficulty caused by viruses worms and distributed denial of service attacksrdquo
How to make the Internet better Addressing current problems
Security1048766 Privacy1048766 Self-diagnosis amp self-healing networks1048766 Cheap connectivity for poor area and third world countries1048766
Wireless mesh networks1048766 sensors1048766 Mobility1048766
New cool apps1048766 What is after IPTV VoIP BitTorrent
Why Internet2 (1996)
The Internet was not designed forThe Internet was not designed forMillions of usersMillions of usersCongestionCongestionMultimediaMultimediaReal time interactionReal time interaction
But only the Internet canBut only the Internet canAccommodate explosive growthAccommodate explosive growthEnable convergence of information Enable convergence of information work mass media and human work mass media and human collaborationcollaboration
Internet2 Project Develop and deploy advanced network Develop and deploy advanced network
applications and technologies accelerating applications and technologies accelerating the creation of tomorrowrsquos Internetthe creation of tomorrowrsquos Internet
GoalsGoals Enable new generation of applicationsEnable new generation of applications Re-create leading edge RampE network Re-create leading edge RampE network
capabilitycapability Transfer capability to the global Transfer capability to the global
production Internetproduction Internet 206 University Members Jan 2005206 University Members Jan 2005
Internet2 Focus Areas Advanced Network Infrastructure - AbileneAdvanced Network Infrastructure - Abilene
Backbones operate at 10 Gbps capacity - 100 Backbones operate at 10 Gbps capacity - 100 Gbps (2007)Gbps (2007)
Middleware Middleware A layer of software between the network and the A layer of software between the network and the
applications applications Authentication Identification Authorization Authentication Identification Authorization
Directories SecurityDirectories Security EngineeringEngineering
IPv6 Measurement Multicast QoS Routing IPv6 Measurement Multicast QoS Routing Security TopologySecurity Topology
Advanced ApplicationsAdvanced Applications Distributed computation Virtual laboratories Distributed computation Virtual laboratories
Digital libraries Distributed learning Digital video Digital libraries Distributed learning Digital video Tele-immersion All of the above in combinationTele-immersion All of the above in combination
Abilene Connections Apr-2000Abilene Connections July 2006
Abilene Connections Apr-2000Abilene International Peering 2006
Research andDevelopment
Commercialization
Partnerships
Privatization
Internet Development Spiral
Todayrsquos Internet
Internet2
University-led Federal agency-led
Developing education and research driven applications
Agency mission-driven and general purpose applications
Building out campus networks gigaPoPs and inter-gigapop
infrastructure
Funding research testbeds and agency research networks
Interconnecting and interoperating to provide advanced networking capabilities needed to support advanced
research and education applications
Internet2 and the Next Generation Internet Initiative
Internet2 NGI
Our Founding (Funding) Fable
Researchers invent new architectures Architectures are validated on a testbed IETF ISPs and router vendors collaborate to deploy new design
This is complete BS
Do Traditional Testbeds Really Test
Production-oriented testbeds Real traffic provides good validation But can test only very incremental changes
Research-oriented testbeds Can test radical architectures Lack of real traffic results in poor validation
Both are expensive (dedicated bandwidth)
What about Deployment Architectural change requires ISP consensus
- Hard to agree- No competitive advantage from architectural innovation
- All have huge sunk investment in the status quo
ISPs are unlikely candidates for architectural change
Architecture isnrsquot just static its decaying Ad hoc workarounds muddy the architectural waters
We are at an Impasse
We canrsquot test new architectures- Despite sizable investments in testbeds
We canrsquot deploy new architectures- And things are getting worse not better
Yet there are pressing requirements for which the current architecture is not well suited
The Communityrsquos Response Focus on areas where we can have impact
Empirical studies Incremental changes (subject to current constraints)
Small stream of architectural proposals Paper designs without hope of deployment
More science fiction than engineering Have largely abandoned hope of effecting fundamental architectural change
Living with rather than overcoming the impasse
Overcoming the Impasse
Must be able to test new architectures Wide range of architectures Real traffic from willing individuals Low overhead for individual researchers
Meet the grand challenge of reinventing the Internet
Empirical incremental research is great but not enough
If someone put us in charge what would we do
What about deployment Several options none good but no excuse to not have an answer to the grand challenge
Testing Virtual Testbed
Overlay testbed (think RON etc) Host proxy directs packets to overlay
Proxy must architecturally neutral and flexible
Individuals (anywhere) opt-in by turning on proxy
Shared testing infrastructure (think Planetlab) Overlay nodes shared among experiments
Slicing on per-packet timescales Virtualized routers
These ideas have turned into the GENI program
Why GENI (Global Environment for Network Innovations) Future Internet Network (2005)
The original designing idea of current information networks is basically a specific network supports one major service
The limitation of the original designing idea can not support the multiple requirements for networks and services (such as Telecom network Internet)
The original design mode of Internet leads to itrsquos shortage in mobility security controllable and administrable
We urgently need redesign the framework of new generation Internet to overcome the serious shortage of current Internet
Providing pervasive and trusted services based on a specific network has became the key research directions of national informatization
GENI (Global Environment for Network Innovations) - NSF 2005 (1)
What is GENIWhat is GENIGENI is GENI is a facility concepta facility concept being explored by being explored by the US computing community the US computing community
back to an NSF workshop in 2005back to an NSF workshop in 2005focus on focus on architecturalarchitectural research and research and provide the provide the experimentalexperimental infrastructure infrastructure needed to support that researchneeded to support that research
focus on the research agenda (and focus on the research agenda (and infrastructure needs) of the infrastructure needs) of the opticaloptical wirelesswireless sensorsensor network and network and distributeddistributed systems communitiessystems communities
GENI (Global Environment for Network Innovations) (2)
The goal of GENI The goal of GENI Goal a Future Internet that meets the Goal a Future Internet that meets the demands of 21st centurydemands of 21st century
to increase the to increase the qualityquality and and quantityquantity of of experimental experimental researchresearch outcomes in networking and distributed outcomes in networking and distributed systemssystems
to accelerate the to accelerate the transitiontransition of these outcomes into of these outcomes into products and servicesproducts and services
enhance economic competitiveness and secure enhance economic competitiveness and secure the Nations futurethe Nations future
Ultimately to lead to a Ultimately to lead to a transition of the transition of the InternetInternet
GENI Research Opportunities (3)
Two dichotomy thought (false or at least Two dichotomy thought (false or at least unnecessary)unnecessary)
a a clean slateclean slate reconceptualization of Internet reconceptualization of Internet architecture architecture
todays 30-year-old architecture that todays 30-year-old architecture that limit its limit its abilityability to cope with emerging threats and to cope with emerging threats and opportunitiesopportunities
bull eroding trust reduced innovation slowing eroding trust reduced innovation slowing updateupdate
future innovation will take the form of new future innovation will take the form of new services and applications running services and applications running on top of the on top of the InternetInternet
GENI Research Opportunities (4)
GENI discussion GENI discussion First we interpret Future Internet very broadly to First we interpret Future Internet very broadly to
include innovations at include innovations at any levelany level of the architecture of the architecture alternative protocols and architectures running alternative protocols and architectures running
inside the network (as overlays on top of inside the network (as overlays on top of todays network) todays network)
Second research should employ Second research should employ clean slate clean slate thinkingthinking but this does but this does not imply that an entirely not imply that an entirely newnew Internet will be necessary In other words Internet will be necessary In other words clean slate is a clean slate is a processprocess not a not a resultresult
Third opportunities Third opportunities betweenbetween two perspectives two perspectives exploring how todays architecture is best exploring how todays architecture is best
evolved to support emerging overlay services evolved to support emerging overlay services
GENI Facility Concept (5)
Facility ConceptFacility Concept experimental platforms for experimental platforms for bothboth research and research and
deploymentdeployment filling the filling the gapgap between small-scale exp and mature between small-scale exp and mature
tech tech GENI evaluate new network systems on large-GENI evaluate new network systems on large-
scalescale
Two levelsTwo levels Physical level Physical level GENI substrateGENI substrate will consist of a will consist of a
collection of links forwarders storage collection of links forwarders storage processors and wireless net processors and wireless net
On top of this substrate a On top of this substrate a software software management management frameworkframework will be overlay network experiments on will be overlay network experiments on
the substratethe substrate
GENI Facility Concept (6)
Four key ideasFour key ideas substrate components will be substrate components will be programmableprogrammable - -
possible to embed any network experiment including possible to embed any network experiment including clean-slate designs clean-slate designs
Substrate will be Substrate will be virtualizable virtualizable -- possible to embed possible to embed multiple slices in the substrate at the same time multiple slices in the substrate at the same time (allow experimental services and architectures to run (allow experimental services and architectures to run continuously) continuously)
GENI will include mechanisms that allow end-users GENI will include mechanisms that allow end-users to to seamlessly seamlessly opt-inopt-in to experimental services to experimental services
GENI will be GENI will be modularmodular ( (architecture and interfaces) - architecture and interfaces) - possible to extend GENI with new networking possible to extend GENI with new networking technologies GENI will not be a static artifact but technologies GENI will not be a static artifact but rather a rather a dynamic infrastructuredynamic infrastructure that is continually that is continually renewedrenewed
FIND (Future Internet Network Design) ndash NSF 2006 (1)
FIND asks two broad questionsFIND asks two broad questions What are the What are the requirementsrequirements for the global network for the global network
in 15 years in 15 years How How would we would we re-conceivere-conceive tomorrows global tomorrows global
network today if we could design it from scratch network today if we could design it from scratch FIND program solicits FIND program solicits clean slate processclean slate process research proposals in the broad area of research proposals in the broad area of network architecture principles and designnetwork architecture principles and design
FIND (Future Internet Network Design) (2)
FIND research might address wide questionsFIND research might address wide questions What will the What will the edgeedge of the network look like in 15 of the network look like in 15
years How might the network years How might the network architecturearchitecture of 15 of 15 years hence best accommodate sensors embedded years hence best accommodate sensors embedded systems and the like systems and the like
How might the network of 15 years from now How might the network of 15 years from now supportsupport what users really do (and care about) How what users really do (and care about) How might such functions as information access location might such functions as information access location management or identity management best fit into a management or identity management best fit into a new overall network architecture new overall network architecture
What will the What will the core core of the network look like in 15 of the network look like in 15 years How might the changing economics of years How might the changing economics of optical systems affect the overall design of the larger optical systems affect the overall design of the larger networknetwork
FIRE (Future Internet Research and Experimentation) ndash European 2007 (1)
Internet has Internet has growngrown to an unexpected reach to an unexpected reach as for the as for the numbernumber of users of users capacitycapacity of the of the links broadband penetration to the links broadband penetration to the homehome servicesservices
ProblemsProblems spam viruses denial of service spam viruses denial of service attacks complexity of managementattacks complexity of management
Internet drawbacks and Internet drawbacks and limitationslimitations ndash to ndash to scalabilityscalability suitabilitysuitability mobilitymobility transparencytransparency securitysecurity
require new radical approaches to require new radical approaches to fundamentally redesign its protocols and fundamentally redesign its protocols and architectures architectures
FIRE (2) FIRE is an FIRE is an experimentallyexperimentally-driven -driven longlong-term research initiative on -term research initiative on
Future Internet Future Internet conceptsconcepts protocolsprotocols and and architecturesarchitectures encompassing technological industrial and socio-economic encompassing technological industrial and socio-economic
aspects aspects acting as proof-of-concept of the newly proposed acting as proof-of-concept of the newly proposed
technologies and services technologies and services FIRE RESEARCHFIRE RESEARCH
Long term multidisciplinary research on future internet Long term multidisciplinary research on future internet paradigms paradigms
Open to Open to fresh bottom-upfresh bottom-up ideas with ideas with no backwards-no backwards-compatibilitycompatibility constraints constraints
Building on the FET SAC initiative ldquoSituated and Autonomic Building on the FET SAC initiative ldquoSituated and Autonomic Communicationsrdquo Communicationsrdquo
Considering at the Considering at the same timesame time technological economic and technological economic and socialpolicy aspects socialpolicy aspects
Build in from the outset and on all levels the right Build in from the outset and on all levels the right balancebalance between security accountability and privacybetween security accountability and privacy
FIRE (3)
FIRE EXPERIMENTATIONFIRE EXPERIMENTATION Large scale experimentationLarge scale experimentation of new paradigms and of new paradigms and
concepts for the future internet and related service concepts for the future internet and related service architectures architectures
Learning through broad experimentation Learning through broad experimentation Integrating and validating new conceptsIntegrating and validating new concepts
Federating and extending Federating and extending existing testbedsexisting testbeds and and research infrastructures research infrastructures
no backwards-compatibility constraints no backwards-compatibility constraints European approach and develop a European European approach and develop a European
identityidentity
- Slide 1
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
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- Slide 114
- Slide 115
-
Datagram Packet Switching
Host A
Host BHost E
Host D
Host C
Node 1 Node 2
Node 3
Node 4
Node 5
Node 6Node 7
Packet Switching MultiplexingDemultiplexing
Data from any conversation can be transmitted at any given time
How to tell them apart Use meta-data (header) to describe data
Datagram Packet Switching Each packet is independently switched
Each packet header contains destination address No resources are pre-allocated (reserved) in advance Example IP networks
Packet-Switching vs Circuit-Switching
Most important advantage of packet-switching over circuit switching ability to exploit statistical multiplexing
Efficient bandwidth usage ratio between peek and average rate is 31 for audio and 151 for data traffic
However packet-switching needs to deal with congestion
More complex routers Harder to provide good network services (eg delay
and bandwidth guarantees)
In practice they are combined IP over SONET IP over Frame Relay
Virtual-Circuit Packet Switching Hybrid of circuit switching and packet
switching Data is transmitted as packets All packets from one packet stream are sent
along a pre-established path ( = virtual circuit)
Guarantees in-sequence delivery of packets However Packets from different virtual
circuits may be interleaved Example ATM networks
MPLS
Virtual-Circuit Packet Switching
Communication with virtual circuits takes place in three phases
1 VC establishment
2 data transfer
3 VC disconnect Note packet headers donrsquot need to contain
the full destination address of the packet
Packet 1
Packet 2
Packet 3
Packet 1
Packet 2
Packet 3
Timing of Virtual-Circuit Packet Switching
Packet 1
Packet 2
Packet 3
Host 1 Host 2Node
1Node
2
propagation delay between Host 1 and Node 1VC
establishment
VCtermination
Datatransfer
Virtual-Circuit Packet Switching
Host A
Host BHost E
Host D
Host C
Node 1 Node 2
Node 3
Node 4
Node 5
Node 6 Node 7
Internet 历史 (1) Sep69 1st IMP in UCLA Oct69 2nd IMP in SRI
Internet 之父 -- L Kleinrock1999 1969
History of the Internet (2)
History of the Internet (3)
Sep69 1st IMP in UCLA Sep69 1st IMP in UCLA Oct69 2nd IMP in SRI Oct69 2nd IMP in SRI
2230 29Oct692230 29Oct69 LOGIN from UCLA to
SRI CLA We sent an ldquoLrdquo - did
you get the ldquoLrdquo YEP We sent a ldquoOrdquo - did you
get the ldquoOrdquo YEP We sent an ldquoGrdquo - did
you get the ldquoGrdquo Crash
History of the Internet (4) 1961-1972 Early packet-switching principles 1961 Kleinrock ndash queueing theory shows
effectiveness of packet-switching 1964 Baran - packet-switching in military
nets 1967 ARPAnet conceived by Advanced
Research Projects Agency (Licklider Roberts) 1969 first ARPAnet node operational 1972 ARPAnet has 15 nodes
ARPAnet demonstrated publicly NCP (Network Control Protocol) first host-
host protocol first e-mail program
History of the Internet (5) 1972-1980 Internetworking research networks 1970ALOHAnet satellite network in Hawaii
(Abramson) 1973Metcalfersquos PhD thesis proposes Ethernet 1974Cerf and Kahn - 2004 AM Turing Award
-define todayrsquos Internet architecture minimalism autonomy ndashno internal changes
required to interconnect networks best effort service model stateless routers decentralized control
1979ARPAnet has 200 nodes 56 kbps Late 70rsquos proprietary architectures DECnet
SNA Late 70rsquos switching fixed length packets (-gt
ATM)
History of the Internet (6) 1980rsquos new protocols a proliferation of net 1983deployment of TCPIP (Critical
separation Cohen) 1982SMTP e-mail protocol defined 1983DNS defined for name-to-IP-address
translation mid-1980rsquos IETF active 1985FTP protocol defined 1988TCP congestion control new national networks Csnet BITnet Minitel
NSFnet (15 Mbps10000 computers) NSI (NASA) ESNet(DOE) DARTnet TWBNet (DARPA)
100000 hosts connected to confederation of networks
History of the Internet (7) 1990rsquos commercialization the WWW Early 1990rsquos ARPAnet decommissioned 1991 NSFnet (45 Mbps) -gt commercial use of
NSF (decommissioned 1995) Late 1990rsquos
multiple private backbones 50 million computers on Internet 100 million+ users backbone links running at 1 Gbps
Early 1990s WWW hypertext [Bush 1945 Nelson 1960rsquos] HTML http Berners-Lee 1994 Mosaic later Netscape late 1990rsquos commercialization of the WWW
Growth of the Internet Today backbones run at 2410 Gbps Today backbones run at 2410 Gbps 400 millions computers in 150 countries400 millions computers in 150 countries
Internet 在中国 19931993 年年 33 月月中科院高能物理所 中科院高能物理所 64 Kbps64 Kbps TJU1995322TJU1995322 20062006 年年 1212 月月
计算机计算机 59405940 万万 用户 用户 1414 亿 亿 WWWWWW 站 站 8484 万万 CNCN 域名 域名 180180 万万 国际出口带宽 国际出口带宽 257 Gbps257 Gbps
连接美国俄罗斯法国英国德国日本连接美国俄罗斯法国英国德国日本韩国新加坡等 韩国新加坡等
Internet 提供的服务 Shared access to computing resources
telnet (1970rsquos) Shared access to data files
FTP NFS AFS (1980rsquos) Communication medium over which people interact
email (1980rsquos) on-line chat messaging (1990rsquos) audio video (1990rsquos)
replacing telephone network A medium for information dissemination
USENET (1980rsquos) WWW (1990rsquos)
replacing newspaper magazine audio video (1990rsquos)
replacing radio CD TV
Todayrsquos Internet
Internet Physical Infrastructure
Classification by Coverage
模型 协议 分层
Protocol Architecture
Donrsquot Need All Layers Everywhere
Protocol Data Unit - PDUs
Network Components (Examples)
Fibers
Coaxial Cable
Links Interfaces Switchesrouters
Ethernet card
Wireless card
Large router
Telephoneswitch
趋势 网络时代 每一件事务都是数字的 声音 视频 音
乐 画片 及生活日常事务 每一件事务都是在线的 银行结算 医疗
记录 各类书籍 航空日程 天气情况 公路交通 hellip
每个人之间都是相互联系的 医生 教师 经济人 母亲 儿子 朋友 敌人
趋势 网络时代 实现家庭
教育 办公 购物 娱乐 网上娱乐 虚拟工作场所
2000 年美国有五千五百万人实现远程工作
网络制造 电子商务 虚拟公司 虚拟制造与虚拟装配 ( 设计过程 ) 制造过程更加分散化并发进行 新型的价值链 虚拟兑现
趋势 网络时代
趋势 网络时代
网络制造 (1)
随着基于随着基于 InternetInternet 的全球化数字通信基础设的全球化数字通信基础设施的建立网络从单纯的信息工具变成rdquo施的建立网络从单纯的信息工具变成rdquo EE －－时代rdquo的关键资源时代rdquo的关键资源 全球经济一体化成为制造全球经济一体化成为制造业变革的最根本的推动力业变革的最根本的推动力
InternetInternet 向ldquo资源功能rdquo发展基于向ldquo资源功能rdquo发展基于InternetInternet 的网络化制造是适应时代的需要的网络化制造是适应时代的需要
网络制造的本质特性就是产品的制造过程更加网络制造的本质特性就是产品的制造过程更加分散化信息的传递网络化信息的流动伴随分散化信息的传递网络化信息的流动伴随着各项工作的并发进行而同时发生着各项工作的并发进行而同时发生
网络制造 (2)
基于基于 InternetInternet 的虚拟制造与虚拟装配的虚拟制造与虚拟装配 在相互联结的网络上建立在相互联结的网络上建立 2424 小时工作的协同小时工作的协同
工作组大大加快了设计进度及时获得所需工作组大大加快了设计进度及时获得所需要的零部件减少库存降低成本提高质量要的零部件减少库存降低成本提高质量
电子商务 信息技术和 Internet 引发的商务过程的变化 利用以 Internet 为核心的信息技术进行商
务活动和企业资源管理 CIMS 是企业实施电子商务的基础 企业实施电子商务是 CIMS 发展的主要标志和
主要内容
竞争环境改变 核心 产品竞争
电子商务产生背景
服务竞争
范围 单个企业 全球多企业
资源 人财物 信息知识
管理重心迁移 生产管理 供应 营销链管理
集中内部资源 整合外部资源
离散管理 集约管理
商务模式转化
bull文秘型管理bull关注后台（企业内部）bull关注业务记录（报表）bull地区性bull推销产品为中心bull（卖方市场）
bull自我服务型管理bull关注前端（客户关系）bull要求商业智能（分析）bull全球化bull客户为中心bull（买方市场）
传统商务 电子商务
客户
供应商
合作伙伴
网络智能
市场营销 产品 服务销售 产品制造
服务 支持
e 企业的业务体系结构
网络发展趋势 趋势趋势 融合融合 趋势趋势 泛在（泛在（ UbiquitousUbiquitous ）） 趋势趋势 信息爆炸信息爆炸 更多的网络业务流量更多的网络业务流量 数据流量 数据流量 gt gt 话声流量话声流量 更快的传输介质更快的传输介质 骨干网（骨干网（ BackboneBackbone ）） 更大的带宽（更大的带宽（ BandwidthBandwidth ）） 宽带无线网宽带无线网飞速增长飞速增长 (WLAN) (Wi-Fi)(WLAN) (Wi-Fi) Everything over IPEverything over IP
趋势 融合 新闻新闻 广告广告 -- 媒体媒体 --信息提供者信息提供者
数字媒体产品数字媒体产品 有线电视有线电视
视频传输视频传输 电话电话
声音传输声音传输 计算机计算机
数字媒体存储数字媒体存储 处理处理 信息提供者和信息传输者的结合信息提供者和信息传输者的结合 电话公司电话公司 有线公司有线公司 娱乐事业娱乐事业 和计算机公司和计算机公司
的结合的结合
Trend
趋势 更多的网络业务流量 互联网上的主机数正以超指数量级飞速增长互联网上的主机数正以超指数量级飞速增长 每个主机用户的业务量中也在增长每个主机用户的业务量中也在增长
局域网可达到 局域网可达到 1 1 GbpsGbps 有线电视调制解调器允许以有线电视调制解调器允许以 11到 到 10 10 MbpsMbps 的速的速
度访问主机度访问主机 应用应用 ADSLVDSLADSLVDSL 通过电话线可达到通过电话线可达到 6-6-
2727MbpsMbps 的速度的速度 宽带无线网宽带无线网 (Wi-Fi)(Wi-Fi)可达到可达到 11-54Mbps11-54Mbps 的速的速
度度 带宽需求每四个月增加一倍带宽需求每四个月增加一倍 数据流量 数据流量 gt gt 话声流量话声流量
Trend of Internet hosts 1980-2000
Trend Data gt Voice
趋势 更快的传输介质 局局域域网网 1 Gbps over 4-pair UTP-5 up to 100 m 1 Gbps over 4-pair UTP-5 up to 100 m
10Gbps being discussed10Gbps being discussed Was 1 Mbps (1Base-5) in 1984Was 1 Mbps (1Base-5) in 1984
骨干网光纤骨干网光纤 DWDMDWDM (( Dense Wavelength Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing)Division Multiplexing) OC-768 = 40 Gbps over a to 65 km OC-768 = 40 Gbps over a to 65 km
1600 Gbps - 10 Tbps1600 Gbps - 10 Tbps Was 100 Mbps (FDDI) in 1993Was 100 Mbps (FDDI) in 1993
无线网无线网 54 100 Mbps(100-2km) wireless 54 100 Mbps(100-2km) wireless networks 25 Gbps to 5km using light networks 25 Gbps to 5km using light Was 1 Mbps (IEEE 80211) in 1998Was 1 Mbps (IEEE 80211) in 1998
Trend Bandwidth
Why Optical Networks DWDM optoelectricl metro network
Trend Wireless Mobile (1)
Trend宽带无线网 (Wi-Fi)飞速增长
Trend宽带无线网 (Wi-Fi)飞速增长
Trend宽带无线网 (Wi-Fi)飞速增长
Trend宽带无线网 (Wi-Fi)飞速增长
Integration of 3G and WLAN- offer possibility of achieving anywhere anytime
high speed and low expense Internet access
3G3G WLANWLAN
Wide areaWide area Local areaLocal area
Low bit rate Low bit rate
(2M when stand (2M when stand still)still)
High bit rateHigh bit rate
(11M to 54M)(11M to 54M)
DataVoice serviceDataVoice service
((QoS supportQoS support))
Data serviceData service
High expenseHigh expense Low expenseLow expense
High mobilityHigh mobility Low mobilityLow mobility
Trend Everything over IP
Data over IP =gt IP needs Traffic Data over IP =gt IP needs Traffic engineeringengineering
Voice over IP =gt Quality of Service and Voice over IP =gt Quality of Service and SignalingSignaling
Backbone -- Optic networksBackbone -- Optic networks IP over ATM IP over ATM （（异步传输模式）异步传输模式） IP over SONET -- POS (Packet over SDH) IP over SONET -- POS (Packet over SDH)
(( 同步同步 )) IP over DWDMIP over DWDM
Asynchronous Transfer Mode ATM
1990rsquos00 standard for high-speed (155Mbps to 1990rsquos00 standard for high-speed (155Mbps to 622 Mbps and higher) 622 Mbps and higher) Broadband Integrated Broadband Integrated Service Digital NetworkService Digital Network architecture architecture
GoalGoal integrated end-end transport of carry integrated end-end transport of carry voice video datavoice video data meeting timingQoS requirements of voice meeting timingQoS requirements of voice
video (versus Internet best-effort model)video (versus Internet best-effort model) ldquoldquonext generationrdquo telephony technical roots next generationrdquo telephony technical roots
in telephone worldin telephone world packet-switching (fixed length packets packet-switching (fixed length packets
called ldquocellsrdquo) using called ldquocellsrdquo) using virtual circuitsvirtual circuits
ATM reference model
How far along are we
Standardization bodies - ATM Forum ITU-T Standardization bodies - ATM Forum ITU-T We may never see end-to-end ATM (1997)We may never see end-to-end ATM (1997)
ATM - too complex - too expansive ltIPgtATM - too complex - too expansive ltIPgt Backbone - 1995 vBNS (ATM) Backbone - 1995 vBNS (ATM)
- 1998 Abilene (SONET) - 2000 IP over - 1998 Abilene (SONET) - 2000 IP over DWDMDWDM
Internet technology + ATM philosophyInternet technology + ATM philosophy but ATM ideas continue to powerfully but ATM ideas continue to powerfully
influence design of next-generation influence design of next-generation InternetInternet
ex ex MPLSMPLS admission ctl resource admission ctl resource reservation hellipreservation hellip
Best of Both Worlds
Multiprotocol label switching (Multiprotocol label switching (MPLSMPLS)) MPLS + IP form a middle ground that MPLS + IP form a middle ground that
combines the best of IP and the best of combines the best of IP and the best of virtual virtual circuit switching technologiescircuit switching technologies
ATM and Frame Relay cannot easily come to ATM and Frame Relay cannot easily come to the middle so IP hasthe middle so IP has
Label Encapsulation
MPLS Encapsulation is specified over MPLS Encapsulation is specified over various media types Top labels may use various media types Top labels may use existing format lower label(s) use a new existing format lower label(s) use a new ldquoshimrdquo label formatldquoshimrdquo label format
Label Substitution Have a friend go to B ahead of you using one of the Have a friend go to B ahead of you using one of the
previous two techniques At every road they reserve previous two techniques At every road they reserve a lane just for you At every intersection they post a a lane just for you At every intersection they post a big sign that says for a given lane which way to turn big sign that says for a given lane which way to turn and what new lane to takeand what new lane to take
Future Internet Research and Experimentation
Todayrsquos Internet Millions of usersMillions of users Web email low-quality audio amp videoWeb email low-quality audio amp video Interconnect personal computers and serversInterconnect personal computers and servers Applications adapt to underlying technologyApplications adapt to underlying technology Todayrsquos Internet DoesnrsquotTodayrsquos Internet Doesnrsquot
Provide reliable end-to-end performanceProvide reliable end-to-end performanceEncourage cooperation on new capabilitiesEncourage cooperation on new capabilitiesAllow testing of new technologiesAllow testing of new technologiesSupport development of revolutionary Support development of revolutionary applicationsapplications
Tomorrowrsquos Internet
Billions of users and devicesBillions of users and devices Convergence of todayrsquos applications Convergence of todayrsquos applications with multimedia (telephony video-with multimedia (telephony video-conference HDTV)conference HDTV)
Interconnect personal computers Interconnect personal computers servers and embedded computersservers and embedded computers
New technologies enable unanticipated New technologies enable unanticipated applications (and create new challenges)applications (and create new challenges)
Vint Cerf Open Challenges
My primary disappointment has been the slow pace of high speed access for residential customers hellip
The second area of disappointment is the slow uptake of version 6 of the Internet protocol (IPv6)
Perhaps the third area is the continuing difficulty caused by viruses worms and distributed denial of service attacksrdquo
How to make the Internet better Addressing current problems
Security1048766 Privacy1048766 Self-diagnosis amp self-healing networks1048766 Cheap connectivity for poor area and third world countries1048766
Wireless mesh networks1048766 sensors1048766 Mobility1048766
New cool apps1048766 What is after IPTV VoIP BitTorrent
Why Internet2 (1996)
The Internet was not designed forThe Internet was not designed forMillions of usersMillions of usersCongestionCongestionMultimediaMultimediaReal time interactionReal time interaction
But only the Internet canBut only the Internet canAccommodate explosive growthAccommodate explosive growthEnable convergence of information Enable convergence of information work mass media and human work mass media and human collaborationcollaboration
Internet2 Project Develop and deploy advanced network Develop and deploy advanced network
applications and technologies accelerating applications and technologies accelerating the creation of tomorrowrsquos Internetthe creation of tomorrowrsquos Internet
GoalsGoals Enable new generation of applicationsEnable new generation of applications Re-create leading edge RampE network Re-create leading edge RampE network
capabilitycapability Transfer capability to the global Transfer capability to the global
production Internetproduction Internet 206 University Members Jan 2005206 University Members Jan 2005
Internet2 Focus Areas Advanced Network Infrastructure - AbileneAdvanced Network Infrastructure - Abilene
Backbones operate at 10 Gbps capacity - 100 Backbones operate at 10 Gbps capacity - 100 Gbps (2007)Gbps (2007)
Middleware Middleware A layer of software between the network and the A layer of software between the network and the
applications applications Authentication Identification Authorization Authentication Identification Authorization
Directories SecurityDirectories Security EngineeringEngineering
IPv6 Measurement Multicast QoS Routing IPv6 Measurement Multicast QoS Routing Security TopologySecurity Topology
Advanced ApplicationsAdvanced Applications Distributed computation Virtual laboratories Distributed computation Virtual laboratories
Digital libraries Distributed learning Digital video Digital libraries Distributed learning Digital video Tele-immersion All of the above in combinationTele-immersion All of the above in combination
Abilene Connections Apr-2000Abilene Connections July 2006
Abilene Connections Apr-2000Abilene International Peering 2006
Research andDevelopment
Commercialization
Partnerships
Privatization
Internet Development Spiral
Todayrsquos Internet
Internet2
University-led Federal agency-led
Developing education and research driven applications
Agency mission-driven and general purpose applications
Building out campus networks gigaPoPs and inter-gigapop
infrastructure
Funding research testbeds and agency research networks
Interconnecting and interoperating to provide advanced networking capabilities needed to support advanced
research and education applications
Internet2 and the Next Generation Internet Initiative
Internet2 NGI
Our Founding (Funding) Fable
Researchers invent new architectures Architectures are validated on a testbed IETF ISPs and router vendors collaborate to deploy new design
This is complete BS
Do Traditional Testbeds Really Test
Production-oriented testbeds Real traffic provides good validation But can test only very incremental changes
Research-oriented testbeds Can test radical architectures Lack of real traffic results in poor validation
Both are expensive (dedicated bandwidth)
What about Deployment Architectural change requires ISP consensus
- Hard to agree- No competitive advantage from architectural innovation
- All have huge sunk investment in the status quo
ISPs are unlikely candidates for architectural change
Architecture isnrsquot just static its decaying Ad hoc workarounds muddy the architectural waters
We are at an Impasse
We canrsquot test new architectures- Despite sizable investments in testbeds
We canrsquot deploy new architectures- And things are getting worse not better
Yet there are pressing requirements for which the current architecture is not well suited
The Communityrsquos Response Focus on areas where we can have impact
Empirical studies Incremental changes (subject to current constraints)
Small stream of architectural proposals Paper designs without hope of deployment
More science fiction than engineering Have largely abandoned hope of effecting fundamental architectural change
Living with rather than overcoming the impasse
Overcoming the Impasse
Must be able to test new architectures Wide range of architectures Real traffic from willing individuals Low overhead for individual researchers
Meet the grand challenge of reinventing the Internet
Empirical incremental research is great but not enough
If someone put us in charge what would we do
What about deployment Several options none good but no excuse to not have an answer to the grand challenge
Testing Virtual Testbed
Overlay testbed (think RON etc) Host proxy directs packets to overlay
Proxy must architecturally neutral and flexible
Individuals (anywhere) opt-in by turning on proxy
Shared testing infrastructure (think Planetlab) Overlay nodes shared among experiments
Slicing on per-packet timescales Virtualized routers
These ideas have turned into the GENI program
Why GENI (Global Environment for Network Innovations) Future Internet Network (2005)
The original designing idea of current information networks is basically a specific network supports one major service
The limitation of the original designing idea can not support the multiple requirements for networks and services (such as Telecom network Internet)
The original design mode of Internet leads to itrsquos shortage in mobility security controllable and administrable
We urgently need redesign the framework of new generation Internet to overcome the serious shortage of current Internet
Providing pervasive and trusted services based on a specific network has became the key research directions of national informatization
GENI (Global Environment for Network Innovations) - NSF 2005 (1)
What is GENIWhat is GENIGENI is GENI is a facility concepta facility concept being explored by being explored by the US computing community the US computing community
back to an NSF workshop in 2005back to an NSF workshop in 2005focus on focus on architecturalarchitectural research and research and provide the provide the experimentalexperimental infrastructure infrastructure needed to support that researchneeded to support that research
focus on the research agenda (and focus on the research agenda (and infrastructure needs) of the infrastructure needs) of the opticaloptical wirelesswireless sensorsensor network and network and distributeddistributed systems communitiessystems communities
GENI (Global Environment for Network Innovations) (2)
The goal of GENI The goal of GENI Goal a Future Internet that meets the Goal a Future Internet that meets the demands of 21st centurydemands of 21st century
to increase the to increase the qualityquality and and quantityquantity of of experimental experimental researchresearch outcomes in networking and distributed outcomes in networking and distributed systemssystems
to accelerate the to accelerate the transitiontransition of these outcomes into of these outcomes into products and servicesproducts and services
enhance economic competitiveness and secure enhance economic competitiveness and secure the Nations futurethe Nations future
Ultimately to lead to a Ultimately to lead to a transition of the transition of the InternetInternet
GENI Research Opportunities (3)
Two dichotomy thought (false or at least Two dichotomy thought (false or at least unnecessary)unnecessary)
a a clean slateclean slate reconceptualization of Internet reconceptualization of Internet architecture architecture
todays 30-year-old architecture that todays 30-year-old architecture that limit its limit its abilityability to cope with emerging threats and to cope with emerging threats and opportunitiesopportunities
bull eroding trust reduced innovation slowing eroding trust reduced innovation slowing updateupdate
future innovation will take the form of new future innovation will take the form of new services and applications running services and applications running on top of the on top of the InternetInternet
GENI Research Opportunities (4)
GENI discussion GENI discussion First we interpret Future Internet very broadly to First we interpret Future Internet very broadly to
include innovations at include innovations at any levelany level of the architecture of the architecture alternative protocols and architectures running alternative protocols and architectures running
inside the network (as overlays on top of inside the network (as overlays on top of todays network) todays network)
Second research should employ Second research should employ clean slate clean slate thinkingthinking but this does but this does not imply that an entirely not imply that an entirely newnew Internet will be necessary In other words Internet will be necessary In other words clean slate is a clean slate is a processprocess not a not a resultresult
Third opportunities Third opportunities betweenbetween two perspectives two perspectives exploring how todays architecture is best exploring how todays architecture is best
evolved to support emerging overlay services evolved to support emerging overlay services
GENI Facility Concept (5)
Facility ConceptFacility Concept experimental platforms for experimental platforms for bothboth research and research and
deploymentdeployment filling the filling the gapgap between small-scale exp and mature between small-scale exp and mature
tech tech GENI evaluate new network systems on large-GENI evaluate new network systems on large-
scalescale
Two levelsTwo levels Physical level Physical level GENI substrateGENI substrate will consist of a will consist of a
collection of links forwarders storage collection of links forwarders storage processors and wireless net processors and wireless net
On top of this substrate a On top of this substrate a software software management management frameworkframework will be overlay network experiments on will be overlay network experiments on
the substratethe substrate
GENI Facility Concept (6)
Four key ideasFour key ideas substrate components will be substrate components will be programmableprogrammable - -
possible to embed any network experiment including possible to embed any network experiment including clean-slate designs clean-slate designs
Substrate will be Substrate will be virtualizable virtualizable -- possible to embed possible to embed multiple slices in the substrate at the same time multiple slices in the substrate at the same time (allow experimental services and architectures to run (allow experimental services and architectures to run continuously) continuously)
GENI will include mechanisms that allow end-users GENI will include mechanisms that allow end-users to to seamlessly seamlessly opt-inopt-in to experimental services to experimental services
GENI will be GENI will be modularmodular ( (architecture and interfaces) - architecture and interfaces) - possible to extend GENI with new networking possible to extend GENI with new networking technologies GENI will not be a static artifact but technologies GENI will not be a static artifact but rather a rather a dynamic infrastructuredynamic infrastructure that is continually that is continually renewedrenewed
FIND (Future Internet Network Design) ndash NSF 2006 (1)
FIND asks two broad questionsFIND asks two broad questions What are the What are the requirementsrequirements for the global network for the global network
in 15 years in 15 years How How would we would we re-conceivere-conceive tomorrows global tomorrows global
network today if we could design it from scratch network today if we could design it from scratch FIND program solicits FIND program solicits clean slate processclean slate process research proposals in the broad area of research proposals in the broad area of network architecture principles and designnetwork architecture principles and design
FIND (Future Internet Network Design) (2)
FIND research might address wide questionsFIND research might address wide questions What will the What will the edgeedge of the network look like in 15 of the network look like in 15
years How might the network years How might the network architecturearchitecture of 15 of 15 years hence best accommodate sensors embedded years hence best accommodate sensors embedded systems and the like systems and the like
How might the network of 15 years from now How might the network of 15 years from now supportsupport what users really do (and care about) How what users really do (and care about) How might such functions as information access location might such functions as information access location management or identity management best fit into a management or identity management best fit into a new overall network architecture new overall network architecture
What will the What will the core core of the network look like in 15 of the network look like in 15 years How might the changing economics of years How might the changing economics of optical systems affect the overall design of the larger optical systems affect the overall design of the larger networknetwork
FIRE (Future Internet Research and Experimentation) ndash European 2007 (1)
Internet has Internet has growngrown to an unexpected reach to an unexpected reach as for the as for the numbernumber of users of users capacitycapacity of the of the links broadband penetration to the links broadband penetration to the homehome servicesservices
ProblemsProblems spam viruses denial of service spam viruses denial of service attacks complexity of managementattacks complexity of management
Internet drawbacks and Internet drawbacks and limitationslimitations ndash to ndash to scalabilityscalability suitabilitysuitability mobilitymobility transparencytransparency securitysecurity
require new radical approaches to require new radical approaches to fundamentally redesign its protocols and fundamentally redesign its protocols and architectures architectures
FIRE (2) FIRE is an FIRE is an experimentallyexperimentally-driven -driven longlong-term research initiative on -term research initiative on
Future Internet Future Internet conceptsconcepts protocolsprotocols and and architecturesarchitectures encompassing technological industrial and socio-economic encompassing technological industrial and socio-economic
aspects aspects acting as proof-of-concept of the newly proposed acting as proof-of-concept of the newly proposed
technologies and services technologies and services FIRE RESEARCHFIRE RESEARCH
Long term multidisciplinary research on future internet Long term multidisciplinary research on future internet paradigms paradigms
Open to Open to fresh bottom-upfresh bottom-up ideas with ideas with no backwards-no backwards-compatibilitycompatibility constraints constraints
Building on the FET SAC initiative ldquoSituated and Autonomic Building on the FET SAC initiative ldquoSituated and Autonomic Communicationsrdquo Communicationsrdquo
Considering at the Considering at the same timesame time technological economic and technological economic and socialpolicy aspects socialpolicy aspects
Build in from the outset and on all levels the right Build in from the outset and on all levels the right balancebalance between security accountability and privacybetween security accountability and privacy
FIRE (3)
FIRE EXPERIMENTATIONFIRE EXPERIMENTATION Large scale experimentationLarge scale experimentation of new paradigms and of new paradigms and
concepts for the future internet and related service concepts for the future internet and related service architectures architectures
Learning through broad experimentation Learning through broad experimentation Integrating and validating new conceptsIntegrating and validating new concepts
Federating and extending Federating and extending existing testbedsexisting testbeds and and research infrastructures research infrastructures
no backwards-compatibility constraints no backwards-compatibility constraints European approach and develop a European European approach and develop a European
identityidentity
- Slide 1
- Slide 2
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- Slide 115
-
Packet Switching MultiplexingDemultiplexing
Data from any conversation can be transmitted at any given time
How to tell them apart Use meta-data (header) to describe data
Datagram Packet Switching Each packet is independently switched
Each packet header contains destination address No resources are pre-allocated (reserved) in advance Example IP networks
Packet-Switching vs Circuit-Switching
Most important advantage of packet-switching over circuit switching ability to exploit statistical multiplexing
Efficient bandwidth usage ratio between peek and average rate is 31 for audio and 151 for data traffic
However packet-switching needs to deal with congestion
More complex routers Harder to provide good network services (eg delay
and bandwidth guarantees)
In practice they are combined IP over SONET IP over Frame Relay
Virtual-Circuit Packet Switching Hybrid of circuit switching and packet
switching Data is transmitted as packets All packets from one packet stream are sent
along a pre-established path ( = virtual circuit)
Guarantees in-sequence delivery of packets However Packets from different virtual
circuits may be interleaved Example ATM networks
MPLS
Virtual-Circuit Packet Switching
Communication with virtual circuits takes place in three phases
1 VC establishment
2 data transfer
3 VC disconnect Note packet headers donrsquot need to contain
the full destination address of the packet
Packet 1
Packet 2
Packet 3
Packet 1
Packet 2
Packet 3
Timing of Virtual-Circuit Packet Switching
Packet 1
Packet 2
Packet 3
Host 1 Host 2Node
1Node
2
propagation delay between Host 1 and Node 1VC
establishment
VCtermination
Datatransfer
Virtual-Circuit Packet Switching
Host A
Host BHost E
Host D
Host C
Node 1 Node 2
Node 3
Node 4
Node 5
Node 6 Node 7
Internet 历史 (1) Sep69 1st IMP in UCLA Oct69 2nd IMP in SRI
Internet 之父 -- L Kleinrock1999 1969
History of the Internet (2)
History of the Internet (3)
Sep69 1st IMP in UCLA Sep69 1st IMP in UCLA Oct69 2nd IMP in SRI Oct69 2nd IMP in SRI
2230 29Oct692230 29Oct69 LOGIN from UCLA to
SRI CLA We sent an ldquoLrdquo - did
you get the ldquoLrdquo YEP We sent a ldquoOrdquo - did you
get the ldquoOrdquo YEP We sent an ldquoGrdquo - did
you get the ldquoGrdquo Crash
History of the Internet (4) 1961-1972 Early packet-switching principles 1961 Kleinrock ndash queueing theory shows
effectiveness of packet-switching 1964 Baran - packet-switching in military
nets 1967 ARPAnet conceived by Advanced
Research Projects Agency (Licklider Roberts) 1969 first ARPAnet node operational 1972 ARPAnet has 15 nodes
ARPAnet demonstrated publicly NCP (Network Control Protocol) first host-
host protocol first e-mail program
History of the Internet (5) 1972-1980 Internetworking research networks 1970ALOHAnet satellite network in Hawaii
(Abramson) 1973Metcalfersquos PhD thesis proposes Ethernet 1974Cerf and Kahn - 2004 AM Turing Award
-define todayrsquos Internet architecture minimalism autonomy ndashno internal changes
required to interconnect networks best effort service model stateless routers decentralized control
1979ARPAnet has 200 nodes 56 kbps Late 70rsquos proprietary architectures DECnet
SNA Late 70rsquos switching fixed length packets (-gt
ATM)
History of the Internet (6) 1980rsquos new protocols a proliferation of net 1983deployment of TCPIP (Critical
separation Cohen) 1982SMTP e-mail protocol defined 1983DNS defined for name-to-IP-address
translation mid-1980rsquos IETF active 1985FTP protocol defined 1988TCP congestion control new national networks Csnet BITnet Minitel
NSFnet (15 Mbps10000 computers) NSI (NASA) ESNet(DOE) DARTnet TWBNet (DARPA)
100000 hosts connected to confederation of networks
History of the Internet (7) 1990rsquos commercialization the WWW Early 1990rsquos ARPAnet decommissioned 1991 NSFnet (45 Mbps) -gt commercial use of
NSF (decommissioned 1995) Late 1990rsquos
multiple private backbones 50 million computers on Internet 100 million+ users backbone links running at 1 Gbps
Early 1990s WWW hypertext [Bush 1945 Nelson 1960rsquos] HTML http Berners-Lee 1994 Mosaic later Netscape late 1990rsquos commercialization of the WWW
Growth of the Internet Today backbones run at 2410 Gbps Today backbones run at 2410 Gbps 400 millions computers in 150 countries400 millions computers in 150 countries
Internet 在中国 19931993 年年 33 月月中科院高能物理所 中科院高能物理所 64 Kbps64 Kbps TJU1995322TJU1995322 20062006 年年 1212 月月
计算机计算机 59405940 万万 用户 用户 1414 亿 亿 WWWWWW 站 站 8484 万万 CNCN 域名 域名 180180 万万 国际出口带宽 国际出口带宽 257 Gbps257 Gbps
连接美国俄罗斯法国英国德国日本连接美国俄罗斯法国英国德国日本韩国新加坡等 韩国新加坡等
Internet 提供的服务 Shared access to computing resources
telnet (1970rsquos) Shared access to data files
FTP NFS AFS (1980rsquos) Communication medium over which people interact
email (1980rsquos) on-line chat messaging (1990rsquos) audio video (1990rsquos)
replacing telephone network A medium for information dissemination
USENET (1980rsquos) WWW (1990rsquos)
replacing newspaper magazine audio video (1990rsquos)
replacing radio CD TV
Todayrsquos Internet
Internet Physical Infrastructure
Classification by Coverage
模型 协议 分层
Protocol Architecture
Donrsquot Need All Layers Everywhere
Protocol Data Unit - PDUs
Network Components (Examples)
Fibers
Coaxial Cable
Links Interfaces Switchesrouters
Ethernet card
Wireless card
Large router
Telephoneswitch
趋势 网络时代 每一件事务都是数字的 声音 视频 音
乐 画片 及生活日常事务 每一件事务都是在线的 银行结算 医疗
记录 各类书籍 航空日程 天气情况 公路交通 hellip
每个人之间都是相互联系的 医生 教师 经济人 母亲 儿子 朋友 敌人
趋势 网络时代 实现家庭
教育 办公 购物 娱乐 网上娱乐 虚拟工作场所
2000 年美国有五千五百万人实现远程工作
网络制造 电子商务 虚拟公司 虚拟制造与虚拟装配 ( 设计过程 ) 制造过程更加分散化并发进行 新型的价值链 虚拟兑现
趋势 网络时代
趋势 网络时代
网络制造 (1)
随着基于随着基于 InternetInternet 的全球化数字通信基础设的全球化数字通信基础设施的建立网络从单纯的信息工具变成rdquo施的建立网络从单纯的信息工具变成rdquo EE －－时代rdquo的关键资源时代rdquo的关键资源 全球经济一体化成为制造全球经济一体化成为制造业变革的最根本的推动力业变革的最根本的推动力
InternetInternet 向ldquo资源功能rdquo发展基于向ldquo资源功能rdquo发展基于InternetInternet 的网络化制造是适应时代的需要的网络化制造是适应时代的需要
网络制造的本质特性就是产品的制造过程更加网络制造的本质特性就是产品的制造过程更加分散化信息的传递网络化信息的流动伴随分散化信息的传递网络化信息的流动伴随着各项工作的并发进行而同时发生着各项工作的并发进行而同时发生
网络制造 (2)
基于基于 InternetInternet 的虚拟制造与虚拟装配的虚拟制造与虚拟装配 在相互联结的网络上建立在相互联结的网络上建立 2424 小时工作的协同小时工作的协同
工作组大大加快了设计进度及时获得所需工作组大大加快了设计进度及时获得所需要的零部件减少库存降低成本提高质量要的零部件减少库存降低成本提高质量
电子商务 信息技术和 Internet 引发的商务过程的变化 利用以 Internet 为核心的信息技术进行商
务活动和企业资源管理 CIMS 是企业实施电子商务的基础 企业实施电子商务是 CIMS 发展的主要标志和
主要内容
竞争环境改变 核心 产品竞争
电子商务产生背景
服务竞争
范围 单个企业 全球多企业
资源 人财物 信息知识
管理重心迁移 生产管理 供应 营销链管理
集中内部资源 整合外部资源
离散管理 集约管理
商务模式转化
bull文秘型管理bull关注后台（企业内部）bull关注业务记录（报表）bull地区性bull推销产品为中心bull（卖方市场）
bull自我服务型管理bull关注前端（客户关系）bull要求商业智能（分析）bull全球化bull客户为中心bull（买方市场）
传统商务 电子商务
客户
供应商
合作伙伴
网络智能
市场营销 产品 服务销售 产品制造
服务 支持
e 企业的业务体系结构
网络发展趋势 趋势趋势 融合融合 趋势趋势 泛在（泛在（ UbiquitousUbiquitous ）） 趋势趋势 信息爆炸信息爆炸 更多的网络业务流量更多的网络业务流量 数据流量 数据流量 gt gt 话声流量话声流量 更快的传输介质更快的传输介质 骨干网（骨干网（ BackboneBackbone ）） 更大的带宽（更大的带宽（ BandwidthBandwidth ）） 宽带无线网宽带无线网飞速增长飞速增长 (WLAN) (Wi-Fi)(WLAN) (Wi-Fi) Everything over IPEverything over IP
趋势 融合 新闻新闻 广告广告 -- 媒体媒体 --信息提供者信息提供者
数字媒体产品数字媒体产品 有线电视有线电视
视频传输视频传输 电话电话
声音传输声音传输 计算机计算机
数字媒体存储数字媒体存储 处理处理 信息提供者和信息传输者的结合信息提供者和信息传输者的结合 电话公司电话公司 有线公司有线公司 娱乐事业娱乐事业 和计算机公司和计算机公司
的结合的结合
Trend
趋势 更多的网络业务流量 互联网上的主机数正以超指数量级飞速增长互联网上的主机数正以超指数量级飞速增长 每个主机用户的业务量中也在增长每个主机用户的业务量中也在增长
局域网可达到 局域网可达到 1 1 GbpsGbps 有线电视调制解调器允许以有线电视调制解调器允许以 11到 到 10 10 MbpsMbps 的速的速
度访问主机度访问主机 应用应用 ADSLVDSLADSLVDSL 通过电话线可达到通过电话线可达到 6-6-
2727MbpsMbps 的速度的速度 宽带无线网宽带无线网 (Wi-Fi)(Wi-Fi)可达到可达到 11-54Mbps11-54Mbps 的速的速
度度 带宽需求每四个月增加一倍带宽需求每四个月增加一倍 数据流量 数据流量 gt gt 话声流量话声流量
Trend of Internet hosts 1980-2000
Trend Data gt Voice
趋势 更快的传输介质 局局域域网网 1 Gbps over 4-pair UTP-5 up to 100 m 1 Gbps over 4-pair UTP-5 up to 100 m
10Gbps being discussed10Gbps being discussed Was 1 Mbps (1Base-5) in 1984Was 1 Mbps (1Base-5) in 1984
骨干网光纤骨干网光纤 DWDMDWDM (( Dense Wavelength Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing)Division Multiplexing) OC-768 = 40 Gbps over a to 65 km OC-768 = 40 Gbps over a to 65 km
1600 Gbps - 10 Tbps1600 Gbps - 10 Tbps Was 100 Mbps (FDDI) in 1993Was 100 Mbps (FDDI) in 1993
无线网无线网 54 100 Mbps(100-2km) wireless 54 100 Mbps(100-2km) wireless networks 25 Gbps to 5km using light networks 25 Gbps to 5km using light Was 1 Mbps (IEEE 80211) in 1998Was 1 Mbps (IEEE 80211) in 1998
Trend Bandwidth
Why Optical Networks DWDM optoelectricl metro network
Trend Wireless Mobile (1)
Trend宽带无线网 (Wi-Fi)飞速增长
Trend宽带无线网 (Wi-Fi)飞速增长
Trend宽带无线网 (Wi-Fi)飞速增长
Trend宽带无线网 (Wi-Fi)飞速增长
Integration of 3G and WLAN- offer possibility of achieving anywhere anytime
high speed and low expense Internet access
3G3G WLANWLAN
Wide areaWide area Local areaLocal area
Low bit rate Low bit rate
(2M when stand (2M when stand still)still)
High bit rateHigh bit rate
(11M to 54M)(11M to 54M)
DataVoice serviceDataVoice service
((QoS supportQoS support))
Data serviceData service
High expenseHigh expense Low expenseLow expense
High mobilityHigh mobility Low mobilityLow mobility
Trend Everything over IP
Data over IP =gt IP needs Traffic Data over IP =gt IP needs Traffic engineeringengineering
Voice over IP =gt Quality of Service and Voice over IP =gt Quality of Service and SignalingSignaling
Backbone -- Optic networksBackbone -- Optic networks IP over ATM IP over ATM （（异步传输模式）异步传输模式） IP over SONET -- POS (Packet over SDH) IP over SONET -- POS (Packet over SDH)
(( 同步同步 )) IP over DWDMIP over DWDM
Asynchronous Transfer Mode ATM
1990rsquos00 standard for high-speed (155Mbps to 1990rsquos00 standard for high-speed (155Mbps to 622 Mbps and higher) 622 Mbps and higher) Broadband Integrated Broadband Integrated Service Digital NetworkService Digital Network architecture architecture
GoalGoal integrated end-end transport of carry integrated end-end transport of carry voice video datavoice video data meeting timingQoS requirements of voice meeting timingQoS requirements of voice
video (versus Internet best-effort model)video (versus Internet best-effort model) ldquoldquonext generationrdquo telephony technical roots next generationrdquo telephony technical roots
in telephone worldin telephone world packet-switching (fixed length packets packet-switching (fixed length packets
called ldquocellsrdquo) using called ldquocellsrdquo) using virtual circuitsvirtual circuits
ATM reference model
How far along are we
Standardization bodies - ATM Forum ITU-T Standardization bodies - ATM Forum ITU-T We may never see end-to-end ATM (1997)We may never see end-to-end ATM (1997)
ATM - too complex - too expansive ltIPgtATM - too complex - too expansive ltIPgt Backbone - 1995 vBNS (ATM) Backbone - 1995 vBNS (ATM)
- 1998 Abilene (SONET) - 2000 IP over - 1998 Abilene (SONET) - 2000 IP over DWDMDWDM
Internet technology + ATM philosophyInternet technology + ATM philosophy but ATM ideas continue to powerfully but ATM ideas continue to powerfully
influence design of next-generation influence design of next-generation InternetInternet
ex ex MPLSMPLS admission ctl resource admission ctl resource reservation hellipreservation hellip
Best of Both Worlds
Multiprotocol label switching (Multiprotocol label switching (MPLSMPLS)) MPLS + IP form a middle ground that MPLS + IP form a middle ground that
combines the best of IP and the best of combines the best of IP and the best of virtual virtual circuit switching technologiescircuit switching technologies
ATM and Frame Relay cannot easily come to ATM and Frame Relay cannot easily come to the middle so IP hasthe middle so IP has
Label Encapsulation
MPLS Encapsulation is specified over MPLS Encapsulation is specified over various media types Top labels may use various media types Top labels may use existing format lower label(s) use a new existing format lower label(s) use a new ldquoshimrdquo label formatldquoshimrdquo label format
Label Substitution Have a friend go to B ahead of you using one of the Have a friend go to B ahead of you using one of the
previous two techniques At every road they reserve previous two techniques At every road they reserve a lane just for you At every intersection they post a a lane just for you At every intersection they post a big sign that says for a given lane which way to turn big sign that says for a given lane which way to turn and what new lane to takeand what new lane to take
Future Internet Research and Experimentation
Todayrsquos Internet Millions of usersMillions of users Web email low-quality audio amp videoWeb email low-quality audio amp video Interconnect personal computers and serversInterconnect personal computers and servers Applications adapt to underlying technologyApplications adapt to underlying technology Todayrsquos Internet DoesnrsquotTodayrsquos Internet Doesnrsquot
Provide reliable end-to-end performanceProvide reliable end-to-end performanceEncourage cooperation on new capabilitiesEncourage cooperation on new capabilitiesAllow testing of new technologiesAllow testing of new technologiesSupport development of revolutionary Support development of revolutionary applicationsapplications
Tomorrowrsquos Internet
Billions of users and devicesBillions of users and devices Convergence of todayrsquos applications Convergence of todayrsquos applications with multimedia (telephony video-with multimedia (telephony video-conference HDTV)conference HDTV)
Interconnect personal computers Interconnect personal computers servers and embedded computersservers and embedded computers
New technologies enable unanticipated New technologies enable unanticipated applications (and create new challenges)applications (and create new challenges)
Vint Cerf Open Challenges
My primary disappointment has been the slow pace of high speed access for residential customers hellip
The second area of disappointment is the slow uptake of version 6 of the Internet protocol (IPv6)
Perhaps the third area is the continuing difficulty caused by viruses worms and distributed denial of service attacksrdquo
How to make the Internet better Addressing current problems
Security1048766 Privacy1048766 Self-diagnosis amp self-healing networks1048766 Cheap connectivity for poor area and third world countries1048766
Wireless mesh networks1048766 sensors1048766 Mobility1048766
New cool apps1048766 What is after IPTV VoIP BitTorrent
Why Internet2 (1996)
The Internet was not designed forThe Internet was not designed forMillions of usersMillions of usersCongestionCongestionMultimediaMultimediaReal time interactionReal time interaction
But only the Internet canBut only the Internet canAccommodate explosive growthAccommodate explosive growthEnable convergence of information Enable convergence of information work mass media and human work mass media and human collaborationcollaboration
Internet2 Project Develop and deploy advanced network Develop and deploy advanced network
applications and technologies accelerating applications and technologies accelerating the creation of tomorrowrsquos Internetthe creation of tomorrowrsquos Internet
GoalsGoals Enable new generation of applicationsEnable new generation of applications Re-create leading edge RampE network Re-create leading edge RampE network
capabilitycapability Transfer capability to the global Transfer capability to the global
production Internetproduction Internet 206 University Members Jan 2005206 University Members Jan 2005
Internet2 Focus Areas Advanced Network Infrastructure - AbileneAdvanced Network Infrastructure - Abilene
Backbones operate at 10 Gbps capacity - 100 Backbones operate at 10 Gbps capacity - 100 Gbps (2007)Gbps (2007)
Middleware Middleware A layer of software between the network and the A layer of software between the network and the
applications applications Authentication Identification Authorization Authentication Identification Authorization
Directories SecurityDirectories Security EngineeringEngineering
IPv6 Measurement Multicast QoS Routing IPv6 Measurement Multicast QoS Routing Security TopologySecurity Topology
Advanced ApplicationsAdvanced Applications Distributed computation Virtual laboratories Distributed computation Virtual laboratories
Digital libraries Distributed learning Digital video Digital libraries Distributed learning Digital video Tele-immersion All of the above in combinationTele-immersion All of the above in combination
Abilene Connections Apr-2000Abilene Connections July 2006
Abilene Connections Apr-2000Abilene International Peering 2006
Research andDevelopment
Commercialization
Partnerships
Privatization
Internet Development Spiral
Todayrsquos Internet
Internet2
University-led Federal agency-led
Developing education and research driven applications
Agency mission-driven and general purpose applications
Building out campus networks gigaPoPs and inter-gigapop
infrastructure
Funding research testbeds and agency research networks
Interconnecting and interoperating to provide advanced networking capabilities needed to support advanced
research and education applications
Internet2 and the Next Generation Internet Initiative
Internet2 NGI
Our Founding (Funding) Fable
Researchers invent new architectures Architectures are validated on a testbed IETF ISPs and router vendors collaborate to deploy new design
This is complete BS
Do Traditional Testbeds Really Test
Production-oriented testbeds Real traffic provides good validation But can test only very incremental changes
Research-oriented testbeds Can test radical architectures Lack of real traffic results in poor validation
Both are expensive (dedicated bandwidth)
What about Deployment Architectural change requires ISP consensus
- Hard to agree- No competitive advantage from architectural innovation
- All have huge sunk investment in the status quo
ISPs are unlikely candidates for architectural change
Architecture isnrsquot just static its decaying Ad hoc workarounds muddy the architectural waters
We are at an Impasse
We canrsquot test new architectures- Despite sizable investments in testbeds
We canrsquot deploy new architectures- And things are getting worse not better
Yet there are pressing requirements for which the current architecture is not well suited
The Communityrsquos Response Focus on areas where we can have impact
Empirical studies Incremental changes (subject to current constraints)
Small stream of architectural proposals Paper designs without hope of deployment
More science fiction than engineering Have largely abandoned hope of effecting fundamental architectural change
Living with rather than overcoming the impasse
Overcoming the Impasse
Must be able to test new architectures Wide range of architectures Real traffic from willing individuals Low overhead for individual researchers
Meet the grand challenge of reinventing the Internet
Empirical incremental research is great but not enough
If someone put us in charge what would we do
What about deployment Several options none good but no excuse to not have an answer to the grand challenge
Testing Virtual Testbed
Overlay testbed (think RON etc) Host proxy directs packets to overlay
Proxy must architecturally neutral and flexible
Individuals (anywhere) opt-in by turning on proxy
Shared testing infrastructure (think Planetlab) Overlay nodes shared among experiments
Slicing on per-packet timescales Virtualized routers
These ideas have turned into the GENI program
Why GENI (Global Environment for Network Innovations) Future Internet Network (2005)
The original designing idea of current information networks is basically a specific network supports one major service
The limitation of the original designing idea can not support the multiple requirements for networks and services (such as Telecom network Internet)
The original design mode of Internet leads to itrsquos shortage in mobility security controllable and administrable
We urgently need redesign the framework of new generation Internet to overcome the serious shortage of current Internet
Providing pervasive and trusted services based on a specific network has became the key research directions of national informatization
GENI (Global Environment for Network Innovations) - NSF 2005 (1)
What is GENIWhat is GENIGENI is GENI is a facility concepta facility concept being explored by being explored by the US computing community the US computing community
back to an NSF workshop in 2005back to an NSF workshop in 2005focus on focus on architecturalarchitectural research and research and provide the provide the experimentalexperimental infrastructure infrastructure needed to support that researchneeded to support that research
focus on the research agenda (and focus on the research agenda (and infrastructure needs) of the infrastructure needs) of the opticaloptical wirelesswireless sensorsensor network and network and distributeddistributed systems communitiessystems communities
GENI (Global Environment for Network Innovations) (2)
The goal of GENI The goal of GENI Goal a Future Internet that meets the Goal a Future Internet that meets the demands of 21st centurydemands of 21st century
to increase the to increase the qualityquality and and quantityquantity of of experimental experimental researchresearch outcomes in networking and distributed outcomes in networking and distributed systemssystems
to accelerate the to accelerate the transitiontransition of these outcomes into of these outcomes into products and servicesproducts and services
enhance economic competitiveness and secure enhance economic competitiveness and secure the Nations futurethe Nations future
Ultimately to lead to a Ultimately to lead to a transition of the transition of the InternetInternet
GENI Research Opportunities (3)
Two dichotomy thought (false or at least Two dichotomy thought (false or at least unnecessary)unnecessary)
a a clean slateclean slate reconceptualization of Internet reconceptualization of Internet architecture architecture
todays 30-year-old architecture that todays 30-year-old architecture that limit its limit its abilityability to cope with emerging threats and to cope with emerging threats and opportunitiesopportunities
bull eroding trust reduced innovation slowing eroding trust reduced innovation slowing updateupdate
future innovation will take the form of new future innovation will take the form of new services and applications running services and applications running on top of the on top of the InternetInternet
GENI Research Opportunities (4)
GENI discussion GENI discussion First we interpret Future Internet very broadly to First we interpret Future Internet very broadly to
include innovations at include innovations at any levelany level of the architecture of the architecture alternative protocols and architectures running alternative protocols and architectures running
inside the network (as overlays on top of inside the network (as overlays on top of todays network) todays network)
Second research should employ Second research should employ clean slate clean slate thinkingthinking but this does but this does not imply that an entirely not imply that an entirely newnew Internet will be necessary In other words Internet will be necessary In other words clean slate is a clean slate is a processprocess not a not a resultresult
Third opportunities Third opportunities betweenbetween two perspectives two perspectives exploring how todays architecture is best exploring how todays architecture is best
evolved to support emerging overlay services evolved to support emerging overlay services
GENI Facility Concept (5)
Facility ConceptFacility Concept experimental platforms for experimental platforms for bothboth research and research and
deploymentdeployment filling the filling the gapgap between small-scale exp and mature between small-scale exp and mature
tech tech GENI evaluate new network systems on large-GENI evaluate new network systems on large-
scalescale
Two levelsTwo levels Physical level Physical level GENI substrateGENI substrate will consist of a will consist of a
collection of links forwarders storage collection of links forwarders storage processors and wireless net processors and wireless net
On top of this substrate a On top of this substrate a software software management management frameworkframework will be overlay network experiments on will be overlay network experiments on
the substratethe substrate
GENI Facility Concept (6)
Four key ideasFour key ideas substrate components will be substrate components will be programmableprogrammable - -
possible to embed any network experiment including possible to embed any network experiment including clean-slate designs clean-slate designs
Substrate will be Substrate will be virtualizable virtualizable -- possible to embed possible to embed multiple slices in the substrate at the same time multiple slices in the substrate at the same time (allow experimental services and architectures to run (allow experimental services and architectures to run continuously) continuously)
GENI will include mechanisms that allow end-users GENI will include mechanisms that allow end-users to to seamlessly seamlessly opt-inopt-in to experimental services to experimental services
GENI will be GENI will be modularmodular ( (architecture and interfaces) - architecture and interfaces) - possible to extend GENI with new networking possible to extend GENI with new networking technologies GENI will not be a static artifact but technologies GENI will not be a static artifact but rather a rather a dynamic infrastructuredynamic infrastructure that is continually that is continually renewedrenewed
FIND (Future Internet Network Design) ndash NSF 2006 (1)
FIND asks two broad questionsFIND asks two broad questions What are the What are the requirementsrequirements for the global network for the global network
in 15 years in 15 years How How would we would we re-conceivere-conceive tomorrows global tomorrows global
network today if we could design it from scratch network today if we could design it from scratch FIND program solicits FIND program solicits clean slate processclean slate process research proposals in the broad area of research proposals in the broad area of network architecture principles and designnetwork architecture principles and design
FIND (Future Internet Network Design) (2)
FIND research might address wide questionsFIND research might address wide questions What will the What will the edgeedge of the network look like in 15 of the network look like in 15
years How might the network years How might the network architecturearchitecture of 15 of 15 years hence best accommodate sensors embedded years hence best accommodate sensors embedded systems and the like systems and the like
How might the network of 15 years from now How might the network of 15 years from now supportsupport what users really do (and care about) How what users really do (and care about) How might such functions as information access location might such functions as information access location management or identity management best fit into a management or identity management best fit into a new overall network architecture new overall network architecture
What will the What will the core core of the network look like in 15 of the network look like in 15 years How might the changing economics of years How might the changing economics of optical systems affect the overall design of the larger optical systems affect the overall design of the larger networknetwork
FIRE (Future Internet Research and Experimentation) ndash European 2007 (1)
Internet has Internet has growngrown to an unexpected reach to an unexpected reach as for the as for the numbernumber of users of users capacitycapacity of the of the links broadband penetration to the links broadband penetration to the homehome servicesservices
ProblemsProblems spam viruses denial of service spam viruses denial of service attacks complexity of managementattacks complexity of management
Internet drawbacks and Internet drawbacks and limitationslimitations ndash to ndash to scalabilityscalability suitabilitysuitability mobilitymobility transparencytransparency securitysecurity
require new radical approaches to require new radical approaches to fundamentally redesign its protocols and fundamentally redesign its protocols and architectures architectures
FIRE (2) FIRE is an FIRE is an experimentallyexperimentally-driven -driven longlong-term research initiative on -term research initiative on
Future Internet Future Internet conceptsconcepts protocolsprotocols and and architecturesarchitectures encompassing technological industrial and socio-economic encompassing technological industrial and socio-economic
aspects aspects acting as proof-of-concept of the newly proposed acting as proof-of-concept of the newly proposed
technologies and services technologies and services FIRE RESEARCHFIRE RESEARCH
Long term multidisciplinary research on future internet Long term multidisciplinary research on future internet paradigms paradigms
Open to Open to fresh bottom-upfresh bottom-up ideas with ideas with no backwards-no backwards-compatibilitycompatibility constraints constraints
Building on the FET SAC initiative ldquoSituated and Autonomic Building on the FET SAC initiative ldquoSituated and Autonomic Communicationsrdquo Communicationsrdquo
Considering at the Considering at the same timesame time technological economic and technological economic and socialpolicy aspects socialpolicy aspects
Build in from the outset and on all levels the right Build in from the outset and on all levels the right balancebalance between security accountability and privacybetween security accountability and privacy
FIRE (3)
FIRE EXPERIMENTATIONFIRE EXPERIMENTATION Large scale experimentationLarge scale experimentation of new paradigms and of new paradigms and
concepts for the future internet and related service concepts for the future internet and related service architectures architectures
Learning through broad experimentation Learning through broad experimentation Integrating and validating new conceptsIntegrating and validating new concepts
Federating and extending Federating and extending existing testbedsexisting testbeds and and research infrastructures research infrastructures
no backwards-compatibility constraints no backwards-compatibility constraints European approach and develop a European European approach and develop a European
identityidentity
- Slide 1
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- Slide 115
-
Packet-Switching vs Circuit-Switching
Most important advantage of packet-switching over circuit switching ability to exploit statistical multiplexing
Efficient bandwidth usage ratio between peek and average rate is 31 for audio and 151 for data traffic
However packet-switching needs to deal with congestion
More complex routers Harder to provide good network services (eg delay
and bandwidth guarantees)
In practice they are combined IP over SONET IP over Frame Relay
Virtual-Circuit Packet Switching Hybrid of circuit switching and packet
switching Data is transmitted as packets All packets from one packet stream are sent
along a pre-established path ( = virtual circuit)
Guarantees in-sequence delivery of packets However Packets from different virtual
circuits may be interleaved Example ATM networks
MPLS
Virtual-Circuit Packet Switching
Communication with virtual circuits takes place in three phases
1 VC establishment
2 data transfer
3 VC disconnect Note packet headers donrsquot need to contain
the full destination address of the packet
Packet 1
Packet 2
Packet 3
Packet 1
Packet 2
Packet 3
Timing of Virtual-Circuit Packet Switching
Packet 1
Packet 2
Packet 3
Host 1 Host 2Node
1Node
2
propagation delay between Host 1 and Node 1VC
establishment
VCtermination
Datatransfer
Virtual-Circuit Packet Switching
Host A
Host BHost E
Host D
Host C
Node 1 Node 2
Node 3
Node 4
Node 5
Node 6 Node 7
Internet 历史 (1) Sep69 1st IMP in UCLA Oct69 2nd IMP in SRI
Internet 之父 -- L Kleinrock1999 1969
History of the Internet (2)
History of the Internet (3)
Sep69 1st IMP in UCLA Sep69 1st IMP in UCLA Oct69 2nd IMP in SRI Oct69 2nd IMP in SRI
2230 29Oct692230 29Oct69 LOGIN from UCLA to
SRI CLA We sent an ldquoLrdquo - did
you get the ldquoLrdquo YEP We sent a ldquoOrdquo - did you
get the ldquoOrdquo YEP We sent an ldquoGrdquo - did
you get the ldquoGrdquo Crash
History of the Internet (4) 1961-1972 Early packet-switching principles 1961 Kleinrock ndash queueing theory shows
effectiveness of packet-switching 1964 Baran - packet-switching in military
nets 1967 ARPAnet conceived by Advanced
Research Projects Agency (Licklider Roberts) 1969 first ARPAnet node operational 1972 ARPAnet has 15 nodes
ARPAnet demonstrated publicly NCP (Network Control Protocol) first host-
host protocol first e-mail program
History of the Internet (5) 1972-1980 Internetworking research networks 1970ALOHAnet satellite network in Hawaii
(Abramson) 1973Metcalfersquos PhD thesis proposes Ethernet 1974Cerf and Kahn - 2004 AM Turing Award
-define todayrsquos Internet architecture minimalism autonomy ndashno internal changes
required to interconnect networks best effort service model stateless routers decentralized control
1979ARPAnet has 200 nodes 56 kbps Late 70rsquos proprietary architectures DECnet
SNA Late 70rsquos switching fixed length packets (-gt
ATM)
History of the Internet (6) 1980rsquos new protocols a proliferation of net 1983deployment of TCPIP (Critical
separation Cohen) 1982SMTP e-mail protocol defined 1983DNS defined for name-to-IP-address
translation mid-1980rsquos IETF active 1985FTP protocol defined 1988TCP congestion control new national networks Csnet BITnet Minitel
NSFnet (15 Mbps10000 computers) NSI (NASA) ESNet(DOE) DARTnet TWBNet (DARPA)
100000 hosts connected to confederation of networks
History of the Internet (7) 1990rsquos commercialization the WWW Early 1990rsquos ARPAnet decommissioned 1991 NSFnet (45 Mbps) -gt commercial use of
NSF (decommissioned 1995) Late 1990rsquos
multiple private backbones 50 million computers on Internet 100 million+ users backbone links running at 1 Gbps
Early 1990s WWW hypertext [Bush 1945 Nelson 1960rsquos] HTML http Berners-Lee 1994 Mosaic later Netscape late 1990rsquos commercialization of the WWW
Growth of the Internet Today backbones run at 2410 Gbps Today backbones run at 2410 Gbps 400 millions computers in 150 countries400 millions computers in 150 countries
Internet 在中国 19931993 年年 33 月月中科院高能物理所 中科院高能物理所 64 Kbps64 Kbps TJU1995322TJU1995322 20062006 年年 1212 月月
计算机计算机 59405940 万万 用户 用户 1414 亿 亿 WWWWWW 站 站 8484 万万 CNCN 域名 域名 180180 万万 国际出口带宽 国际出口带宽 257 Gbps257 Gbps
连接美国俄罗斯法国英国德国日本连接美国俄罗斯法国英国德国日本韩国新加坡等 韩国新加坡等
Internet 提供的服务 Shared access to computing resources
telnet (1970rsquos) Shared access to data files
FTP NFS AFS (1980rsquos) Communication medium over which people interact
email (1980rsquos) on-line chat messaging (1990rsquos) audio video (1990rsquos)
replacing telephone network A medium for information dissemination
USENET (1980rsquos) WWW (1990rsquos)
replacing newspaper magazine audio video (1990rsquos)
replacing radio CD TV
Todayrsquos Internet
Internet Physical Infrastructure
Classification by Coverage
模型 协议 分层
Protocol Architecture
Donrsquot Need All Layers Everywhere
Protocol Data Unit - PDUs
Network Components (Examples)
Fibers
Coaxial Cable
Links Interfaces Switchesrouters
Ethernet card
Wireless card
Large router
Telephoneswitch
趋势 网络时代 每一件事务都是数字的 声音 视频 音
乐 画片 及生活日常事务 每一件事务都是在线的 银行结算 医疗
记录 各类书籍 航空日程 天气情况 公路交通 hellip
每个人之间都是相互联系的 医生 教师 经济人 母亲 儿子 朋友 敌人
趋势 网络时代 实现家庭
教育 办公 购物 娱乐 网上娱乐 虚拟工作场所
2000 年美国有五千五百万人实现远程工作
网络制造 电子商务 虚拟公司 虚拟制造与虚拟装配 ( 设计过程 ) 制造过程更加分散化并发进行 新型的价值链 虚拟兑现
趋势 网络时代
趋势 网络时代
网络制造 (1)
随着基于随着基于 InternetInternet 的全球化数字通信基础设的全球化数字通信基础设施的建立网络从单纯的信息工具变成rdquo施的建立网络从单纯的信息工具变成rdquo EE －－时代rdquo的关键资源时代rdquo的关键资源 全球经济一体化成为制造全球经济一体化成为制造业变革的最根本的推动力业变革的最根本的推动力
InternetInternet 向ldquo资源功能rdquo发展基于向ldquo资源功能rdquo发展基于InternetInternet 的网络化制造是适应时代的需要的网络化制造是适应时代的需要
网络制造的本质特性就是产品的制造过程更加网络制造的本质特性就是产品的制造过程更加分散化信息的传递网络化信息的流动伴随分散化信息的传递网络化信息的流动伴随着各项工作的并发进行而同时发生着各项工作的并发进行而同时发生
网络制造 (2)
基于基于 InternetInternet 的虚拟制造与虚拟装配的虚拟制造与虚拟装配 在相互联结的网络上建立在相互联结的网络上建立 2424 小时工作的协同小时工作的协同
工作组大大加快了设计进度及时获得所需工作组大大加快了设计进度及时获得所需要的零部件减少库存降低成本提高质量要的零部件减少库存降低成本提高质量
电子商务 信息技术和 Internet 引发的商务过程的变化 利用以 Internet 为核心的信息技术进行商
务活动和企业资源管理 CIMS 是企业实施电子商务的基础 企业实施电子商务是 CIMS 发展的主要标志和
主要内容
竞争环境改变 核心 产品竞争
电子商务产生背景
服务竞争
范围 单个企业 全球多企业
资源 人财物 信息知识
管理重心迁移 生产管理 供应 营销链管理
集中内部资源 整合外部资源
离散管理 集约管理
商务模式转化
bull文秘型管理bull关注后台（企业内部）bull关注业务记录（报表）bull地区性bull推销产品为中心bull（卖方市场）
bull自我服务型管理bull关注前端（客户关系）bull要求商业智能（分析）bull全球化bull客户为中心bull（买方市场）
传统商务 电子商务
客户
供应商
合作伙伴
网络智能
市场营销 产品 服务销售 产品制造
服务 支持
e 企业的业务体系结构
网络发展趋势 趋势趋势 融合融合 趋势趋势 泛在（泛在（ UbiquitousUbiquitous ）） 趋势趋势 信息爆炸信息爆炸 更多的网络业务流量更多的网络业务流量 数据流量 数据流量 gt gt 话声流量话声流量 更快的传输介质更快的传输介质 骨干网（骨干网（ BackboneBackbone ）） 更大的带宽（更大的带宽（ BandwidthBandwidth ）） 宽带无线网宽带无线网飞速增长飞速增长 (WLAN) (Wi-Fi)(WLAN) (Wi-Fi) Everything over IPEverything over IP
趋势 融合 新闻新闻 广告广告 -- 媒体媒体 --信息提供者信息提供者
数字媒体产品数字媒体产品 有线电视有线电视
视频传输视频传输 电话电话
声音传输声音传输 计算机计算机
数字媒体存储数字媒体存储 处理处理 信息提供者和信息传输者的结合信息提供者和信息传输者的结合 电话公司电话公司 有线公司有线公司 娱乐事业娱乐事业 和计算机公司和计算机公司
的结合的结合
Trend
趋势 更多的网络业务流量 互联网上的主机数正以超指数量级飞速增长互联网上的主机数正以超指数量级飞速增长 每个主机用户的业务量中也在增长每个主机用户的业务量中也在增长
局域网可达到 局域网可达到 1 1 GbpsGbps 有线电视调制解调器允许以有线电视调制解调器允许以 11到 到 10 10 MbpsMbps 的速的速
度访问主机度访问主机 应用应用 ADSLVDSLADSLVDSL 通过电话线可达到通过电话线可达到 6-6-
2727MbpsMbps 的速度的速度 宽带无线网宽带无线网 (Wi-Fi)(Wi-Fi)可达到可达到 11-54Mbps11-54Mbps 的速的速
度度 带宽需求每四个月增加一倍带宽需求每四个月增加一倍 数据流量 数据流量 gt gt 话声流量话声流量
Trend of Internet hosts 1980-2000
Trend Data gt Voice
趋势 更快的传输介质 局局域域网网 1 Gbps over 4-pair UTP-5 up to 100 m 1 Gbps over 4-pair UTP-5 up to 100 m
10Gbps being discussed10Gbps being discussed Was 1 Mbps (1Base-5) in 1984Was 1 Mbps (1Base-5) in 1984
骨干网光纤骨干网光纤 DWDMDWDM (( Dense Wavelength Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing)Division Multiplexing) OC-768 = 40 Gbps over a to 65 km OC-768 = 40 Gbps over a to 65 km
1600 Gbps - 10 Tbps1600 Gbps - 10 Tbps Was 100 Mbps (FDDI) in 1993Was 100 Mbps (FDDI) in 1993
无线网无线网 54 100 Mbps(100-2km) wireless 54 100 Mbps(100-2km) wireless networks 25 Gbps to 5km using light networks 25 Gbps to 5km using light Was 1 Mbps (IEEE 80211) in 1998Was 1 Mbps (IEEE 80211) in 1998
Trend Bandwidth
Why Optical Networks DWDM optoelectricl metro network
Trend Wireless Mobile (1)
Trend宽带无线网 (Wi-Fi)飞速增长
Trend宽带无线网 (Wi-Fi)飞速增长
Trend宽带无线网 (Wi-Fi)飞速增长
Trend宽带无线网 (Wi-Fi)飞速增长
Integration of 3G and WLAN- offer possibility of achieving anywhere anytime
high speed and low expense Internet access
3G3G WLANWLAN
Wide areaWide area Local areaLocal area
Low bit rate Low bit rate
(2M when stand (2M when stand still)still)
High bit rateHigh bit rate
(11M to 54M)(11M to 54M)
DataVoice serviceDataVoice service
((QoS supportQoS support))
Data serviceData service
High expenseHigh expense Low expenseLow expense
High mobilityHigh mobility Low mobilityLow mobility
Trend Everything over IP
Data over IP =gt IP needs Traffic Data over IP =gt IP needs Traffic engineeringengineering
Voice over IP =gt Quality of Service and Voice over IP =gt Quality of Service and SignalingSignaling
Backbone -- Optic networksBackbone -- Optic networks IP over ATM IP over ATM （（异步传输模式）异步传输模式） IP over SONET -- POS (Packet over SDH) IP over SONET -- POS (Packet over SDH)
(( 同步同步 )) IP over DWDMIP over DWDM
Asynchronous Transfer Mode ATM
1990rsquos00 standard for high-speed (155Mbps to 1990rsquos00 standard for high-speed (155Mbps to 622 Mbps and higher) 622 Mbps and higher) Broadband Integrated Broadband Integrated Service Digital NetworkService Digital Network architecture architecture
GoalGoal integrated end-end transport of carry integrated end-end transport of carry voice video datavoice video data meeting timingQoS requirements of voice meeting timingQoS requirements of voice
video (versus Internet best-effort model)video (versus Internet best-effort model) ldquoldquonext generationrdquo telephony technical roots next generationrdquo telephony technical roots
in telephone worldin telephone world packet-switching (fixed length packets packet-switching (fixed length packets
called ldquocellsrdquo) using called ldquocellsrdquo) using virtual circuitsvirtual circuits
ATM reference model
How far along are we
Standardization bodies - ATM Forum ITU-T Standardization bodies - ATM Forum ITU-T We may never see end-to-end ATM (1997)We may never see end-to-end ATM (1997)
ATM - too complex - too expansive ltIPgtATM - too complex - too expansive ltIPgt Backbone - 1995 vBNS (ATM) Backbone - 1995 vBNS (ATM)
- 1998 Abilene (SONET) - 2000 IP over - 1998 Abilene (SONET) - 2000 IP over DWDMDWDM
Internet technology + ATM philosophyInternet technology + ATM philosophy but ATM ideas continue to powerfully but ATM ideas continue to powerfully
influence design of next-generation influence design of next-generation InternetInternet
ex ex MPLSMPLS admission ctl resource admission ctl resource reservation hellipreservation hellip
Best of Both Worlds
Multiprotocol label switching (Multiprotocol label switching (MPLSMPLS)) MPLS + IP form a middle ground that MPLS + IP form a middle ground that
combines the best of IP and the best of combines the best of IP and the best of virtual virtual circuit switching technologiescircuit switching technologies
ATM and Frame Relay cannot easily come to ATM and Frame Relay cannot easily come to the middle so IP hasthe middle so IP has
Label Encapsulation
MPLS Encapsulation is specified over MPLS Encapsulation is specified over various media types Top labels may use various media types Top labels may use existing format lower label(s) use a new existing format lower label(s) use a new ldquoshimrdquo label formatldquoshimrdquo label format
Label Substitution Have a friend go to B ahead of you using one of the Have a friend go to B ahead of you using one of the
previous two techniques At every road they reserve previous two techniques At every road they reserve a lane just for you At every intersection they post a a lane just for you At every intersection they post a big sign that says for a given lane which way to turn big sign that says for a given lane which way to turn and what new lane to takeand what new lane to take
Future Internet Research and Experimentation
Todayrsquos Internet Millions of usersMillions of users Web email low-quality audio amp videoWeb email low-quality audio amp video Interconnect personal computers and serversInterconnect personal computers and servers Applications adapt to underlying technologyApplications adapt to underlying technology Todayrsquos Internet DoesnrsquotTodayrsquos Internet Doesnrsquot
Provide reliable end-to-end performanceProvide reliable end-to-end performanceEncourage cooperation on new capabilitiesEncourage cooperation on new capabilitiesAllow testing of new technologiesAllow testing of new technologiesSupport development of revolutionary Support development of revolutionary applicationsapplications
Tomorrowrsquos Internet
Billions of users and devicesBillions of users and devices Convergence of todayrsquos applications Convergence of todayrsquos applications with multimedia (telephony video-with multimedia (telephony video-conference HDTV)conference HDTV)
Interconnect personal computers Interconnect personal computers servers and embedded computersservers and embedded computers
New technologies enable unanticipated New technologies enable unanticipated applications (and create new challenges)applications (and create new challenges)
Vint Cerf Open Challenges
My primary disappointment has been the slow pace of high speed access for residential customers hellip
The second area of disappointment is the slow uptake of version 6 of the Internet protocol (IPv6)
Perhaps the third area is the continuing difficulty caused by viruses worms and distributed denial of service attacksrdquo
How to make the Internet better Addressing current problems
Security1048766 Privacy1048766 Self-diagnosis amp self-healing networks1048766 Cheap connectivity for poor area and third world countries1048766
Wireless mesh networks1048766 sensors1048766 Mobility1048766
New cool apps1048766 What is after IPTV VoIP BitTorrent
Why Internet2 (1996)
The Internet was not designed forThe Internet was not designed forMillions of usersMillions of usersCongestionCongestionMultimediaMultimediaReal time interactionReal time interaction
But only the Internet canBut only the Internet canAccommodate explosive growthAccommodate explosive growthEnable convergence of information Enable convergence of information work mass media and human work mass media and human collaborationcollaboration
Internet2 Project Develop and deploy advanced network Develop and deploy advanced network
applications and technologies accelerating applications and technologies accelerating the creation of tomorrowrsquos Internetthe creation of tomorrowrsquos Internet
GoalsGoals Enable new generation of applicationsEnable new generation of applications Re-create leading edge RampE network Re-create leading edge RampE network
capabilitycapability Transfer capability to the global Transfer capability to the global
production Internetproduction Internet 206 University Members Jan 2005206 University Members Jan 2005
Internet2 Focus Areas Advanced Network Infrastructure - AbileneAdvanced Network Infrastructure - Abilene
Backbones operate at 10 Gbps capacity - 100 Backbones operate at 10 Gbps capacity - 100 Gbps (2007)Gbps (2007)
Middleware Middleware A layer of software between the network and the A layer of software between the network and the
applications applications Authentication Identification Authorization Authentication Identification Authorization
Directories SecurityDirectories Security EngineeringEngineering
IPv6 Measurement Multicast QoS Routing IPv6 Measurement Multicast QoS Routing Security TopologySecurity Topology
Advanced ApplicationsAdvanced Applications Distributed computation Virtual laboratories Distributed computation Virtual laboratories
Digital libraries Distributed learning Digital video Digital libraries Distributed learning Digital video Tele-immersion All of the above in combinationTele-immersion All of the above in combination
Abilene Connections Apr-2000Abilene Connections July 2006
Abilene Connections Apr-2000Abilene International Peering 2006
Research andDevelopment
Commercialization
Partnerships
Privatization
Internet Development Spiral
Todayrsquos Internet
Internet2
University-led Federal agency-led
Developing education and research driven applications
Agency mission-driven and general purpose applications
Building out campus networks gigaPoPs and inter-gigapop
infrastructure
Funding research testbeds and agency research networks
Interconnecting and interoperating to provide advanced networking capabilities needed to support advanced
research and education applications
Internet2 and the Next Generation Internet Initiative
Internet2 NGI
Our Founding (Funding) Fable
Researchers invent new architectures Architectures are validated on a testbed IETF ISPs and router vendors collaborate to deploy new design
This is complete BS
Do Traditional Testbeds Really Test
Production-oriented testbeds Real traffic provides good validation But can test only very incremental changes
Research-oriented testbeds Can test radical architectures Lack of real traffic results in poor validation
Both are expensive (dedicated bandwidth)
What about Deployment Architectural change requires ISP consensus
- Hard to agree- No competitive advantage from architectural innovation
- All have huge sunk investment in the status quo
ISPs are unlikely candidates for architectural change
Architecture isnrsquot just static its decaying Ad hoc workarounds muddy the architectural waters
We are at an Impasse
We canrsquot test new architectures- Despite sizable investments in testbeds
We canrsquot deploy new architectures- And things are getting worse not better
Yet there are pressing requirements for which the current architecture is not well suited
The Communityrsquos Response Focus on areas where we can have impact
Empirical studies Incremental changes (subject to current constraints)
Small stream of architectural proposals Paper designs without hope of deployment
More science fiction than engineering Have largely abandoned hope of effecting fundamental architectural change
Living with rather than overcoming the impasse
Overcoming the Impasse
Must be able to test new architectures Wide range of architectures Real traffic from willing individuals Low overhead for individual researchers
Meet the grand challenge of reinventing the Internet
Empirical incremental research is great but not enough
If someone put us in charge what would we do
What about deployment Several options none good but no excuse to not have an answer to the grand challenge
Testing Virtual Testbed
Overlay testbed (think RON etc) Host proxy directs packets to overlay
Proxy must architecturally neutral and flexible
Individuals (anywhere) opt-in by turning on proxy
Shared testing infrastructure (think Planetlab) Overlay nodes shared among experiments
Slicing on per-packet timescales Virtualized routers
These ideas have turned into the GENI program
Why GENI (Global Environment for Network Innovations) Future Internet Network (2005)
The original designing idea of current information networks is basically a specific network supports one major service
The limitation of the original designing idea can not support the multiple requirements for networks and services (such as Telecom network Internet)
The original design mode of Internet leads to itrsquos shortage in mobility security controllable and administrable
We urgently need redesign the framework of new generation Internet to overcome the serious shortage of current Internet
Providing pervasive and trusted services based on a specific network has became the key research directions of national informatization
GENI (Global Environment for Network Innovations) - NSF 2005 (1)
What is GENIWhat is GENIGENI is GENI is a facility concepta facility concept being explored by being explored by the US computing community the US computing community
back to an NSF workshop in 2005back to an NSF workshop in 2005focus on focus on architecturalarchitectural research and research and provide the provide the experimentalexperimental infrastructure infrastructure needed to support that researchneeded to support that research
focus on the research agenda (and focus on the research agenda (and infrastructure needs) of the infrastructure needs) of the opticaloptical wirelesswireless sensorsensor network and network and distributeddistributed systems communitiessystems communities
GENI (Global Environment for Network Innovations) (2)
The goal of GENI The goal of GENI Goal a Future Internet that meets the Goal a Future Internet that meets the demands of 21st centurydemands of 21st century
to increase the to increase the qualityquality and and quantityquantity of of experimental experimental researchresearch outcomes in networking and distributed outcomes in networking and distributed systemssystems
to accelerate the to accelerate the transitiontransition of these outcomes into of these outcomes into products and servicesproducts and services
enhance economic competitiveness and secure enhance economic competitiveness and secure the Nations futurethe Nations future
Ultimately to lead to a Ultimately to lead to a transition of the transition of the InternetInternet
GENI Research Opportunities (3)
Two dichotomy thought (false or at least Two dichotomy thought (false or at least unnecessary)unnecessary)
a a clean slateclean slate reconceptualization of Internet reconceptualization of Internet architecture architecture
todays 30-year-old architecture that todays 30-year-old architecture that limit its limit its abilityability to cope with emerging threats and to cope with emerging threats and opportunitiesopportunities
bull eroding trust reduced innovation slowing eroding trust reduced innovation slowing updateupdate
future innovation will take the form of new future innovation will take the form of new services and applications running services and applications running on top of the on top of the InternetInternet
GENI Research Opportunities (4)
GENI discussion GENI discussion First we interpret Future Internet very broadly to First we interpret Future Internet very broadly to
include innovations at include innovations at any levelany level of the architecture of the architecture alternative protocols and architectures running alternative protocols and architectures running
inside the network (as overlays on top of inside the network (as overlays on top of todays network) todays network)
Second research should employ Second research should employ clean slate clean slate thinkingthinking but this does but this does not imply that an entirely not imply that an entirely newnew Internet will be necessary In other words Internet will be necessary In other words clean slate is a clean slate is a processprocess not a not a resultresult
Third opportunities Third opportunities betweenbetween two perspectives two perspectives exploring how todays architecture is best exploring how todays architecture is best
evolved to support emerging overlay services evolved to support emerging overlay services
GENI Facility Concept (5)
Facility ConceptFacility Concept experimental platforms for experimental platforms for bothboth research and research and
deploymentdeployment filling the filling the gapgap between small-scale exp and mature between small-scale exp and mature
tech tech GENI evaluate new network systems on large-GENI evaluate new network systems on large-
scalescale
Two levelsTwo levels Physical level Physical level GENI substrateGENI substrate will consist of a will consist of a
collection of links forwarders storage collection of links forwarders storage processors and wireless net processors and wireless net
On top of this substrate a On top of this substrate a software software management management frameworkframework will be overlay network experiments on will be overlay network experiments on
the substratethe substrate
GENI Facility Concept (6)
Four key ideasFour key ideas substrate components will be substrate components will be programmableprogrammable - -
possible to embed any network experiment including possible to embed any network experiment including clean-slate designs clean-slate designs
Substrate will be Substrate will be virtualizable virtualizable -- possible to embed possible to embed multiple slices in the substrate at the same time multiple slices in the substrate at the same time (allow experimental services and architectures to run (allow experimental services and architectures to run continuously) continuously)
GENI will include mechanisms that allow end-users GENI will include mechanisms that allow end-users to to seamlessly seamlessly opt-inopt-in to experimental services to experimental services
GENI will be GENI will be modularmodular ( (architecture and interfaces) - architecture and interfaces) - possible to extend GENI with new networking possible to extend GENI with new networking technologies GENI will not be a static artifact but technologies GENI will not be a static artifact but rather a rather a dynamic infrastructuredynamic infrastructure that is continually that is continually renewedrenewed
FIND (Future Internet Network Design) ndash NSF 2006 (1)
FIND asks two broad questionsFIND asks two broad questions What are the What are the requirementsrequirements for the global network for the global network
in 15 years in 15 years How How would we would we re-conceivere-conceive tomorrows global tomorrows global
network today if we could design it from scratch network today if we could design it from scratch FIND program solicits FIND program solicits clean slate processclean slate process research proposals in the broad area of research proposals in the broad area of network architecture principles and designnetwork architecture principles and design
FIND (Future Internet Network Design) (2)
FIND research might address wide questionsFIND research might address wide questions What will the What will the edgeedge of the network look like in 15 of the network look like in 15
years How might the network years How might the network architecturearchitecture of 15 of 15 years hence best accommodate sensors embedded years hence best accommodate sensors embedded systems and the like systems and the like
How might the network of 15 years from now How might the network of 15 years from now supportsupport what users really do (and care about) How what users really do (and care about) How might such functions as information access location might such functions as information access location management or identity management best fit into a management or identity management best fit into a new overall network architecture new overall network architecture
What will the What will the core core of the network look like in 15 of the network look like in 15 years How might the changing economics of years How might the changing economics of optical systems affect the overall design of the larger optical systems affect the overall design of the larger networknetwork
FIRE (Future Internet Research and Experimentation) ndash European 2007 (1)
Internet has Internet has growngrown to an unexpected reach to an unexpected reach as for the as for the numbernumber of users of users capacitycapacity of the of the links broadband penetration to the links broadband penetration to the homehome servicesservices
ProblemsProblems spam viruses denial of service spam viruses denial of service attacks complexity of managementattacks complexity of management
Internet drawbacks and Internet drawbacks and limitationslimitations ndash to ndash to scalabilityscalability suitabilitysuitability mobilitymobility transparencytransparency securitysecurity
require new radical approaches to require new radical approaches to fundamentally redesign its protocols and fundamentally redesign its protocols and architectures architectures
FIRE (2) FIRE is an FIRE is an experimentallyexperimentally-driven -driven longlong-term research initiative on -term research initiative on
Future Internet Future Internet conceptsconcepts protocolsprotocols and and architecturesarchitectures encompassing technological industrial and socio-economic encompassing technological industrial and socio-economic
aspects aspects acting as proof-of-concept of the newly proposed acting as proof-of-concept of the newly proposed
technologies and services technologies and services FIRE RESEARCHFIRE RESEARCH
Long term multidisciplinary research on future internet Long term multidisciplinary research on future internet paradigms paradigms
Open to Open to fresh bottom-upfresh bottom-up ideas with ideas with no backwards-no backwards-compatibilitycompatibility constraints constraints
Building on the FET SAC initiative ldquoSituated and Autonomic Building on the FET SAC initiative ldquoSituated and Autonomic Communicationsrdquo Communicationsrdquo
Considering at the Considering at the same timesame time technological economic and technological economic and socialpolicy aspects socialpolicy aspects
Build in from the outset and on all levels the right Build in from the outset and on all levels the right balancebalance between security accountability and privacybetween security accountability and privacy
FIRE (3)
FIRE EXPERIMENTATIONFIRE EXPERIMENTATION Large scale experimentationLarge scale experimentation of new paradigms and of new paradigms and
concepts for the future internet and related service concepts for the future internet and related service architectures architectures
Learning through broad experimentation Learning through broad experimentation Integrating and validating new conceptsIntegrating and validating new concepts
Federating and extending Federating and extending existing testbedsexisting testbeds and and research infrastructures research infrastructures
no backwards-compatibility constraints no backwards-compatibility constraints European approach and develop a European European approach and develop a European
identityidentity
- Slide 1
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- Slide 114
- Slide 115
-
Virtual-Circuit Packet Switching Hybrid of circuit switching and packet
switching Data is transmitted as packets All packets from one packet stream are sent
along a pre-established path ( = virtual circuit)
Guarantees in-sequence delivery of packets However Packets from different virtual
circuits may be interleaved Example ATM networks
MPLS
Virtual-Circuit Packet Switching
Communication with virtual circuits takes place in three phases
1 VC establishment
2 data transfer
3 VC disconnect Note packet headers donrsquot need to contain
the full destination address of the packet
Packet 1
Packet 2
Packet 3
Packet 1
Packet 2
Packet 3
Timing of Virtual-Circuit Packet Switching
Packet 1
Packet 2
Packet 3
Host 1 Host 2Node
1Node
2
propagation delay between Host 1 and Node 1VC
establishment
VCtermination
Datatransfer
Virtual-Circuit Packet Switching
Host A
Host BHost E
Host D
Host C
Node 1 Node 2
Node 3
Node 4
Node 5
Node 6 Node 7
Internet 历史 (1) Sep69 1st IMP in UCLA Oct69 2nd IMP in SRI
Internet 之父 -- L Kleinrock1999 1969
History of the Internet (2)
History of the Internet (3)
Sep69 1st IMP in UCLA Sep69 1st IMP in UCLA Oct69 2nd IMP in SRI Oct69 2nd IMP in SRI
2230 29Oct692230 29Oct69 LOGIN from UCLA to
SRI CLA We sent an ldquoLrdquo - did
you get the ldquoLrdquo YEP We sent a ldquoOrdquo - did you
get the ldquoOrdquo YEP We sent an ldquoGrdquo - did
you get the ldquoGrdquo Crash
History of the Internet (4) 1961-1972 Early packet-switching principles 1961 Kleinrock ndash queueing theory shows
effectiveness of packet-switching 1964 Baran - packet-switching in military
nets 1967 ARPAnet conceived by Advanced
Research Projects Agency (Licklider Roberts) 1969 first ARPAnet node operational 1972 ARPAnet has 15 nodes
ARPAnet demonstrated publicly NCP (Network Control Protocol) first host-
host protocol first e-mail program
History of the Internet (5) 1972-1980 Internetworking research networks 1970ALOHAnet satellite network in Hawaii
(Abramson) 1973Metcalfersquos PhD thesis proposes Ethernet 1974Cerf and Kahn - 2004 AM Turing Award
-define todayrsquos Internet architecture minimalism autonomy ndashno internal changes
required to interconnect networks best effort service model stateless routers decentralized control
1979ARPAnet has 200 nodes 56 kbps Late 70rsquos proprietary architectures DECnet
SNA Late 70rsquos switching fixed length packets (-gt
ATM)
History of the Internet (6) 1980rsquos new protocols a proliferation of net 1983deployment of TCPIP (Critical
separation Cohen) 1982SMTP e-mail protocol defined 1983DNS defined for name-to-IP-address
translation mid-1980rsquos IETF active 1985FTP protocol defined 1988TCP congestion control new national networks Csnet BITnet Minitel
NSFnet (15 Mbps10000 computers) NSI (NASA) ESNet(DOE) DARTnet TWBNet (DARPA)
100000 hosts connected to confederation of networks
History of the Internet (7) 1990rsquos commercialization the WWW Early 1990rsquos ARPAnet decommissioned 1991 NSFnet (45 Mbps) -gt commercial use of
NSF (decommissioned 1995) Late 1990rsquos
multiple private backbones 50 million computers on Internet 100 million+ users backbone links running at 1 Gbps
Early 1990s WWW hypertext [Bush 1945 Nelson 1960rsquos] HTML http Berners-Lee 1994 Mosaic later Netscape late 1990rsquos commercialization of the WWW
Growth of the Internet Today backbones run at 2410 Gbps Today backbones run at 2410 Gbps 400 millions computers in 150 countries400 millions computers in 150 countries
Internet 在中国 19931993 年年 33 月月中科院高能物理所 中科院高能物理所 64 Kbps64 Kbps TJU1995322TJU1995322 20062006 年年 1212 月月
计算机计算机 59405940 万万 用户 用户 1414 亿 亿 WWWWWW 站 站 8484 万万 CNCN 域名 域名 180180 万万 国际出口带宽 国际出口带宽 257 Gbps257 Gbps
连接美国俄罗斯法国英国德国日本连接美国俄罗斯法国英国德国日本韩国新加坡等 韩国新加坡等
Internet 提供的服务 Shared access to computing resources
telnet (1970rsquos) Shared access to data files
FTP NFS AFS (1980rsquos) Communication medium over which people interact
email (1980rsquos) on-line chat messaging (1990rsquos) audio video (1990rsquos)
replacing telephone network A medium for information dissemination
USENET (1980rsquos) WWW (1990rsquos)
replacing newspaper magazine audio video (1990rsquos)
replacing radio CD TV
Todayrsquos Internet
Internet Physical Infrastructure
Classification by Coverage
模型 协议 分层
Protocol Architecture
Donrsquot Need All Layers Everywhere
Protocol Data Unit - PDUs
Network Components (Examples)
Fibers
Coaxial Cable
Links Interfaces Switchesrouters
Ethernet card
Wireless card
Large router
Telephoneswitch
趋势 网络时代 每一件事务都是数字的 声音 视频 音
乐 画片 及生活日常事务 每一件事务都是在线的 银行结算 医疗
记录 各类书籍 航空日程 天气情况 公路交通 hellip
每个人之间都是相互联系的 医生 教师 经济人 母亲 儿子 朋友 敌人
趋势 网络时代 实现家庭
教育 办公 购物 娱乐 网上娱乐 虚拟工作场所
2000 年美国有五千五百万人实现远程工作
网络制造 电子商务 虚拟公司 虚拟制造与虚拟装配 ( 设计过程 ) 制造过程更加分散化并发进行 新型的价值链 虚拟兑现
趋势 网络时代
趋势 网络时代
网络制造 (1)
随着基于随着基于 InternetInternet 的全球化数字通信基础设的全球化数字通信基础设施的建立网络从单纯的信息工具变成rdquo施的建立网络从单纯的信息工具变成rdquo EE －－时代rdquo的关键资源时代rdquo的关键资源 全球经济一体化成为制造全球经济一体化成为制造业变革的最根本的推动力业变革的最根本的推动力
InternetInternet 向ldquo资源功能rdquo发展基于向ldquo资源功能rdquo发展基于InternetInternet 的网络化制造是适应时代的需要的网络化制造是适应时代的需要
网络制造的本质特性就是产品的制造过程更加网络制造的本质特性就是产品的制造过程更加分散化信息的传递网络化信息的流动伴随分散化信息的传递网络化信息的流动伴随着各项工作的并发进行而同时发生着各项工作的并发进行而同时发生
网络制造 (2)
基于基于 InternetInternet 的虚拟制造与虚拟装配的虚拟制造与虚拟装配 在相互联结的网络上建立在相互联结的网络上建立 2424 小时工作的协同小时工作的协同
工作组大大加快了设计进度及时获得所需工作组大大加快了设计进度及时获得所需要的零部件减少库存降低成本提高质量要的零部件减少库存降低成本提高质量
电子商务 信息技术和 Internet 引发的商务过程的变化 利用以 Internet 为核心的信息技术进行商
务活动和企业资源管理 CIMS 是企业实施电子商务的基础 企业实施电子商务是 CIMS 发展的主要标志和
主要内容
竞争环境改变 核心 产品竞争
电子商务产生背景
服务竞争
范围 单个企业 全球多企业
资源 人财物 信息知识
管理重心迁移 生产管理 供应 营销链管理
集中内部资源 整合外部资源
离散管理 集约管理
商务模式转化
bull文秘型管理bull关注后台（企业内部）bull关注业务记录（报表）bull地区性bull推销产品为中心bull（卖方市场）
bull自我服务型管理bull关注前端（客户关系）bull要求商业智能（分析）bull全球化bull客户为中心bull（买方市场）
传统商务 电子商务
客户
供应商
合作伙伴
网络智能
市场营销 产品 服务销售 产品制造
服务 支持
e 企业的业务体系结构
网络发展趋势 趋势趋势 融合融合 趋势趋势 泛在（泛在（ UbiquitousUbiquitous ）） 趋势趋势 信息爆炸信息爆炸 更多的网络业务流量更多的网络业务流量 数据流量 数据流量 gt gt 话声流量话声流量 更快的传输介质更快的传输介质 骨干网（骨干网（ BackboneBackbone ）） 更大的带宽（更大的带宽（ BandwidthBandwidth ）） 宽带无线网宽带无线网飞速增长飞速增长 (WLAN) (Wi-Fi)(WLAN) (Wi-Fi) Everything over IPEverything over IP
趋势 融合 新闻新闻 广告广告 -- 媒体媒体 --信息提供者信息提供者
数字媒体产品数字媒体产品 有线电视有线电视
视频传输视频传输 电话电话
声音传输声音传输 计算机计算机
数字媒体存储数字媒体存储 处理处理 信息提供者和信息传输者的结合信息提供者和信息传输者的结合 电话公司电话公司 有线公司有线公司 娱乐事业娱乐事业 和计算机公司和计算机公司
的结合的结合
Trend
趋势 更多的网络业务流量 互联网上的主机数正以超指数量级飞速增长互联网上的主机数正以超指数量级飞速增长 每个主机用户的业务量中也在增长每个主机用户的业务量中也在增长
局域网可达到 局域网可达到 1 1 GbpsGbps 有线电视调制解调器允许以有线电视调制解调器允许以 11到 到 10 10 MbpsMbps 的速的速
度访问主机度访问主机 应用应用 ADSLVDSLADSLVDSL 通过电话线可达到通过电话线可达到 6-6-
2727MbpsMbps 的速度的速度 宽带无线网宽带无线网 (Wi-Fi)(Wi-Fi)可达到可达到 11-54Mbps11-54Mbps 的速的速
度度 带宽需求每四个月增加一倍带宽需求每四个月增加一倍 数据流量 数据流量 gt gt 话声流量话声流量
Trend of Internet hosts 1980-2000
Trend Data gt Voice
趋势 更快的传输介质 局局域域网网 1 Gbps over 4-pair UTP-5 up to 100 m 1 Gbps over 4-pair UTP-5 up to 100 m
10Gbps being discussed10Gbps being discussed Was 1 Mbps (1Base-5) in 1984Was 1 Mbps (1Base-5) in 1984
骨干网光纤骨干网光纤 DWDMDWDM (( Dense Wavelength Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing)Division Multiplexing) OC-768 = 40 Gbps over a to 65 km OC-768 = 40 Gbps over a to 65 km
1600 Gbps - 10 Tbps1600 Gbps - 10 Tbps Was 100 Mbps (FDDI) in 1993Was 100 Mbps (FDDI) in 1993
无线网无线网 54 100 Mbps(100-2km) wireless 54 100 Mbps(100-2km) wireless networks 25 Gbps to 5km using light networks 25 Gbps to 5km using light Was 1 Mbps (IEEE 80211) in 1998Was 1 Mbps (IEEE 80211) in 1998
Trend Bandwidth
Why Optical Networks DWDM optoelectricl metro network
Trend Wireless Mobile (1)
Trend宽带无线网 (Wi-Fi)飞速增长
Trend宽带无线网 (Wi-Fi)飞速增长
Trend宽带无线网 (Wi-Fi)飞速增长
Trend宽带无线网 (Wi-Fi)飞速增长
Integration of 3G and WLAN- offer possibility of achieving anywhere anytime
high speed and low expense Internet access
3G3G WLANWLAN
Wide areaWide area Local areaLocal area
Low bit rate Low bit rate
(2M when stand (2M when stand still)still)
High bit rateHigh bit rate
(11M to 54M)(11M to 54M)
DataVoice serviceDataVoice service
((QoS supportQoS support))
Data serviceData service
High expenseHigh expense Low expenseLow expense
High mobilityHigh mobility Low mobilityLow mobility
Trend Everything over IP
Data over IP =gt IP needs Traffic Data over IP =gt IP needs Traffic engineeringengineering
Voice over IP =gt Quality of Service and Voice over IP =gt Quality of Service and SignalingSignaling
Backbone -- Optic networksBackbone -- Optic networks IP over ATM IP over ATM （（异步传输模式）异步传输模式） IP over SONET -- POS (Packet over SDH) IP over SONET -- POS (Packet over SDH)
(( 同步同步 )) IP over DWDMIP over DWDM
Asynchronous Transfer Mode ATM
1990rsquos00 standard for high-speed (155Mbps to 1990rsquos00 standard for high-speed (155Mbps to 622 Mbps and higher) 622 Mbps and higher) Broadband Integrated Broadband Integrated Service Digital NetworkService Digital Network architecture architecture
GoalGoal integrated end-end transport of carry integrated end-end transport of carry voice video datavoice video data meeting timingQoS requirements of voice meeting timingQoS requirements of voice
video (versus Internet best-effort model)video (versus Internet best-effort model) ldquoldquonext generationrdquo telephony technical roots next generationrdquo telephony technical roots
in telephone worldin telephone world packet-switching (fixed length packets packet-switching (fixed length packets
called ldquocellsrdquo) using called ldquocellsrdquo) using virtual circuitsvirtual circuits
ATM reference model
How far along are we
Standardization bodies - ATM Forum ITU-T Standardization bodies - ATM Forum ITU-T We may never see end-to-end ATM (1997)We may never see end-to-end ATM (1997)
ATM - too complex - too expansive ltIPgtATM - too complex - too expansive ltIPgt Backbone - 1995 vBNS (ATM) Backbone - 1995 vBNS (ATM)
- 1998 Abilene (SONET) - 2000 IP over - 1998 Abilene (SONET) - 2000 IP over DWDMDWDM
Internet technology + ATM philosophyInternet technology + ATM philosophy but ATM ideas continue to powerfully but ATM ideas continue to powerfully
influence design of next-generation influence design of next-generation InternetInternet
ex ex MPLSMPLS admission ctl resource admission ctl resource reservation hellipreservation hellip
Best of Both Worlds
Multiprotocol label switching (Multiprotocol label switching (MPLSMPLS)) MPLS + IP form a middle ground that MPLS + IP form a middle ground that
combines the best of IP and the best of combines the best of IP and the best of virtual virtual circuit switching technologiescircuit switching technologies
ATM and Frame Relay cannot easily come to ATM and Frame Relay cannot easily come to the middle so IP hasthe middle so IP has
Label Encapsulation
MPLS Encapsulation is specified over MPLS Encapsulation is specified over various media types Top labels may use various media types Top labels may use existing format lower label(s) use a new existing format lower label(s) use a new ldquoshimrdquo label formatldquoshimrdquo label format
Label Substitution Have a friend go to B ahead of you using one of the Have a friend go to B ahead of you using one of the
previous two techniques At every road they reserve previous two techniques At every road they reserve a lane just for you At every intersection they post a a lane just for you At every intersection they post a big sign that says for a given lane which way to turn big sign that says for a given lane which way to turn and what new lane to takeand what new lane to take
Future Internet Research and Experimentation
Todayrsquos Internet Millions of usersMillions of users Web email low-quality audio amp videoWeb email low-quality audio amp video Interconnect personal computers and serversInterconnect personal computers and servers Applications adapt to underlying technologyApplications adapt to underlying technology Todayrsquos Internet DoesnrsquotTodayrsquos Internet Doesnrsquot
Provide reliable end-to-end performanceProvide reliable end-to-end performanceEncourage cooperation on new capabilitiesEncourage cooperation on new capabilitiesAllow testing of new technologiesAllow testing of new technologiesSupport development of revolutionary Support development of revolutionary applicationsapplications
Tomorrowrsquos Internet
Billions of users and devicesBillions of users and devices Convergence of todayrsquos applications Convergence of todayrsquos applications with multimedia (telephony video-with multimedia (telephony video-conference HDTV)conference HDTV)
Interconnect personal computers Interconnect personal computers servers and embedded computersservers and embedded computers
New technologies enable unanticipated New technologies enable unanticipated applications (and create new challenges)applications (and create new challenges)
Vint Cerf Open Challenges
My primary disappointment has been the slow pace of high speed access for residential customers hellip
The second area of disappointment is the slow uptake of version 6 of the Internet protocol (IPv6)
Perhaps the third area is the continuing difficulty caused by viruses worms and distributed denial of service attacksrdquo
How to make the Internet better Addressing current problems
Security1048766 Privacy1048766 Self-diagnosis amp self-healing networks1048766 Cheap connectivity for poor area and third world countries1048766
Wireless mesh networks1048766 sensors1048766 Mobility1048766
New cool apps1048766 What is after IPTV VoIP BitTorrent
Why Internet2 (1996)
The Internet was not designed forThe Internet was not designed forMillions of usersMillions of usersCongestionCongestionMultimediaMultimediaReal time interactionReal time interaction
But only the Internet canBut only the Internet canAccommodate explosive growthAccommodate explosive growthEnable convergence of information Enable convergence of information work mass media and human work mass media and human collaborationcollaboration
Internet2 Project Develop and deploy advanced network Develop and deploy advanced network
applications and technologies accelerating applications and technologies accelerating the creation of tomorrowrsquos Internetthe creation of tomorrowrsquos Internet
GoalsGoals Enable new generation of applicationsEnable new generation of applications Re-create leading edge RampE network Re-create leading edge RampE network
capabilitycapability Transfer capability to the global Transfer capability to the global
production Internetproduction Internet 206 University Members Jan 2005206 University Members Jan 2005
Internet2 Focus Areas Advanced Network Infrastructure - AbileneAdvanced Network Infrastructure - Abilene
Backbones operate at 10 Gbps capacity - 100 Backbones operate at 10 Gbps capacity - 100 Gbps (2007)Gbps (2007)
Middleware Middleware A layer of software between the network and the A layer of software between the network and the
applications applications Authentication Identification Authorization Authentication Identification Authorization
Directories SecurityDirectories Security EngineeringEngineering
IPv6 Measurement Multicast QoS Routing IPv6 Measurement Multicast QoS Routing Security TopologySecurity Topology
Advanced ApplicationsAdvanced Applications Distributed computation Virtual laboratories Distributed computation Virtual laboratories
Digital libraries Distributed learning Digital video Digital libraries Distributed learning Digital video Tele-immersion All of the above in combinationTele-immersion All of the above in combination
Abilene Connections Apr-2000Abilene Connections July 2006
Abilene Connections Apr-2000Abilene International Peering 2006
Research andDevelopment
Commercialization
Partnerships
Privatization
Internet Development Spiral
Todayrsquos Internet
Internet2
University-led Federal agency-led
Developing education and research driven applications
Agency mission-driven and general purpose applications
Building out campus networks gigaPoPs and inter-gigapop
infrastructure
Funding research testbeds and agency research networks
Interconnecting and interoperating to provide advanced networking capabilities needed to support advanced
research and education applications
Internet2 and the Next Generation Internet Initiative
Internet2 NGI
Our Founding (Funding) Fable
Researchers invent new architectures Architectures are validated on a testbed IETF ISPs and router vendors collaborate to deploy new design
This is complete BS
Do Traditional Testbeds Really Test
Production-oriented testbeds Real traffic provides good validation But can test only very incremental changes
Research-oriented testbeds Can test radical architectures Lack of real traffic results in poor validation
Both are expensive (dedicated bandwidth)
What about Deployment Architectural change requires ISP consensus
- Hard to agree- No competitive advantage from architectural innovation
- All have huge sunk investment in the status quo
ISPs are unlikely candidates for architectural change
Architecture isnrsquot just static its decaying Ad hoc workarounds muddy the architectural waters
We are at an Impasse
We canrsquot test new architectures- Despite sizable investments in testbeds
We canrsquot deploy new architectures- And things are getting worse not better
Yet there are pressing requirements for which the current architecture is not well suited
The Communityrsquos Response Focus on areas where we can have impact
Empirical studies Incremental changes (subject to current constraints)
Small stream of architectural proposals Paper designs without hope of deployment
More science fiction than engineering Have largely abandoned hope of effecting fundamental architectural change
Living with rather than overcoming the impasse
Overcoming the Impasse
Must be able to test new architectures Wide range of architectures Real traffic from willing individuals Low overhead for individual researchers
Meet the grand challenge of reinventing the Internet
Empirical incremental research is great but not enough
If someone put us in charge what would we do
What about deployment Several options none good but no excuse to not have an answer to the grand challenge
Testing Virtual Testbed
Overlay testbed (think RON etc) Host proxy directs packets to overlay
Proxy must architecturally neutral and flexible
Individuals (anywhere) opt-in by turning on proxy
Shared testing infrastructure (think Planetlab) Overlay nodes shared among experiments
Slicing on per-packet timescales Virtualized routers
These ideas have turned into the GENI program
Why GENI (Global Environment for Network Innovations) Future Internet Network (2005)
The original designing idea of current information networks is basically a specific network supports one major service
The limitation of the original designing idea can not support the multiple requirements for networks and services (such as Telecom network Internet)
The original design mode of Internet leads to itrsquos shortage in mobility security controllable and administrable
We urgently need redesign the framework of new generation Internet to overcome the serious shortage of current Internet
Providing pervasive and trusted services based on a specific network has became the key research directions of national informatization
GENI (Global Environment for Network Innovations) - NSF 2005 (1)
What is GENIWhat is GENIGENI is GENI is a facility concepta facility concept being explored by being explored by the US computing community the US computing community
back to an NSF workshop in 2005back to an NSF workshop in 2005focus on focus on architecturalarchitectural research and research and provide the provide the experimentalexperimental infrastructure infrastructure needed to support that researchneeded to support that research
focus on the research agenda (and focus on the research agenda (and infrastructure needs) of the infrastructure needs) of the opticaloptical wirelesswireless sensorsensor network and network and distributeddistributed systems communitiessystems communities
GENI (Global Environment for Network Innovations) (2)
The goal of GENI The goal of GENI Goal a Future Internet that meets the Goal a Future Internet that meets the demands of 21st centurydemands of 21st century
to increase the to increase the qualityquality and and quantityquantity of of experimental experimental researchresearch outcomes in networking and distributed outcomes in networking and distributed systemssystems
to accelerate the to accelerate the transitiontransition of these outcomes into of these outcomes into products and servicesproducts and services
enhance economic competitiveness and secure enhance economic competitiveness and secure the Nations futurethe Nations future
Ultimately to lead to a Ultimately to lead to a transition of the transition of the InternetInternet
GENI Research Opportunities (3)
Two dichotomy thought (false or at least Two dichotomy thought (false or at least unnecessary)unnecessary)
a a clean slateclean slate reconceptualization of Internet reconceptualization of Internet architecture architecture
todays 30-year-old architecture that todays 30-year-old architecture that limit its limit its abilityability to cope with emerging threats and to cope with emerging threats and opportunitiesopportunities
bull eroding trust reduced innovation slowing eroding trust reduced innovation slowing updateupdate
future innovation will take the form of new future innovation will take the form of new services and applications running services and applications running on top of the on top of the InternetInternet
GENI Research Opportunities (4)
GENI discussion GENI discussion First we interpret Future Internet very broadly to First we interpret Future Internet very broadly to
include innovations at include innovations at any levelany level of the architecture of the architecture alternative protocols and architectures running alternative protocols and architectures running
inside the network (as overlays on top of inside the network (as overlays on top of todays network) todays network)
Second research should employ Second research should employ clean slate clean slate thinkingthinking but this does but this does not imply that an entirely not imply that an entirely newnew Internet will be necessary In other words Internet will be necessary In other words clean slate is a clean slate is a processprocess not a not a resultresult
Third opportunities Third opportunities betweenbetween two perspectives two perspectives exploring how todays architecture is best exploring how todays architecture is best
evolved to support emerging overlay services evolved to support emerging overlay services
GENI Facility Concept (5)
Facility ConceptFacility Concept experimental platforms for experimental platforms for bothboth research and research and
deploymentdeployment filling the filling the gapgap between small-scale exp and mature between small-scale exp and mature
tech tech GENI evaluate new network systems on large-GENI evaluate new network systems on large-
scalescale
Two levelsTwo levels Physical level Physical level GENI substrateGENI substrate will consist of a will consist of a
collection of links forwarders storage collection of links forwarders storage processors and wireless net processors and wireless net
On top of this substrate a On top of this substrate a software software management management frameworkframework will be overlay network experiments on will be overlay network experiments on
the substratethe substrate
GENI Facility Concept (6)
Four key ideasFour key ideas substrate components will be substrate components will be programmableprogrammable - -
possible to embed any network experiment including possible to embed any network experiment including clean-slate designs clean-slate designs
Substrate will be Substrate will be virtualizable virtualizable -- possible to embed possible to embed multiple slices in the substrate at the same time multiple slices in the substrate at the same time (allow experimental services and architectures to run (allow experimental services and architectures to run continuously) continuously)
GENI will include mechanisms that allow end-users GENI will include mechanisms that allow end-users to to seamlessly seamlessly opt-inopt-in to experimental services to experimental services
GENI will be GENI will be modularmodular ( (architecture and interfaces) - architecture and interfaces) - possible to extend GENI with new networking possible to extend GENI with new networking technologies GENI will not be a static artifact but technologies GENI will not be a static artifact but rather a rather a dynamic infrastructuredynamic infrastructure that is continually that is continually renewedrenewed
FIND (Future Internet Network Design) ndash NSF 2006 (1)
FIND asks two broad questionsFIND asks two broad questions What are the What are the requirementsrequirements for the global network for the global network
in 15 years in 15 years How How would we would we re-conceivere-conceive tomorrows global tomorrows global
network today if we could design it from scratch network today if we could design it from scratch FIND program solicits FIND program solicits clean slate processclean slate process research proposals in the broad area of research proposals in the broad area of network architecture principles and designnetwork architecture principles and design
FIND (Future Internet Network Design) (2)
FIND research might address wide questionsFIND research might address wide questions What will the What will the edgeedge of the network look like in 15 of the network look like in 15
years How might the network years How might the network architecturearchitecture of 15 of 15 years hence best accommodate sensors embedded years hence best accommodate sensors embedded systems and the like systems and the like
How might the network of 15 years from now How might the network of 15 years from now supportsupport what users really do (and care about) How what users really do (and care about) How might such functions as information access location might such functions as information access location management or identity management best fit into a management or identity management best fit into a new overall network architecture new overall network architecture
What will the What will the core core of the network look like in 15 of the network look like in 15 years How might the changing economics of years How might the changing economics of optical systems affect the overall design of the larger optical systems affect the overall design of the larger networknetwork
FIRE (Future Internet Research and Experimentation) ndash European 2007 (1)
Internet has Internet has growngrown to an unexpected reach to an unexpected reach as for the as for the numbernumber of users of users capacitycapacity of the of the links broadband penetration to the links broadband penetration to the homehome servicesservices
ProblemsProblems spam viruses denial of service spam viruses denial of service attacks complexity of managementattacks complexity of management
Internet drawbacks and Internet drawbacks and limitationslimitations ndash to ndash to scalabilityscalability suitabilitysuitability mobilitymobility transparencytransparency securitysecurity
require new radical approaches to require new radical approaches to fundamentally redesign its protocols and fundamentally redesign its protocols and architectures architectures
FIRE (2) FIRE is an FIRE is an experimentallyexperimentally-driven -driven longlong-term research initiative on -term research initiative on
Future Internet Future Internet conceptsconcepts protocolsprotocols and and architecturesarchitectures encompassing technological industrial and socio-economic encompassing technological industrial and socio-economic
aspects aspects acting as proof-of-concept of the newly proposed acting as proof-of-concept of the newly proposed
technologies and services technologies and services FIRE RESEARCHFIRE RESEARCH
Long term multidisciplinary research on future internet Long term multidisciplinary research on future internet paradigms paradigms
Open to Open to fresh bottom-upfresh bottom-up ideas with ideas with no backwards-no backwards-compatibilitycompatibility constraints constraints
Building on the FET SAC initiative ldquoSituated and Autonomic Building on the FET SAC initiative ldquoSituated and Autonomic Communicationsrdquo Communicationsrdquo
Considering at the Considering at the same timesame time technological economic and technological economic and socialpolicy aspects socialpolicy aspects
Build in from the outset and on all levels the right Build in from the outset and on all levels the right balancebalance between security accountability and privacybetween security accountability and privacy
FIRE (3)
FIRE EXPERIMENTATIONFIRE EXPERIMENTATION Large scale experimentationLarge scale experimentation of new paradigms and of new paradigms and
concepts for the future internet and related service concepts for the future internet and related service architectures architectures
Learning through broad experimentation Learning through broad experimentation Integrating and validating new conceptsIntegrating and validating new concepts
Federating and extending Federating and extending existing testbedsexisting testbeds and and research infrastructures research infrastructures
no backwards-compatibility constraints no backwards-compatibility constraints European approach and develop a European European approach and develop a European
identityidentity
- Slide 1
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- Slide 114
- Slide 115
-
Virtual-Circuit Packet Switching
Communication with virtual circuits takes place in three phases
1 VC establishment
2 data transfer
3 VC disconnect Note packet headers donrsquot need to contain
the full destination address of the packet
Packet 1
Packet 2
Packet 3
Packet 1
Packet 2
Packet 3
Timing of Virtual-Circuit Packet Switching
Packet 1
Packet 2
Packet 3
Host 1 Host 2Node
1Node
2
propagation delay between Host 1 and Node 1VC
establishment
VCtermination
Datatransfer
Virtual-Circuit Packet Switching
Host A
Host BHost E
Host D
Host C
Node 1 Node 2
Node 3
Node 4
Node 5
Node 6 Node 7
Internet 历史 (1) Sep69 1st IMP in UCLA Oct69 2nd IMP in SRI
Internet 之父 -- L Kleinrock1999 1969
History of the Internet (2)
History of the Internet (3)
Sep69 1st IMP in UCLA Sep69 1st IMP in UCLA Oct69 2nd IMP in SRI Oct69 2nd IMP in SRI
2230 29Oct692230 29Oct69 LOGIN from UCLA to
SRI CLA We sent an ldquoLrdquo - did
you get the ldquoLrdquo YEP We sent a ldquoOrdquo - did you
get the ldquoOrdquo YEP We sent an ldquoGrdquo - did
you get the ldquoGrdquo Crash
History of the Internet (4) 1961-1972 Early packet-switching principles 1961 Kleinrock ndash queueing theory shows
effectiveness of packet-switching 1964 Baran - packet-switching in military
nets 1967 ARPAnet conceived by Advanced
Research Projects Agency (Licklider Roberts) 1969 first ARPAnet node operational 1972 ARPAnet has 15 nodes
ARPAnet demonstrated publicly NCP (Network Control Protocol) first host-
host protocol first e-mail program
History of the Internet (5) 1972-1980 Internetworking research networks 1970ALOHAnet satellite network in Hawaii
(Abramson) 1973Metcalfersquos PhD thesis proposes Ethernet 1974Cerf and Kahn - 2004 AM Turing Award
-define todayrsquos Internet architecture minimalism autonomy ndashno internal changes
required to interconnect networks best effort service model stateless routers decentralized control
1979ARPAnet has 200 nodes 56 kbps Late 70rsquos proprietary architectures DECnet
SNA Late 70rsquos switching fixed length packets (-gt
ATM)
History of the Internet (6) 1980rsquos new protocols a proliferation of net 1983deployment of TCPIP (Critical
separation Cohen) 1982SMTP e-mail protocol defined 1983DNS defined for name-to-IP-address
translation mid-1980rsquos IETF active 1985FTP protocol defined 1988TCP congestion control new national networks Csnet BITnet Minitel
NSFnet (15 Mbps10000 computers) NSI (NASA) ESNet(DOE) DARTnet TWBNet (DARPA)
100000 hosts connected to confederation of networks
History of the Internet (7) 1990rsquos commercialization the WWW Early 1990rsquos ARPAnet decommissioned 1991 NSFnet (45 Mbps) -gt commercial use of
NSF (decommissioned 1995) Late 1990rsquos
multiple private backbones 50 million computers on Internet 100 million+ users backbone links running at 1 Gbps
Early 1990s WWW hypertext [Bush 1945 Nelson 1960rsquos] HTML http Berners-Lee 1994 Mosaic later Netscape late 1990rsquos commercialization of the WWW
Growth of the Internet Today backbones run at 2410 Gbps Today backbones run at 2410 Gbps 400 millions computers in 150 countries400 millions computers in 150 countries
Internet 在中国 19931993 年年 33 月月中科院高能物理所 中科院高能物理所 64 Kbps64 Kbps TJU1995322TJU1995322 20062006 年年 1212 月月
计算机计算机 59405940 万万 用户 用户 1414 亿 亿 WWWWWW 站 站 8484 万万 CNCN 域名 域名 180180 万万 国际出口带宽 国际出口带宽 257 Gbps257 Gbps
连接美国俄罗斯法国英国德国日本连接美国俄罗斯法国英国德国日本韩国新加坡等 韩国新加坡等
Internet 提供的服务 Shared access to computing resources
telnet (1970rsquos) Shared access to data files
FTP NFS AFS (1980rsquos) Communication medium over which people interact
email (1980rsquos) on-line chat messaging (1990rsquos) audio video (1990rsquos)
replacing telephone network A medium for information dissemination
USENET (1980rsquos) WWW (1990rsquos)
replacing newspaper magazine audio video (1990rsquos)
replacing radio CD TV
Todayrsquos Internet
Internet Physical Infrastructure
Classification by Coverage
模型 协议 分层
Protocol Architecture
Donrsquot Need All Layers Everywhere
Protocol Data Unit - PDUs
Network Components (Examples)
Fibers
Coaxial Cable
Links Interfaces Switchesrouters
Ethernet card
Wireless card
Large router
Telephoneswitch
趋势 网络时代 每一件事务都是数字的 声音 视频 音
乐 画片 及生活日常事务 每一件事务都是在线的 银行结算 医疗
记录 各类书籍 航空日程 天气情况 公路交通 hellip
每个人之间都是相互联系的 医生 教师 经济人 母亲 儿子 朋友 敌人
趋势 网络时代 实现家庭
教育 办公 购物 娱乐 网上娱乐 虚拟工作场所
2000 年美国有五千五百万人实现远程工作
网络制造 电子商务 虚拟公司 虚拟制造与虚拟装配 ( 设计过程 ) 制造过程更加分散化并发进行 新型的价值链 虚拟兑现
趋势 网络时代
趋势 网络时代
网络制造 (1)
随着基于随着基于 InternetInternet 的全球化数字通信基础设的全球化数字通信基础设施的建立网络从单纯的信息工具变成rdquo施的建立网络从单纯的信息工具变成rdquo EE －－时代rdquo的关键资源时代rdquo的关键资源 全球经济一体化成为制造全球经济一体化成为制造业变革的最根本的推动力业变革的最根本的推动力
InternetInternet 向ldquo资源功能rdquo发展基于向ldquo资源功能rdquo发展基于InternetInternet 的网络化制造是适应时代的需要的网络化制造是适应时代的需要
网络制造的本质特性就是产品的制造过程更加网络制造的本质特性就是产品的制造过程更加分散化信息的传递网络化信息的流动伴随分散化信息的传递网络化信息的流动伴随着各项工作的并发进行而同时发生着各项工作的并发进行而同时发生
网络制造 (2)
基于基于 InternetInternet 的虚拟制造与虚拟装配的虚拟制造与虚拟装配 在相互联结的网络上建立在相互联结的网络上建立 2424 小时工作的协同小时工作的协同
工作组大大加快了设计进度及时获得所需工作组大大加快了设计进度及时获得所需要的零部件减少库存降低成本提高质量要的零部件减少库存降低成本提高质量
电子商务 信息技术和 Internet 引发的商务过程的变化 利用以 Internet 为核心的信息技术进行商
务活动和企业资源管理 CIMS 是企业实施电子商务的基础 企业实施电子商务是 CIMS 发展的主要标志和
主要内容
竞争环境改变 核心 产品竞争
电子商务产生背景
服务竞争
范围 单个企业 全球多企业
资源 人财物 信息知识
管理重心迁移 生产管理 供应 营销链管理
集中内部资源 整合外部资源
离散管理 集约管理
商务模式转化
bull文秘型管理bull关注后台（企业内部）bull关注业务记录（报表）bull地区性bull推销产品为中心bull（卖方市场）
bull自我服务型管理bull关注前端（客户关系）bull要求商业智能（分析）bull全球化bull客户为中心bull（买方市场）
传统商务 电子商务
客户
供应商
合作伙伴
网络智能
市场营销 产品 服务销售 产品制造
服务 支持
e 企业的业务体系结构
网络发展趋势 趋势趋势 融合融合 趋势趋势 泛在（泛在（ UbiquitousUbiquitous ）） 趋势趋势 信息爆炸信息爆炸 更多的网络业务流量更多的网络业务流量 数据流量 数据流量 gt gt 话声流量话声流量 更快的传输介质更快的传输介质 骨干网（骨干网（ BackboneBackbone ）） 更大的带宽（更大的带宽（ BandwidthBandwidth ）） 宽带无线网宽带无线网飞速增长飞速增长 (WLAN) (Wi-Fi)(WLAN) (Wi-Fi) Everything over IPEverything over IP
趋势 融合 新闻新闻 广告广告 -- 媒体媒体 --信息提供者信息提供者
数字媒体产品数字媒体产品 有线电视有线电视
视频传输视频传输 电话电话
声音传输声音传输 计算机计算机
数字媒体存储数字媒体存储 处理处理 信息提供者和信息传输者的结合信息提供者和信息传输者的结合 电话公司电话公司 有线公司有线公司 娱乐事业娱乐事业 和计算机公司和计算机公司
的结合的结合
Trend
趋势 更多的网络业务流量 互联网上的主机数正以超指数量级飞速增长互联网上的主机数正以超指数量级飞速增长 每个主机用户的业务量中也在增长每个主机用户的业务量中也在增长
局域网可达到 局域网可达到 1 1 GbpsGbps 有线电视调制解调器允许以有线电视调制解调器允许以 11到 到 10 10 MbpsMbps 的速的速
度访问主机度访问主机 应用应用 ADSLVDSLADSLVDSL 通过电话线可达到通过电话线可达到 6-6-
2727MbpsMbps 的速度的速度 宽带无线网宽带无线网 (Wi-Fi)(Wi-Fi)可达到可达到 11-54Mbps11-54Mbps 的速的速
度度 带宽需求每四个月增加一倍带宽需求每四个月增加一倍 数据流量 数据流量 gt gt 话声流量话声流量
Trend of Internet hosts 1980-2000
Trend Data gt Voice
趋势 更快的传输介质 局局域域网网 1 Gbps over 4-pair UTP-5 up to 100 m 1 Gbps over 4-pair UTP-5 up to 100 m
10Gbps being discussed10Gbps being discussed Was 1 Mbps (1Base-5) in 1984Was 1 Mbps (1Base-5) in 1984
骨干网光纤骨干网光纤 DWDMDWDM (( Dense Wavelength Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing)Division Multiplexing) OC-768 = 40 Gbps over a to 65 km OC-768 = 40 Gbps over a to 65 km
1600 Gbps - 10 Tbps1600 Gbps - 10 Tbps Was 100 Mbps (FDDI) in 1993Was 100 Mbps (FDDI) in 1993
无线网无线网 54 100 Mbps(100-2km) wireless 54 100 Mbps(100-2km) wireless networks 25 Gbps to 5km using light networks 25 Gbps to 5km using light Was 1 Mbps (IEEE 80211) in 1998Was 1 Mbps (IEEE 80211) in 1998
Trend Bandwidth
Why Optical Networks DWDM optoelectricl metro network
Trend Wireless Mobile (1)
Trend宽带无线网 (Wi-Fi)飞速增长
Trend宽带无线网 (Wi-Fi)飞速增长
Trend宽带无线网 (Wi-Fi)飞速增长
Trend宽带无线网 (Wi-Fi)飞速增长
Integration of 3G and WLAN- offer possibility of achieving anywhere anytime
high speed and low expense Internet access
3G3G WLANWLAN
Wide areaWide area Local areaLocal area
Low bit rate Low bit rate
(2M when stand (2M when stand still)still)
High bit rateHigh bit rate
(11M to 54M)(11M to 54M)
DataVoice serviceDataVoice service
((QoS supportQoS support))
Data serviceData service
High expenseHigh expense Low expenseLow expense
High mobilityHigh mobility Low mobilityLow mobility
Trend Everything over IP
Data over IP =gt IP needs Traffic Data over IP =gt IP needs Traffic engineeringengineering
Voice over IP =gt Quality of Service and Voice over IP =gt Quality of Service and SignalingSignaling
Backbone -- Optic networksBackbone -- Optic networks IP over ATM IP over ATM （（异步传输模式）异步传输模式） IP over SONET -- POS (Packet over SDH) IP over SONET -- POS (Packet over SDH)
(( 同步同步 )) IP over DWDMIP over DWDM
Asynchronous Transfer Mode ATM
1990rsquos00 standard for high-speed (155Mbps to 1990rsquos00 standard for high-speed (155Mbps to 622 Mbps and higher) 622 Mbps and higher) Broadband Integrated Broadband Integrated Service Digital NetworkService Digital Network architecture architecture
GoalGoal integrated end-end transport of carry integrated end-end transport of carry voice video datavoice video data meeting timingQoS requirements of voice meeting timingQoS requirements of voice
video (versus Internet best-effort model)video (versus Internet best-effort model) ldquoldquonext generationrdquo telephony technical roots next generationrdquo telephony technical roots
in telephone worldin telephone world packet-switching (fixed length packets packet-switching (fixed length packets
called ldquocellsrdquo) using called ldquocellsrdquo) using virtual circuitsvirtual circuits
ATM reference model
How far along are we
Standardization bodies - ATM Forum ITU-T Standardization bodies - ATM Forum ITU-T We may never see end-to-end ATM (1997)We may never see end-to-end ATM (1997)
ATM - too complex - too expansive ltIPgtATM - too complex - too expansive ltIPgt Backbone - 1995 vBNS (ATM) Backbone - 1995 vBNS (ATM)
- 1998 Abilene (SONET) - 2000 IP over - 1998 Abilene (SONET) - 2000 IP over DWDMDWDM
Internet technology + ATM philosophyInternet technology + ATM philosophy but ATM ideas continue to powerfully but ATM ideas continue to powerfully
influence design of next-generation influence design of next-generation InternetInternet
ex ex MPLSMPLS admission ctl resource admission ctl resource reservation hellipreservation hellip
Best of Both Worlds
Multiprotocol label switching (Multiprotocol label switching (MPLSMPLS)) MPLS + IP form a middle ground that MPLS + IP form a middle ground that
combines the best of IP and the best of combines the best of IP and the best of virtual virtual circuit switching technologiescircuit switching technologies
ATM and Frame Relay cannot easily come to ATM and Frame Relay cannot easily come to the middle so IP hasthe middle so IP has
Label Encapsulation
MPLS Encapsulation is specified over MPLS Encapsulation is specified over various media types Top labels may use various media types Top labels may use existing format lower label(s) use a new existing format lower label(s) use a new ldquoshimrdquo label formatldquoshimrdquo label format
Label Substitution Have a friend go to B ahead of you using one of the Have a friend go to B ahead of you using one of the
previous two techniques At every road they reserve previous two techniques At every road they reserve a lane just for you At every intersection they post a a lane just for you At every intersection they post a big sign that says for a given lane which way to turn big sign that says for a given lane which way to turn and what new lane to takeand what new lane to take
Future Internet Research and Experimentation
Todayrsquos Internet Millions of usersMillions of users Web email low-quality audio amp videoWeb email low-quality audio amp video Interconnect personal computers and serversInterconnect personal computers and servers Applications adapt to underlying technologyApplications adapt to underlying technology Todayrsquos Internet DoesnrsquotTodayrsquos Internet Doesnrsquot
Provide reliable end-to-end performanceProvide reliable end-to-end performanceEncourage cooperation on new capabilitiesEncourage cooperation on new capabilitiesAllow testing of new technologiesAllow testing of new technologiesSupport development of revolutionary Support development of revolutionary applicationsapplications
Tomorrowrsquos Internet
Billions of users and devicesBillions of users and devices Convergence of todayrsquos applications Convergence of todayrsquos applications with multimedia (telephony video-with multimedia (telephony video-conference HDTV)conference HDTV)
Interconnect personal computers Interconnect personal computers servers and embedded computersservers and embedded computers
New technologies enable unanticipated New technologies enable unanticipated applications (and create new challenges)applications (and create new challenges)
Vint Cerf Open Challenges
My primary disappointment has been the slow pace of high speed access for residential customers hellip
The second area of disappointment is the slow uptake of version 6 of the Internet protocol (IPv6)
Perhaps the third area is the continuing difficulty caused by viruses worms and distributed denial of service attacksrdquo
How to make the Internet better Addressing current problems
Security1048766 Privacy1048766 Self-diagnosis amp self-healing networks1048766 Cheap connectivity for poor area and third world countries1048766
Wireless mesh networks1048766 sensors1048766 Mobility1048766
New cool apps1048766 What is after IPTV VoIP BitTorrent
Why Internet2 (1996)
The Internet was not designed forThe Internet was not designed forMillions of usersMillions of usersCongestionCongestionMultimediaMultimediaReal time interactionReal time interaction
But only the Internet canBut only the Internet canAccommodate explosive growthAccommodate explosive growthEnable convergence of information Enable convergence of information work mass media and human work mass media and human collaborationcollaboration
Internet2 Project Develop and deploy advanced network Develop and deploy advanced network
applications and technologies accelerating applications and technologies accelerating the creation of tomorrowrsquos Internetthe creation of tomorrowrsquos Internet
GoalsGoals Enable new generation of applicationsEnable new generation of applications Re-create leading edge RampE network Re-create leading edge RampE network
capabilitycapability Transfer capability to the global Transfer capability to the global
production Internetproduction Internet 206 University Members Jan 2005206 University Members Jan 2005
Internet2 Focus Areas Advanced Network Infrastructure - AbileneAdvanced Network Infrastructure - Abilene
Backbones operate at 10 Gbps capacity - 100 Backbones operate at 10 Gbps capacity - 100 Gbps (2007)Gbps (2007)
Middleware Middleware A layer of software between the network and the A layer of software between the network and the
applications applications Authentication Identification Authorization Authentication Identification Authorization
Directories SecurityDirectories Security EngineeringEngineering
IPv6 Measurement Multicast QoS Routing IPv6 Measurement Multicast QoS Routing Security TopologySecurity Topology
Advanced ApplicationsAdvanced Applications Distributed computation Virtual laboratories Distributed computation Virtual laboratories
Digital libraries Distributed learning Digital video Digital libraries Distributed learning Digital video Tele-immersion All of the above in combinationTele-immersion All of the above in combination
Abilene Connections Apr-2000Abilene Connections July 2006
Abilene Connections Apr-2000Abilene International Peering 2006
Research andDevelopment
Commercialization
Partnerships
Privatization
Internet Development Spiral
Todayrsquos Internet
Internet2
University-led Federal agency-led
Developing education and research driven applications
Agency mission-driven and general purpose applications
Building out campus networks gigaPoPs and inter-gigapop
infrastructure
Funding research testbeds and agency research networks
Interconnecting and interoperating to provide advanced networking capabilities needed to support advanced
research and education applications
Internet2 and the Next Generation Internet Initiative
Internet2 NGI
Our Founding (Funding) Fable
Researchers invent new architectures Architectures are validated on a testbed IETF ISPs and router vendors collaborate to deploy new design
This is complete BS
Do Traditional Testbeds Really Test
Production-oriented testbeds Real traffic provides good validation But can test only very incremental changes
Research-oriented testbeds Can test radical architectures Lack of real traffic results in poor validation
Both are expensive (dedicated bandwidth)
What about Deployment Architectural change requires ISP consensus
- Hard to agree- No competitive advantage from architectural innovation
- All have huge sunk investment in the status quo
ISPs are unlikely candidates for architectural change
Architecture isnrsquot just static its decaying Ad hoc workarounds muddy the architectural waters
We are at an Impasse
We canrsquot test new architectures- Despite sizable investments in testbeds
We canrsquot deploy new architectures- And things are getting worse not better
Yet there are pressing requirements for which the current architecture is not well suited
The Communityrsquos Response Focus on areas where we can have impact
Empirical studies Incremental changes (subject to current constraints)
Small stream of architectural proposals Paper designs without hope of deployment
More science fiction than engineering Have largely abandoned hope of effecting fundamental architectural change
Living with rather than overcoming the impasse
Overcoming the Impasse
Must be able to test new architectures Wide range of architectures Real traffic from willing individuals Low overhead for individual researchers
Meet the grand challenge of reinventing the Internet
Empirical incremental research is great but not enough
If someone put us in charge what would we do
What about deployment Several options none good but no excuse to not have an answer to the grand challenge
Testing Virtual Testbed
Overlay testbed (think RON etc) Host proxy directs packets to overlay
Proxy must architecturally neutral and flexible
Individuals (anywhere) opt-in by turning on proxy
Shared testing infrastructure (think Planetlab) Overlay nodes shared among experiments
Slicing on per-packet timescales Virtualized routers
These ideas have turned into the GENI program
Why GENI (Global Environment for Network Innovations) Future Internet Network (2005)
The original designing idea of current information networks is basically a specific network supports one major service
The limitation of the original designing idea can not support the multiple requirements for networks and services (such as Telecom network Internet)
The original design mode of Internet leads to itrsquos shortage in mobility security controllable and administrable
We urgently need redesign the framework of new generation Internet to overcome the serious shortage of current Internet
Providing pervasive and trusted services based on a specific network has became the key research directions of national informatization
GENI (Global Environment for Network Innovations) - NSF 2005 (1)
What is GENIWhat is GENIGENI is GENI is a facility concepta facility concept being explored by being explored by the US computing community the US computing community
back to an NSF workshop in 2005back to an NSF workshop in 2005focus on focus on architecturalarchitectural research and research and provide the provide the experimentalexperimental infrastructure infrastructure needed to support that researchneeded to support that research
focus on the research agenda (and focus on the research agenda (and infrastructure needs) of the infrastructure needs) of the opticaloptical wirelesswireless sensorsensor network and network and distributeddistributed systems communitiessystems communities
GENI (Global Environment for Network Innovations) (2)
The goal of GENI The goal of GENI Goal a Future Internet that meets the Goal a Future Internet that meets the demands of 21st centurydemands of 21st century
to increase the to increase the qualityquality and and quantityquantity of of experimental experimental researchresearch outcomes in networking and distributed outcomes in networking and distributed systemssystems
to accelerate the to accelerate the transitiontransition of these outcomes into of these outcomes into products and servicesproducts and services
enhance economic competitiveness and secure enhance economic competitiveness and secure the Nations futurethe Nations future
Ultimately to lead to a Ultimately to lead to a transition of the transition of the InternetInternet
GENI Research Opportunities (3)
Two dichotomy thought (false or at least Two dichotomy thought (false or at least unnecessary)unnecessary)
a a clean slateclean slate reconceptualization of Internet reconceptualization of Internet architecture architecture
todays 30-year-old architecture that todays 30-year-old architecture that limit its limit its abilityability to cope with emerging threats and to cope with emerging threats and opportunitiesopportunities
bull eroding trust reduced innovation slowing eroding trust reduced innovation slowing updateupdate
future innovation will take the form of new future innovation will take the form of new services and applications running services and applications running on top of the on top of the InternetInternet
GENI Research Opportunities (4)
GENI discussion GENI discussion First we interpret Future Internet very broadly to First we interpret Future Internet very broadly to
include innovations at include innovations at any levelany level of the architecture of the architecture alternative protocols and architectures running alternative protocols and architectures running
inside the network (as overlays on top of inside the network (as overlays on top of todays network) todays network)
Second research should employ Second research should employ clean slate clean slate thinkingthinking but this does but this does not imply that an entirely not imply that an entirely newnew Internet will be necessary In other words Internet will be necessary In other words clean slate is a clean slate is a processprocess not a not a resultresult
Third opportunities Third opportunities betweenbetween two perspectives two perspectives exploring how todays architecture is best exploring how todays architecture is best
evolved to support emerging overlay services evolved to support emerging overlay services
GENI Facility Concept (5)
Facility ConceptFacility Concept experimental platforms for experimental platforms for bothboth research and research and
deploymentdeployment filling the filling the gapgap between small-scale exp and mature between small-scale exp and mature
tech tech GENI evaluate new network systems on large-GENI evaluate new network systems on large-
scalescale
Two levelsTwo levels Physical level Physical level GENI substrateGENI substrate will consist of a will consist of a
collection of links forwarders storage collection of links forwarders storage processors and wireless net processors and wireless net
On top of this substrate a On top of this substrate a software software management management frameworkframework will be overlay network experiments on will be overlay network experiments on
the substratethe substrate
GENI Facility Concept (6)
Four key ideasFour key ideas substrate components will be substrate components will be programmableprogrammable - -
possible to embed any network experiment including possible to embed any network experiment including clean-slate designs clean-slate designs
Substrate will be Substrate will be virtualizable virtualizable -- possible to embed possible to embed multiple slices in the substrate at the same time multiple slices in the substrate at the same time (allow experimental services and architectures to run (allow experimental services and architectures to run continuously) continuously)
GENI will include mechanisms that allow end-users GENI will include mechanisms that allow end-users to to seamlessly seamlessly opt-inopt-in to experimental services to experimental services
GENI will be GENI will be modularmodular ( (architecture and interfaces) - architecture and interfaces) - possible to extend GENI with new networking possible to extend GENI with new networking technologies GENI will not be a static artifact but technologies GENI will not be a static artifact but rather a rather a dynamic infrastructuredynamic infrastructure that is continually that is continually renewedrenewed
FIND (Future Internet Network Design) ndash NSF 2006 (1)
FIND asks two broad questionsFIND asks two broad questions What are the What are the requirementsrequirements for the global network for the global network
in 15 years in 15 years How How would we would we re-conceivere-conceive tomorrows global tomorrows global
network today if we could design it from scratch network today if we could design it from scratch FIND program solicits FIND program solicits clean slate processclean slate process research proposals in the broad area of research proposals in the broad area of network architecture principles and designnetwork architecture principles and design
FIND (Future Internet Network Design) (2)
FIND research might address wide questionsFIND research might address wide questions What will the What will the edgeedge of the network look like in 15 of the network look like in 15
years How might the network years How might the network architecturearchitecture of 15 of 15 years hence best accommodate sensors embedded years hence best accommodate sensors embedded systems and the like systems and the like
How might the network of 15 years from now How might the network of 15 years from now supportsupport what users really do (and care about) How what users really do (and care about) How might such functions as information access location might such functions as information access location management or identity management best fit into a management or identity management best fit into a new overall network architecture new overall network architecture
What will the What will the core core of the network look like in 15 of the network look like in 15 years How might the changing economics of years How might the changing economics of optical systems affect the overall design of the larger optical systems affect the overall design of the larger networknetwork
FIRE (Future Internet Research and Experimentation) ndash European 2007 (1)
Internet has Internet has growngrown to an unexpected reach to an unexpected reach as for the as for the numbernumber of users of users capacitycapacity of the of the links broadband penetration to the links broadband penetration to the homehome servicesservices
ProblemsProblems spam viruses denial of service spam viruses denial of service attacks complexity of managementattacks complexity of management
Internet drawbacks and Internet drawbacks and limitationslimitations ndash to ndash to scalabilityscalability suitabilitysuitability mobilitymobility transparencytransparency securitysecurity
require new radical approaches to require new radical approaches to fundamentally redesign its protocols and fundamentally redesign its protocols and architectures architectures
FIRE (2) FIRE is an FIRE is an experimentallyexperimentally-driven -driven longlong-term research initiative on -term research initiative on
Future Internet Future Internet conceptsconcepts protocolsprotocols and and architecturesarchitectures encompassing technological industrial and socio-economic encompassing technological industrial and socio-economic
aspects aspects acting as proof-of-concept of the newly proposed acting as proof-of-concept of the newly proposed
technologies and services technologies and services FIRE RESEARCHFIRE RESEARCH
Long term multidisciplinary research on future internet Long term multidisciplinary research on future internet paradigms paradigms
Open to Open to fresh bottom-upfresh bottom-up ideas with ideas with no backwards-no backwards-compatibilitycompatibility constraints constraints
Building on the FET SAC initiative ldquoSituated and Autonomic Building on the FET SAC initiative ldquoSituated and Autonomic Communicationsrdquo Communicationsrdquo
Considering at the Considering at the same timesame time technological economic and technological economic and socialpolicy aspects socialpolicy aspects
Build in from the outset and on all levels the right Build in from the outset and on all levels the right balancebalance between security accountability and privacybetween security accountability and privacy
FIRE (3)
FIRE EXPERIMENTATIONFIRE EXPERIMENTATION Large scale experimentationLarge scale experimentation of new paradigms and of new paradigms and
concepts for the future internet and related service concepts for the future internet and related service architectures architectures
Learning through broad experimentation Learning through broad experimentation Integrating and validating new conceptsIntegrating and validating new concepts
Federating and extending Federating and extending existing testbedsexisting testbeds and and research infrastructures research infrastructures
no backwards-compatibility constraints no backwards-compatibility constraints European approach and develop a European European approach and develop a European
identityidentity
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- Slide 60
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- Slide 62
- Slide 63
- Slide 64
- Slide 65
- Slide 66
- Slide 67
- Slide 68
- Slide 70
- Slide 71
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- Slide 73
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- Slide 76
- Slide 77
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- Slide 79
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- Slide 81
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- Slide 83
- Slide 84
- Slide 85
- Slide 86
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- Slide 88
- Slide 89
- Slide 90
- Slide 91
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- Slide 95
- Slide 96
- Slide 97
- Slide 98
- Slide 99
- Slide 100
- Slide 101
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- Slide 103
- Slide 104
- Slide 105
- Slide 106
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- Slide 109
- Slide 110
- Slide 113
- Slide 114
- Slide 115
-
Packet 1
Packet 2
Packet 3
Packet 1
Packet 2
Packet 3
Timing of Virtual-Circuit Packet Switching
Packet 1
Packet 2
Packet 3
Host 1 Host 2Node
1Node
2
propagation delay between Host 1 and Node 1VC
establishment
VCtermination
Datatransfer
Virtual-Circuit Packet Switching
Host A
Host BHost E
Host D
Host C
Node 1 Node 2
Node 3
Node 4
Node 5
Node 6 Node 7
Internet 历史 (1) Sep69 1st IMP in UCLA Oct69 2nd IMP in SRI
Internet 之父 -- L Kleinrock1999 1969
History of the Internet (2)
History of the Internet (3)
Sep69 1st IMP in UCLA Sep69 1st IMP in UCLA Oct69 2nd IMP in SRI Oct69 2nd IMP in SRI
2230 29Oct692230 29Oct69 LOGIN from UCLA to
SRI CLA We sent an ldquoLrdquo - did
you get the ldquoLrdquo YEP We sent a ldquoOrdquo - did you
get the ldquoOrdquo YEP We sent an ldquoGrdquo - did
you get the ldquoGrdquo Crash
History of the Internet (4) 1961-1972 Early packet-switching principles 1961 Kleinrock ndash queueing theory shows
effectiveness of packet-switching 1964 Baran - packet-switching in military
nets 1967 ARPAnet conceived by Advanced
Research Projects Agency (Licklider Roberts) 1969 first ARPAnet node operational 1972 ARPAnet has 15 nodes
ARPAnet demonstrated publicly NCP (Network Control Protocol) first host-
host protocol first e-mail program
History of the Internet (5) 1972-1980 Internetworking research networks 1970ALOHAnet satellite network in Hawaii
(Abramson) 1973Metcalfersquos PhD thesis proposes Ethernet 1974Cerf and Kahn - 2004 AM Turing Award
-define todayrsquos Internet architecture minimalism autonomy ndashno internal changes
required to interconnect networks best effort service model stateless routers decentralized control
1979ARPAnet has 200 nodes 56 kbps Late 70rsquos proprietary architectures DECnet
SNA Late 70rsquos switching fixed length packets (-gt
ATM)
History of the Internet (6) 1980rsquos new protocols a proliferation of net 1983deployment of TCPIP (Critical
separation Cohen) 1982SMTP e-mail protocol defined 1983DNS defined for name-to-IP-address
translation mid-1980rsquos IETF active 1985FTP protocol defined 1988TCP congestion control new national networks Csnet BITnet Minitel
NSFnet (15 Mbps10000 computers) NSI (NASA) ESNet(DOE) DARTnet TWBNet (DARPA)
100000 hosts connected to confederation of networks
History of the Internet (7) 1990rsquos commercialization the WWW Early 1990rsquos ARPAnet decommissioned 1991 NSFnet (45 Mbps) -gt commercial use of
NSF (decommissioned 1995) Late 1990rsquos
multiple private backbones 50 million computers on Internet 100 million+ users backbone links running at 1 Gbps
Early 1990s WWW hypertext [Bush 1945 Nelson 1960rsquos] HTML http Berners-Lee 1994 Mosaic later Netscape late 1990rsquos commercialization of the WWW
Growth of the Internet Today backbones run at 2410 Gbps Today backbones run at 2410 Gbps 400 millions computers in 150 countries400 millions computers in 150 countries
Internet 在中国 19931993 年年 33 月月中科院高能物理所 中科院高能物理所 64 Kbps64 Kbps TJU1995322TJU1995322 20062006 年年 1212 月月
计算机计算机 59405940 万万 用户 用户 1414 亿 亿 WWWWWW 站 站 8484 万万 CNCN 域名 域名 180180 万万 国际出口带宽 国际出口带宽 257 Gbps257 Gbps
连接美国俄罗斯法国英国德国日本连接美国俄罗斯法国英国德国日本韩国新加坡等 韩国新加坡等
Internet 提供的服务 Shared access to computing resources
telnet (1970rsquos) Shared access to data files
FTP NFS AFS (1980rsquos) Communication medium over which people interact
email (1980rsquos) on-line chat messaging (1990rsquos) audio video (1990rsquos)
replacing telephone network A medium for information dissemination
USENET (1980rsquos) WWW (1990rsquos)
replacing newspaper magazine audio video (1990rsquos)
replacing radio CD TV
Todayrsquos Internet
Internet Physical Infrastructure
Classification by Coverage
模型 协议 分层
Protocol Architecture
Donrsquot Need All Layers Everywhere
Protocol Data Unit - PDUs
Network Components (Examples)
Fibers
Coaxial Cable
Links Interfaces Switchesrouters
Ethernet card
Wireless card
Large router
Telephoneswitch
趋势 网络时代 每一件事务都是数字的 声音 视频 音
乐 画片 及生活日常事务 每一件事务都是在线的 银行结算 医疗
记录 各类书籍 航空日程 天气情况 公路交通 hellip
每个人之间都是相互联系的 医生 教师 经济人 母亲 儿子 朋友 敌人
趋势 网络时代 实现家庭
教育 办公 购物 娱乐 网上娱乐 虚拟工作场所
2000 年美国有五千五百万人实现远程工作
网络制造 电子商务 虚拟公司 虚拟制造与虚拟装配 ( 设计过程 ) 制造过程更加分散化并发进行 新型的价值链 虚拟兑现
趋势 网络时代
趋势 网络时代
网络制造 (1)
随着基于随着基于 InternetInternet 的全球化数字通信基础设的全球化数字通信基础设施的建立网络从单纯的信息工具变成rdquo施的建立网络从单纯的信息工具变成rdquo EE －－时代rdquo的关键资源时代rdquo的关键资源 全球经济一体化成为制造全球经济一体化成为制造业变革的最根本的推动力业变革的最根本的推动力
InternetInternet 向ldquo资源功能rdquo发展基于向ldquo资源功能rdquo发展基于InternetInternet 的网络化制造是适应时代的需要的网络化制造是适应时代的需要
网络制造的本质特性就是产品的制造过程更加网络制造的本质特性就是产品的制造过程更加分散化信息的传递网络化信息的流动伴随分散化信息的传递网络化信息的流动伴随着各项工作的并发进行而同时发生着各项工作的并发进行而同时发生
网络制造 (2)
基于基于 InternetInternet 的虚拟制造与虚拟装配的虚拟制造与虚拟装配 在相互联结的网络上建立在相互联结的网络上建立 2424 小时工作的协同小时工作的协同
工作组大大加快了设计进度及时获得所需工作组大大加快了设计进度及时获得所需要的零部件减少库存降低成本提高质量要的零部件减少库存降低成本提高质量
电子商务 信息技术和 Internet 引发的商务过程的变化 利用以 Internet 为核心的信息技术进行商
务活动和企业资源管理 CIMS 是企业实施电子商务的基础 企业实施电子商务是 CIMS 发展的主要标志和
主要内容
竞争环境改变 核心 产品竞争
电子商务产生背景
服务竞争
范围 单个企业 全球多企业
资源 人财物 信息知识
管理重心迁移 生产管理 供应 营销链管理
集中内部资源 整合外部资源
离散管理 集约管理
商务模式转化
bull文秘型管理bull关注后台（企业内部）bull关注业务记录（报表）bull地区性bull推销产品为中心bull（卖方市场）
bull自我服务型管理bull关注前端（客户关系）bull要求商业智能（分析）bull全球化bull客户为中心bull（买方市场）
传统商务 电子商务
客户
供应商
合作伙伴
网络智能
市场营销 产品 服务销售 产品制造
服务 支持
e 企业的业务体系结构
网络发展趋势 趋势趋势 融合融合 趋势趋势 泛在（泛在（ UbiquitousUbiquitous ）） 趋势趋势 信息爆炸信息爆炸 更多的网络业务流量更多的网络业务流量 数据流量 数据流量 gt gt 话声流量话声流量 更快的传输介质更快的传输介质 骨干网（骨干网（ BackboneBackbone ）） 更大的带宽（更大的带宽（ BandwidthBandwidth ）） 宽带无线网宽带无线网飞速增长飞速增长 (WLAN) (Wi-Fi)(WLAN) (Wi-Fi) Everything over IPEverything over IP
趋势 融合 新闻新闻 广告广告 -- 媒体媒体 --信息提供者信息提供者
数字媒体产品数字媒体产品 有线电视有线电视
视频传输视频传输 电话电话
声音传输声音传输 计算机计算机
数字媒体存储数字媒体存储 处理处理 信息提供者和信息传输者的结合信息提供者和信息传输者的结合 电话公司电话公司 有线公司有线公司 娱乐事业娱乐事业 和计算机公司和计算机公司
的结合的结合
Trend
趋势 更多的网络业务流量 互联网上的主机数正以超指数量级飞速增长互联网上的主机数正以超指数量级飞速增长 每个主机用户的业务量中也在增长每个主机用户的业务量中也在增长
局域网可达到 局域网可达到 1 1 GbpsGbps 有线电视调制解调器允许以有线电视调制解调器允许以 11到 到 10 10 MbpsMbps 的速的速
度访问主机度访问主机 应用应用 ADSLVDSLADSLVDSL 通过电话线可达到通过电话线可达到 6-6-
2727MbpsMbps 的速度的速度 宽带无线网宽带无线网 (Wi-Fi)(Wi-Fi)可达到可达到 11-54Mbps11-54Mbps 的速的速
度度 带宽需求每四个月增加一倍带宽需求每四个月增加一倍 数据流量 数据流量 gt gt 话声流量话声流量
Trend of Internet hosts 1980-2000
Trend Data gt Voice
趋势 更快的传输介质 局局域域网网 1 Gbps over 4-pair UTP-5 up to 100 m 1 Gbps over 4-pair UTP-5 up to 100 m
10Gbps being discussed10Gbps being discussed Was 1 Mbps (1Base-5) in 1984Was 1 Mbps (1Base-5) in 1984
骨干网光纤骨干网光纤 DWDMDWDM (( Dense Wavelength Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing)Division Multiplexing) OC-768 = 40 Gbps over a to 65 km OC-768 = 40 Gbps over a to 65 km
1600 Gbps - 10 Tbps1600 Gbps - 10 Tbps Was 100 Mbps (FDDI) in 1993Was 100 Mbps (FDDI) in 1993
无线网无线网 54 100 Mbps(100-2km) wireless 54 100 Mbps(100-2km) wireless networks 25 Gbps to 5km using light networks 25 Gbps to 5km using light Was 1 Mbps (IEEE 80211) in 1998Was 1 Mbps (IEEE 80211) in 1998
Trend Bandwidth
Why Optical Networks DWDM optoelectricl metro network
Trend Wireless Mobile (1)
Trend宽带无线网 (Wi-Fi)飞速增长
Trend宽带无线网 (Wi-Fi)飞速增长
Trend宽带无线网 (Wi-Fi)飞速增长
Trend宽带无线网 (Wi-Fi)飞速增长
Integration of 3G and WLAN- offer possibility of achieving anywhere anytime
high speed and low expense Internet access
3G3G WLANWLAN
Wide areaWide area Local areaLocal area
Low bit rate Low bit rate
(2M when stand (2M when stand still)still)
High bit rateHigh bit rate
(11M to 54M)(11M to 54M)
DataVoice serviceDataVoice service
((QoS supportQoS support))
Data serviceData service
High expenseHigh expense Low expenseLow expense
High mobilityHigh mobility Low mobilityLow mobility
Trend Everything over IP
Data over IP =gt IP needs Traffic Data over IP =gt IP needs Traffic engineeringengineering
Voice over IP =gt Quality of Service and Voice over IP =gt Quality of Service and SignalingSignaling
Backbone -- Optic networksBackbone -- Optic networks IP over ATM IP over ATM （（异步传输模式）异步传输模式） IP over SONET -- POS (Packet over SDH) IP over SONET -- POS (Packet over SDH)
(( 同步同步 )) IP over DWDMIP over DWDM
Asynchronous Transfer Mode ATM
1990rsquos00 standard for high-speed (155Mbps to 1990rsquos00 standard for high-speed (155Mbps to 622 Mbps and higher) 622 Mbps and higher) Broadband Integrated Broadband Integrated Service Digital NetworkService Digital Network architecture architecture
GoalGoal integrated end-end transport of carry integrated end-end transport of carry voice video datavoice video data meeting timingQoS requirements of voice meeting timingQoS requirements of voice
video (versus Internet best-effort model)video (versus Internet best-effort model) ldquoldquonext generationrdquo telephony technical roots next generationrdquo telephony technical roots
in telephone worldin telephone world packet-switching (fixed length packets packet-switching (fixed length packets
called ldquocellsrdquo) using called ldquocellsrdquo) using virtual circuitsvirtual circuits
ATM reference model
How far along are we
Standardization bodies - ATM Forum ITU-T Standardization bodies - ATM Forum ITU-T We may never see end-to-end ATM (1997)We may never see end-to-end ATM (1997)
ATM - too complex - too expansive ltIPgtATM - too complex - too expansive ltIPgt Backbone - 1995 vBNS (ATM) Backbone - 1995 vBNS (ATM)
- 1998 Abilene (SONET) - 2000 IP over - 1998 Abilene (SONET) - 2000 IP over DWDMDWDM
Internet technology + ATM philosophyInternet technology + ATM philosophy but ATM ideas continue to powerfully but ATM ideas continue to powerfully
influence design of next-generation influence design of next-generation InternetInternet
ex ex MPLSMPLS admission ctl resource admission ctl resource reservation hellipreservation hellip
Best of Both Worlds
Multiprotocol label switching (Multiprotocol label switching (MPLSMPLS)) MPLS + IP form a middle ground that MPLS + IP form a middle ground that
combines the best of IP and the best of combines the best of IP and the best of virtual virtual circuit switching technologiescircuit switching technologies
ATM and Frame Relay cannot easily come to ATM and Frame Relay cannot easily come to the middle so IP hasthe middle so IP has
Label Encapsulation
MPLS Encapsulation is specified over MPLS Encapsulation is specified over various media types Top labels may use various media types Top labels may use existing format lower label(s) use a new existing format lower label(s) use a new ldquoshimrdquo label formatldquoshimrdquo label format
Label Substitution Have a friend go to B ahead of you using one of the Have a friend go to B ahead of you using one of the
previous two techniques At every road they reserve previous two techniques At every road they reserve a lane just for you At every intersection they post a a lane just for you At every intersection they post a big sign that says for a given lane which way to turn big sign that says for a given lane which way to turn and what new lane to takeand what new lane to take
Future Internet Research and Experimentation
Todayrsquos Internet Millions of usersMillions of users Web email low-quality audio amp videoWeb email low-quality audio amp video Interconnect personal computers and serversInterconnect personal computers and servers Applications adapt to underlying technologyApplications adapt to underlying technology Todayrsquos Internet DoesnrsquotTodayrsquos Internet Doesnrsquot
Provide reliable end-to-end performanceProvide reliable end-to-end performanceEncourage cooperation on new capabilitiesEncourage cooperation on new capabilitiesAllow testing of new technologiesAllow testing of new technologiesSupport development of revolutionary Support development of revolutionary applicationsapplications
Tomorrowrsquos Internet
Billions of users and devicesBillions of users and devices Convergence of todayrsquos applications Convergence of todayrsquos applications with multimedia (telephony video-with multimedia (telephony video-conference HDTV)conference HDTV)
Interconnect personal computers Interconnect personal computers servers and embedded computersservers and embedded computers
New technologies enable unanticipated New technologies enable unanticipated applications (and create new challenges)applications (and create new challenges)
Vint Cerf Open Challenges
My primary disappointment has been the slow pace of high speed access for residential customers hellip
The second area of disappointment is the slow uptake of version 6 of the Internet protocol (IPv6)
Perhaps the third area is the continuing difficulty caused by viruses worms and distributed denial of service attacksrdquo
How to make the Internet better Addressing current problems
Security1048766 Privacy1048766 Self-diagnosis amp self-healing networks1048766 Cheap connectivity for poor area and third world countries1048766
Wireless mesh networks1048766 sensors1048766 Mobility1048766
New cool apps1048766 What is after IPTV VoIP BitTorrent
Why Internet2 (1996)
The Internet was not designed forThe Internet was not designed forMillions of usersMillions of usersCongestionCongestionMultimediaMultimediaReal time interactionReal time interaction
But only the Internet canBut only the Internet canAccommodate explosive growthAccommodate explosive growthEnable convergence of information Enable convergence of information work mass media and human work mass media and human collaborationcollaboration
Internet2 Project Develop and deploy advanced network Develop and deploy advanced network
applications and technologies accelerating applications and technologies accelerating the creation of tomorrowrsquos Internetthe creation of tomorrowrsquos Internet
GoalsGoals Enable new generation of applicationsEnable new generation of applications Re-create leading edge RampE network Re-create leading edge RampE network
capabilitycapability Transfer capability to the global Transfer capability to the global
production Internetproduction Internet 206 University Members Jan 2005206 University Members Jan 2005
Internet2 Focus Areas Advanced Network Infrastructure - AbileneAdvanced Network Infrastructure - Abilene
Backbones operate at 10 Gbps capacity - 100 Backbones operate at 10 Gbps capacity - 100 Gbps (2007)Gbps (2007)
Middleware Middleware A layer of software between the network and the A layer of software between the network and the
applications applications Authentication Identification Authorization Authentication Identification Authorization
Directories SecurityDirectories Security EngineeringEngineering
IPv6 Measurement Multicast QoS Routing IPv6 Measurement Multicast QoS Routing Security TopologySecurity Topology
Advanced ApplicationsAdvanced Applications Distributed computation Virtual laboratories Distributed computation Virtual laboratories
Digital libraries Distributed learning Digital video Digital libraries Distributed learning Digital video Tele-immersion All of the above in combinationTele-immersion All of the above in combination
Abilene Connections Apr-2000Abilene Connections July 2006
Abilene Connections Apr-2000Abilene International Peering 2006
Research andDevelopment
Commercialization
Partnerships
Privatization
Internet Development Spiral
Todayrsquos Internet
Internet2
University-led Federal agency-led
Developing education and research driven applications
Agency mission-driven and general purpose applications
Building out campus networks gigaPoPs and inter-gigapop
infrastructure
Funding research testbeds and agency research networks
Interconnecting and interoperating to provide advanced networking capabilities needed to support advanced
research and education applications
Internet2 and the Next Generation Internet Initiative
Internet2 NGI
Our Founding (Funding) Fable
Researchers invent new architectures Architectures are validated on a testbed IETF ISPs and router vendors collaborate to deploy new design
This is complete BS
Do Traditional Testbeds Really Test
Production-oriented testbeds Real traffic provides good validation But can test only very incremental changes
Research-oriented testbeds Can test radical architectures Lack of real traffic results in poor validation
Both are expensive (dedicated bandwidth)
What about Deployment Architectural change requires ISP consensus
- Hard to agree- No competitive advantage from architectural innovation
- All have huge sunk investment in the status quo
ISPs are unlikely candidates for architectural change
Architecture isnrsquot just static its decaying Ad hoc workarounds muddy the architectural waters
We are at an Impasse
We canrsquot test new architectures- Despite sizable investments in testbeds
We canrsquot deploy new architectures- And things are getting worse not better
Yet there are pressing requirements for which the current architecture is not well suited
The Communityrsquos Response Focus on areas where we can have impact
Empirical studies Incremental changes (subject to current constraints)
Small stream of architectural proposals Paper designs without hope of deployment
More science fiction than engineering Have largely abandoned hope of effecting fundamental architectural change
Living with rather than overcoming the impasse
Overcoming the Impasse
Must be able to test new architectures Wide range of architectures Real traffic from willing individuals Low overhead for individual researchers
Meet the grand challenge of reinventing the Internet
Empirical incremental research is great but not enough
If someone put us in charge what would we do
What about deployment Several options none good but no excuse to not have an answer to the grand challenge
Testing Virtual Testbed
Overlay testbed (think RON etc) Host proxy directs packets to overlay
Proxy must architecturally neutral and flexible
Individuals (anywhere) opt-in by turning on proxy
Shared testing infrastructure (think Planetlab) Overlay nodes shared among experiments
Slicing on per-packet timescales Virtualized routers
These ideas have turned into the GENI program
Why GENI (Global Environment for Network Innovations) Future Internet Network (2005)
The original designing idea of current information networks is basically a specific network supports one major service
The limitation of the original designing idea can not support the multiple requirements for networks and services (such as Telecom network Internet)
The original design mode of Internet leads to itrsquos shortage in mobility security controllable and administrable
We urgently need redesign the framework of new generation Internet to overcome the serious shortage of current Internet
Providing pervasive and trusted services based on a specific network has became the key research directions of national informatization
GENI (Global Environment for Network Innovations) - NSF 2005 (1)
What is GENIWhat is GENIGENI is GENI is a facility concepta facility concept being explored by being explored by the US computing community the US computing community
back to an NSF workshop in 2005back to an NSF workshop in 2005focus on focus on architecturalarchitectural research and research and provide the provide the experimentalexperimental infrastructure infrastructure needed to support that researchneeded to support that research
focus on the research agenda (and focus on the research agenda (and infrastructure needs) of the infrastructure needs) of the opticaloptical wirelesswireless sensorsensor network and network and distributeddistributed systems communitiessystems communities
GENI (Global Environment for Network Innovations) (2)
The goal of GENI The goal of GENI Goal a Future Internet that meets the Goal a Future Internet that meets the demands of 21st centurydemands of 21st century
to increase the to increase the qualityquality and and quantityquantity of of experimental experimental researchresearch outcomes in networking and distributed outcomes in networking and distributed systemssystems
to accelerate the to accelerate the transitiontransition of these outcomes into of these outcomes into products and servicesproducts and services
enhance economic competitiveness and secure enhance economic competitiveness and secure the Nations futurethe Nations future
Ultimately to lead to a Ultimately to lead to a transition of the transition of the InternetInternet
GENI Research Opportunities (3)
Two dichotomy thought (false or at least Two dichotomy thought (false or at least unnecessary)unnecessary)
a a clean slateclean slate reconceptualization of Internet reconceptualization of Internet architecture architecture
todays 30-year-old architecture that todays 30-year-old architecture that limit its limit its abilityability to cope with emerging threats and to cope with emerging threats and opportunitiesopportunities
bull eroding trust reduced innovation slowing eroding trust reduced innovation slowing updateupdate
future innovation will take the form of new future innovation will take the form of new services and applications running services and applications running on top of the on top of the InternetInternet
GENI Research Opportunities (4)
GENI discussion GENI discussion First we interpret Future Internet very broadly to First we interpret Future Internet very broadly to
include innovations at include innovations at any levelany level of the architecture of the architecture alternative protocols and architectures running alternative protocols and architectures running
inside the network (as overlays on top of inside the network (as overlays on top of todays network) todays network)
Second research should employ Second research should employ clean slate clean slate thinkingthinking but this does but this does not imply that an entirely not imply that an entirely newnew Internet will be necessary In other words Internet will be necessary In other words clean slate is a clean slate is a processprocess not a not a resultresult
Third opportunities Third opportunities betweenbetween two perspectives two perspectives exploring how todays architecture is best exploring how todays architecture is best
evolved to support emerging overlay services evolved to support emerging overlay services
GENI Facility Concept (5)
Facility ConceptFacility Concept experimental platforms for experimental platforms for bothboth research and research and
deploymentdeployment filling the filling the gapgap between small-scale exp and mature between small-scale exp and mature
tech tech GENI evaluate new network systems on large-GENI evaluate new network systems on large-
scalescale
Two levelsTwo levels Physical level Physical level GENI substrateGENI substrate will consist of a will consist of a
collection of links forwarders storage collection of links forwarders storage processors and wireless net processors and wireless net
On top of this substrate a On top of this substrate a software software management management frameworkframework will be overlay network experiments on will be overlay network experiments on
the substratethe substrate
GENI Facility Concept (6)
Four key ideasFour key ideas substrate components will be substrate components will be programmableprogrammable - -
possible to embed any network experiment including possible to embed any network experiment including clean-slate designs clean-slate designs
Substrate will be Substrate will be virtualizable virtualizable -- possible to embed possible to embed multiple slices in the substrate at the same time multiple slices in the substrate at the same time (allow experimental services and architectures to run (allow experimental services and architectures to run continuously) continuously)
GENI will include mechanisms that allow end-users GENI will include mechanisms that allow end-users to to seamlessly seamlessly opt-inopt-in to experimental services to experimental services
GENI will be GENI will be modularmodular ( (architecture and interfaces) - architecture and interfaces) - possible to extend GENI with new networking possible to extend GENI with new networking technologies GENI will not be a static artifact but technologies GENI will not be a static artifact but rather a rather a dynamic infrastructuredynamic infrastructure that is continually that is continually renewedrenewed
FIND (Future Internet Network Design) ndash NSF 2006 (1)
FIND asks two broad questionsFIND asks two broad questions What are the What are the requirementsrequirements for the global network for the global network
in 15 years in 15 years How How would we would we re-conceivere-conceive tomorrows global tomorrows global
network today if we could design it from scratch network today if we could design it from scratch FIND program solicits FIND program solicits clean slate processclean slate process research proposals in the broad area of research proposals in the broad area of network architecture principles and designnetwork architecture principles and design
FIND (Future Internet Network Design) (2)
FIND research might address wide questionsFIND research might address wide questions What will the What will the edgeedge of the network look like in 15 of the network look like in 15
years How might the network years How might the network architecturearchitecture of 15 of 15 years hence best accommodate sensors embedded years hence best accommodate sensors embedded systems and the like systems and the like
How might the network of 15 years from now How might the network of 15 years from now supportsupport what users really do (and care about) How what users really do (and care about) How might such functions as information access location might such functions as information access location management or identity management best fit into a management or identity management best fit into a new overall network architecture new overall network architecture
What will the What will the core core of the network look like in 15 of the network look like in 15 years How might the changing economics of years How might the changing economics of optical systems affect the overall design of the larger optical systems affect the overall design of the larger networknetwork
FIRE (Future Internet Research and Experimentation) ndash European 2007 (1)
Internet has Internet has growngrown to an unexpected reach to an unexpected reach as for the as for the numbernumber of users of users capacitycapacity of the of the links broadband penetration to the links broadband penetration to the homehome servicesservices
ProblemsProblems spam viruses denial of service spam viruses denial of service attacks complexity of managementattacks complexity of management
Internet drawbacks and Internet drawbacks and limitationslimitations ndash to ndash to scalabilityscalability suitabilitysuitability mobilitymobility transparencytransparency securitysecurity
require new radical approaches to require new radical approaches to fundamentally redesign its protocols and fundamentally redesign its protocols and architectures architectures
FIRE (2) FIRE is an FIRE is an experimentallyexperimentally-driven -driven longlong-term research initiative on -term research initiative on
Future Internet Future Internet conceptsconcepts protocolsprotocols and and architecturesarchitectures encompassing technological industrial and socio-economic encompassing technological industrial and socio-economic
aspects aspects acting as proof-of-concept of the newly proposed acting as proof-of-concept of the newly proposed
technologies and services technologies and services FIRE RESEARCHFIRE RESEARCH
Long term multidisciplinary research on future internet Long term multidisciplinary research on future internet paradigms paradigms
Open to Open to fresh bottom-upfresh bottom-up ideas with ideas with no backwards-no backwards-compatibilitycompatibility constraints constraints
Building on the FET SAC initiative ldquoSituated and Autonomic Building on the FET SAC initiative ldquoSituated and Autonomic Communicationsrdquo Communicationsrdquo
Considering at the Considering at the same timesame time technological economic and technological economic and socialpolicy aspects socialpolicy aspects
Build in from the outset and on all levels the right Build in from the outset and on all levels the right balancebalance between security accountability and privacybetween security accountability and privacy
FIRE (3)
FIRE EXPERIMENTATIONFIRE EXPERIMENTATION Large scale experimentationLarge scale experimentation of new paradigms and of new paradigms and
concepts for the future internet and related service concepts for the future internet and related service architectures architectures
Learning through broad experimentation Learning through broad experimentation Integrating and validating new conceptsIntegrating and validating new concepts
Federating and extending Federating and extending existing testbedsexisting testbeds and and research infrastructures research infrastructures
no backwards-compatibility constraints no backwards-compatibility constraints European approach and develop a European European approach and develop a European
identityidentity
- Slide 1
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- Slide 115
-
Virtual-Circuit Packet Switching
Host A
Host BHost E
Host D
Host C
Node 1 Node 2
Node 3
Node 4
Node 5
Node 6 Node 7
Internet 历史 (1) Sep69 1st IMP in UCLA Oct69 2nd IMP in SRI
Internet 之父 -- L Kleinrock1999 1969
History of the Internet (2)
History of the Internet (3)
Sep69 1st IMP in UCLA Sep69 1st IMP in UCLA Oct69 2nd IMP in SRI Oct69 2nd IMP in SRI
2230 29Oct692230 29Oct69 LOGIN from UCLA to
SRI CLA We sent an ldquoLrdquo - did
you get the ldquoLrdquo YEP We sent a ldquoOrdquo - did you
get the ldquoOrdquo YEP We sent an ldquoGrdquo - did
you get the ldquoGrdquo Crash
History of the Internet (4) 1961-1972 Early packet-switching principles 1961 Kleinrock ndash queueing theory shows
effectiveness of packet-switching 1964 Baran - packet-switching in military
nets 1967 ARPAnet conceived by Advanced
Research Projects Agency (Licklider Roberts) 1969 first ARPAnet node operational 1972 ARPAnet has 15 nodes
ARPAnet demonstrated publicly NCP (Network Control Protocol) first host-
host protocol first e-mail program
History of the Internet (5) 1972-1980 Internetworking research networks 1970ALOHAnet satellite network in Hawaii
(Abramson) 1973Metcalfersquos PhD thesis proposes Ethernet 1974Cerf and Kahn - 2004 AM Turing Award
-define todayrsquos Internet architecture minimalism autonomy ndashno internal changes
required to interconnect networks best effort service model stateless routers decentralized control
1979ARPAnet has 200 nodes 56 kbps Late 70rsquos proprietary architectures DECnet
SNA Late 70rsquos switching fixed length packets (-gt
ATM)
History of the Internet (6) 1980rsquos new protocols a proliferation of net 1983deployment of TCPIP (Critical
separation Cohen) 1982SMTP e-mail protocol defined 1983DNS defined for name-to-IP-address
translation mid-1980rsquos IETF active 1985FTP protocol defined 1988TCP congestion control new national networks Csnet BITnet Minitel
NSFnet (15 Mbps10000 computers) NSI (NASA) ESNet(DOE) DARTnet TWBNet (DARPA)
100000 hosts connected to confederation of networks
History of the Internet (7) 1990rsquos commercialization the WWW Early 1990rsquos ARPAnet decommissioned 1991 NSFnet (45 Mbps) -gt commercial use of
NSF (decommissioned 1995) Late 1990rsquos
multiple private backbones 50 million computers on Internet 100 million+ users backbone links running at 1 Gbps
Early 1990s WWW hypertext [Bush 1945 Nelson 1960rsquos] HTML http Berners-Lee 1994 Mosaic later Netscape late 1990rsquos commercialization of the WWW
Growth of the Internet Today backbones run at 2410 Gbps Today backbones run at 2410 Gbps 400 millions computers in 150 countries400 millions computers in 150 countries
Internet 在中国 19931993 年年 33 月月中科院高能物理所 中科院高能物理所 64 Kbps64 Kbps TJU1995322TJU1995322 20062006 年年 1212 月月
计算机计算机 59405940 万万 用户 用户 1414 亿 亿 WWWWWW 站 站 8484 万万 CNCN 域名 域名 180180 万万 国际出口带宽 国际出口带宽 257 Gbps257 Gbps
连接美国俄罗斯法国英国德国日本连接美国俄罗斯法国英国德国日本韩国新加坡等 韩国新加坡等
Internet 提供的服务 Shared access to computing resources
telnet (1970rsquos) Shared access to data files
FTP NFS AFS (1980rsquos) Communication medium over which people interact
email (1980rsquos) on-line chat messaging (1990rsquos) audio video (1990rsquos)
replacing telephone network A medium for information dissemination
USENET (1980rsquos) WWW (1990rsquos)
replacing newspaper magazine audio video (1990rsquos)
replacing radio CD TV
Todayrsquos Internet
Internet Physical Infrastructure
Classification by Coverage
模型 协议 分层
Protocol Architecture
Donrsquot Need All Layers Everywhere
Protocol Data Unit - PDUs
Network Components (Examples)
Fibers
Coaxial Cable
Links Interfaces Switchesrouters
Ethernet card
Wireless card
Large router
Telephoneswitch
趋势 网络时代 每一件事务都是数字的 声音 视频 音
乐 画片 及生活日常事务 每一件事务都是在线的 银行结算 医疗
记录 各类书籍 航空日程 天气情况 公路交通 hellip
每个人之间都是相互联系的 医生 教师 经济人 母亲 儿子 朋友 敌人
趋势 网络时代 实现家庭
教育 办公 购物 娱乐 网上娱乐 虚拟工作场所
2000 年美国有五千五百万人实现远程工作
网络制造 电子商务 虚拟公司 虚拟制造与虚拟装配 ( 设计过程 ) 制造过程更加分散化并发进行 新型的价值链 虚拟兑现
趋势 网络时代
趋势 网络时代
网络制造 (1)
随着基于随着基于 InternetInternet 的全球化数字通信基础设的全球化数字通信基础设施的建立网络从单纯的信息工具变成rdquo施的建立网络从单纯的信息工具变成rdquo EE －－时代rdquo的关键资源时代rdquo的关键资源 全球经济一体化成为制造全球经济一体化成为制造业变革的最根本的推动力业变革的最根本的推动力
InternetInternet 向ldquo资源功能rdquo发展基于向ldquo资源功能rdquo发展基于InternetInternet 的网络化制造是适应时代的需要的网络化制造是适应时代的需要
网络制造的本质特性就是产品的制造过程更加网络制造的本质特性就是产品的制造过程更加分散化信息的传递网络化信息的流动伴随分散化信息的传递网络化信息的流动伴随着各项工作的并发进行而同时发生着各项工作的并发进行而同时发生
网络制造 (2)
基于基于 InternetInternet 的虚拟制造与虚拟装配的虚拟制造与虚拟装配 在相互联结的网络上建立在相互联结的网络上建立 2424 小时工作的协同小时工作的协同
工作组大大加快了设计进度及时获得所需工作组大大加快了设计进度及时获得所需要的零部件减少库存降低成本提高质量要的零部件减少库存降低成本提高质量
电子商务 信息技术和 Internet 引发的商务过程的变化 利用以 Internet 为核心的信息技术进行商
务活动和企业资源管理 CIMS 是企业实施电子商务的基础 企业实施电子商务是 CIMS 发展的主要标志和
主要内容
竞争环境改变 核心 产品竞争
电子商务产生背景
服务竞争
范围 单个企业 全球多企业
资源 人财物 信息知识
管理重心迁移 生产管理 供应 营销链管理
集中内部资源 整合外部资源
离散管理 集约管理
商务模式转化
bull文秘型管理bull关注后台（企业内部）bull关注业务记录（报表）bull地区性bull推销产品为中心bull（卖方市场）
bull自我服务型管理bull关注前端（客户关系）bull要求商业智能（分析）bull全球化bull客户为中心bull（买方市场）
传统商务 电子商务
客户
供应商
合作伙伴
网络智能
市场营销 产品 服务销售 产品制造
服务 支持
e 企业的业务体系结构
网络发展趋势 趋势趋势 融合融合 趋势趋势 泛在（泛在（ UbiquitousUbiquitous ）） 趋势趋势 信息爆炸信息爆炸 更多的网络业务流量更多的网络业务流量 数据流量 数据流量 gt gt 话声流量话声流量 更快的传输介质更快的传输介质 骨干网（骨干网（ BackboneBackbone ）） 更大的带宽（更大的带宽（ BandwidthBandwidth ）） 宽带无线网宽带无线网飞速增长飞速增长 (WLAN) (Wi-Fi)(WLAN) (Wi-Fi) Everything over IPEverything over IP
趋势 融合 新闻新闻 广告广告 -- 媒体媒体 --信息提供者信息提供者
数字媒体产品数字媒体产品 有线电视有线电视
视频传输视频传输 电话电话
声音传输声音传输 计算机计算机
数字媒体存储数字媒体存储 处理处理 信息提供者和信息传输者的结合信息提供者和信息传输者的结合 电话公司电话公司 有线公司有线公司 娱乐事业娱乐事业 和计算机公司和计算机公司
的结合的结合
Trend
趋势 更多的网络业务流量 互联网上的主机数正以超指数量级飞速增长互联网上的主机数正以超指数量级飞速增长 每个主机用户的业务量中也在增长每个主机用户的业务量中也在增长
局域网可达到 局域网可达到 1 1 GbpsGbps 有线电视调制解调器允许以有线电视调制解调器允许以 11到 到 10 10 MbpsMbps 的速的速
度访问主机度访问主机 应用应用 ADSLVDSLADSLVDSL 通过电话线可达到通过电话线可达到 6-6-
2727MbpsMbps 的速度的速度 宽带无线网宽带无线网 (Wi-Fi)(Wi-Fi)可达到可达到 11-54Mbps11-54Mbps 的速的速
度度 带宽需求每四个月增加一倍带宽需求每四个月增加一倍 数据流量 数据流量 gt gt 话声流量话声流量
Trend of Internet hosts 1980-2000
Trend Data gt Voice
趋势 更快的传输介质 局局域域网网 1 Gbps over 4-pair UTP-5 up to 100 m 1 Gbps over 4-pair UTP-5 up to 100 m
10Gbps being discussed10Gbps being discussed Was 1 Mbps (1Base-5) in 1984Was 1 Mbps (1Base-5) in 1984
骨干网光纤骨干网光纤 DWDMDWDM (( Dense Wavelength Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing)Division Multiplexing) OC-768 = 40 Gbps over a to 65 km OC-768 = 40 Gbps over a to 65 km
1600 Gbps - 10 Tbps1600 Gbps - 10 Tbps Was 100 Mbps (FDDI) in 1993Was 100 Mbps (FDDI) in 1993
无线网无线网 54 100 Mbps(100-2km) wireless 54 100 Mbps(100-2km) wireless networks 25 Gbps to 5km using light networks 25 Gbps to 5km using light Was 1 Mbps (IEEE 80211) in 1998Was 1 Mbps (IEEE 80211) in 1998
Trend Bandwidth
Why Optical Networks DWDM optoelectricl metro network
Trend Wireless Mobile (1)
Trend宽带无线网 (Wi-Fi)飞速增长
Trend宽带无线网 (Wi-Fi)飞速增长
Trend宽带无线网 (Wi-Fi)飞速增长
Trend宽带无线网 (Wi-Fi)飞速增长
Integration of 3G and WLAN- offer possibility of achieving anywhere anytime
high speed and low expense Internet access
3G3G WLANWLAN
Wide areaWide area Local areaLocal area
Low bit rate Low bit rate
(2M when stand (2M when stand still)still)
High bit rateHigh bit rate
(11M to 54M)(11M to 54M)
DataVoice serviceDataVoice service
((QoS supportQoS support))
Data serviceData service
High expenseHigh expense Low expenseLow expense
High mobilityHigh mobility Low mobilityLow mobility
Trend Everything over IP
Data over IP =gt IP needs Traffic Data over IP =gt IP needs Traffic engineeringengineering
Voice over IP =gt Quality of Service and Voice over IP =gt Quality of Service and SignalingSignaling
Backbone -- Optic networksBackbone -- Optic networks IP over ATM IP over ATM （（异步传输模式）异步传输模式） IP over SONET -- POS (Packet over SDH) IP over SONET -- POS (Packet over SDH)
(( 同步同步 )) IP over DWDMIP over DWDM
Asynchronous Transfer Mode ATM
1990rsquos00 standard for high-speed (155Mbps to 1990rsquos00 standard for high-speed (155Mbps to 622 Mbps and higher) 622 Mbps and higher) Broadband Integrated Broadband Integrated Service Digital NetworkService Digital Network architecture architecture
GoalGoal integrated end-end transport of carry integrated end-end transport of carry voice video datavoice video data meeting timingQoS requirements of voice meeting timingQoS requirements of voice
video (versus Internet best-effort model)video (versus Internet best-effort model) ldquoldquonext generationrdquo telephony technical roots next generationrdquo telephony technical roots
in telephone worldin telephone world packet-switching (fixed length packets packet-switching (fixed length packets
called ldquocellsrdquo) using called ldquocellsrdquo) using virtual circuitsvirtual circuits
ATM reference model
How far along are we
Standardization bodies - ATM Forum ITU-T Standardization bodies - ATM Forum ITU-T We may never see end-to-end ATM (1997)We may never see end-to-end ATM (1997)
ATM - too complex - too expansive ltIPgtATM - too complex - too expansive ltIPgt Backbone - 1995 vBNS (ATM) Backbone - 1995 vBNS (ATM)
- 1998 Abilene (SONET) - 2000 IP over - 1998 Abilene (SONET) - 2000 IP over DWDMDWDM
Internet technology + ATM philosophyInternet technology + ATM philosophy but ATM ideas continue to powerfully but ATM ideas continue to powerfully
influence design of next-generation influence design of next-generation InternetInternet
ex ex MPLSMPLS admission ctl resource admission ctl resource reservation hellipreservation hellip
Best of Both Worlds
Multiprotocol label switching (Multiprotocol label switching (MPLSMPLS)) MPLS + IP form a middle ground that MPLS + IP form a middle ground that
combines the best of IP and the best of combines the best of IP and the best of virtual virtual circuit switching technologiescircuit switching technologies
ATM and Frame Relay cannot easily come to ATM and Frame Relay cannot easily come to the middle so IP hasthe middle so IP has
Label Encapsulation
MPLS Encapsulation is specified over MPLS Encapsulation is specified over various media types Top labels may use various media types Top labels may use existing format lower label(s) use a new existing format lower label(s) use a new ldquoshimrdquo label formatldquoshimrdquo label format
Label Substitution Have a friend go to B ahead of you using one of the Have a friend go to B ahead of you using one of the
previous two techniques At every road they reserve previous two techniques At every road they reserve a lane just for you At every intersection they post a a lane just for you At every intersection they post a big sign that says for a given lane which way to turn big sign that says for a given lane which way to turn and what new lane to takeand what new lane to take
Future Internet Research and Experimentation
Todayrsquos Internet Millions of usersMillions of users Web email low-quality audio amp videoWeb email low-quality audio amp video Interconnect personal computers and serversInterconnect personal computers and servers Applications adapt to underlying technologyApplications adapt to underlying technology Todayrsquos Internet DoesnrsquotTodayrsquos Internet Doesnrsquot
Provide reliable end-to-end performanceProvide reliable end-to-end performanceEncourage cooperation on new capabilitiesEncourage cooperation on new capabilitiesAllow testing of new technologiesAllow testing of new technologiesSupport development of revolutionary Support development of revolutionary applicationsapplications
Tomorrowrsquos Internet
Billions of users and devicesBillions of users and devices Convergence of todayrsquos applications Convergence of todayrsquos applications with multimedia (telephony video-with multimedia (telephony video-conference HDTV)conference HDTV)
Interconnect personal computers Interconnect personal computers servers and embedded computersservers and embedded computers
New technologies enable unanticipated New technologies enable unanticipated applications (and create new challenges)applications (and create new challenges)
Vint Cerf Open Challenges
My primary disappointment has been the slow pace of high speed access for residential customers hellip
The second area of disappointment is the slow uptake of version 6 of the Internet protocol (IPv6)
Perhaps the third area is the continuing difficulty caused by viruses worms and distributed denial of service attacksrdquo
How to make the Internet better Addressing current problems
Security1048766 Privacy1048766 Self-diagnosis amp self-healing networks1048766 Cheap connectivity for poor area and third world countries1048766
Wireless mesh networks1048766 sensors1048766 Mobility1048766
New cool apps1048766 What is after IPTV VoIP BitTorrent
Why Internet2 (1996)
The Internet was not designed forThe Internet was not designed forMillions of usersMillions of usersCongestionCongestionMultimediaMultimediaReal time interactionReal time interaction
But only the Internet canBut only the Internet canAccommodate explosive growthAccommodate explosive growthEnable convergence of information Enable convergence of information work mass media and human work mass media and human collaborationcollaboration
Internet2 Project Develop and deploy advanced network Develop and deploy advanced network
applications and technologies accelerating applications and technologies accelerating the creation of tomorrowrsquos Internetthe creation of tomorrowrsquos Internet
GoalsGoals Enable new generation of applicationsEnable new generation of applications Re-create leading edge RampE network Re-create leading edge RampE network
capabilitycapability Transfer capability to the global Transfer capability to the global
production Internetproduction Internet 206 University Members Jan 2005206 University Members Jan 2005
Internet2 Focus Areas Advanced Network Infrastructure - AbileneAdvanced Network Infrastructure - Abilene
Backbones operate at 10 Gbps capacity - 100 Backbones operate at 10 Gbps capacity - 100 Gbps (2007)Gbps (2007)
Middleware Middleware A layer of software between the network and the A layer of software between the network and the
applications applications Authentication Identification Authorization Authentication Identification Authorization
Directories SecurityDirectories Security EngineeringEngineering
IPv6 Measurement Multicast QoS Routing IPv6 Measurement Multicast QoS Routing Security TopologySecurity Topology
Advanced ApplicationsAdvanced Applications Distributed computation Virtual laboratories Distributed computation Virtual laboratories
Digital libraries Distributed learning Digital video Digital libraries Distributed learning Digital video Tele-immersion All of the above in combinationTele-immersion All of the above in combination
Abilene Connections Apr-2000Abilene Connections July 2006
Abilene Connections Apr-2000Abilene International Peering 2006
Research andDevelopment
Commercialization
Partnerships
Privatization
Internet Development Spiral
Todayrsquos Internet
Internet2
University-led Federal agency-led
Developing education and research driven applications
Agency mission-driven and general purpose applications
Building out campus networks gigaPoPs and inter-gigapop
infrastructure
Funding research testbeds and agency research networks
Interconnecting and interoperating to provide advanced networking capabilities needed to support advanced
research and education applications
Internet2 and the Next Generation Internet Initiative
Internet2 NGI
Our Founding (Funding) Fable
Researchers invent new architectures Architectures are validated on a testbed IETF ISPs and router vendors collaborate to deploy new design
This is complete BS
Do Traditional Testbeds Really Test
Production-oriented testbeds Real traffic provides good validation But can test only very incremental changes
Research-oriented testbeds Can test radical architectures Lack of real traffic results in poor validation
Both are expensive (dedicated bandwidth)
What about Deployment Architectural change requires ISP consensus
- Hard to agree- No competitive advantage from architectural innovation
- All have huge sunk investment in the status quo
ISPs are unlikely candidates for architectural change
Architecture isnrsquot just static its decaying Ad hoc workarounds muddy the architectural waters
We are at an Impasse
We canrsquot test new architectures- Despite sizable investments in testbeds
We canrsquot deploy new architectures- And things are getting worse not better
Yet there are pressing requirements for which the current architecture is not well suited
The Communityrsquos Response Focus on areas where we can have impact
Empirical studies Incremental changes (subject to current constraints)
Small stream of architectural proposals Paper designs without hope of deployment
More science fiction than engineering Have largely abandoned hope of effecting fundamental architectural change
Living with rather than overcoming the impasse
Overcoming the Impasse
Must be able to test new architectures Wide range of architectures Real traffic from willing individuals Low overhead for individual researchers
Meet the grand challenge of reinventing the Internet
Empirical incremental research is great but not enough
If someone put us in charge what would we do
What about deployment Several options none good but no excuse to not have an answer to the grand challenge
Testing Virtual Testbed
Overlay testbed (think RON etc) Host proxy directs packets to overlay
Proxy must architecturally neutral and flexible
Individuals (anywhere) opt-in by turning on proxy
Shared testing infrastructure (think Planetlab) Overlay nodes shared among experiments
Slicing on per-packet timescales Virtualized routers
These ideas have turned into the GENI program
Why GENI (Global Environment for Network Innovations) Future Internet Network (2005)
The original designing idea of current information networks is basically a specific network supports one major service
The limitation of the original designing idea can not support the multiple requirements for networks and services (such as Telecom network Internet)
The original design mode of Internet leads to itrsquos shortage in mobility security controllable and administrable
We urgently need redesign the framework of new generation Internet to overcome the serious shortage of current Internet
Providing pervasive and trusted services based on a specific network has became the key research directions of national informatization
GENI (Global Environment for Network Innovations) - NSF 2005 (1)
What is GENIWhat is GENIGENI is GENI is a facility concepta facility concept being explored by being explored by the US computing community the US computing community
back to an NSF workshop in 2005back to an NSF workshop in 2005focus on focus on architecturalarchitectural research and research and provide the provide the experimentalexperimental infrastructure infrastructure needed to support that researchneeded to support that research
focus on the research agenda (and focus on the research agenda (and infrastructure needs) of the infrastructure needs) of the opticaloptical wirelesswireless sensorsensor network and network and distributeddistributed systems communitiessystems communities
GENI (Global Environment for Network Innovations) (2)
The goal of GENI The goal of GENI Goal a Future Internet that meets the Goal a Future Internet that meets the demands of 21st centurydemands of 21st century
to increase the to increase the qualityquality and and quantityquantity of of experimental experimental researchresearch outcomes in networking and distributed outcomes in networking and distributed systemssystems
to accelerate the to accelerate the transitiontransition of these outcomes into of these outcomes into products and servicesproducts and services
enhance economic competitiveness and secure enhance economic competitiveness and secure the Nations futurethe Nations future
Ultimately to lead to a Ultimately to lead to a transition of the transition of the InternetInternet
GENI Research Opportunities (3)
Two dichotomy thought (false or at least Two dichotomy thought (false or at least unnecessary)unnecessary)
a a clean slateclean slate reconceptualization of Internet reconceptualization of Internet architecture architecture
todays 30-year-old architecture that todays 30-year-old architecture that limit its limit its abilityability to cope with emerging threats and to cope with emerging threats and opportunitiesopportunities
bull eroding trust reduced innovation slowing eroding trust reduced innovation slowing updateupdate
future innovation will take the form of new future innovation will take the form of new services and applications running services and applications running on top of the on top of the InternetInternet
GENI Research Opportunities (4)
GENI discussion GENI discussion First we interpret Future Internet very broadly to First we interpret Future Internet very broadly to
include innovations at include innovations at any levelany level of the architecture of the architecture alternative protocols and architectures running alternative protocols and architectures running
inside the network (as overlays on top of inside the network (as overlays on top of todays network) todays network)
Second research should employ Second research should employ clean slate clean slate thinkingthinking but this does but this does not imply that an entirely not imply that an entirely newnew Internet will be necessary In other words Internet will be necessary In other words clean slate is a clean slate is a processprocess not a not a resultresult
Third opportunities Third opportunities betweenbetween two perspectives two perspectives exploring how todays architecture is best exploring how todays architecture is best
evolved to support emerging overlay services evolved to support emerging overlay services
GENI Facility Concept (5)
Facility ConceptFacility Concept experimental platforms for experimental platforms for bothboth research and research and
deploymentdeployment filling the filling the gapgap between small-scale exp and mature between small-scale exp and mature
tech tech GENI evaluate new network systems on large-GENI evaluate new network systems on large-
scalescale
Two levelsTwo levels Physical level Physical level GENI substrateGENI substrate will consist of a will consist of a
collection of links forwarders storage collection of links forwarders storage processors and wireless net processors and wireless net
On top of this substrate a On top of this substrate a software software management management frameworkframework will be overlay network experiments on will be overlay network experiments on
the substratethe substrate
GENI Facility Concept (6)
Four key ideasFour key ideas substrate components will be substrate components will be programmableprogrammable - -
possible to embed any network experiment including possible to embed any network experiment including clean-slate designs clean-slate designs
Substrate will be Substrate will be virtualizable virtualizable -- possible to embed possible to embed multiple slices in the substrate at the same time multiple slices in the substrate at the same time (allow experimental services and architectures to run (allow experimental services and architectures to run continuously) continuously)
GENI will include mechanisms that allow end-users GENI will include mechanisms that allow end-users to to seamlessly seamlessly opt-inopt-in to experimental services to experimental services
GENI will be GENI will be modularmodular ( (architecture and interfaces) - architecture and interfaces) - possible to extend GENI with new networking possible to extend GENI with new networking technologies GENI will not be a static artifact but technologies GENI will not be a static artifact but rather a rather a dynamic infrastructuredynamic infrastructure that is continually that is continually renewedrenewed
FIND (Future Internet Network Design) ndash NSF 2006 (1)
FIND asks two broad questionsFIND asks two broad questions What are the What are the requirementsrequirements for the global network for the global network
in 15 years in 15 years How How would we would we re-conceivere-conceive tomorrows global tomorrows global
network today if we could design it from scratch network today if we could design it from scratch FIND program solicits FIND program solicits clean slate processclean slate process research proposals in the broad area of research proposals in the broad area of network architecture principles and designnetwork architecture principles and design
FIND (Future Internet Network Design) (2)
FIND research might address wide questionsFIND research might address wide questions What will the What will the edgeedge of the network look like in 15 of the network look like in 15
years How might the network years How might the network architecturearchitecture of 15 of 15 years hence best accommodate sensors embedded years hence best accommodate sensors embedded systems and the like systems and the like
How might the network of 15 years from now How might the network of 15 years from now supportsupport what users really do (and care about) How what users really do (and care about) How might such functions as information access location might such functions as information access location management or identity management best fit into a management or identity management best fit into a new overall network architecture new overall network architecture
What will the What will the core core of the network look like in 15 of the network look like in 15 years How might the changing economics of years How might the changing economics of optical systems affect the overall design of the larger optical systems affect the overall design of the larger networknetwork
FIRE (Future Internet Research and Experimentation) ndash European 2007 (1)
Internet has Internet has growngrown to an unexpected reach to an unexpected reach as for the as for the numbernumber of users of users capacitycapacity of the of the links broadband penetration to the links broadband penetration to the homehome servicesservices
ProblemsProblems spam viruses denial of service spam viruses denial of service attacks complexity of managementattacks complexity of management
Internet drawbacks and Internet drawbacks and limitationslimitations ndash to ndash to scalabilityscalability suitabilitysuitability mobilitymobility transparencytransparency securitysecurity
require new radical approaches to require new radical approaches to fundamentally redesign its protocols and fundamentally redesign its protocols and architectures architectures
FIRE (2) FIRE is an FIRE is an experimentallyexperimentally-driven -driven longlong-term research initiative on -term research initiative on
Future Internet Future Internet conceptsconcepts protocolsprotocols and and architecturesarchitectures encompassing technological industrial and socio-economic encompassing technological industrial and socio-economic
aspects aspects acting as proof-of-concept of the newly proposed acting as proof-of-concept of the newly proposed
technologies and services technologies and services FIRE RESEARCHFIRE RESEARCH
Long term multidisciplinary research on future internet Long term multidisciplinary research on future internet paradigms paradigms
Open to Open to fresh bottom-upfresh bottom-up ideas with ideas with no backwards-no backwards-compatibilitycompatibility constraints constraints
Building on the FET SAC initiative ldquoSituated and Autonomic Building on the FET SAC initiative ldquoSituated and Autonomic Communicationsrdquo Communicationsrdquo
Considering at the Considering at the same timesame time technological economic and technological economic and socialpolicy aspects socialpolicy aspects
Build in from the outset and on all levels the right Build in from the outset and on all levels the right balancebalance between security accountability and privacybetween security accountability and privacy
FIRE (3)
FIRE EXPERIMENTATIONFIRE EXPERIMENTATION Large scale experimentationLarge scale experimentation of new paradigms and of new paradigms and
concepts for the future internet and related service concepts for the future internet and related service architectures architectures
Learning through broad experimentation Learning through broad experimentation Integrating and validating new conceptsIntegrating and validating new concepts
Federating and extending Federating and extending existing testbedsexisting testbeds and and research infrastructures research infrastructures
no backwards-compatibility constraints no backwards-compatibility constraints European approach and develop a European European approach and develop a European
identityidentity
- Slide 1
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- Slide 114
- Slide 115
-
Internet 历史 (1) Sep69 1st IMP in UCLA Oct69 2nd IMP in SRI
Internet 之父 -- L Kleinrock1999 1969
History of the Internet (2)
History of the Internet (3)
Sep69 1st IMP in UCLA Sep69 1st IMP in UCLA Oct69 2nd IMP in SRI Oct69 2nd IMP in SRI
2230 29Oct692230 29Oct69 LOGIN from UCLA to
SRI CLA We sent an ldquoLrdquo - did
you get the ldquoLrdquo YEP We sent a ldquoOrdquo - did you
get the ldquoOrdquo YEP We sent an ldquoGrdquo - did
you get the ldquoGrdquo Crash
History of the Internet (4) 1961-1972 Early packet-switching principles 1961 Kleinrock ndash queueing theory shows
effectiveness of packet-switching 1964 Baran - packet-switching in military
nets 1967 ARPAnet conceived by Advanced
Research Projects Agency (Licklider Roberts) 1969 first ARPAnet node operational 1972 ARPAnet has 15 nodes
ARPAnet demonstrated publicly NCP (Network Control Protocol) first host-
host protocol first e-mail program
History of the Internet (5) 1972-1980 Internetworking research networks 1970ALOHAnet satellite network in Hawaii
(Abramson) 1973Metcalfersquos PhD thesis proposes Ethernet 1974Cerf and Kahn - 2004 AM Turing Award
-define todayrsquos Internet architecture minimalism autonomy ndashno internal changes
required to interconnect networks best effort service model stateless routers decentralized control
1979ARPAnet has 200 nodes 56 kbps Late 70rsquos proprietary architectures DECnet
SNA Late 70rsquos switching fixed length packets (-gt
ATM)
History of the Internet (6) 1980rsquos new protocols a proliferation of net 1983deployment of TCPIP (Critical
separation Cohen) 1982SMTP e-mail protocol defined 1983DNS defined for name-to-IP-address
translation mid-1980rsquos IETF active 1985FTP protocol defined 1988TCP congestion control new national networks Csnet BITnet Minitel
NSFnet (15 Mbps10000 computers) NSI (NASA) ESNet(DOE) DARTnet TWBNet (DARPA)
100000 hosts connected to confederation of networks
History of the Internet (7) 1990rsquos commercialization the WWW Early 1990rsquos ARPAnet decommissioned 1991 NSFnet (45 Mbps) -gt commercial use of
NSF (decommissioned 1995) Late 1990rsquos
multiple private backbones 50 million computers on Internet 100 million+ users backbone links running at 1 Gbps
Early 1990s WWW hypertext [Bush 1945 Nelson 1960rsquos] HTML http Berners-Lee 1994 Mosaic later Netscape late 1990rsquos commercialization of the WWW
Growth of the Internet Today backbones run at 2410 Gbps Today backbones run at 2410 Gbps 400 millions computers in 150 countries400 millions computers in 150 countries
Internet 在中国 19931993 年年 33 月月中科院高能物理所 中科院高能物理所 64 Kbps64 Kbps TJU1995322TJU1995322 20062006 年年 1212 月月
计算机计算机 59405940 万万 用户 用户 1414 亿 亿 WWWWWW 站 站 8484 万万 CNCN 域名 域名 180180 万万 国际出口带宽 国际出口带宽 257 Gbps257 Gbps
连接美国俄罗斯法国英国德国日本连接美国俄罗斯法国英国德国日本韩国新加坡等 韩国新加坡等
Internet 提供的服务 Shared access to computing resources
telnet (1970rsquos) Shared access to data files
FTP NFS AFS (1980rsquos) Communication medium over which people interact
email (1980rsquos) on-line chat messaging (1990rsquos) audio video (1990rsquos)
replacing telephone network A medium for information dissemination
USENET (1980rsquos) WWW (1990rsquos)
replacing newspaper magazine audio video (1990rsquos)
replacing radio CD TV
Todayrsquos Internet
Internet Physical Infrastructure
Classification by Coverage
模型 协议 分层
Protocol Architecture
Donrsquot Need All Layers Everywhere
Protocol Data Unit - PDUs
Network Components (Examples)
Fibers
Coaxial Cable
Links Interfaces Switchesrouters
Ethernet card
Wireless card
Large router
Telephoneswitch
趋势 网络时代 每一件事务都是数字的 声音 视频 音
乐 画片 及生活日常事务 每一件事务都是在线的 银行结算 医疗
记录 各类书籍 航空日程 天气情况 公路交通 hellip
每个人之间都是相互联系的 医生 教师 经济人 母亲 儿子 朋友 敌人
趋势 网络时代 实现家庭
教育 办公 购物 娱乐 网上娱乐 虚拟工作场所
2000 年美国有五千五百万人实现远程工作
网络制造 电子商务 虚拟公司 虚拟制造与虚拟装配 ( 设计过程 ) 制造过程更加分散化并发进行 新型的价值链 虚拟兑现
趋势 网络时代
趋势 网络时代
网络制造 (1)
随着基于随着基于 InternetInternet 的全球化数字通信基础设的全球化数字通信基础设施的建立网络从单纯的信息工具变成rdquo施的建立网络从单纯的信息工具变成rdquo EE －－时代rdquo的关键资源时代rdquo的关键资源 全球经济一体化成为制造全球经济一体化成为制造业变革的最根本的推动力业变革的最根本的推动力
InternetInternet 向ldquo资源功能rdquo发展基于向ldquo资源功能rdquo发展基于InternetInternet 的网络化制造是适应时代的需要的网络化制造是适应时代的需要
网络制造的本质特性就是产品的制造过程更加网络制造的本质特性就是产品的制造过程更加分散化信息的传递网络化信息的流动伴随分散化信息的传递网络化信息的流动伴随着各项工作的并发进行而同时发生着各项工作的并发进行而同时发生
网络制造 (2)
基于基于 InternetInternet 的虚拟制造与虚拟装配的虚拟制造与虚拟装配 在相互联结的网络上建立在相互联结的网络上建立 2424 小时工作的协同小时工作的协同
工作组大大加快了设计进度及时获得所需工作组大大加快了设计进度及时获得所需要的零部件减少库存降低成本提高质量要的零部件减少库存降低成本提高质量
电子商务 信息技术和 Internet 引发的商务过程的变化 利用以 Internet 为核心的信息技术进行商
务活动和企业资源管理 CIMS 是企业实施电子商务的基础 企业实施电子商务是 CIMS 发展的主要标志和
主要内容
竞争环境改变 核心 产品竞争
电子商务产生背景
服务竞争
范围 单个企业 全球多企业
资源 人财物 信息知识
管理重心迁移 生产管理 供应 营销链管理
集中内部资源 整合外部资源
离散管理 集约管理
商务模式转化
bull文秘型管理bull关注后台（企业内部）bull关注业务记录（报表）bull地区性bull推销产品为中心bull（卖方市场）
bull自我服务型管理bull关注前端（客户关系）bull要求商业智能（分析）bull全球化bull客户为中心bull（买方市场）
传统商务 电子商务
客户
供应商
合作伙伴
网络智能
市场营销 产品 服务销售 产品制造
服务 支持
e 企业的业务体系结构
网络发展趋势 趋势趋势 融合融合 趋势趋势 泛在（泛在（ UbiquitousUbiquitous ）） 趋势趋势 信息爆炸信息爆炸 更多的网络业务流量更多的网络业务流量 数据流量 数据流量 gt gt 话声流量话声流量 更快的传输介质更快的传输介质 骨干网（骨干网（ BackboneBackbone ）） 更大的带宽（更大的带宽（ BandwidthBandwidth ）） 宽带无线网宽带无线网飞速增长飞速增长 (WLAN) (Wi-Fi)(WLAN) (Wi-Fi) Everything over IPEverything over IP
趋势 融合 新闻新闻 广告广告 -- 媒体媒体 --信息提供者信息提供者
数字媒体产品数字媒体产品 有线电视有线电视
视频传输视频传输 电话电话
声音传输声音传输 计算机计算机
数字媒体存储数字媒体存储 处理处理 信息提供者和信息传输者的结合信息提供者和信息传输者的结合 电话公司电话公司 有线公司有线公司 娱乐事业娱乐事业 和计算机公司和计算机公司
的结合的结合
Trend
趋势 更多的网络业务流量 互联网上的主机数正以超指数量级飞速增长互联网上的主机数正以超指数量级飞速增长 每个主机用户的业务量中也在增长每个主机用户的业务量中也在增长
局域网可达到 局域网可达到 1 1 GbpsGbps 有线电视调制解调器允许以有线电视调制解调器允许以 11到 到 10 10 MbpsMbps 的速的速
度访问主机度访问主机 应用应用 ADSLVDSLADSLVDSL 通过电话线可达到通过电话线可达到 6-6-
2727MbpsMbps 的速度的速度 宽带无线网宽带无线网 (Wi-Fi)(Wi-Fi)可达到可达到 11-54Mbps11-54Mbps 的速的速
度度 带宽需求每四个月增加一倍带宽需求每四个月增加一倍 数据流量 数据流量 gt gt 话声流量话声流量
Trend of Internet hosts 1980-2000
Trend Data gt Voice
趋势 更快的传输介质 局局域域网网 1 Gbps over 4-pair UTP-5 up to 100 m 1 Gbps over 4-pair UTP-5 up to 100 m
10Gbps being discussed10Gbps being discussed Was 1 Mbps (1Base-5) in 1984Was 1 Mbps (1Base-5) in 1984
骨干网光纤骨干网光纤 DWDMDWDM (( Dense Wavelength Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing)Division Multiplexing) OC-768 = 40 Gbps over a to 65 km OC-768 = 40 Gbps over a to 65 km
1600 Gbps - 10 Tbps1600 Gbps - 10 Tbps Was 100 Mbps (FDDI) in 1993Was 100 Mbps (FDDI) in 1993
无线网无线网 54 100 Mbps(100-2km) wireless 54 100 Mbps(100-2km) wireless networks 25 Gbps to 5km using light networks 25 Gbps to 5km using light Was 1 Mbps (IEEE 80211) in 1998Was 1 Mbps (IEEE 80211) in 1998
Trend Bandwidth
Why Optical Networks DWDM optoelectricl metro network
Trend Wireless Mobile (1)
Trend宽带无线网 (Wi-Fi)飞速增长
Trend宽带无线网 (Wi-Fi)飞速增长
Trend宽带无线网 (Wi-Fi)飞速增长
Trend宽带无线网 (Wi-Fi)飞速增长
Integration of 3G and WLAN- offer possibility of achieving anywhere anytime
high speed and low expense Internet access
3G3G WLANWLAN
Wide areaWide area Local areaLocal area
Low bit rate Low bit rate
(2M when stand (2M when stand still)still)
High bit rateHigh bit rate
(11M to 54M)(11M to 54M)
DataVoice serviceDataVoice service
((QoS supportQoS support))
Data serviceData service
High expenseHigh expense Low expenseLow expense
High mobilityHigh mobility Low mobilityLow mobility
Trend Everything over IP
Data over IP =gt IP needs Traffic Data over IP =gt IP needs Traffic engineeringengineering
Voice over IP =gt Quality of Service and Voice over IP =gt Quality of Service and SignalingSignaling
Backbone -- Optic networksBackbone -- Optic networks IP over ATM IP over ATM （（异步传输模式）异步传输模式） IP over SONET -- POS (Packet over SDH) IP over SONET -- POS (Packet over SDH)
(( 同步同步 )) IP over DWDMIP over DWDM
Asynchronous Transfer Mode ATM
1990rsquos00 standard for high-speed (155Mbps to 1990rsquos00 standard for high-speed (155Mbps to 622 Mbps and higher) 622 Mbps and higher) Broadband Integrated Broadband Integrated Service Digital NetworkService Digital Network architecture architecture
GoalGoal integrated end-end transport of carry integrated end-end transport of carry voice video datavoice video data meeting timingQoS requirements of voice meeting timingQoS requirements of voice
video (versus Internet best-effort model)video (versus Internet best-effort model) ldquoldquonext generationrdquo telephony technical roots next generationrdquo telephony technical roots
in telephone worldin telephone world packet-switching (fixed length packets packet-switching (fixed length packets
called ldquocellsrdquo) using called ldquocellsrdquo) using virtual circuitsvirtual circuits
ATM reference model
How far along are we
Standardization bodies - ATM Forum ITU-T Standardization bodies - ATM Forum ITU-T We may never see end-to-end ATM (1997)We may never see end-to-end ATM (1997)
ATM - too complex - too expansive ltIPgtATM - too complex - too expansive ltIPgt Backbone - 1995 vBNS (ATM) Backbone - 1995 vBNS (ATM)
- 1998 Abilene (SONET) - 2000 IP over - 1998 Abilene (SONET) - 2000 IP over DWDMDWDM
Internet technology + ATM philosophyInternet technology + ATM philosophy but ATM ideas continue to powerfully but ATM ideas continue to powerfully
influence design of next-generation influence design of next-generation InternetInternet
ex ex MPLSMPLS admission ctl resource admission ctl resource reservation hellipreservation hellip
Best of Both Worlds
Multiprotocol label switching (Multiprotocol label switching (MPLSMPLS)) MPLS + IP form a middle ground that MPLS + IP form a middle ground that
combines the best of IP and the best of combines the best of IP and the best of virtual virtual circuit switching technologiescircuit switching technologies
ATM and Frame Relay cannot easily come to ATM and Frame Relay cannot easily come to the middle so IP hasthe middle so IP has
Label Encapsulation
MPLS Encapsulation is specified over MPLS Encapsulation is specified over various media types Top labels may use various media types Top labels may use existing format lower label(s) use a new existing format lower label(s) use a new ldquoshimrdquo label formatldquoshimrdquo label format
Label Substitution Have a friend go to B ahead of you using one of the Have a friend go to B ahead of you using one of the
previous two techniques At every road they reserve previous two techniques At every road they reserve a lane just for you At every intersection they post a a lane just for you At every intersection they post a big sign that says for a given lane which way to turn big sign that says for a given lane which way to turn and what new lane to takeand what new lane to take
Future Internet Research and Experimentation
Todayrsquos Internet Millions of usersMillions of users Web email low-quality audio amp videoWeb email low-quality audio amp video Interconnect personal computers and serversInterconnect personal computers and servers Applications adapt to underlying technologyApplications adapt to underlying technology Todayrsquos Internet DoesnrsquotTodayrsquos Internet Doesnrsquot
Provide reliable end-to-end performanceProvide reliable end-to-end performanceEncourage cooperation on new capabilitiesEncourage cooperation on new capabilitiesAllow testing of new technologiesAllow testing of new technologiesSupport development of revolutionary Support development of revolutionary applicationsapplications
Tomorrowrsquos Internet
Billions of users and devicesBillions of users and devices Convergence of todayrsquos applications Convergence of todayrsquos applications with multimedia (telephony video-with multimedia (telephony video-conference HDTV)conference HDTV)
Interconnect personal computers Interconnect personal computers servers and embedded computersservers and embedded computers
New technologies enable unanticipated New technologies enable unanticipated applications (and create new challenges)applications (and create new challenges)
Vint Cerf Open Challenges
My primary disappointment has been the slow pace of high speed access for residential customers hellip
The second area of disappointment is the slow uptake of version 6 of the Internet protocol (IPv6)
Perhaps the third area is the continuing difficulty caused by viruses worms and distributed denial of service attacksrdquo
How to make the Internet better Addressing current problems
Security1048766 Privacy1048766 Self-diagnosis amp self-healing networks1048766 Cheap connectivity for poor area and third world countries1048766
Wireless mesh networks1048766 sensors1048766 Mobility1048766
New cool apps1048766 What is after IPTV VoIP BitTorrent
Why Internet2 (1996)
The Internet was not designed forThe Internet was not designed forMillions of usersMillions of usersCongestionCongestionMultimediaMultimediaReal time interactionReal time interaction
But only the Internet canBut only the Internet canAccommodate explosive growthAccommodate explosive growthEnable convergence of information Enable convergence of information work mass media and human work mass media and human collaborationcollaboration
Internet2 Project Develop and deploy advanced network Develop and deploy advanced network
applications and technologies accelerating applications and technologies accelerating the creation of tomorrowrsquos Internetthe creation of tomorrowrsquos Internet
GoalsGoals Enable new generation of applicationsEnable new generation of applications Re-create leading edge RampE network Re-create leading edge RampE network
capabilitycapability Transfer capability to the global Transfer capability to the global
production Internetproduction Internet 206 University Members Jan 2005206 University Members Jan 2005
Internet2 Focus Areas Advanced Network Infrastructure - AbileneAdvanced Network Infrastructure - Abilene
Backbones operate at 10 Gbps capacity - 100 Backbones operate at 10 Gbps capacity - 100 Gbps (2007)Gbps (2007)
Middleware Middleware A layer of software between the network and the A layer of software between the network and the
applications applications Authentication Identification Authorization Authentication Identification Authorization
Directories SecurityDirectories Security EngineeringEngineering
IPv6 Measurement Multicast QoS Routing IPv6 Measurement Multicast QoS Routing Security TopologySecurity Topology
Advanced ApplicationsAdvanced Applications Distributed computation Virtual laboratories Distributed computation Virtual laboratories
Digital libraries Distributed learning Digital video Digital libraries Distributed learning Digital video Tele-immersion All of the above in combinationTele-immersion All of the above in combination
Abilene Connections Apr-2000Abilene Connections July 2006
Abilene Connections Apr-2000Abilene International Peering 2006
Research andDevelopment
Commercialization
Partnerships
Privatization
Internet Development Spiral
Todayrsquos Internet
Internet2
University-led Federal agency-led
Developing education and research driven applications
Agency mission-driven and general purpose applications
Building out campus networks gigaPoPs and inter-gigapop
infrastructure
Funding research testbeds and agency research networks
Interconnecting and interoperating to provide advanced networking capabilities needed to support advanced
research and education applications
Internet2 and the Next Generation Internet Initiative
Internet2 NGI
Our Founding (Funding) Fable
Researchers invent new architectures Architectures are validated on a testbed IETF ISPs and router vendors collaborate to deploy new design
This is complete BS
Do Traditional Testbeds Really Test
Production-oriented testbeds Real traffic provides good validation But can test only very incremental changes
Research-oriented testbeds Can test radical architectures Lack of real traffic results in poor validation
Both are expensive (dedicated bandwidth)
What about Deployment Architectural change requires ISP consensus
- Hard to agree- No competitive advantage from architectural innovation
- All have huge sunk investment in the status quo
ISPs are unlikely candidates for architectural change
Architecture isnrsquot just static its decaying Ad hoc workarounds muddy the architectural waters
We are at an Impasse
We canrsquot test new architectures- Despite sizable investments in testbeds
We canrsquot deploy new architectures- And things are getting worse not better
Yet there are pressing requirements for which the current architecture is not well suited
The Communityrsquos Response Focus on areas where we can have impact
Empirical studies Incremental changes (subject to current constraints)
Small stream of architectural proposals Paper designs without hope of deployment
More science fiction than engineering Have largely abandoned hope of effecting fundamental architectural change
Living with rather than overcoming the impasse
Overcoming the Impasse
Must be able to test new architectures Wide range of architectures Real traffic from willing individuals Low overhead for individual researchers
Meet the grand challenge of reinventing the Internet
Empirical incremental research is great but not enough
If someone put us in charge what would we do
What about deployment Several options none good but no excuse to not have an answer to the grand challenge
Testing Virtual Testbed
Overlay testbed (think RON etc) Host proxy directs packets to overlay
Proxy must architecturally neutral and flexible
Individuals (anywhere) opt-in by turning on proxy
Shared testing infrastructure (think Planetlab) Overlay nodes shared among experiments
Slicing on per-packet timescales Virtualized routers
These ideas have turned into the GENI program
Why GENI (Global Environment for Network Innovations) Future Internet Network (2005)
The original designing idea of current information networks is basically a specific network supports one major service
The limitation of the original designing idea can not support the multiple requirements for networks and services (such as Telecom network Internet)
The original design mode of Internet leads to itrsquos shortage in mobility security controllable and administrable
We urgently need redesign the framework of new generation Internet to overcome the serious shortage of current Internet
Providing pervasive and trusted services based on a specific network has became the key research directions of national informatization
GENI (Global Environment for Network Innovations) - NSF 2005 (1)
What is GENIWhat is GENIGENI is GENI is a facility concepta facility concept being explored by being explored by the US computing community the US computing community
back to an NSF workshop in 2005back to an NSF workshop in 2005focus on focus on architecturalarchitectural research and research and provide the provide the experimentalexperimental infrastructure infrastructure needed to support that researchneeded to support that research
focus on the research agenda (and focus on the research agenda (and infrastructure needs) of the infrastructure needs) of the opticaloptical wirelesswireless sensorsensor network and network and distributeddistributed systems communitiessystems communities
GENI (Global Environment for Network Innovations) (2)
The goal of GENI The goal of GENI Goal a Future Internet that meets the Goal a Future Internet that meets the demands of 21st centurydemands of 21st century
to increase the to increase the qualityquality and and quantityquantity of of experimental experimental researchresearch outcomes in networking and distributed outcomes in networking and distributed systemssystems
to accelerate the to accelerate the transitiontransition of these outcomes into of these outcomes into products and servicesproducts and services
enhance economic competitiveness and secure enhance economic competitiveness and secure the Nations futurethe Nations future
Ultimately to lead to a Ultimately to lead to a transition of the transition of the InternetInternet
GENI Research Opportunities (3)
Two dichotomy thought (false or at least Two dichotomy thought (false or at least unnecessary)unnecessary)
a a clean slateclean slate reconceptualization of Internet reconceptualization of Internet architecture architecture
todays 30-year-old architecture that todays 30-year-old architecture that limit its limit its abilityability to cope with emerging threats and to cope with emerging threats and opportunitiesopportunities
bull eroding trust reduced innovation slowing eroding trust reduced innovation slowing updateupdate
future innovation will take the form of new future innovation will take the form of new services and applications running services and applications running on top of the on top of the InternetInternet
GENI Research Opportunities (4)
GENI discussion GENI discussion First we interpret Future Internet very broadly to First we interpret Future Internet very broadly to
include innovations at include innovations at any levelany level of the architecture of the architecture alternative protocols and architectures running alternative protocols and architectures running
inside the network (as overlays on top of inside the network (as overlays on top of todays network) todays network)
Second research should employ Second research should employ clean slate clean slate thinkingthinking but this does but this does not imply that an entirely not imply that an entirely newnew Internet will be necessary In other words Internet will be necessary In other words clean slate is a clean slate is a processprocess not a not a resultresult
Third opportunities Third opportunities betweenbetween two perspectives two perspectives exploring how todays architecture is best exploring how todays architecture is best
evolved to support emerging overlay services evolved to support emerging overlay services
GENI Facility Concept (5)
Facility ConceptFacility Concept experimental platforms for experimental platforms for bothboth research and research and
deploymentdeployment filling the filling the gapgap between small-scale exp and mature between small-scale exp and mature
tech tech GENI evaluate new network systems on large-GENI evaluate new network systems on large-
scalescale
Two levelsTwo levels Physical level Physical level GENI substrateGENI substrate will consist of a will consist of a
collection of links forwarders storage collection of links forwarders storage processors and wireless net processors and wireless net
On top of this substrate a On top of this substrate a software software management management frameworkframework will be overlay network experiments on will be overlay network experiments on
the substratethe substrate
GENI Facility Concept (6)
Four key ideasFour key ideas substrate components will be substrate components will be programmableprogrammable - -
possible to embed any network experiment including possible to embed any network experiment including clean-slate designs clean-slate designs
Substrate will be Substrate will be virtualizable virtualizable -- possible to embed possible to embed multiple slices in the substrate at the same time multiple slices in the substrate at the same time (allow experimental services and architectures to run (allow experimental services and architectures to run continuously) continuously)
GENI will include mechanisms that allow end-users GENI will include mechanisms that allow end-users to to seamlessly seamlessly opt-inopt-in to experimental services to experimental services
GENI will be GENI will be modularmodular ( (architecture and interfaces) - architecture and interfaces) - possible to extend GENI with new networking possible to extend GENI with new networking technologies GENI will not be a static artifact but technologies GENI will not be a static artifact but rather a rather a dynamic infrastructuredynamic infrastructure that is continually that is continually renewedrenewed
FIND (Future Internet Network Design) ndash NSF 2006 (1)
FIND asks two broad questionsFIND asks two broad questions What are the What are the requirementsrequirements for the global network for the global network
in 15 years in 15 years How How would we would we re-conceivere-conceive tomorrows global tomorrows global
network today if we could design it from scratch network today if we could design it from scratch FIND program solicits FIND program solicits clean slate processclean slate process research proposals in the broad area of research proposals in the broad area of network architecture principles and designnetwork architecture principles and design
FIND (Future Internet Network Design) (2)
FIND research might address wide questionsFIND research might address wide questions What will the What will the edgeedge of the network look like in 15 of the network look like in 15
years How might the network years How might the network architecturearchitecture of 15 of 15 years hence best accommodate sensors embedded years hence best accommodate sensors embedded systems and the like systems and the like
How might the network of 15 years from now How might the network of 15 years from now supportsupport what users really do (and care about) How what users really do (and care about) How might such functions as information access location might such functions as information access location management or identity management best fit into a management or identity management best fit into a new overall network architecture new overall network architecture
What will the What will the core core of the network look like in 15 of the network look like in 15 years How might the changing economics of years How might the changing economics of optical systems affect the overall design of the larger optical systems affect the overall design of the larger networknetwork
FIRE (Future Internet Research and Experimentation) ndash European 2007 (1)
Internet has Internet has growngrown to an unexpected reach to an unexpected reach as for the as for the numbernumber of users of users capacitycapacity of the of the links broadband penetration to the links broadband penetration to the homehome servicesservices
ProblemsProblems spam viruses denial of service spam viruses denial of service attacks complexity of managementattacks complexity of management
Internet drawbacks and Internet drawbacks and limitationslimitations ndash to ndash to scalabilityscalability suitabilitysuitability mobilitymobility transparencytransparency securitysecurity
require new radical approaches to require new radical approaches to fundamentally redesign its protocols and fundamentally redesign its protocols and architectures architectures
FIRE (2) FIRE is an FIRE is an experimentallyexperimentally-driven -driven longlong-term research initiative on -term research initiative on
Future Internet Future Internet conceptsconcepts protocolsprotocols and and architecturesarchitectures encompassing technological industrial and socio-economic encompassing technological industrial and socio-economic
aspects aspects acting as proof-of-concept of the newly proposed acting as proof-of-concept of the newly proposed
technologies and services technologies and services FIRE RESEARCHFIRE RESEARCH
Long term multidisciplinary research on future internet Long term multidisciplinary research on future internet paradigms paradigms
Open to Open to fresh bottom-upfresh bottom-up ideas with ideas with no backwards-no backwards-compatibilitycompatibility constraints constraints
Building on the FET SAC initiative ldquoSituated and Autonomic Building on the FET SAC initiative ldquoSituated and Autonomic Communicationsrdquo Communicationsrdquo
Considering at the Considering at the same timesame time technological economic and technological economic and socialpolicy aspects socialpolicy aspects
Build in from the outset and on all levels the right Build in from the outset and on all levels the right balancebalance between security accountability and privacybetween security accountability and privacy
FIRE (3)
FIRE EXPERIMENTATIONFIRE EXPERIMENTATION Large scale experimentationLarge scale experimentation of new paradigms and of new paradigms and
concepts for the future internet and related service concepts for the future internet and related service architectures architectures
Learning through broad experimentation Learning through broad experimentation Integrating and validating new conceptsIntegrating and validating new concepts
Federating and extending Federating and extending existing testbedsexisting testbeds and and research infrastructures research infrastructures
no backwards-compatibility constraints no backwards-compatibility constraints European approach and develop a European European approach and develop a European
identityidentity
- Slide 1
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- Slide 109
- Slide 110
- Slide 113
- Slide 114
- Slide 115
-
History of the Internet (2)
History of the Internet (3)
Sep69 1st IMP in UCLA Sep69 1st IMP in UCLA Oct69 2nd IMP in SRI Oct69 2nd IMP in SRI
2230 29Oct692230 29Oct69 LOGIN from UCLA to
SRI CLA We sent an ldquoLrdquo - did
you get the ldquoLrdquo YEP We sent a ldquoOrdquo - did you
get the ldquoOrdquo YEP We sent an ldquoGrdquo - did
you get the ldquoGrdquo Crash
History of the Internet (4) 1961-1972 Early packet-switching principles 1961 Kleinrock ndash queueing theory shows
effectiveness of packet-switching 1964 Baran - packet-switching in military
nets 1967 ARPAnet conceived by Advanced
Research Projects Agency (Licklider Roberts) 1969 first ARPAnet node operational 1972 ARPAnet has 15 nodes
ARPAnet demonstrated publicly NCP (Network Control Protocol) first host-
host protocol first e-mail program
History of the Internet (5) 1972-1980 Internetworking research networks 1970ALOHAnet satellite network in Hawaii
(Abramson) 1973Metcalfersquos PhD thesis proposes Ethernet 1974Cerf and Kahn - 2004 AM Turing Award
-define todayrsquos Internet architecture minimalism autonomy ndashno internal changes
required to interconnect networks best effort service model stateless routers decentralized control
1979ARPAnet has 200 nodes 56 kbps Late 70rsquos proprietary architectures DECnet
SNA Late 70rsquos switching fixed length packets (-gt
ATM)
History of the Internet (6) 1980rsquos new protocols a proliferation of net 1983deployment of TCPIP (Critical
separation Cohen) 1982SMTP e-mail protocol defined 1983DNS defined for name-to-IP-address
translation mid-1980rsquos IETF active 1985FTP protocol defined 1988TCP congestion control new national networks Csnet BITnet Minitel
NSFnet (15 Mbps10000 computers) NSI (NASA) ESNet(DOE) DARTnet TWBNet (DARPA)
100000 hosts connected to confederation of networks
History of the Internet (7) 1990rsquos commercialization the WWW Early 1990rsquos ARPAnet decommissioned 1991 NSFnet (45 Mbps) -gt commercial use of
NSF (decommissioned 1995) Late 1990rsquos
multiple private backbones 50 million computers on Internet 100 million+ users backbone links running at 1 Gbps
Early 1990s WWW hypertext [Bush 1945 Nelson 1960rsquos] HTML http Berners-Lee 1994 Mosaic later Netscape late 1990rsquos commercialization of the WWW
Growth of the Internet Today backbones run at 2410 Gbps Today backbones run at 2410 Gbps 400 millions computers in 150 countries400 millions computers in 150 countries
Internet 在中国 19931993 年年 33 月月中科院高能物理所 中科院高能物理所 64 Kbps64 Kbps TJU1995322TJU1995322 20062006 年年 1212 月月
计算机计算机 59405940 万万 用户 用户 1414 亿 亿 WWWWWW 站 站 8484 万万 CNCN 域名 域名 180180 万万 国际出口带宽 国际出口带宽 257 Gbps257 Gbps
连接美国俄罗斯法国英国德国日本连接美国俄罗斯法国英国德国日本韩国新加坡等 韩国新加坡等
Internet 提供的服务 Shared access to computing resources
telnet (1970rsquos) Shared access to data files
FTP NFS AFS (1980rsquos) Communication medium over which people interact
email (1980rsquos) on-line chat messaging (1990rsquos) audio video (1990rsquos)
replacing telephone network A medium for information dissemination
USENET (1980rsquos) WWW (1990rsquos)
replacing newspaper magazine audio video (1990rsquos)
replacing radio CD TV
Todayrsquos Internet
Internet Physical Infrastructure
Classification by Coverage
模型 协议 分层
Protocol Architecture
Donrsquot Need All Layers Everywhere
Protocol Data Unit - PDUs
Network Components (Examples)
Fibers
Coaxial Cable
Links Interfaces Switchesrouters
Ethernet card
Wireless card
Large router
Telephoneswitch
趋势 网络时代 每一件事务都是数字的 声音 视频 音
乐 画片 及生活日常事务 每一件事务都是在线的 银行结算 医疗
记录 各类书籍 航空日程 天气情况 公路交通 hellip
每个人之间都是相互联系的 医生 教师 经济人 母亲 儿子 朋友 敌人
趋势 网络时代 实现家庭
教育 办公 购物 娱乐 网上娱乐 虚拟工作场所
2000 年美国有五千五百万人实现远程工作
网络制造 电子商务 虚拟公司 虚拟制造与虚拟装配 ( 设计过程 ) 制造过程更加分散化并发进行 新型的价值链 虚拟兑现
趋势 网络时代
趋势 网络时代
网络制造 (1)
随着基于随着基于 InternetInternet 的全球化数字通信基础设的全球化数字通信基础设施的建立网络从单纯的信息工具变成rdquo施的建立网络从单纯的信息工具变成rdquo EE －－时代rdquo的关键资源时代rdquo的关键资源 全球经济一体化成为制造全球经济一体化成为制造业变革的最根本的推动力业变革的最根本的推动力
InternetInternet 向ldquo资源功能rdquo发展基于向ldquo资源功能rdquo发展基于InternetInternet 的网络化制造是适应时代的需要的网络化制造是适应时代的需要
网络制造的本质特性就是产品的制造过程更加网络制造的本质特性就是产品的制造过程更加分散化信息的传递网络化信息的流动伴随分散化信息的传递网络化信息的流动伴随着各项工作的并发进行而同时发生着各项工作的并发进行而同时发生
网络制造 (2)
基于基于 InternetInternet 的虚拟制造与虚拟装配的虚拟制造与虚拟装配 在相互联结的网络上建立在相互联结的网络上建立 2424 小时工作的协同小时工作的协同
工作组大大加快了设计进度及时获得所需工作组大大加快了设计进度及时获得所需要的零部件减少库存降低成本提高质量要的零部件减少库存降低成本提高质量
电子商务 信息技术和 Internet 引发的商务过程的变化 利用以 Internet 为核心的信息技术进行商
务活动和企业资源管理 CIMS 是企业实施电子商务的基础 企业实施电子商务是 CIMS 发展的主要标志和
主要内容
竞争环境改变 核心 产品竞争
电子商务产生背景
服务竞争
范围 单个企业 全球多企业
资源 人财物 信息知识
管理重心迁移 生产管理 供应 营销链管理
集中内部资源 整合外部资源
离散管理 集约管理
商务模式转化
bull文秘型管理bull关注后台（企业内部）bull关注业务记录（报表）bull地区性bull推销产品为中心bull（卖方市场）
bull自我服务型管理bull关注前端（客户关系）bull要求商业智能（分析）bull全球化bull客户为中心bull（买方市场）
传统商务 电子商务
客户
供应商
合作伙伴
网络智能
市场营销 产品 服务销售 产品制造
服务 支持
e 企业的业务体系结构
网络发展趋势 趋势趋势 融合融合 趋势趋势 泛在（泛在（ UbiquitousUbiquitous ）） 趋势趋势 信息爆炸信息爆炸 更多的网络业务流量更多的网络业务流量 数据流量 数据流量 gt gt 话声流量话声流量 更快的传输介质更快的传输介质 骨干网（骨干网（ BackboneBackbone ）） 更大的带宽（更大的带宽（ BandwidthBandwidth ）） 宽带无线网宽带无线网飞速增长飞速增长 (WLAN) (Wi-Fi)(WLAN) (Wi-Fi) Everything over IPEverything over IP
趋势 融合 新闻新闻 广告广告 -- 媒体媒体 --信息提供者信息提供者
数字媒体产品数字媒体产品 有线电视有线电视
视频传输视频传输 电话电话
声音传输声音传输 计算机计算机
数字媒体存储数字媒体存储 处理处理 信息提供者和信息传输者的结合信息提供者和信息传输者的结合 电话公司电话公司 有线公司有线公司 娱乐事业娱乐事业 和计算机公司和计算机公司
的结合的结合
Trend
趋势 更多的网络业务流量 互联网上的主机数正以超指数量级飞速增长互联网上的主机数正以超指数量级飞速增长 每个主机用户的业务量中也在增长每个主机用户的业务量中也在增长
局域网可达到 局域网可达到 1 1 GbpsGbps 有线电视调制解调器允许以有线电视调制解调器允许以 11到 到 10 10 MbpsMbps 的速的速
度访问主机度访问主机 应用应用 ADSLVDSLADSLVDSL 通过电话线可达到通过电话线可达到 6-6-
2727MbpsMbps 的速度的速度 宽带无线网宽带无线网 (Wi-Fi)(Wi-Fi)可达到可达到 11-54Mbps11-54Mbps 的速的速
度度 带宽需求每四个月增加一倍带宽需求每四个月增加一倍 数据流量 数据流量 gt gt 话声流量话声流量
Trend of Internet hosts 1980-2000
Trend Data gt Voice
趋势 更快的传输介质 局局域域网网 1 Gbps over 4-pair UTP-5 up to 100 m 1 Gbps over 4-pair UTP-5 up to 100 m
10Gbps being discussed10Gbps being discussed Was 1 Mbps (1Base-5) in 1984Was 1 Mbps (1Base-5) in 1984
骨干网光纤骨干网光纤 DWDMDWDM (( Dense Wavelength Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing)Division Multiplexing) OC-768 = 40 Gbps over a to 65 km OC-768 = 40 Gbps over a to 65 km
1600 Gbps - 10 Tbps1600 Gbps - 10 Tbps Was 100 Mbps (FDDI) in 1993Was 100 Mbps (FDDI) in 1993
无线网无线网 54 100 Mbps(100-2km) wireless 54 100 Mbps(100-2km) wireless networks 25 Gbps to 5km using light networks 25 Gbps to 5km using light Was 1 Mbps (IEEE 80211) in 1998Was 1 Mbps (IEEE 80211) in 1998
Trend Bandwidth
Why Optical Networks DWDM optoelectricl metro network
Trend Wireless Mobile (1)
Trend宽带无线网 (Wi-Fi)飞速增长
Trend宽带无线网 (Wi-Fi)飞速增长
Trend宽带无线网 (Wi-Fi)飞速增长
Trend宽带无线网 (Wi-Fi)飞速增长
Integration of 3G and WLAN- offer possibility of achieving anywhere anytime
high speed and low expense Internet access
3G3G WLANWLAN
Wide areaWide area Local areaLocal area
Low bit rate Low bit rate
(2M when stand (2M when stand still)still)
High bit rateHigh bit rate
(11M to 54M)(11M to 54M)
DataVoice serviceDataVoice service
((QoS supportQoS support))
Data serviceData service
High expenseHigh expense Low expenseLow expense
High mobilityHigh mobility Low mobilityLow mobility
Trend Everything over IP
Data over IP =gt IP needs Traffic Data over IP =gt IP needs Traffic engineeringengineering
Voice over IP =gt Quality of Service and Voice over IP =gt Quality of Service and SignalingSignaling
Backbone -- Optic networksBackbone -- Optic networks IP over ATM IP over ATM （（异步传输模式）异步传输模式） IP over SONET -- POS (Packet over SDH) IP over SONET -- POS (Packet over SDH)
(( 同步同步 )) IP over DWDMIP over DWDM
Asynchronous Transfer Mode ATM
1990rsquos00 standard for high-speed (155Mbps to 1990rsquos00 standard for high-speed (155Mbps to 622 Mbps and higher) 622 Mbps and higher) Broadband Integrated Broadband Integrated Service Digital NetworkService Digital Network architecture architecture
GoalGoal integrated end-end transport of carry integrated end-end transport of carry voice video datavoice video data meeting timingQoS requirements of voice meeting timingQoS requirements of voice
video (versus Internet best-effort model)video (versus Internet best-effort model) ldquoldquonext generationrdquo telephony technical roots next generationrdquo telephony technical roots
in telephone worldin telephone world packet-switching (fixed length packets packet-switching (fixed length packets
called ldquocellsrdquo) using called ldquocellsrdquo) using virtual circuitsvirtual circuits
ATM reference model
How far along are we
Standardization bodies - ATM Forum ITU-T Standardization bodies - ATM Forum ITU-T We may never see end-to-end ATM (1997)We may never see end-to-end ATM (1997)
ATM - too complex - too expansive ltIPgtATM - too complex - too expansive ltIPgt Backbone - 1995 vBNS (ATM) Backbone - 1995 vBNS (ATM)
- 1998 Abilene (SONET) - 2000 IP over - 1998 Abilene (SONET) - 2000 IP over DWDMDWDM
Internet technology + ATM philosophyInternet technology + ATM philosophy but ATM ideas continue to powerfully but ATM ideas continue to powerfully
influence design of next-generation influence design of next-generation InternetInternet
ex ex MPLSMPLS admission ctl resource admission ctl resource reservation hellipreservation hellip
Best of Both Worlds
Multiprotocol label switching (Multiprotocol label switching (MPLSMPLS)) MPLS + IP form a middle ground that MPLS + IP form a middle ground that
combines the best of IP and the best of combines the best of IP and the best of virtual virtual circuit switching technologiescircuit switching technologies
ATM and Frame Relay cannot easily come to ATM and Frame Relay cannot easily come to the middle so IP hasthe middle so IP has
Label Encapsulation
MPLS Encapsulation is specified over MPLS Encapsulation is specified over various media types Top labels may use various media types Top labels may use existing format lower label(s) use a new existing format lower label(s) use a new ldquoshimrdquo label formatldquoshimrdquo label format
Label Substitution Have a friend go to B ahead of you using one of the Have a friend go to B ahead of you using one of the
previous two techniques At every road they reserve previous two techniques At every road they reserve a lane just for you At every intersection they post a a lane just for you At every intersection they post a big sign that says for a given lane which way to turn big sign that says for a given lane which way to turn and what new lane to takeand what new lane to take
Future Internet Research and Experimentation
Todayrsquos Internet Millions of usersMillions of users Web email low-quality audio amp videoWeb email low-quality audio amp video Interconnect personal computers and serversInterconnect personal computers and servers Applications adapt to underlying technologyApplications adapt to underlying technology Todayrsquos Internet DoesnrsquotTodayrsquos Internet Doesnrsquot
Provide reliable end-to-end performanceProvide reliable end-to-end performanceEncourage cooperation on new capabilitiesEncourage cooperation on new capabilitiesAllow testing of new technologiesAllow testing of new technologiesSupport development of revolutionary Support development of revolutionary applicationsapplications
Tomorrowrsquos Internet
Billions of users and devicesBillions of users and devices Convergence of todayrsquos applications Convergence of todayrsquos applications with multimedia (telephony video-with multimedia (telephony video-conference HDTV)conference HDTV)
Interconnect personal computers Interconnect personal computers servers and embedded computersservers and embedded computers
New technologies enable unanticipated New technologies enable unanticipated applications (and create new challenges)applications (and create new challenges)
Vint Cerf Open Challenges
My primary disappointment has been the slow pace of high speed access for residential customers hellip
The second area of disappointment is the slow uptake of version 6 of the Internet protocol (IPv6)
Perhaps the third area is the continuing difficulty caused by viruses worms and distributed denial of service attacksrdquo
How to make the Internet better Addressing current problems
Security1048766 Privacy1048766 Self-diagnosis amp self-healing networks1048766 Cheap connectivity for poor area and third world countries1048766
Wireless mesh networks1048766 sensors1048766 Mobility1048766
New cool apps1048766 What is after IPTV VoIP BitTorrent
Why Internet2 (1996)
The Internet was not designed forThe Internet was not designed forMillions of usersMillions of usersCongestionCongestionMultimediaMultimediaReal time interactionReal time interaction
But only the Internet canBut only the Internet canAccommodate explosive growthAccommodate explosive growthEnable convergence of information Enable convergence of information work mass media and human work mass media and human collaborationcollaboration
Internet2 Project Develop and deploy advanced network Develop and deploy advanced network
applications and technologies accelerating applications and technologies accelerating the creation of tomorrowrsquos Internetthe creation of tomorrowrsquos Internet
GoalsGoals Enable new generation of applicationsEnable new generation of applications Re-create leading edge RampE network Re-create leading edge RampE network
capabilitycapability Transfer capability to the global Transfer capability to the global
production Internetproduction Internet 206 University Members Jan 2005206 University Members Jan 2005
Internet2 Focus Areas Advanced Network Infrastructure - AbileneAdvanced Network Infrastructure - Abilene
Backbones operate at 10 Gbps capacity - 100 Backbones operate at 10 Gbps capacity - 100 Gbps (2007)Gbps (2007)
Middleware Middleware A layer of software between the network and the A layer of software between the network and the
applications applications Authentication Identification Authorization Authentication Identification Authorization
Directories SecurityDirectories Security EngineeringEngineering
IPv6 Measurement Multicast QoS Routing IPv6 Measurement Multicast QoS Routing Security TopologySecurity Topology
Advanced ApplicationsAdvanced Applications Distributed computation Virtual laboratories Distributed computation Virtual laboratories
Digital libraries Distributed learning Digital video Digital libraries Distributed learning Digital video Tele-immersion All of the above in combinationTele-immersion All of the above in combination
Abilene Connections Apr-2000Abilene Connections July 2006
Abilene Connections Apr-2000Abilene International Peering 2006
Research andDevelopment
Commercialization
Partnerships
Privatization
Internet Development Spiral
Todayrsquos Internet
Internet2
University-led Federal agency-led
Developing education and research driven applications
Agency mission-driven and general purpose applications
Building out campus networks gigaPoPs and inter-gigapop
infrastructure
Funding research testbeds and agency research networks
Interconnecting and interoperating to provide advanced networking capabilities needed to support advanced
research and education applications
Internet2 and the Next Generation Internet Initiative
Internet2 NGI
Our Founding (Funding) Fable
Researchers invent new architectures Architectures are validated on a testbed IETF ISPs and router vendors collaborate to deploy new design
This is complete BS
Do Traditional Testbeds Really Test
Production-oriented testbeds Real traffic provides good validation But can test only very incremental changes
Research-oriented testbeds Can test radical architectures Lack of real traffic results in poor validation
Both are expensive (dedicated bandwidth)
What about Deployment Architectural change requires ISP consensus
- Hard to agree- No competitive advantage from architectural innovation
- All have huge sunk investment in the status quo
ISPs are unlikely candidates for architectural change
Architecture isnrsquot just static its decaying Ad hoc workarounds muddy the architectural waters
We are at an Impasse
We canrsquot test new architectures- Despite sizable investments in testbeds
We canrsquot deploy new architectures- And things are getting worse not better
Yet there are pressing requirements for which the current architecture is not well suited
The Communityrsquos Response Focus on areas where we can have impact
Empirical studies Incremental changes (subject to current constraints)
Small stream of architectural proposals Paper designs without hope of deployment
More science fiction than engineering Have largely abandoned hope of effecting fundamental architectural change
Living with rather than overcoming the impasse
Overcoming the Impasse
Must be able to test new architectures Wide range of architectures Real traffic from willing individuals Low overhead for individual researchers
Meet the grand challenge of reinventing the Internet
Empirical incremental research is great but not enough
If someone put us in charge what would we do
What about deployment Several options none good but no excuse to not have an answer to the grand challenge
Testing Virtual Testbed
Overlay testbed (think RON etc) Host proxy directs packets to overlay
Proxy must architecturally neutral and flexible
Individuals (anywhere) opt-in by turning on proxy
Shared testing infrastructure (think Planetlab) Overlay nodes shared among experiments
Slicing on per-packet timescales Virtualized routers
These ideas have turned into the GENI program
Why GENI (Global Environment for Network Innovations) Future Internet Network (2005)
The original designing idea of current information networks is basically a specific network supports one major service
The limitation of the original designing idea can not support the multiple requirements for networks and services (such as Telecom network Internet)
The original design mode of Internet leads to itrsquos shortage in mobility security controllable and administrable
We urgently need redesign the framework of new generation Internet to overcome the serious shortage of current Internet
Providing pervasive and trusted services based on a specific network has became the key research directions of national informatization
GENI (Global Environment for Network Innovations) - NSF 2005 (1)
What is GENIWhat is GENIGENI is GENI is a facility concepta facility concept being explored by being explored by the US computing community the US computing community
back to an NSF workshop in 2005back to an NSF workshop in 2005focus on focus on architecturalarchitectural research and research and provide the provide the experimentalexperimental infrastructure infrastructure needed to support that researchneeded to support that research
focus on the research agenda (and focus on the research agenda (and infrastructure needs) of the infrastructure needs) of the opticaloptical wirelesswireless sensorsensor network and network and distributeddistributed systems communitiessystems communities
GENI (Global Environment for Network Innovations) (2)
The goal of GENI The goal of GENI Goal a Future Internet that meets the Goal a Future Internet that meets the demands of 21st centurydemands of 21st century
to increase the to increase the qualityquality and and quantityquantity of of experimental experimental researchresearch outcomes in networking and distributed outcomes in networking and distributed systemssystems
to accelerate the to accelerate the transitiontransition of these outcomes into of these outcomes into products and servicesproducts and services
enhance economic competitiveness and secure enhance economic competitiveness and secure the Nations futurethe Nations future
Ultimately to lead to a Ultimately to lead to a transition of the transition of the InternetInternet
GENI Research Opportunities (3)
Two dichotomy thought (false or at least Two dichotomy thought (false or at least unnecessary)unnecessary)
a a clean slateclean slate reconceptualization of Internet reconceptualization of Internet architecture architecture
todays 30-year-old architecture that todays 30-year-old architecture that limit its limit its abilityability to cope with emerging threats and to cope with emerging threats and opportunitiesopportunities
bull eroding trust reduced innovation slowing eroding trust reduced innovation slowing updateupdate
future innovation will take the form of new future innovation will take the form of new services and applications running services and applications running on top of the on top of the InternetInternet
GENI Research Opportunities (4)
GENI discussion GENI discussion First we interpret Future Internet very broadly to First we interpret Future Internet very broadly to
include innovations at include innovations at any levelany level of the architecture of the architecture alternative protocols and architectures running alternative protocols and architectures running
inside the network (as overlays on top of inside the network (as overlays on top of todays network) todays network)
Second research should employ Second research should employ clean slate clean slate thinkingthinking but this does but this does not imply that an entirely not imply that an entirely newnew Internet will be necessary In other words Internet will be necessary In other words clean slate is a clean slate is a processprocess not a not a resultresult
Third opportunities Third opportunities betweenbetween two perspectives two perspectives exploring how todays architecture is best exploring how todays architecture is best
evolved to support emerging overlay services evolved to support emerging overlay services
GENI Facility Concept (5)
Facility ConceptFacility Concept experimental platforms for experimental platforms for bothboth research and research and
deploymentdeployment filling the filling the gapgap between small-scale exp and mature between small-scale exp and mature
tech tech GENI evaluate new network systems on large-GENI evaluate new network systems on large-
scalescale
Two levelsTwo levels Physical level Physical level GENI substrateGENI substrate will consist of a will consist of a
collection of links forwarders storage collection of links forwarders storage processors and wireless net processors and wireless net
On top of this substrate a On top of this substrate a software software management management frameworkframework will be overlay network experiments on will be overlay network experiments on
the substratethe substrate
GENI Facility Concept (6)
Four key ideasFour key ideas substrate components will be substrate components will be programmableprogrammable - -
possible to embed any network experiment including possible to embed any network experiment including clean-slate designs clean-slate designs
Substrate will be Substrate will be virtualizable virtualizable -- possible to embed possible to embed multiple slices in the substrate at the same time multiple slices in the substrate at the same time (allow experimental services and architectures to run (allow experimental services and architectures to run continuously) continuously)
GENI will include mechanisms that allow end-users GENI will include mechanisms that allow end-users to to seamlessly seamlessly opt-inopt-in to experimental services to experimental services
GENI will be GENI will be modularmodular ( (architecture and interfaces) - architecture and interfaces) - possible to extend GENI with new networking possible to extend GENI with new networking technologies GENI will not be a static artifact but technologies GENI will not be a static artifact but rather a rather a dynamic infrastructuredynamic infrastructure that is continually that is continually renewedrenewed
FIND (Future Internet Network Design) ndash NSF 2006 (1)
FIND asks two broad questionsFIND asks two broad questions What are the What are the requirementsrequirements for the global network for the global network
in 15 years in 15 years How How would we would we re-conceivere-conceive tomorrows global tomorrows global
network today if we could design it from scratch network today if we could design it from scratch FIND program solicits FIND program solicits clean slate processclean slate process research proposals in the broad area of research proposals in the broad area of network architecture principles and designnetwork architecture principles and design
FIND (Future Internet Network Design) (2)
FIND research might address wide questionsFIND research might address wide questions What will the What will the edgeedge of the network look like in 15 of the network look like in 15
years How might the network years How might the network architecturearchitecture of 15 of 15 years hence best accommodate sensors embedded years hence best accommodate sensors embedded systems and the like systems and the like
How might the network of 15 years from now How might the network of 15 years from now supportsupport what users really do (and care about) How what users really do (and care about) How might such functions as information access location might such functions as information access location management or identity management best fit into a management or identity management best fit into a new overall network architecture new overall network architecture
What will the What will the core core of the network look like in 15 of the network look like in 15 years How might the changing economics of years How might the changing economics of optical systems affect the overall design of the larger optical systems affect the overall design of the larger networknetwork
FIRE (Future Internet Research and Experimentation) ndash European 2007 (1)
Internet has Internet has growngrown to an unexpected reach to an unexpected reach as for the as for the numbernumber of users of users capacitycapacity of the of the links broadband penetration to the links broadband penetration to the homehome servicesservices
ProblemsProblems spam viruses denial of service spam viruses denial of service attacks complexity of managementattacks complexity of management
Internet drawbacks and Internet drawbacks and limitationslimitations ndash to ndash to scalabilityscalability suitabilitysuitability mobilitymobility transparencytransparency securitysecurity
require new radical approaches to require new radical approaches to fundamentally redesign its protocols and fundamentally redesign its protocols and architectures architectures
FIRE (2) FIRE is an FIRE is an experimentallyexperimentally-driven -driven longlong-term research initiative on -term research initiative on
Future Internet Future Internet conceptsconcepts protocolsprotocols and and architecturesarchitectures encompassing technological industrial and socio-economic encompassing technological industrial and socio-economic
aspects aspects acting as proof-of-concept of the newly proposed acting as proof-of-concept of the newly proposed
technologies and services technologies and services FIRE RESEARCHFIRE RESEARCH
Long term multidisciplinary research on future internet Long term multidisciplinary research on future internet paradigms paradigms
Open to Open to fresh bottom-upfresh bottom-up ideas with ideas with no backwards-no backwards-compatibilitycompatibility constraints constraints
Building on the FET SAC initiative ldquoSituated and Autonomic Building on the FET SAC initiative ldquoSituated and Autonomic Communicationsrdquo Communicationsrdquo
Considering at the Considering at the same timesame time technological economic and technological economic and socialpolicy aspects socialpolicy aspects
Build in from the outset and on all levels the right Build in from the outset and on all levels the right balancebalance between security accountability and privacybetween security accountability and privacy
FIRE (3)
FIRE EXPERIMENTATIONFIRE EXPERIMENTATION Large scale experimentationLarge scale experimentation of new paradigms and of new paradigms and
concepts for the future internet and related service concepts for the future internet and related service architectures architectures
Learning through broad experimentation Learning through broad experimentation Integrating and validating new conceptsIntegrating and validating new concepts
Federating and extending Federating and extending existing testbedsexisting testbeds and and research infrastructures research infrastructures
no backwards-compatibility constraints no backwards-compatibility constraints European approach and develop a European European approach and develop a European
identityidentity
- Slide 1
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- Slide 110
- Slide 113
- Slide 114
- Slide 115
-
History of the Internet (3)
Sep69 1st IMP in UCLA Sep69 1st IMP in UCLA Oct69 2nd IMP in SRI Oct69 2nd IMP in SRI
2230 29Oct692230 29Oct69 LOGIN from UCLA to
SRI CLA We sent an ldquoLrdquo - did
you get the ldquoLrdquo YEP We sent a ldquoOrdquo - did you
get the ldquoOrdquo YEP We sent an ldquoGrdquo - did
you get the ldquoGrdquo Crash
History of the Internet (4) 1961-1972 Early packet-switching principles 1961 Kleinrock ndash queueing theory shows
effectiveness of packet-switching 1964 Baran - packet-switching in military
nets 1967 ARPAnet conceived by Advanced
Research Projects Agency (Licklider Roberts) 1969 first ARPAnet node operational 1972 ARPAnet has 15 nodes
ARPAnet demonstrated publicly NCP (Network Control Protocol) first host-
host protocol first e-mail program
History of the Internet (5) 1972-1980 Internetworking research networks 1970ALOHAnet satellite network in Hawaii
(Abramson) 1973Metcalfersquos PhD thesis proposes Ethernet 1974Cerf and Kahn - 2004 AM Turing Award
-define todayrsquos Internet architecture minimalism autonomy ndashno internal changes
required to interconnect networks best effort service model stateless routers decentralized control
1979ARPAnet has 200 nodes 56 kbps Late 70rsquos proprietary architectures DECnet
SNA Late 70rsquos switching fixed length packets (-gt
ATM)
History of the Internet (6) 1980rsquos new protocols a proliferation of net 1983deployment of TCPIP (Critical
separation Cohen) 1982SMTP e-mail protocol defined 1983DNS defined for name-to-IP-address
translation mid-1980rsquos IETF active 1985FTP protocol defined 1988TCP congestion control new national networks Csnet BITnet Minitel
NSFnet (15 Mbps10000 computers) NSI (NASA) ESNet(DOE) DARTnet TWBNet (DARPA)
100000 hosts connected to confederation of networks
History of the Internet (7) 1990rsquos commercialization the WWW Early 1990rsquos ARPAnet decommissioned 1991 NSFnet (45 Mbps) -gt commercial use of
NSF (decommissioned 1995) Late 1990rsquos
multiple private backbones 50 million computers on Internet 100 million+ users backbone links running at 1 Gbps
Early 1990s WWW hypertext [Bush 1945 Nelson 1960rsquos] HTML http Berners-Lee 1994 Mosaic later Netscape late 1990rsquos commercialization of the WWW
Growth of the Internet Today backbones run at 2410 Gbps Today backbones run at 2410 Gbps 400 millions computers in 150 countries400 millions computers in 150 countries
Internet 在中国 19931993 年年 33 月月中科院高能物理所 中科院高能物理所 64 Kbps64 Kbps TJU1995322TJU1995322 20062006 年年 1212 月月
计算机计算机 59405940 万万 用户 用户 1414 亿 亿 WWWWWW 站 站 8484 万万 CNCN 域名 域名 180180 万万 国际出口带宽 国际出口带宽 257 Gbps257 Gbps
连接美国俄罗斯法国英国德国日本连接美国俄罗斯法国英国德国日本韩国新加坡等 韩国新加坡等
Internet 提供的服务 Shared access to computing resources
telnet (1970rsquos) Shared access to data files
FTP NFS AFS (1980rsquos) Communication medium over which people interact
email (1980rsquos) on-line chat messaging (1990rsquos) audio video (1990rsquos)
replacing telephone network A medium for information dissemination
USENET (1980rsquos) WWW (1990rsquos)
replacing newspaper magazine audio video (1990rsquos)
replacing radio CD TV
Todayrsquos Internet
Internet Physical Infrastructure
Classification by Coverage
模型 协议 分层
Protocol Architecture
Donrsquot Need All Layers Everywhere
Protocol Data Unit - PDUs
Network Components (Examples)
Fibers
Coaxial Cable
Links Interfaces Switchesrouters
Ethernet card
Wireless card
Large router
Telephoneswitch
趋势 网络时代 每一件事务都是数字的 声音 视频 音
乐 画片 及生活日常事务 每一件事务都是在线的 银行结算 医疗
记录 各类书籍 航空日程 天气情况 公路交通 hellip
每个人之间都是相互联系的 医生 教师 经济人 母亲 儿子 朋友 敌人
趋势 网络时代 实现家庭
教育 办公 购物 娱乐 网上娱乐 虚拟工作场所
2000 年美国有五千五百万人实现远程工作
网络制造 电子商务 虚拟公司 虚拟制造与虚拟装配 ( 设计过程 ) 制造过程更加分散化并发进行 新型的价值链 虚拟兑现
趋势 网络时代
趋势 网络时代
网络制造 (1)
随着基于随着基于 InternetInternet 的全球化数字通信基础设的全球化数字通信基础设施的建立网络从单纯的信息工具变成rdquo施的建立网络从单纯的信息工具变成rdquo EE －－时代rdquo的关键资源时代rdquo的关键资源 全球经济一体化成为制造全球经济一体化成为制造业变革的最根本的推动力业变革的最根本的推动力
InternetInternet 向ldquo资源功能rdquo发展基于向ldquo资源功能rdquo发展基于InternetInternet 的网络化制造是适应时代的需要的网络化制造是适应时代的需要
网络制造的本质特性就是产品的制造过程更加网络制造的本质特性就是产品的制造过程更加分散化信息的传递网络化信息的流动伴随分散化信息的传递网络化信息的流动伴随着各项工作的并发进行而同时发生着各项工作的并发进行而同时发生
网络制造 (2)
基于基于 InternetInternet 的虚拟制造与虚拟装配的虚拟制造与虚拟装配 在相互联结的网络上建立在相互联结的网络上建立 2424 小时工作的协同小时工作的协同
工作组大大加快了设计进度及时获得所需工作组大大加快了设计进度及时获得所需要的零部件减少库存降低成本提高质量要的零部件减少库存降低成本提高质量
电子商务 信息技术和 Internet 引发的商务过程的变化 利用以 Internet 为核心的信息技术进行商
务活动和企业资源管理 CIMS 是企业实施电子商务的基础 企业实施电子商务是 CIMS 发展的主要标志和
主要内容
竞争环境改变 核心 产品竞争
电子商务产生背景
服务竞争
范围 单个企业 全球多企业
资源 人财物 信息知识
管理重心迁移 生产管理 供应 营销链管理
集中内部资源 整合外部资源
离散管理 集约管理
商务模式转化
bull文秘型管理bull关注后台（企业内部）bull关注业务记录（报表）bull地区性bull推销产品为中心bull（卖方市场）
bull自我服务型管理bull关注前端（客户关系）bull要求商业智能（分析）bull全球化bull客户为中心bull（买方市场）
传统商务 电子商务
客户
供应商
合作伙伴
网络智能
市场营销 产品 服务销售 产品制造
服务 支持
e 企业的业务体系结构
网络发展趋势 趋势趋势 融合融合 趋势趋势 泛在（泛在（ UbiquitousUbiquitous ）） 趋势趋势 信息爆炸信息爆炸 更多的网络业务流量更多的网络业务流量 数据流量 数据流量 gt gt 话声流量话声流量 更快的传输介质更快的传输介质 骨干网（骨干网（ BackboneBackbone ）） 更大的带宽（更大的带宽（ BandwidthBandwidth ）） 宽带无线网宽带无线网飞速增长飞速增长 (WLAN) (Wi-Fi)(WLAN) (Wi-Fi) Everything over IPEverything over IP
趋势 融合 新闻新闻 广告广告 -- 媒体媒体 --信息提供者信息提供者
数字媒体产品数字媒体产品 有线电视有线电视
视频传输视频传输 电话电话
声音传输声音传输 计算机计算机
数字媒体存储数字媒体存储 处理处理 信息提供者和信息传输者的结合信息提供者和信息传输者的结合 电话公司电话公司 有线公司有线公司 娱乐事业娱乐事业 和计算机公司和计算机公司
的结合的结合
Trend
趋势 更多的网络业务流量 互联网上的主机数正以超指数量级飞速增长互联网上的主机数正以超指数量级飞速增长 每个主机用户的业务量中也在增长每个主机用户的业务量中也在增长
局域网可达到 局域网可达到 1 1 GbpsGbps 有线电视调制解调器允许以有线电视调制解调器允许以 11到 到 10 10 MbpsMbps 的速的速
度访问主机度访问主机 应用应用 ADSLVDSLADSLVDSL 通过电话线可达到通过电话线可达到 6-6-
2727MbpsMbps 的速度的速度 宽带无线网宽带无线网 (Wi-Fi)(Wi-Fi)可达到可达到 11-54Mbps11-54Mbps 的速的速
度度 带宽需求每四个月增加一倍带宽需求每四个月增加一倍 数据流量 数据流量 gt gt 话声流量话声流量
Trend of Internet hosts 1980-2000
Trend Data gt Voice
趋势 更快的传输介质 局局域域网网 1 Gbps over 4-pair UTP-5 up to 100 m 1 Gbps over 4-pair UTP-5 up to 100 m
10Gbps being discussed10Gbps being discussed Was 1 Mbps (1Base-5) in 1984Was 1 Mbps (1Base-5) in 1984
骨干网光纤骨干网光纤 DWDMDWDM (( Dense Wavelength Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing)Division Multiplexing) OC-768 = 40 Gbps over a to 65 km OC-768 = 40 Gbps over a to 65 km
1600 Gbps - 10 Tbps1600 Gbps - 10 Tbps Was 100 Mbps (FDDI) in 1993Was 100 Mbps (FDDI) in 1993
无线网无线网 54 100 Mbps(100-2km) wireless 54 100 Mbps(100-2km) wireless networks 25 Gbps to 5km using light networks 25 Gbps to 5km using light Was 1 Mbps (IEEE 80211) in 1998Was 1 Mbps (IEEE 80211) in 1998
Trend Bandwidth
Why Optical Networks DWDM optoelectricl metro network
Trend Wireless Mobile (1)
Trend宽带无线网 (Wi-Fi)飞速增长
Trend宽带无线网 (Wi-Fi)飞速增长
Trend宽带无线网 (Wi-Fi)飞速增长
Trend宽带无线网 (Wi-Fi)飞速增长
Integration of 3G and WLAN- offer possibility of achieving anywhere anytime
high speed and low expense Internet access
3G3G WLANWLAN
Wide areaWide area Local areaLocal area
Low bit rate Low bit rate
(2M when stand (2M when stand still)still)
High bit rateHigh bit rate
(11M to 54M)(11M to 54M)
DataVoice serviceDataVoice service
((QoS supportQoS support))
Data serviceData service
High expenseHigh expense Low expenseLow expense
High mobilityHigh mobility Low mobilityLow mobility
Trend Everything over IP
Data over IP =gt IP needs Traffic Data over IP =gt IP needs Traffic engineeringengineering
Voice over IP =gt Quality of Service and Voice over IP =gt Quality of Service and SignalingSignaling
Backbone -- Optic networksBackbone -- Optic networks IP over ATM IP over ATM （（异步传输模式）异步传输模式） IP over SONET -- POS (Packet over SDH) IP over SONET -- POS (Packet over SDH)
(( 同步同步 )) IP over DWDMIP over DWDM
Asynchronous Transfer Mode ATM
1990rsquos00 standard for high-speed (155Mbps to 1990rsquos00 standard for high-speed (155Mbps to 622 Mbps and higher) 622 Mbps and higher) Broadband Integrated Broadband Integrated Service Digital NetworkService Digital Network architecture architecture
GoalGoal integrated end-end transport of carry integrated end-end transport of carry voice video datavoice video data meeting timingQoS requirements of voice meeting timingQoS requirements of voice
video (versus Internet best-effort model)video (versus Internet best-effort model) ldquoldquonext generationrdquo telephony technical roots next generationrdquo telephony technical roots
in telephone worldin telephone world packet-switching (fixed length packets packet-switching (fixed length packets
called ldquocellsrdquo) using called ldquocellsrdquo) using virtual circuitsvirtual circuits
ATM reference model
How far along are we
Standardization bodies - ATM Forum ITU-T Standardization bodies - ATM Forum ITU-T We may never see end-to-end ATM (1997)We may never see end-to-end ATM (1997)
ATM - too complex - too expansive ltIPgtATM - too complex - too expansive ltIPgt Backbone - 1995 vBNS (ATM) Backbone - 1995 vBNS (ATM)
- 1998 Abilene (SONET) - 2000 IP over - 1998 Abilene (SONET) - 2000 IP over DWDMDWDM
Internet technology + ATM philosophyInternet technology + ATM philosophy but ATM ideas continue to powerfully but ATM ideas continue to powerfully
influence design of next-generation influence design of next-generation InternetInternet
ex ex MPLSMPLS admission ctl resource admission ctl resource reservation hellipreservation hellip
Best of Both Worlds
Multiprotocol label switching (Multiprotocol label switching (MPLSMPLS)) MPLS + IP form a middle ground that MPLS + IP form a middle ground that
combines the best of IP and the best of combines the best of IP and the best of virtual virtual circuit switching technologiescircuit switching technologies
ATM and Frame Relay cannot easily come to ATM and Frame Relay cannot easily come to the middle so IP hasthe middle so IP has
Label Encapsulation
MPLS Encapsulation is specified over MPLS Encapsulation is specified over various media types Top labels may use various media types Top labels may use existing format lower label(s) use a new existing format lower label(s) use a new ldquoshimrdquo label formatldquoshimrdquo label format
Label Substitution Have a friend go to B ahead of you using one of the Have a friend go to B ahead of you using one of the
previous two techniques At every road they reserve previous two techniques At every road they reserve a lane just for you At every intersection they post a a lane just for you At every intersection they post a big sign that says for a given lane which way to turn big sign that says for a given lane which way to turn and what new lane to takeand what new lane to take
Future Internet Research and Experimentation
Todayrsquos Internet Millions of usersMillions of users Web email low-quality audio amp videoWeb email low-quality audio amp video Interconnect personal computers and serversInterconnect personal computers and servers Applications adapt to underlying technologyApplications adapt to underlying technology Todayrsquos Internet DoesnrsquotTodayrsquos Internet Doesnrsquot
Provide reliable end-to-end performanceProvide reliable end-to-end performanceEncourage cooperation on new capabilitiesEncourage cooperation on new capabilitiesAllow testing of new technologiesAllow testing of new technologiesSupport development of revolutionary Support development of revolutionary applicationsapplications
Tomorrowrsquos Internet
Billions of users and devicesBillions of users and devices Convergence of todayrsquos applications Convergence of todayrsquos applications with multimedia (telephony video-with multimedia (telephony video-conference HDTV)conference HDTV)
Interconnect personal computers Interconnect personal computers servers and embedded computersservers and embedded computers
New technologies enable unanticipated New technologies enable unanticipated applications (and create new challenges)applications (and create new challenges)
Vint Cerf Open Challenges
My primary disappointment has been the slow pace of high speed access for residential customers hellip
The second area of disappointment is the slow uptake of version 6 of the Internet protocol (IPv6)
Perhaps the third area is the continuing difficulty caused by viruses worms and distributed denial of service attacksrdquo
How to make the Internet better Addressing current problems
Security1048766 Privacy1048766 Self-diagnosis amp self-healing networks1048766 Cheap connectivity for poor area and third world countries1048766
Wireless mesh networks1048766 sensors1048766 Mobility1048766
New cool apps1048766 What is after IPTV VoIP BitTorrent
Why Internet2 (1996)
The Internet was not designed forThe Internet was not designed forMillions of usersMillions of usersCongestionCongestionMultimediaMultimediaReal time interactionReal time interaction
But only the Internet canBut only the Internet canAccommodate explosive growthAccommodate explosive growthEnable convergence of information Enable convergence of information work mass media and human work mass media and human collaborationcollaboration
Internet2 Project Develop and deploy advanced network Develop and deploy advanced network
applications and technologies accelerating applications and technologies accelerating the creation of tomorrowrsquos Internetthe creation of tomorrowrsquos Internet
GoalsGoals Enable new generation of applicationsEnable new generation of applications Re-create leading edge RampE network Re-create leading edge RampE network
capabilitycapability Transfer capability to the global Transfer capability to the global
production Internetproduction Internet 206 University Members Jan 2005206 University Members Jan 2005
Internet2 Focus Areas Advanced Network Infrastructure - AbileneAdvanced Network Infrastructure - Abilene
Backbones operate at 10 Gbps capacity - 100 Backbones operate at 10 Gbps capacity - 100 Gbps (2007)Gbps (2007)
Middleware Middleware A layer of software between the network and the A layer of software between the network and the
applications applications Authentication Identification Authorization Authentication Identification Authorization
Directories SecurityDirectories Security EngineeringEngineering
IPv6 Measurement Multicast QoS Routing IPv6 Measurement Multicast QoS Routing Security TopologySecurity Topology
Advanced ApplicationsAdvanced Applications Distributed computation Virtual laboratories Distributed computation Virtual laboratories
Digital libraries Distributed learning Digital video Digital libraries Distributed learning Digital video Tele-immersion All of the above in combinationTele-immersion All of the above in combination
Abilene Connections Apr-2000Abilene Connections July 2006
Abilene Connections Apr-2000Abilene International Peering 2006
Research andDevelopment
Commercialization
Partnerships
Privatization
Internet Development Spiral
Todayrsquos Internet
Internet2
University-led Federal agency-led
Developing education and research driven applications
Agency mission-driven and general purpose applications
Building out campus networks gigaPoPs and inter-gigapop
infrastructure
Funding research testbeds and agency research networks
Interconnecting and interoperating to provide advanced networking capabilities needed to support advanced
research and education applications
Internet2 and the Next Generation Internet Initiative
Internet2 NGI
Our Founding (Funding) Fable
Researchers invent new architectures Architectures are validated on a testbed IETF ISPs and router vendors collaborate to deploy new design
This is complete BS
Do Traditional Testbeds Really Test
Production-oriented testbeds Real traffic provides good validation But can test only very incremental changes
Research-oriented testbeds Can test radical architectures Lack of real traffic results in poor validation
Both are expensive (dedicated bandwidth)
What about Deployment Architectural change requires ISP consensus
- Hard to agree- No competitive advantage from architectural innovation
- All have huge sunk investment in the status quo
ISPs are unlikely candidates for architectural change
Architecture isnrsquot just static its decaying Ad hoc workarounds muddy the architectural waters
We are at an Impasse
We canrsquot test new architectures- Despite sizable investments in testbeds
We canrsquot deploy new architectures- And things are getting worse not better
Yet there are pressing requirements for which the current architecture is not well suited
The Communityrsquos Response Focus on areas where we can have impact
Empirical studies Incremental changes (subject to current constraints)
Small stream of architectural proposals Paper designs without hope of deployment
More science fiction than engineering Have largely abandoned hope of effecting fundamental architectural change
Living with rather than overcoming the impasse
Overcoming the Impasse
Must be able to test new architectures Wide range of architectures Real traffic from willing individuals Low overhead for individual researchers
Meet the grand challenge of reinventing the Internet
Empirical incremental research is great but not enough
If someone put us in charge what would we do
What about deployment Several options none good but no excuse to not have an answer to the grand challenge
Testing Virtual Testbed
Overlay testbed (think RON etc) Host proxy directs packets to overlay
Proxy must architecturally neutral and flexible
Individuals (anywhere) opt-in by turning on proxy
Shared testing infrastructure (think Planetlab) Overlay nodes shared among experiments
Slicing on per-packet timescales Virtualized routers
These ideas have turned into the GENI program
Why GENI (Global Environment for Network Innovations) Future Internet Network (2005)
The original designing idea of current information networks is basically a specific network supports one major service
The limitation of the original designing idea can not support the multiple requirements for networks and services (such as Telecom network Internet)
The original design mode of Internet leads to itrsquos shortage in mobility security controllable and administrable
We urgently need redesign the framework of new generation Internet to overcome the serious shortage of current Internet
Providing pervasive and trusted services based on a specific network has became the key research directions of national informatization
GENI (Global Environment for Network Innovations) - NSF 2005 (1)
What is GENIWhat is GENIGENI is GENI is a facility concepta facility concept being explored by being explored by the US computing community the US computing community
back to an NSF workshop in 2005back to an NSF workshop in 2005focus on focus on architecturalarchitectural research and research and provide the provide the experimentalexperimental infrastructure infrastructure needed to support that researchneeded to support that research
focus on the research agenda (and focus on the research agenda (and infrastructure needs) of the infrastructure needs) of the opticaloptical wirelesswireless sensorsensor network and network and distributeddistributed systems communitiessystems communities
GENI (Global Environment for Network Innovations) (2)
The goal of GENI The goal of GENI Goal a Future Internet that meets the Goal a Future Internet that meets the demands of 21st centurydemands of 21st century
to increase the to increase the qualityquality and and quantityquantity of of experimental experimental researchresearch outcomes in networking and distributed outcomes in networking and distributed systemssystems
to accelerate the to accelerate the transitiontransition of these outcomes into of these outcomes into products and servicesproducts and services
enhance economic competitiveness and secure enhance economic competitiveness and secure the Nations futurethe Nations future
Ultimately to lead to a Ultimately to lead to a transition of the transition of the InternetInternet
GENI Research Opportunities (3)
Two dichotomy thought (false or at least Two dichotomy thought (false or at least unnecessary)unnecessary)
a a clean slateclean slate reconceptualization of Internet reconceptualization of Internet architecture architecture
todays 30-year-old architecture that todays 30-year-old architecture that limit its limit its abilityability to cope with emerging threats and to cope with emerging threats and opportunitiesopportunities
bull eroding trust reduced innovation slowing eroding trust reduced innovation slowing updateupdate
future innovation will take the form of new future innovation will take the form of new services and applications running services and applications running on top of the on top of the InternetInternet
GENI Research Opportunities (4)
GENI discussion GENI discussion First we interpret Future Internet very broadly to First we interpret Future Internet very broadly to
include innovations at include innovations at any levelany level of the architecture of the architecture alternative protocols and architectures running alternative protocols and architectures running
inside the network (as overlays on top of inside the network (as overlays on top of todays network) todays network)
Second research should employ Second research should employ clean slate clean slate thinkingthinking but this does but this does not imply that an entirely not imply that an entirely newnew Internet will be necessary In other words Internet will be necessary In other words clean slate is a clean slate is a processprocess not a not a resultresult
Third opportunities Third opportunities betweenbetween two perspectives two perspectives exploring how todays architecture is best exploring how todays architecture is best
evolved to support emerging overlay services evolved to support emerging overlay services
GENI Facility Concept (5)
Facility ConceptFacility Concept experimental platforms for experimental platforms for bothboth research and research and
deploymentdeployment filling the filling the gapgap between small-scale exp and mature between small-scale exp and mature
tech tech GENI evaluate new network systems on large-GENI evaluate new network systems on large-
scalescale
Two levelsTwo levels Physical level Physical level GENI substrateGENI substrate will consist of a will consist of a
collection of links forwarders storage collection of links forwarders storage processors and wireless net processors and wireless net
On top of this substrate a On top of this substrate a software software management management frameworkframework will be overlay network experiments on will be overlay network experiments on
the substratethe substrate
GENI Facility Concept (6)
Four key ideasFour key ideas substrate components will be substrate components will be programmableprogrammable - -
possible to embed any network experiment including possible to embed any network experiment including clean-slate designs clean-slate designs
Substrate will be Substrate will be virtualizable virtualizable -- possible to embed possible to embed multiple slices in the substrate at the same time multiple slices in the substrate at the same time (allow experimental services and architectures to run (allow experimental services and architectures to run continuously) continuously)
GENI will include mechanisms that allow end-users GENI will include mechanisms that allow end-users to to seamlessly seamlessly opt-inopt-in to experimental services to experimental services
GENI will be GENI will be modularmodular ( (architecture and interfaces) - architecture and interfaces) - possible to extend GENI with new networking possible to extend GENI with new networking technologies GENI will not be a static artifact but technologies GENI will not be a static artifact but rather a rather a dynamic infrastructuredynamic infrastructure that is continually that is continually renewedrenewed
FIND (Future Internet Network Design) ndash NSF 2006 (1)
FIND asks two broad questionsFIND asks two broad questions What are the What are the requirementsrequirements for the global network for the global network
in 15 years in 15 years How How would we would we re-conceivere-conceive tomorrows global tomorrows global
network today if we could design it from scratch network today if we could design it from scratch FIND program solicits FIND program solicits clean slate processclean slate process research proposals in the broad area of research proposals in the broad area of network architecture principles and designnetwork architecture principles and design
FIND (Future Internet Network Design) (2)
FIND research might address wide questionsFIND research might address wide questions What will the What will the edgeedge of the network look like in 15 of the network look like in 15
years How might the network years How might the network architecturearchitecture of 15 of 15 years hence best accommodate sensors embedded years hence best accommodate sensors embedded systems and the like systems and the like
How might the network of 15 years from now How might the network of 15 years from now supportsupport what users really do (and care about) How what users really do (and care about) How might such functions as information access location might such functions as information access location management or identity management best fit into a management or identity management best fit into a new overall network architecture new overall network architecture
What will the What will the core core of the network look like in 15 of the network look like in 15 years How might the changing economics of years How might the changing economics of optical systems affect the overall design of the larger optical systems affect the overall design of the larger networknetwork
FIRE (Future Internet Research and Experimentation) ndash European 2007 (1)
Internet has Internet has growngrown to an unexpected reach to an unexpected reach as for the as for the numbernumber of users of users capacitycapacity of the of the links broadband penetration to the links broadband penetration to the homehome servicesservices
ProblemsProblems spam viruses denial of service spam viruses denial of service attacks complexity of managementattacks complexity of management
Internet drawbacks and Internet drawbacks and limitationslimitations ndash to ndash to scalabilityscalability suitabilitysuitability mobilitymobility transparencytransparency securitysecurity
require new radical approaches to require new radical approaches to fundamentally redesign its protocols and fundamentally redesign its protocols and architectures architectures
FIRE (2) FIRE is an FIRE is an experimentallyexperimentally-driven -driven longlong-term research initiative on -term research initiative on
Future Internet Future Internet conceptsconcepts protocolsprotocols and and architecturesarchitectures encompassing technological industrial and socio-economic encompassing technological industrial and socio-economic
aspects aspects acting as proof-of-concept of the newly proposed acting as proof-of-concept of the newly proposed
technologies and services technologies and services FIRE RESEARCHFIRE RESEARCH
Long term multidisciplinary research on future internet Long term multidisciplinary research on future internet paradigms paradigms
Open to Open to fresh bottom-upfresh bottom-up ideas with ideas with no backwards-no backwards-compatibilitycompatibility constraints constraints
Building on the FET SAC initiative ldquoSituated and Autonomic Building on the FET SAC initiative ldquoSituated and Autonomic Communicationsrdquo Communicationsrdquo
Considering at the Considering at the same timesame time technological economic and technological economic and socialpolicy aspects socialpolicy aspects
Build in from the outset and on all levels the right Build in from the outset and on all levels the right balancebalance between security accountability and privacybetween security accountability and privacy
FIRE (3)
FIRE EXPERIMENTATIONFIRE EXPERIMENTATION Large scale experimentationLarge scale experimentation of new paradigms and of new paradigms and
concepts for the future internet and related service concepts for the future internet and related service architectures architectures
Learning through broad experimentation Learning through broad experimentation Integrating and validating new conceptsIntegrating and validating new concepts
Federating and extending Federating and extending existing testbedsexisting testbeds and and research infrastructures research infrastructures
no backwards-compatibility constraints no backwards-compatibility constraints European approach and develop a European European approach and develop a European
identityidentity
- Slide 1
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- Slide 115
-
History of the Internet (4) 1961-1972 Early packet-switching principles 1961 Kleinrock ndash queueing theory shows
effectiveness of packet-switching 1964 Baran - packet-switching in military
nets 1967 ARPAnet conceived by Advanced
Research Projects Agency (Licklider Roberts) 1969 first ARPAnet node operational 1972 ARPAnet has 15 nodes
ARPAnet demonstrated publicly NCP (Network Control Protocol) first host-
host protocol first e-mail program
History of the Internet (5) 1972-1980 Internetworking research networks 1970ALOHAnet satellite network in Hawaii
(Abramson) 1973Metcalfersquos PhD thesis proposes Ethernet 1974Cerf and Kahn - 2004 AM Turing Award
-define todayrsquos Internet architecture minimalism autonomy ndashno internal changes
required to interconnect networks best effort service model stateless routers decentralized control
1979ARPAnet has 200 nodes 56 kbps Late 70rsquos proprietary architectures DECnet
SNA Late 70rsquos switching fixed length packets (-gt
ATM)
History of the Internet (6) 1980rsquos new protocols a proliferation of net 1983deployment of TCPIP (Critical
separation Cohen) 1982SMTP e-mail protocol defined 1983DNS defined for name-to-IP-address
translation mid-1980rsquos IETF active 1985FTP protocol defined 1988TCP congestion control new national networks Csnet BITnet Minitel
NSFnet (15 Mbps10000 computers) NSI (NASA) ESNet(DOE) DARTnet TWBNet (DARPA)
100000 hosts connected to confederation of networks
History of the Internet (7) 1990rsquos commercialization the WWW Early 1990rsquos ARPAnet decommissioned 1991 NSFnet (45 Mbps) -gt commercial use of
NSF (decommissioned 1995) Late 1990rsquos
multiple private backbones 50 million computers on Internet 100 million+ users backbone links running at 1 Gbps
Early 1990s WWW hypertext [Bush 1945 Nelson 1960rsquos] HTML http Berners-Lee 1994 Mosaic later Netscape late 1990rsquos commercialization of the WWW
Growth of the Internet Today backbones run at 2410 Gbps Today backbones run at 2410 Gbps 400 millions computers in 150 countries400 millions computers in 150 countries
Internet 在中国 19931993 年年 33 月月中科院高能物理所 中科院高能物理所 64 Kbps64 Kbps TJU1995322TJU1995322 20062006 年年 1212 月月
计算机计算机 59405940 万万 用户 用户 1414 亿 亿 WWWWWW 站 站 8484 万万 CNCN 域名 域名 180180 万万 国际出口带宽 国际出口带宽 257 Gbps257 Gbps
连接美国俄罗斯法国英国德国日本连接美国俄罗斯法国英国德国日本韩国新加坡等 韩国新加坡等
Internet 提供的服务 Shared access to computing resources
telnet (1970rsquos) Shared access to data files
FTP NFS AFS (1980rsquos) Communication medium over which people interact
email (1980rsquos) on-line chat messaging (1990rsquos) audio video (1990rsquos)
replacing telephone network A medium for information dissemination
USENET (1980rsquos) WWW (1990rsquos)
replacing newspaper magazine audio video (1990rsquos)
replacing radio CD TV
Todayrsquos Internet
Internet Physical Infrastructure
Classification by Coverage
模型 协议 分层
Protocol Architecture
Donrsquot Need All Layers Everywhere
Protocol Data Unit - PDUs
Network Components (Examples)
Fibers
Coaxial Cable
Links Interfaces Switchesrouters
Ethernet card
Wireless card
Large router
Telephoneswitch
趋势 网络时代 每一件事务都是数字的 声音 视频 音
乐 画片 及生活日常事务 每一件事务都是在线的 银行结算 医疗
记录 各类书籍 航空日程 天气情况 公路交通 hellip
每个人之间都是相互联系的 医生 教师 经济人 母亲 儿子 朋友 敌人
趋势 网络时代 实现家庭
教育 办公 购物 娱乐 网上娱乐 虚拟工作场所
2000 年美国有五千五百万人实现远程工作
网络制造 电子商务 虚拟公司 虚拟制造与虚拟装配 ( 设计过程 ) 制造过程更加分散化并发进行 新型的价值链 虚拟兑现
趋势 网络时代
趋势 网络时代
网络制造 (1)
随着基于随着基于 InternetInternet 的全球化数字通信基础设的全球化数字通信基础设施的建立网络从单纯的信息工具变成rdquo施的建立网络从单纯的信息工具变成rdquo EE －－时代rdquo的关键资源时代rdquo的关键资源 全球经济一体化成为制造全球经济一体化成为制造业变革的最根本的推动力业变革的最根本的推动力
InternetInternet 向ldquo资源功能rdquo发展基于向ldquo资源功能rdquo发展基于InternetInternet 的网络化制造是适应时代的需要的网络化制造是适应时代的需要
网络制造的本质特性就是产品的制造过程更加网络制造的本质特性就是产品的制造过程更加分散化信息的传递网络化信息的流动伴随分散化信息的传递网络化信息的流动伴随着各项工作的并发进行而同时发生着各项工作的并发进行而同时发生
网络制造 (2)
基于基于 InternetInternet 的虚拟制造与虚拟装配的虚拟制造与虚拟装配 在相互联结的网络上建立在相互联结的网络上建立 2424 小时工作的协同小时工作的协同
工作组大大加快了设计进度及时获得所需工作组大大加快了设计进度及时获得所需要的零部件减少库存降低成本提高质量要的零部件减少库存降低成本提高质量
电子商务 信息技术和 Internet 引发的商务过程的变化 利用以 Internet 为核心的信息技术进行商
务活动和企业资源管理 CIMS 是企业实施电子商务的基础 企业实施电子商务是 CIMS 发展的主要标志和
主要内容
竞争环境改变 核心 产品竞争
电子商务产生背景
服务竞争
范围 单个企业 全球多企业
资源 人财物 信息知识
管理重心迁移 生产管理 供应 营销链管理
集中内部资源 整合外部资源
离散管理 集约管理
商务模式转化
bull文秘型管理bull关注后台（企业内部）bull关注业务记录（报表）bull地区性bull推销产品为中心bull（卖方市场）
bull自我服务型管理bull关注前端（客户关系）bull要求商业智能（分析）bull全球化bull客户为中心bull（买方市场）
传统商务 电子商务
客户
供应商
合作伙伴
网络智能
市场营销 产品 服务销售 产品制造
服务 支持
e 企业的业务体系结构
网络发展趋势 趋势趋势 融合融合 趋势趋势 泛在（泛在（ UbiquitousUbiquitous ）） 趋势趋势 信息爆炸信息爆炸 更多的网络业务流量更多的网络业务流量 数据流量 数据流量 gt gt 话声流量话声流量 更快的传输介质更快的传输介质 骨干网（骨干网（ BackboneBackbone ）） 更大的带宽（更大的带宽（ BandwidthBandwidth ）） 宽带无线网宽带无线网飞速增长飞速增长 (WLAN) (Wi-Fi)(WLAN) (Wi-Fi) Everything over IPEverything over IP
趋势 融合 新闻新闻 广告广告 -- 媒体媒体 --信息提供者信息提供者
数字媒体产品数字媒体产品 有线电视有线电视
视频传输视频传输 电话电话
声音传输声音传输 计算机计算机
数字媒体存储数字媒体存储 处理处理 信息提供者和信息传输者的结合信息提供者和信息传输者的结合 电话公司电话公司 有线公司有线公司 娱乐事业娱乐事业 和计算机公司和计算机公司
的结合的结合
Trend
趋势 更多的网络业务流量 互联网上的主机数正以超指数量级飞速增长互联网上的主机数正以超指数量级飞速增长 每个主机用户的业务量中也在增长每个主机用户的业务量中也在增长
局域网可达到 局域网可达到 1 1 GbpsGbps 有线电视调制解调器允许以有线电视调制解调器允许以 11到 到 10 10 MbpsMbps 的速的速
度访问主机度访问主机 应用应用 ADSLVDSLADSLVDSL 通过电话线可达到通过电话线可达到 6-6-
2727MbpsMbps 的速度的速度 宽带无线网宽带无线网 (Wi-Fi)(Wi-Fi)可达到可达到 11-54Mbps11-54Mbps 的速的速
度度 带宽需求每四个月增加一倍带宽需求每四个月增加一倍 数据流量 数据流量 gt gt 话声流量话声流量
Trend of Internet hosts 1980-2000
Trend Data gt Voice
趋势 更快的传输介质 局局域域网网 1 Gbps over 4-pair UTP-5 up to 100 m 1 Gbps over 4-pair UTP-5 up to 100 m
10Gbps being discussed10Gbps being discussed Was 1 Mbps (1Base-5) in 1984Was 1 Mbps (1Base-5) in 1984
骨干网光纤骨干网光纤 DWDMDWDM (( Dense Wavelength Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing)Division Multiplexing) OC-768 = 40 Gbps over a to 65 km OC-768 = 40 Gbps over a to 65 km
1600 Gbps - 10 Tbps1600 Gbps - 10 Tbps Was 100 Mbps (FDDI) in 1993Was 100 Mbps (FDDI) in 1993
无线网无线网 54 100 Mbps(100-2km) wireless 54 100 Mbps(100-2km) wireless networks 25 Gbps to 5km using light networks 25 Gbps to 5km using light Was 1 Mbps (IEEE 80211) in 1998Was 1 Mbps (IEEE 80211) in 1998
Trend Bandwidth
Why Optical Networks DWDM optoelectricl metro network
Trend Wireless Mobile (1)
Trend宽带无线网 (Wi-Fi)飞速增长
Trend宽带无线网 (Wi-Fi)飞速增长
Trend宽带无线网 (Wi-Fi)飞速增长
Trend宽带无线网 (Wi-Fi)飞速增长
Integration of 3G and WLAN- offer possibility of achieving anywhere anytime
high speed and low expense Internet access
3G3G WLANWLAN
Wide areaWide area Local areaLocal area
Low bit rate Low bit rate
(2M when stand (2M when stand still)still)
High bit rateHigh bit rate
(11M to 54M)(11M to 54M)
DataVoice serviceDataVoice service
((QoS supportQoS support))
Data serviceData service
High expenseHigh expense Low expenseLow expense
High mobilityHigh mobility Low mobilityLow mobility
Trend Everything over IP
Data over IP =gt IP needs Traffic Data over IP =gt IP needs Traffic engineeringengineering
Voice over IP =gt Quality of Service and Voice over IP =gt Quality of Service and SignalingSignaling
Backbone -- Optic networksBackbone -- Optic networks IP over ATM IP over ATM （（异步传输模式）异步传输模式） IP over SONET -- POS (Packet over SDH) IP over SONET -- POS (Packet over SDH)
(( 同步同步 )) IP over DWDMIP over DWDM
Asynchronous Transfer Mode ATM
1990rsquos00 standard for high-speed (155Mbps to 1990rsquos00 standard for high-speed (155Mbps to 622 Mbps and higher) 622 Mbps and higher) Broadband Integrated Broadband Integrated Service Digital NetworkService Digital Network architecture architecture
GoalGoal integrated end-end transport of carry integrated end-end transport of carry voice video datavoice video data meeting timingQoS requirements of voice meeting timingQoS requirements of voice
video (versus Internet best-effort model)video (versus Internet best-effort model) ldquoldquonext generationrdquo telephony technical roots next generationrdquo telephony technical roots
in telephone worldin telephone world packet-switching (fixed length packets packet-switching (fixed length packets
called ldquocellsrdquo) using called ldquocellsrdquo) using virtual circuitsvirtual circuits
ATM reference model
How far along are we
Standardization bodies - ATM Forum ITU-T Standardization bodies - ATM Forum ITU-T We may never see end-to-end ATM (1997)We may never see end-to-end ATM (1997)
ATM - too complex - too expansive ltIPgtATM - too complex - too expansive ltIPgt Backbone - 1995 vBNS (ATM) Backbone - 1995 vBNS (ATM)
- 1998 Abilene (SONET) - 2000 IP over - 1998 Abilene (SONET) - 2000 IP over DWDMDWDM
Internet technology + ATM philosophyInternet technology + ATM philosophy but ATM ideas continue to powerfully but ATM ideas continue to powerfully
influence design of next-generation influence design of next-generation InternetInternet
ex ex MPLSMPLS admission ctl resource admission ctl resource reservation hellipreservation hellip
Best of Both Worlds
Multiprotocol label switching (Multiprotocol label switching (MPLSMPLS)) MPLS + IP form a middle ground that MPLS + IP form a middle ground that
combines the best of IP and the best of combines the best of IP and the best of virtual virtual circuit switching technologiescircuit switching technologies
ATM and Frame Relay cannot easily come to ATM and Frame Relay cannot easily come to the middle so IP hasthe middle so IP has
Label Encapsulation
MPLS Encapsulation is specified over MPLS Encapsulation is specified over various media types Top labels may use various media types Top labels may use existing format lower label(s) use a new existing format lower label(s) use a new ldquoshimrdquo label formatldquoshimrdquo label format
Label Substitution Have a friend go to B ahead of you using one of the Have a friend go to B ahead of you using one of the
previous two techniques At every road they reserve previous two techniques At every road they reserve a lane just for you At every intersection they post a a lane just for you At every intersection they post a big sign that says for a given lane which way to turn big sign that says for a given lane which way to turn and what new lane to takeand what new lane to take
Future Internet Research and Experimentation
Todayrsquos Internet Millions of usersMillions of users Web email low-quality audio amp videoWeb email low-quality audio amp video Interconnect personal computers and serversInterconnect personal computers and servers Applications adapt to underlying technologyApplications adapt to underlying technology Todayrsquos Internet DoesnrsquotTodayrsquos Internet Doesnrsquot
Provide reliable end-to-end performanceProvide reliable end-to-end performanceEncourage cooperation on new capabilitiesEncourage cooperation on new capabilitiesAllow testing of new technologiesAllow testing of new technologiesSupport development of revolutionary Support development of revolutionary applicationsapplications
Tomorrowrsquos Internet
Billions of users and devicesBillions of users and devices Convergence of todayrsquos applications Convergence of todayrsquos applications with multimedia (telephony video-with multimedia (telephony video-conference HDTV)conference HDTV)
Interconnect personal computers Interconnect personal computers servers and embedded computersservers and embedded computers
New technologies enable unanticipated New technologies enable unanticipated applications (and create new challenges)applications (and create new challenges)
Vint Cerf Open Challenges
My primary disappointment has been the slow pace of high speed access for residential customers hellip
The second area of disappointment is the slow uptake of version 6 of the Internet protocol (IPv6)
Perhaps the third area is the continuing difficulty caused by viruses worms and distributed denial of service attacksrdquo
How to make the Internet better Addressing current problems
Security1048766 Privacy1048766 Self-diagnosis amp self-healing networks1048766 Cheap connectivity for poor area and third world countries1048766
Wireless mesh networks1048766 sensors1048766 Mobility1048766
New cool apps1048766 What is after IPTV VoIP BitTorrent
Why Internet2 (1996)
The Internet was not designed forThe Internet was not designed forMillions of usersMillions of usersCongestionCongestionMultimediaMultimediaReal time interactionReal time interaction
But only the Internet canBut only the Internet canAccommodate explosive growthAccommodate explosive growthEnable convergence of information Enable convergence of information work mass media and human work mass media and human collaborationcollaboration
Internet2 Project Develop and deploy advanced network Develop and deploy advanced network
applications and technologies accelerating applications and technologies accelerating the creation of tomorrowrsquos Internetthe creation of tomorrowrsquos Internet
GoalsGoals Enable new generation of applicationsEnable new generation of applications Re-create leading edge RampE network Re-create leading edge RampE network
capabilitycapability Transfer capability to the global Transfer capability to the global
production Internetproduction Internet 206 University Members Jan 2005206 University Members Jan 2005
Internet2 Focus Areas Advanced Network Infrastructure - AbileneAdvanced Network Infrastructure - Abilene
Backbones operate at 10 Gbps capacity - 100 Backbones operate at 10 Gbps capacity - 100 Gbps (2007)Gbps (2007)
Middleware Middleware A layer of software between the network and the A layer of software between the network and the
applications applications Authentication Identification Authorization Authentication Identification Authorization
Directories SecurityDirectories Security EngineeringEngineering
IPv6 Measurement Multicast QoS Routing IPv6 Measurement Multicast QoS Routing Security TopologySecurity Topology
Advanced ApplicationsAdvanced Applications Distributed computation Virtual laboratories Distributed computation Virtual laboratories
Digital libraries Distributed learning Digital video Digital libraries Distributed learning Digital video Tele-immersion All of the above in combinationTele-immersion All of the above in combination
Abilene Connections Apr-2000Abilene Connections July 2006
Abilene Connections Apr-2000Abilene International Peering 2006
Research andDevelopment
Commercialization
Partnerships
Privatization
Internet Development Spiral
Todayrsquos Internet
Internet2
University-led Federal agency-led
Developing education and research driven applications
Agency mission-driven and general purpose applications
Building out campus networks gigaPoPs and inter-gigapop
infrastructure
Funding research testbeds and agency research networks
Interconnecting and interoperating to provide advanced networking capabilities needed to support advanced
research and education applications
Internet2 and the Next Generation Internet Initiative
Internet2 NGI
Our Founding (Funding) Fable
Researchers invent new architectures Architectures are validated on a testbed IETF ISPs and router vendors collaborate to deploy new design
This is complete BS
Do Traditional Testbeds Really Test
Production-oriented testbeds Real traffic provides good validation But can test only very incremental changes
Research-oriented testbeds Can test radical architectures Lack of real traffic results in poor validation
Both are expensive (dedicated bandwidth)
What about Deployment Architectural change requires ISP consensus
- Hard to agree- No competitive advantage from architectural innovation
- All have huge sunk investment in the status quo
ISPs are unlikely candidates for architectural change
Architecture isnrsquot just static its decaying Ad hoc workarounds muddy the architectural waters
We are at an Impasse
We canrsquot test new architectures- Despite sizable investments in testbeds
We canrsquot deploy new architectures- And things are getting worse not better
Yet there are pressing requirements for which the current architecture is not well suited
The Communityrsquos Response Focus on areas where we can have impact
Empirical studies Incremental changes (subject to current constraints)
Small stream of architectural proposals Paper designs without hope of deployment
More science fiction than engineering Have largely abandoned hope of effecting fundamental architectural change
Living with rather than overcoming the impasse
Overcoming the Impasse
Must be able to test new architectures Wide range of architectures Real traffic from willing individuals Low overhead for individual researchers
Meet the grand challenge of reinventing the Internet
Empirical incremental research is great but not enough
If someone put us in charge what would we do
What about deployment Several options none good but no excuse to not have an answer to the grand challenge
Testing Virtual Testbed
Overlay testbed (think RON etc) Host proxy directs packets to overlay
Proxy must architecturally neutral and flexible
Individuals (anywhere) opt-in by turning on proxy
Shared testing infrastructure (think Planetlab) Overlay nodes shared among experiments
Slicing on per-packet timescales Virtualized routers
These ideas have turned into the GENI program
Why GENI (Global Environment for Network Innovations) Future Internet Network (2005)
The original designing idea of current information networks is basically a specific network supports one major service
The limitation of the original designing idea can not support the multiple requirements for networks and services (such as Telecom network Internet)
The original design mode of Internet leads to itrsquos shortage in mobility security controllable and administrable
We urgently need redesign the framework of new generation Internet to overcome the serious shortage of current Internet
Providing pervasive and trusted services based on a specific network has became the key research directions of national informatization
GENI (Global Environment for Network Innovations) - NSF 2005 (1)
What is GENIWhat is GENIGENI is GENI is a facility concepta facility concept being explored by being explored by the US computing community the US computing community
back to an NSF workshop in 2005back to an NSF workshop in 2005focus on focus on architecturalarchitectural research and research and provide the provide the experimentalexperimental infrastructure infrastructure needed to support that researchneeded to support that research
focus on the research agenda (and focus on the research agenda (and infrastructure needs) of the infrastructure needs) of the opticaloptical wirelesswireless sensorsensor network and network and distributeddistributed systems communitiessystems communities
GENI (Global Environment for Network Innovations) (2)
The goal of GENI The goal of GENI Goal a Future Internet that meets the Goal a Future Internet that meets the demands of 21st centurydemands of 21st century
to increase the to increase the qualityquality and and quantityquantity of of experimental experimental researchresearch outcomes in networking and distributed outcomes in networking and distributed systemssystems
to accelerate the to accelerate the transitiontransition of these outcomes into of these outcomes into products and servicesproducts and services
enhance economic competitiveness and secure enhance economic competitiveness and secure the Nations futurethe Nations future
Ultimately to lead to a Ultimately to lead to a transition of the transition of the InternetInternet
GENI Research Opportunities (3)
Two dichotomy thought (false or at least Two dichotomy thought (false or at least unnecessary)unnecessary)
a a clean slateclean slate reconceptualization of Internet reconceptualization of Internet architecture architecture
todays 30-year-old architecture that todays 30-year-old architecture that limit its limit its abilityability to cope with emerging threats and to cope with emerging threats and opportunitiesopportunities
bull eroding trust reduced innovation slowing eroding trust reduced innovation slowing updateupdate
future innovation will take the form of new future innovation will take the form of new services and applications running services and applications running on top of the on top of the InternetInternet
GENI Research Opportunities (4)
GENI discussion GENI discussion First we interpret Future Internet very broadly to First we interpret Future Internet very broadly to
include innovations at include innovations at any levelany level of the architecture of the architecture alternative protocols and architectures running alternative protocols and architectures running
inside the network (as overlays on top of inside the network (as overlays on top of todays network) todays network)
Second research should employ Second research should employ clean slate clean slate thinkingthinking but this does but this does not imply that an entirely not imply that an entirely newnew Internet will be necessary In other words Internet will be necessary In other words clean slate is a clean slate is a processprocess not a not a resultresult
Third opportunities Third opportunities betweenbetween two perspectives two perspectives exploring how todays architecture is best exploring how todays architecture is best
evolved to support emerging overlay services evolved to support emerging overlay services
GENI Facility Concept (5)
Facility ConceptFacility Concept experimental platforms for experimental platforms for bothboth research and research and
deploymentdeployment filling the filling the gapgap between small-scale exp and mature between small-scale exp and mature
tech tech GENI evaluate new network systems on large-GENI evaluate new network systems on large-
scalescale
Two levelsTwo levels Physical level Physical level GENI substrateGENI substrate will consist of a will consist of a
collection of links forwarders storage collection of links forwarders storage processors and wireless net processors and wireless net
On top of this substrate a On top of this substrate a software software management management frameworkframework will be overlay network experiments on will be overlay network experiments on
the substratethe substrate
GENI Facility Concept (6)
Four key ideasFour key ideas substrate components will be substrate components will be programmableprogrammable - -
possible to embed any network experiment including possible to embed any network experiment including clean-slate designs clean-slate designs
Substrate will be Substrate will be virtualizable virtualizable -- possible to embed possible to embed multiple slices in the substrate at the same time multiple slices in the substrate at the same time (allow experimental services and architectures to run (allow experimental services and architectures to run continuously) continuously)
GENI will include mechanisms that allow end-users GENI will include mechanisms that allow end-users to to seamlessly seamlessly opt-inopt-in to experimental services to experimental services
GENI will be GENI will be modularmodular ( (architecture and interfaces) - architecture and interfaces) - possible to extend GENI with new networking possible to extend GENI with new networking technologies GENI will not be a static artifact but technologies GENI will not be a static artifact but rather a rather a dynamic infrastructuredynamic infrastructure that is continually that is continually renewedrenewed
FIND (Future Internet Network Design) ndash NSF 2006 (1)
FIND asks two broad questionsFIND asks two broad questions What are the What are the requirementsrequirements for the global network for the global network
in 15 years in 15 years How How would we would we re-conceivere-conceive tomorrows global tomorrows global
network today if we could design it from scratch network today if we could design it from scratch FIND program solicits FIND program solicits clean slate processclean slate process research proposals in the broad area of research proposals in the broad area of network architecture principles and designnetwork architecture principles and design
FIND (Future Internet Network Design) (2)
FIND research might address wide questionsFIND research might address wide questions What will the What will the edgeedge of the network look like in 15 of the network look like in 15
years How might the network years How might the network architecturearchitecture of 15 of 15 years hence best accommodate sensors embedded years hence best accommodate sensors embedded systems and the like systems and the like
How might the network of 15 years from now How might the network of 15 years from now supportsupport what users really do (and care about) How what users really do (and care about) How might such functions as information access location might such functions as information access location management or identity management best fit into a management or identity management best fit into a new overall network architecture new overall network architecture
What will the What will the core core of the network look like in 15 of the network look like in 15 years How might the changing economics of years How might the changing economics of optical systems affect the overall design of the larger optical systems affect the overall design of the larger networknetwork
FIRE (Future Internet Research and Experimentation) ndash European 2007 (1)
Internet has Internet has growngrown to an unexpected reach to an unexpected reach as for the as for the numbernumber of users of users capacitycapacity of the of the links broadband penetration to the links broadband penetration to the homehome servicesservices
ProblemsProblems spam viruses denial of service spam viruses denial of service attacks complexity of managementattacks complexity of management
Internet drawbacks and Internet drawbacks and limitationslimitations ndash to ndash to scalabilityscalability suitabilitysuitability mobilitymobility transparencytransparency securitysecurity
require new radical approaches to require new radical approaches to fundamentally redesign its protocols and fundamentally redesign its protocols and architectures architectures
FIRE (2) FIRE is an FIRE is an experimentallyexperimentally-driven -driven longlong-term research initiative on -term research initiative on
Future Internet Future Internet conceptsconcepts protocolsprotocols and and architecturesarchitectures encompassing technological industrial and socio-economic encompassing technological industrial and socio-economic
aspects aspects acting as proof-of-concept of the newly proposed acting as proof-of-concept of the newly proposed
technologies and services technologies and services FIRE RESEARCHFIRE RESEARCH
Long term multidisciplinary research on future internet Long term multidisciplinary research on future internet paradigms paradigms
Open to Open to fresh bottom-upfresh bottom-up ideas with ideas with no backwards-no backwards-compatibilitycompatibility constraints constraints
Building on the FET SAC initiative ldquoSituated and Autonomic Building on the FET SAC initiative ldquoSituated and Autonomic Communicationsrdquo Communicationsrdquo
Considering at the Considering at the same timesame time technological economic and technological economic and socialpolicy aspects socialpolicy aspects
Build in from the outset and on all levels the right Build in from the outset and on all levels the right balancebalance between security accountability and privacybetween security accountability and privacy
FIRE (3)
FIRE EXPERIMENTATIONFIRE EXPERIMENTATION Large scale experimentationLarge scale experimentation of new paradigms and of new paradigms and
concepts for the future internet and related service concepts for the future internet and related service architectures architectures
Learning through broad experimentation Learning through broad experimentation Integrating and validating new conceptsIntegrating and validating new concepts
Federating and extending Federating and extending existing testbedsexisting testbeds and and research infrastructures research infrastructures
no backwards-compatibility constraints no backwards-compatibility constraints European approach and develop a European European approach and develop a European
identityidentity
- Slide 1
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- Slide 114
- Slide 115
-
History of the Internet (5) 1972-1980 Internetworking research networks 1970ALOHAnet satellite network in Hawaii
(Abramson) 1973Metcalfersquos PhD thesis proposes Ethernet 1974Cerf and Kahn - 2004 AM Turing Award
-define todayrsquos Internet architecture minimalism autonomy ndashno internal changes
required to interconnect networks best effort service model stateless routers decentralized control
1979ARPAnet has 200 nodes 56 kbps Late 70rsquos proprietary architectures DECnet
SNA Late 70rsquos switching fixed length packets (-gt
ATM)
History of the Internet (6) 1980rsquos new protocols a proliferation of net 1983deployment of TCPIP (Critical
separation Cohen) 1982SMTP e-mail protocol defined 1983DNS defined for name-to-IP-address
translation mid-1980rsquos IETF active 1985FTP protocol defined 1988TCP congestion control new national networks Csnet BITnet Minitel
NSFnet (15 Mbps10000 computers) NSI (NASA) ESNet(DOE) DARTnet TWBNet (DARPA)
100000 hosts connected to confederation of networks
History of the Internet (7) 1990rsquos commercialization the WWW Early 1990rsquos ARPAnet decommissioned 1991 NSFnet (45 Mbps) -gt commercial use of
NSF (decommissioned 1995) Late 1990rsquos
multiple private backbones 50 million computers on Internet 100 million+ users backbone links running at 1 Gbps
Early 1990s WWW hypertext [Bush 1945 Nelson 1960rsquos] HTML http Berners-Lee 1994 Mosaic later Netscape late 1990rsquos commercialization of the WWW
Growth of the Internet Today backbones run at 2410 Gbps Today backbones run at 2410 Gbps 400 millions computers in 150 countries400 millions computers in 150 countries
Internet 在中国 19931993 年年 33 月月中科院高能物理所 中科院高能物理所 64 Kbps64 Kbps TJU1995322TJU1995322 20062006 年年 1212 月月
计算机计算机 59405940 万万 用户 用户 1414 亿 亿 WWWWWW 站 站 8484 万万 CNCN 域名 域名 180180 万万 国际出口带宽 国际出口带宽 257 Gbps257 Gbps
连接美国俄罗斯法国英国德国日本连接美国俄罗斯法国英国德国日本韩国新加坡等 韩国新加坡等
Internet 提供的服务 Shared access to computing resources
telnet (1970rsquos) Shared access to data files
FTP NFS AFS (1980rsquos) Communication medium over which people interact
email (1980rsquos) on-line chat messaging (1990rsquos) audio video (1990rsquos)
replacing telephone network A medium for information dissemination
USENET (1980rsquos) WWW (1990rsquos)
replacing newspaper magazine audio video (1990rsquos)
replacing radio CD TV
Todayrsquos Internet
Internet Physical Infrastructure
Classification by Coverage
模型 协议 分层
Protocol Architecture
Donrsquot Need All Layers Everywhere
Protocol Data Unit - PDUs
Network Components (Examples)
Fibers
Coaxial Cable
Links Interfaces Switchesrouters
Ethernet card
Wireless card
Large router
Telephoneswitch
趋势 网络时代 每一件事务都是数字的 声音 视频 音
乐 画片 及生活日常事务 每一件事务都是在线的 银行结算 医疗
记录 各类书籍 航空日程 天气情况 公路交通 hellip
每个人之间都是相互联系的 医生 教师 经济人 母亲 儿子 朋友 敌人
趋势 网络时代 实现家庭
教育 办公 购物 娱乐 网上娱乐 虚拟工作场所
2000 年美国有五千五百万人实现远程工作
网络制造 电子商务 虚拟公司 虚拟制造与虚拟装配 ( 设计过程 ) 制造过程更加分散化并发进行 新型的价值链 虚拟兑现
趋势 网络时代
趋势 网络时代
网络制造 (1)
随着基于随着基于 InternetInternet 的全球化数字通信基础设的全球化数字通信基础设施的建立网络从单纯的信息工具变成rdquo施的建立网络从单纯的信息工具变成rdquo EE －－时代rdquo的关键资源时代rdquo的关键资源 全球经济一体化成为制造全球经济一体化成为制造业变革的最根本的推动力业变革的最根本的推动力
InternetInternet 向ldquo资源功能rdquo发展基于向ldquo资源功能rdquo发展基于InternetInternet 的网络化制造是适应时代的需要的网络化制造是适应时代的需要
网络制造的本质特性就是产品的制造过程更加网络制造的本质特性就是产品的制造过程更加分散化信息的传递网络化信息的流动伴随分散化信息的传递网络化信息的流动伴随着各项工作的并发进行而同时发生着各项工作的并发进行而同时发生
网络制造 (2)
基于基于 InternetInternet 的虚拟制造与虚拟装配的虚拟制造与虚拟装配 在相互联结的网络上建立在相互联结的网络上建立 2424 小时工作的协同小时工作的协同
工作组大大加快了设计进度及时获得所需工作组大大加快了设计进度及时获得所需要的零部件减少库存降低成本提高质量要的零部件减少库存降低成本提高质量
电子商务 信息技术和 Internet 引发的商务过程的变化 利用以 Internet 为核心的信息技术进行商
务活动和企业资源管理 CIMS 是企业实施电子商务的基础 企业实施电子商务是 CIMS 发展的主要标志和
主要内容
竞争环境改变 核心 产品竞争
电子商务产生背景
服务竞争
范围 单个企业 全球多企业
资源 人财物 信息知识
管理重心迁移 生产管理 供应 营销链管理
集中内部资源 整合外部资源
离散管理 集约管理
商务模式转化
bull文秘型管理bull关注后台（企业内部）bull关注业务记录（报表）bull地区性bull推销产品为中心bull（卖方市场）
bull自我服务型管理bull关注前端（客户关系）bull要求商业智能（分析）bull全球化bull客户为中心bull（买方市场）
传统商务 电子商务
客户
供应商
合作伙伴
网络智能
市场营销 产品 服务销售 产品制造
服务 支持
e 企业的业务体系结构
网络发展趋势 趋势趋势 融合融合 趋势趋势 泛在（泛在（ UbiquitousUbiquitous ）） 趋势趋势 信息爆炸信息爆炸 更多的网络业务流量更多的网络业务流量 数据流量 数据流量 gt gt 话声流量话声流量 更快的传输介质更快的传输介质 骨干网（骨干网（ BackboneBackbone ）） 更大的带宽（更大的带宽（ BandwidthBandwidth ）） 宽带无线网宽带无线网飞速增长飞速增长 (WLAN) (Wi-Fi)(WLAN) (Wi-Fi) Everything over IPEverything over IP
趋势 融合 新闻新闻 广告广告 -- 媒体媒体 --信息提供者信息提供者
数字媒体产品数字媒体产品 有线电视有线电视
视频传输视频传输 电话电话
声音传输声音传输 计算机计算机
数字媒体存储数字媒体存储 处理处理 信息提供者和信息传输者的结合信息提供者和信息传输者的结合 电话公司电话公司 有线公司有线公司 娱乐事业娱乐事业 和计算机公司和计算机公司
的结合的结合
Trend
趋势 更多的网络业务流量 互联网上的主机数正以超指数量级飞速增长互联网上的主机数正以超指数量级飞速增长 每个主机用户的业务量中也在增长每个主机用户的业务量中也在增长
局域网可达到 局域网可达到 1 1 GbpsGbps 有线电视调制解调器允许以有线电视调制解调器允许以 11到 到 10 10 MbpsMbps 的速的速
度访问主机度访问主机 应用应用 ADSLVDSLADSLVDSL 通过电话线可达到通过电话线可达到 6-6-
2727MbpsMbps 的速度的速度 宽带无线网宽带无线网 (Wi-Fi)(Wi-Fi)可达到可达到 11-54Mbps11-54Mbps 的速的速
度度 带宽需求每四个月增加一倍带宽需求每四个月增加一倍 数据流量 数据流量 gt gt 话声流量话声流量
Trend of Internet hosts 1980-2000
Trend Data gt Voice
趋势 更快的传输介质 局局域域网网 1 Gbps over 4-pair UTP-5 up to 100 m 1 Gbps over 4-pair UTP-5 up to 100 m
10Gbps being discussed10Gbps being discussed Was 1 Mbps (1Base-5) in 1984Was 1 Mbps (1Base-5) in 1984
骨干网光纤骨干网光纤 DWDMDWDM (( Dense Wavelength Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing)Division Multiplexing) OC-768 = 40 Gbps over a to 65 km OC-768 = 40 Gbps over a to 65 km
1600 Gbps - 10 Tbps1600 Gbps - 10 Tbps Was 100 Mbps (FDDI) in 1993Was 100 Mbps (FDDI) in 1993
无线网无线网 54 100 Mbps(100-2km) wireless 54 100 Mbps(100-2km) wireless networks 25 Gbps to 5km using light networks 25 Gbps to 5km using light Was 1 Mbps (IEEE 80211) in 1998Was 1 Mbps (IEEE 80211) in 1998
Trend Bandwidth
Why Optical Networks DWDM optoelectricl metro network
Trend Wireless Mobile (1)
Trend宽带无线网 (Wi-Fi)飞速增长
Trend宽带无线网 (Wi-Fi)飞速增长
Trend宽带无线网 (Wi-Fi)飞速增长
Trend宽带无线网 (Wi-Fi)飞速增长
Integration of 3G and WLAN- offer possibility of achieving anywhere anytime
high speed and low expense Internet access
3G3G WLANWLAN
Wide areaWide area Local areaLocal area
Low bit rate Low bit rate
(2M when stand (2M when stand still)still)
High bit rateHigh bit rate
(11M to 54M)(11M to 54M)
DataVoice serviceDataVoice service
((QoS supportQoS support))
Data serviceData service
High expenseHigh expense Low expenseLow expense
High mobilityHigh mobility Low mobilityLow mobility
Trend Everything over IP
Data over IP =gt IP needs Traffic Data over IP =gt IP needs Traffic engineeringengineering
Voice over IP =gt Quality of Service and Voice over IP =gt Quality of Service and SignalingSignaling
Backbone -- Optic networksBackbone -- Optic networks IP over ATM IP over ATM （（异步传输模式）异步传输模式） IP over SONET -- POS (Packet over SDH) IP over SONET -- POS (Packet over SDH)
(( 同步同步 )) IP over DWDMIP over DWDM
Asynchronous Transfer Mode ATM
1990rsquos00 standard for high-speed (155Mbps to 1990rsquos00 standard for high-speed (155Mbps to 622 Mbps and higher) 622 Mbps and higher) Broadband Integrated Broadband Integrated Service Digital NetworkService Digital Network architecture architecture
GoalGoal integrated end-end transport of carry integrated end-end transport of carry voice video datavoice video data meeting timingQoS requirements of voice meeting timingQoS requirements of voice
video (versus Internet best-effort model)video (versus Internet best-effort model) ldquoldquonext generationrdquo telephony technical roots next generationrdquo telephony technical roots
in telephone worldin telephone world packet-switching (fixed length packets packet-switching (fixed length packets
called ldquocellsrdquo) using called ldquocellsrdquo) using virtual circuitsvirtual circuits
ATM reference model
How far along are we
Standardization bodies - ATM Forum ITU-T Standardization bodies - ATM Forum ITU-T We may never see end-to-end ATM (1997)We may never see end-to-end ATM (1997)
ATM - too complex - too expansive ltIPgtATM - too complex - too expansive ltIPgt Backbone - 1995 vBNS (ATM) Backbone - 1995 vBNS (ATM)
- 1998 Abilene (SONET) - 2000 IP over - 1998 Abilene (SONET) - 2000 IP over DWDMDWDM
Internet technology + ATM philosophyInternet technology + ATM philosophy but ATM ideas continue to powerfully but ATM ideas continue to powerfully
influence design of next-generation influence design of next-generation InternetInternet
ex ex MPLSMPLS admission ctl resource admission ctl resource reservation hellipreservation hellip
Best of Both Worlds
Multiprotocol label switching (Multiprotocol label switching (MPLSMPLS)) MPLS + IP form a middle ground that MPLS + IP form a middle ground that
combines the best of IP and the best of combines the best of IP and the best of virtual virtual circuit switching technologiescircuit switching technologies
ATM and Frame Relay cannot easily come to ATM and Frame Relay cannot easily come to the middle so IP hasthe middle so IP has
Label Encapsulation
MPLS Encapsulation is specified over MPLS Encapsulation is specified over various media types Top labels may use various media types Top labels may use existing format lower label(s) use a new existing format lower label(s) use a new ldquoshimrdquo label formatldquoshimrdquo label format
Label Substitution Have a friend go to B ahead of you using one of the Have a friend go to B ahead of you using one of the
previous two techniques At every road they reserve previous two techniques At every road they reserve a lane just for you At every intersection they post a a lane just for you At every intersection they post a big sign that says for a given lane which way to turn big sign that says for a given lane which way to turn and what new lane to takeand what new lane to take
Future Internet Research and Experimentation
Todayrsquos Internet Millions of usersMillions of users Web email low-quality audio amp videoWeb email low-quality audio amp video Interconnect personal computers and serversInterconnect personal computers and servers Applications adapt to underlying technologyApplications adapt to underlying technology Todayrsquos Internet DoesnrsquotTodayrsquos Internet Doesnrsquot
Provide reliable end-to-end performanceProvide reliable end-to-end performanceEncourage cooperation on new capabilitiesEncourage cooperation on new capabilitiesAllow testing of new technologiesAllow testing of new technologiesSupport development of revolutionary Support development of revolutionary applicationsapplications
Tomorrowrsquos Internet
Billions of users and devicesBillions of users and devices Convergence of todayrsquos applications Convergence of todayrsquos applications with multimedia (telephony video-with multimedia (telephony video-conference HDTV)conference HDTV)
Interconnect personal computers Interconnect personal computers servers and embedded computersservers and embedded computers
New technologies enable unanticipated New technologies enable unanticipated applications (and create new challenges)applications (and create new challenges)
Vint Cerf Open Challenges
My primary disappointment has been the slow pace of high speed access for residential customers hellip
The second area of disappointment is the slow uptake of version 6 of the Internet protocol (IPv6)
Perhaps the third area is the continuing difficulty caused by viruses worms and distributed denial of service attacksrdquo
How to make the Internet better Addressing current problems
Security1048766 Privacy1048766 Self-diagnosis amp self-healing networks1048766 Cheap connectivity for poor area and third world countries1048766
Wireless mesh networks1048766 sensors1048766 Mobility1048766
New cool apps1048766 What is after IPTV VoIP BitTorrent
Why Internet2 (1996)
The Internet was not designed forThe Internet was not designed forMillions of usersMillions of usersCongestionCongestionMultimediaMultimediaReal time interactionReal time interaction
But only the Internet canBut only the Internet canAccommodate explosive growthAccommodate explosive growthEnable convergence of information Enable convergence of information work mass media and human work mass media and human collaborationcollaboration
Internet2 Project Develop and deploy advanced network Develop and deploy advanced network
applications and technologies accelerating applications and technologies accelerating the creation of tomorrowrsquos Internetthe creation of tomorrowrsquos Internet
GoalsGoals Enable new generation of applicationsEnable new generation of applications Re-create leading edge RampE network Re-create leading edge RampE network
capabilitycapability Transfer capability to the global Transfer capability to the global
production Internetproduction Internet 206 University Members Jan 2005206 University Members Jan 2005
Internet2 Focus Areas Advanced Network Infrastructure - AbileneAdvanced Network Infrastructure - Abilene
Backbones operate at 10 Gbps capacity - 100 Backbones operate at 10 Gbps capacity - 100 Gbps (2007)Gbps (2007)
Middleware Middleware A layer of software between the network and the A layer of software between the network and the
applications applications Authentication Identification Authorization Authentication Identification Authorization
Directories SecurityDirectories Security EngineeringEngineering
IPv6 Measurement Multicast QoS Routing IPv6 Measurement Multicast QoS Routing Security TopologySecurity Topology
Advanced ApplicationsAdvanced Applications Distributed computation Virtual laboratories Distributed computation Virtual laboratories
Digital libraries Distributed learning Digital video Digital libraries Distributed learning Digital video Tele-immersion All of the above in combinationTele-immersion All of the above in combination
Abilene Connections Apr-2000Abilene Connections July 2006
Abilene Connections Apr-2000Abilene International Peering 2006
Research andDevelopment
Commercialization
Partnerships
Privatization
Internet Development Spiral
Todayrsquos Internet
Internet2
University-led Federal agency-led
Developing education and research driven applications
Agency mission-driven and general purpose applications
Building out campus networks gigaPoPs and inter-gigapop
infrastructure
Funding research testbeds and agency research networks
Interconnecting and interoperating to provide advanced networking capabilities needed to support advanced
research and education applications
Internet2 and the Next Generation Internet Initiative
Internet2 NGI
Our Founding (Funding) Fable
Researchers invent new architectures Architectures are validated on a testbed IETF ISPs and router vendors collaborate to deploy new design
This is complete BS
Do Traditional Testbeds Really Test
Production-oriented testbeds Real traffic provides good validation But can test only very incremental changes
Research-oriented testbeds Can test radical architectures Lack of real traffic results in poor validation
Both are expensive (dedicated bandwidth)
What about Deployment Architectural change requires ISP consensus
- Hard to agree- No competitive advantage from architectural innovation
- All have huge sunk investment in the status quo
ISPs are unlikely candidates for architectural change
Architecture isnrsquot just static its decaying Ad hoc workarounds muddy the architectural waters
We are at an Impasse
We canrsquot test new architectures- Despite sizable investments in testbeds
We canrsquot deploy new architectures- And things are getting worse not better
Yet there are pressing requirements for which the current architecture is not well suited
The Communityrsquos Response Focus on areas where we can have impact
Empirical studies Incremental changes (subject to current constraints)
Small stream of architectural proposals Paper designs without hope of deployment
More science fiction than engineering Have largely abandoned hope of effecting fundamental architectural change
Living with rather than overcoming the impasse
Overcoming the Impasse
Must be able to test new architectures Wide range of architectures Real traffic from willing individuals Low overhead for individual researchers
Meet the grand challenge of reinventing the Internet
Empirical incremental research is great but not enough
If someone put us in charge what would we do
What about deployment Several options none good but no excuse to not have an answer to the grand challenge
Testing Virtual Testbed
Overlay testbed (think RON etc) Host proxy directs packets to overlay
Proxy must architecturally neutral and flexible
Individuals (anywhere) opt-in by turning on proxy
Shared testing infrastructure (think Planetlab) Overlay nodes shared among experiments
Slicing on per-packet timescales Virtualized routers
These ideas have turned into the GENI program
Why GENI (Global Environment for Network Innovations) Future Internet Network (2005)
The original designing idea of current information networks is basically a specific network supports one major service
The limitation of the original designing idea can not support the multiple requirements for networks and services (such as Telecom network Internet)
The original design mode of Internet leads to itrsquos shortage in mobility security controllable and administrable
We urgently need redesign the framework of new generation Internet to overcome the serious shortage of current Internet
Providing pervasive and trusted services based on a specific network has became the key research directions of national informatization
GENI (Global Environment for Network Innovations) - NSF 2005 (1)
What is GENIWhat is GENIGENI is GENI is a facility concepta facility concept being explored by being explored by the US computing community the US computing community
back to an NSF workshop in 2005back to an NSF workshop in 2005focus on focus on architecturalarchitectural research and research and provide the provide the experimentalexperimental infrastructure infrastructure needed to support that researchneeded to support that research
focus on the research agenda (and focus on the research agenda (and infrastructure needs) of the infrastructure needs) of the opticaloptical wirelesswireless sensorsensor network and network and distributeddistributed systems communitiessystems communities
GENI (Global Environment for Network Innovations) (2)
The goal of GENI The goal of GENI Goal a Future Internet that meets the Goal a Future Internet that meets the demands of 21st centurydemands of 21st century
to increase the to increase the qualityquality and and quantityquantity of of experimental experimental researchresearch outcomes in networking and distributed outcomes in networking and distributed systemssystems
to accelerate the to accelerate the transitiontransition of these outcomes into of these outcomes into products and servicesproducts and services
enhance economic competitiveness and secure enhance economic competitiveness and secure the Nations futurethe Nations future
Ultimately to lead to a Ultimately to lead to a transition of the transition of the InternetInternet
GENI Research Opportunities (3)
Two dichotomy thought (false or at least Two dichotomy thought (false or at least unnecessary)unnecessary)
a a clean slateclean slate reconceptualization of Internet reconceptualization of Internet architecture architecture
todays 30-year-old architecture that todays 30-year-old architecture that limit its limit its abilityability to cope with emerging threats and to cope with emerging threats and opportunitiesopportunities
bull eroding trust reduced innovation slowing eroding trust reduced innovation slowing updateupdate
future innovation will take the form of new future innovation will take the form of new services and applications running services and applications running on top of the on top of the InternetInternet
GENI Research Opportunities (4)
GENI discussion GENI discussion First we interpret Future Internet very broadly to First we interpret Future Internet very broadly to
include innovations at include innovations at any levelany level of the architecture of the architecture alternative protocols and architectures running alternative protocols and architectures running
inside the network (as overlays on top of inside the network (as overlays on top of todays network) todays network)
Second research should employ Second research should employ clean slate clean slate thinkingthinking but this does but this does not imply that an entirely not imply that an entirely newnew Internet will be necessary In other words Internet will be necessary In other words clean slate is a clean slate is a processprocess not a not a resultresult
Third opportunities Third opportunities betweenbetween two perspectives two perspectives exploring how todays architecture is best exploring how todays architecture is best
evolved to support emerging overlay services evolved to support emerging overlay services
GENI Facility Concept (5)
Facility ConceptFacility Concept experimental platforms for experimental platforms for bothboth research and research and
deploymentdeployment filling the filling the gapgap between small-scale exp and mature between small-scale exp and mature
tech tech GENI evaluate new network systems on large-GENI evaluate new network systems on large-
scalescale
Two levelsTwo levels Physical level Physical level GENI substrateGENI substrate will consist of a will consist of a
collection of links forwarders storage collection of links forwarders storage processors and wireless net processors and wireless net
On top of this substrate a On top of this substrate a software software management management frameworkframework will be overlay network experiments on will be overlay network experiments on
the substratethe substrate
GENI Facility Concept (6)
Four key ideasFour key ideas substrate components will be substrate components will be programmableprogrammable - -
possible to embed any network experiment including possible to embed any network experiment including clean-slate designs clean-slate designs
Substrate will be Substrate will be virtualizable virtualizable -- possible to embed possible to embed multiple slices in the substrate at the same time multiple slices in the substrate at the same time (allow experimental services and architectures to run (allow experimental services and architectures to run continuously) continuously)
GENI will include mechanisms that allow end-users GENI will include mechanisms that allow end-users to to seamlessly seamlessly opt-inopt-in to experimental services to experimental services
GENI will be GENI will be modularmodular ( (architecture and interfaces) - architecture and interfaces) - possible to extend GENI with new networking possible to extend GENI with new networking technologies GENI will not be a static artifact but technologies GENI will not be a static artifact but rather a rather a dynamic infrastructuredynamic infrastructure that is continually that is continually renewedrenewed
FIND (Future Internet Network Design) ndash NSF 2006 (1)
FIND asks two broad questionsFIND asks two broad questions What are the What are the requirementsrequirements for the global network for the global network
in 15 years in 15 years How How would we would we re-conceivere-conceive tomorrows global tomorrows global
network today if we could design it from scratch network today if we could design it from scratch FIND program solicits FIND program solicits clean slate processclean slate process research proposals in the broad area of research proposals in the broad area of network architecture principles and designnetwork architecture principles and design
FIND (Future Internet Network Design) (2)
FIND research might address wide questionsFIND research might address wide questions What will the What will the edgeedge of the network look like in 15 of the network look like in 15
years How might the network years How might the network architecturearchitecture of 15 of 15 years hence best accommodate sensors embedded years hence best accommodate sensors embedded systems and the like systems and the like
How might the network of 15 years from now How might the network of 15 years from now supportsupport what users really do (and care about) How what users really do (and care about) How might such functions as information access location might such functions as information access location management or identity management best fit into a management or identity management best fit into a new overall network architecture new overall network architecture
What will the What will the core core of the network look like in 15 of the network look like in 15 years How might the changing economics of years How might the changing economics of optical systems affect the overall design of the larger optical systems affect the overall design of the larger networknetwork
FIRE (Future Internet Research and Experimentation) ndash European 2007 (1)
Internet has Internet has growngrown to an unexpected reach to an unexpected reach as for the as for the numbernumber of users of users capacitycapacity of the of the links broadband penetration to the links broadband penetration to the homehome servicesservices
ProblemsProblems spam viruses denial of service spam viruses denial of service attacks complexity of managementattacks complexity of management
Internet drawbacks and Internet drawbacks and limitationslimitations ndash to ndash to scalabilityscalability suitabilitysuitability mobilitymobility transparencytransparency securitysecurity
require new radical approaches to require new radical approaches to fundamentally redesign its protocols and fundamentally redesign its protocols and architectures architectures
FIRE (2) FIRE is an FIRE is an experimentallyexperimentally-driven -driven longlong-term research initiative on -term research initiative on
Future Internet Future Internet conceptsconcepts protocolsprotocols and and architecturesarchitectures encompassing technological industrial and socio-economic encompassing technological industrial and socio-economic
aspects aspects acting as proof-of-concept of the newly proposed acting as proof-of-concept of the newly proposed
technologies and services technologies and services FIRE RESEARCHFIRE RESEARCH
Long term multidisciplinary research on future internet Long term multidisciplinary research on future internet paradigms paradigms
Open to Open to fresh bottom-upfresh bottom-up ideas with ideas with no backwards-no backwards-compatibilitycompatibility constraints constraints
Building on the FET SAC initiative ldquoSituated and Autonomic Building on the FET SAC initiative ldquoSituated and Autonomic Communicationsrdquo Communicationsrdquo
Considering at the Considering at the same timesame time technological economic and technological economic and socialpolicy aspects socialpolicy aspects
Build in from the outset and on all levels the right Build in from the outset and on all levels the right balancebalance between security accountability and privacybetween security accountability and privacy
FIRE (3)
FIRE EXPERIMENTATIONFIRE EXPERIMENTATION Large scale experimentationLarge scale experimentation of new paradigms and of new paradigms and
concepts for the future internet and related service concepts for the future internet and related service architectures architectures
Learning through broad experimentation Learning through broad experimentation Integrating and validating new conceptsIntegrating and validating new concepts
Federating and extending Federating and extending existing testbedsexisting testbeds and and research infrastructures research infrastructures
no backwards-compatibility constraints no backwards-compatibility constraints European approach and develop a European European approach and develop a European
identityidentity
- Slide 1
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- Slide 115
-
History of the Internet (6) 1980rsquos new protocols a proliferation of net 1983deployment of TCPIP (Critical
separation Cohen) 1982SMTP e-mail protocol defined 1983DNS defined for name-to-IP-address
translation mid-1980rsquos IETF active 1985FTP protocol defined 1988TCP congestion control new national networks Csnet BITnet Minitel
NSFnet (15 Mbps10000 computers) NSI (NASA) ESNet(DOE) DARTnet TWBNet (DARPA)
100000 hosts connected to confederation of networks
History of the Internet (7) 1990rsquos commercialization the WWW Early 1990rsquos ARPAnet decommissioned 1991 NSFnet (45 Mbps) -gt commercial use of
NSF (decommissioned 1995) Late 1990rsquos
multiple private backbones 50 million computers on Internet 100 million+ users backbone links running at 1 Gbps
Early 1990s WWW hypertext [Bush 1945 Nelson 1960rsquos] HTML http Berners-Lee 1994 Mosaic later Netscape late 1990rsquos commercialization of the WWW
Growth of the Internet Today backbones run at 2410 Gbps Today backbones run at 2410 Gbps 400 millions computers in 150 countries400 millions computers in 150 countries
Internet 在中国 19931993 年年 33 月月中科院高能物理所 中科院高能物理所 64 Kbps64 Kbps TJU1995322TJU1995322 20062006 年年 1212 月月
计算机计算机 59405940 万万 用户 用户 1414 亿 亿 WWWWWW 站 站 8484 万万 CNCN 域名 域名 180180 万万 国际出口带宽 国际出口带宽 257 Gbps257 Gbps
连接美国俄罗斯法国英国德国日本连接美国俄罗斯法国英国德国日本韩国新加坡等 韩国新加坡等
Internet 提供的服务 Shared access to computing resources
telnet (1970rsquos) Shared access to data files
FTP NFS AFS (1980rsquos) Communication medium over which people interact
email (1980rsquos) on-line chat messaging (1990rsquos) audio video (1990rsquos)
replacing telephone network A medium for information dissemination
USENET (1980rsquos) WWW (1990rsquos)
replacing newspaper magazine audio video (1990rsquos)
replacing radio CD TV
Todayrsquos Internet
Internet Physical Infrastructure
Classification by Coverage
模型 协议 分层
Protocol Architecture
Donrsquot Need All Layers Everywhere
Protocol Data Unit - PDUs
Network Components (Examples)
Fibers
Coaxial Cable
Links Interfaces Switchesrouters
Ethernet card
Wireless card
Large router
Telephoneswitch
趋势 网络时代 每一件事务都是数字的 声音 视频 音
乐 画片 及生活日常事务 每一件事务都是在线的 银行结算 医疗
记录 各类书籍 航空日程 天气情况 公路交通 hellip
每个人之间都是相互联系的 医生 教师 经济人 母亲 儿子 朋友 敌人
趋势 网络时代 实现家庭
教育 办公 购物 娱乐 网上娱乐 虚拟工作场所
2000 年美国有五千五百万人实现远程工作
网络制造 电子商务 虚拟公司 虚拟制造与虚拟装配 ( 设计过程 ) 制造过程更加分散化并发进行 新型的价值链 虚拟兑现
趋势 网络时代
趋势 网络时代
网络制造 (1)
随着基于随着基于 InternetInternet 的全球化数字通信基础设的全球化数字通信基础设施的建立网络从单纯的信息工具变成rdquo施的建立网络从单纯的信息工具变成rdquo EE －－时代rdquo的关键资源时代rdquo的关键资源 全球经济一体化成为制造全球经济一体化成为制造业变革的最根本的推动力业变革的最根本的推动力
InternetInternet 向ldquo资源功能rdquo发展基于向ldquo资源功能rdquo发展基于InternetInternet 的网络化制造是适应时代的需要的网络化制造是适应时代的需要
网络制造的本质特性就是产品的制造过程更加网络制造的本质特性就是产品的制造过程更加分散化信息的传递网络化信息的流动伴随分散化信息的传递网络化信息的流动伴随着各项工作的并发进行而同时发生着各项工作的并发进行而同时发生
网络制造 (2)
基于基于 InternetInternet 的虚拟制造与虚拟装配的虚拟制造与虚拟装配 在相互联结的网络上建立在相互联结的网络上建立 2424 小时工作的协同小时工作的协同
工作组大大加快了设计进度及时获得所需工作组大大加快了设计进度及时获得所需要的零部件减少库存降低成本提高质量要的零部件减少库存降低成本提高质量
电子商务 信息技术和 Internet 引发的商务过程的变化 利用以 Internet 为核心的信息技术进行商
务活动和企业资源管理 CIMS 是企业实施电子商务的基础 企业实施电子商务是 CIMS 发展的主要标志和
主要内容
竞争环境改变 核心 产品竞争
电子商务产生背景
服务竞争
范围 单个企业 全球多企业
资源 人财物 信息知识
管理重心迁移 生产管理 供应 营销链管理
集中内部资源 整合外部资源
离散管理 集约管理
商务模式转化
bull文秘型管理bull关注后台（企业内部）bull关注业务记录（报表）bull地区性bull推销产品为中心bull（卖方市场）
bull自我服务型管理bull关注前端（客户关系）bull要求商业智能（分析）bull全球化bull客户为中心bull（买方市场）
传统商务 电子商务
客户
供应商
合作伙伴
网络智能
市场营销 产品 服务销售 产品制造
服务 支持
e 企业的业务体系结构
网络发展趋势 趋势趋势 融合融合 趋势趋势 泛在（泛在（ UbiquitousUbiquitous ）） 趋势趋势 信息爆炸信息爆炸 更多的网络业务流量更多的网络业务流量 数据流量 数据流量 gt gt 话声流量话声流量 更快的传输介质更快的传输介质 骨干网（骨干网（ BackboneBackbone ）） 更大的带宽（更大的带宽（ BandwidthBandwidth ）） 宽带无线网宽带无线网飞速增长飞速增长 (WLAN) (Wi-Fi)(WLAN) (Wi-Fi) Everything over IPEverything over IP
趋势 融合 新闻新闻 广告广告 -- 媒体媒体 --信息提供者信息提供者
数字媒体产品数字媒体产品 有线电视有线电视
视频传输视频传输 电话电话
声音传输声音传输 计算机计算机
数字媒体存储数字媒体存储 处理处理 信息提供者和信息传输者的结合信息提供者和信息传输者的结合 电话公司电话公司 有线公司有线公司 娱乐事业娱乐事业 和计算机公司和计算机公司
的结合的结合
Trend
趋势 更多的网络业务流量 互联网上的主机数正以超指数量级飞速增长互联网上的主机数正以超指数量级飞速增长 每个主机用户的业务量中也在增长每个主机用户的业务量中也在增长
局域网可达到 局域网可达到 1 1 GbpsGbps 有线电视调制解调器允许以有线电视调制解调器允许以 11到 到 10 10 MbpsMbps 的速的速
度访问主机度访问主机 应用应用 ADSLVDSLADSLVDSL 通过电话线可达到通过电话线可达到 6-6-
2727MbpsMbps 的速度的速度 宽带无线网宽带无线网 (Wi-Fi)(Wi-Fi)可达到可达到 11-54Mbps11-54Mbps 的速的速
度度 带宽需求每四个月增加一倍带宽需求每四个月增加一倍 数据流量 数据流量 gt gt 话声流量话声流量
Trend of Internet hosts 1980-2000
Trend Data gt Voice
趋势 更快的传输介质 局局域域网网 1 Gbps over 4-pair UTP-5 up to 100 m 1 Gbps over 4-pair UTP-5 up to 100 m
10Gbps being discussed10Gbps being discussed Was 1 Mbps (1Base-5) in 1984Was 1 Mbps (1Base-5) in 1984
骨干网光纤骨干网光纤 DWDMDWDM (( Dense Wavelength Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing)Division Multiplexing) OC-768 = 40 Gbps over a to 65 km OC-768 = 40 Gbps over a to 65 km
1600 Gbps - 10 Tbps1600 Gbps - 10 Tbps Was 100 Mbps (FDDI) in 1993Was 100 Mbps (FDDI) in 1993
无线网无线网 54 100 Mbps(100-2km) wireless 54 100 Mbps(100-2km) wireless networks 25 Gbps to 5km using light networks 25 Gbps to 5km using light Was 1 Mbps (IEEE 80211) in 1998Was 1 Mbps (IEEE 80211) in 1998
Trend Bandwidth
Why Optical Networks DWDM optoelectricl metro network
Trend Wireless Mobile (1)
Trend宽带无线网 (Wi-Fi)飞速增长
Trend宽带无线网 (Wi-Fi)飞速增长
Trend宽带无线网 (Wi-Fi)飞速增长
Trend宽带无线网 (Wi-Fi)飞速增长
Integration of 3G and WLAN- offer possibility of achieving anywhere anytime
high speed and low expense Internet access
3G3G WLANWLAN
Wide areaWide area Local areaLocal area
Low bit rate Low bit rate
(2M when stand (2M when stand still)still)
High bit rateHigh bit rate
(11M to 54M)(11M to 54M)
DataVoice serviceDataVoice service
((QoS supportQoS support))
Data serviceData service
High expenseHigh expense Low expenseLow expense
High mobilityHigh mobility Low mobilityLow mobility
Trend Everything over IP
Data over IP =gt IP needs Traffic Data over IP =gt IP needs Traffic engineeringengineering
Voice over IP =gt Quality of Service and Voice over IP =gt Quality of Service and SignalingSignaling
Backbone -- Optic networksBackbone -- Optic networks IP over ATM IP over ATM （（异步传输模式）异步传输模式） IP over SONET -- POS (Packet over SDH) IP over SONET -- POS (Packet over SDH)
(( 同步同步 )) IP over DWDMIP over DWDM
Asynchronous Transfer Mode ATM
1990rsquos00 standard for high-speed (155Mbps to 1990rsquos00 standard for high-speed (155Mbps to 622 Mbps and higher) 622 Mbps and higher) Broadband Integrated Broadband Integrated Service Digital NetworkService Digital Network architecture architecture
GoalGoal integrated end-end transport of carry integrated end-end transport of carry voice video datavoice video data meeting timingQoS requirements of voice meeting timingQoS requirements of voice
video (versus Internet best-effort model)video (versus Internet best-effort model) ldquoldquonext generationrdquo telephony technical roots next generationrdquo telephony technical roots
in telephone worldin telephone world packet-switching (fixed length packets packet-switching (fixed length packets
called ldquocellsrdquo) using called ldquocellsrdquo) using virtual circuitsvirtual circuits
ATM reference model
How far along are we
Standardization bodies - ATM Forum ITU-T Standardization bodies - ATM Forum ITU-T We may never see end-to-end ATM (1997)We may never see end-to-end ATM (1997)
ATM - too complex - too expansive ltIPgtATM - too complex - too expansive ltIPgt Backbone - 1995 vBNS (ATM) Backbone - 1995 vBNS (ATM)
- 1998 Abilene (SONET) - 2000 IP over - 1998 Abilene (SONET) - 2000 IP over DWDMDWDM
Internet technology + ATM philosophyInternet technology + ATM philosophy but ATM ideas continue to powerfully but ATM ideas continue to powerfully
influence design of next-generation influence design of next-generation InternetInternet
ex ex MPLSMPLS admission ctl resource admission ctl resource reservation hellipreservation hellip
Best of Both Worlds
Multiprotocol label switching (Multiprotocol label switching (MPLSMPLS)) MPLS + IP form a middle ground that MPLS + IP form a middle ground that
combines the best of IP and the best of combines the best of IP and the best of virtual virtual circuit switching technologiescircuit switching technologies
ATM and Frame Relay cannot easily come to ATM and Frame Relay cannot easily come to the middle so IP hasthe middle so IP has
Label Encapsulation
MPLS Encapsulation is specified over MPLS Encapsulation is specified over various media types Top labels may use various media types Top labels may use existing format lower label(s) use a new existing format lower label(s) use a new ldquoshimrdquo label formatldquoshimrdquo label format
Label Substitution Have a friend go to B ahead of you using one of the Have a friend go to B ahead of you using one of the
previous two techniques At every road they reserve previous two techniques At every road they reserve a lane just for you At every intersection they post a a lane just for you At every intersection they post a big sign that says for a given lane which way to turn big sign that says for a given lane which way to turn and what new lane to takeand what new lane to take
Future Internet Research and Experimentation
Todayrsquos Internet Millions of usersMillions of users Web email low-quality audio amp videoWeb email low-quality audio amp video Interconnect personal computers and serversInterconnect personal computers and servers Applications adapt to underlying technologyApplications adapt to underlying technology Todayrsquos Internet DoesnrsquotTodayrsquos Internet Doesnrsquot
Provide reliable end-to-end performanceProvide reliable end-to-end performanceEncourage cooperation on new capabilitiesEncourage cooperation on new capabilitiesAllow testing of new technologiesAllow testing of new technologiesSupport development of revolutionary Support development of revolutionary applicationsapplications
Tomorrowrsquos Internet
Billions of users and devicesBillions of users and devices Convergence of todayrsquos applications Convergence of todayrsquos applications with multimedia (telephony video-with multimedia (telephony video-conference HDTV)conference HDTV)
Interconnect personal computers Interconnect personal computers servers and embedded computersservers and embedded computers
New technologies enable unanticipated New technologies enable unanticipated applications (and create new challenges)applications (and create new challenges)
Vint Cerf Open Challenges
My primary disappointment has been the slow pace of high speed access for residential customers hellip
The second area of disappointment is the slow uptake of version 6 of the Internet protocol (IPv6)
Perhaps the third area is the continuing difficulty caused by viruses worms and distributed denial of service attacksrdquo
How to make the Internet better Addressing current problems
Security1048766 Privacy1048766 Self-diagnosis amp self-healing networks1048766 Cheap connectivity for poor area and third world countries1048766
Wireless mesh networks1048766 sensors1048766 Mobility1048766
New cool apps1048766 What is after IPTV VoIP BitTorrent
Why Internet2 (1996)
The Internet was not designed forThe Internet was not designed forMillions of usersMillions of usersCongestionCongestionMultimediaMultimediaReal time interactionReal time interaction
But only the Internet canBut only the Internet canAccommodate explosive growthAccommodate explosive growthEnable convergence of information Enable convergence of information work mass media and human work mass media and human collaborationcollaboration
Internet2 Project Develop and deploy advanced network Develop and deploy advanced network
applications and technologies accelerating applications and technologies accelerating the creation of tomorrowrsquos Internetthe creation of tomorrowrsquos Internet
GoalsGoals Enable new generation of applicationsEnable new generation of applications Re-create leading edge RampE network Re-create leading edge RampE network
capabilitycapability Transfer capability to the global Transfer capability to the global
production Internetproduction Internet 206 University Members Jan 2005206 University Members Jan 2005
Internet2 Focus Areas Advanced Network Infrastructure - AbileneAdvanced Network Infrastructure - Abilene
Backbones operate at 10 Gbps capacity - 100 Backbones operate at 10 Gbps capacity - 100 Gbps (2007)Gbps (2007)
Middleware Middleware A layer of software between the network and the A layer of software between the network and the
applications applications Authentication Identification Authorization Authentication Identification Authorization
Directories SecurityDirectories Security EngineeringEngineering
IPv6 Measurement Multicast QoS Routing IPv6 Measurement Multicast QoS Routing Security TopologySecurity Topology
Advanced ApplicationsAdvanced Applications Distributed computation Virtual laboratories Distributed computation Virtual laboratories
Digital libraries Distributed learning Digital video Digital libraries Distributed learning Digital video Tele-immersion All of the above in combinationTele-immersion All of the above in combination
Abilene Connections Apr-2000Abilene Connections July 2006
Abilene Connections Apr-2000Abilene International Peering 2006
Research andDevelopment
Commercialization
Partnerships
Privatization
Internet Development Spiral
Todayrsquos Internet
Internet2
University-led Federal agency-led
Developing education and research driven applications
Agency mission-driven and general purpose applications
Building out campus networks gigaPoPs and inter-gigapop
infrastructure
Funding research testbeds and agency research networks
Interconnecting and interoperating to provide advanced networking capabilities needed to support advanced
research and education applications
Internet2 and the Next Generation Internet Initiative
Internet2 NGI
Our Founding (Funding) Fable
Researchers invent new architectures Architectures are validated on a testbed IETF ISPs and router vendors collaborate to deploy new design
This is complete BS
Do Traditional Testbeds Really Test
Production-oriented testbeds Real traffic provides good validation But can test only very incremental changes
Research-oriented testbeds Can test radical architectures Lack of real traffic results in poor validation
Both are expensive (dedicated bandwidth)
What about Deployment Architectural change requires ISP consensus
- Hard to agree- No competitive advantage from architectural innovation
- All have huge sunk investment in the status quo
ISPs are unlikely candidates for architectural change
Architecture isnrsquot just static its decaying Ad hoc workarounds muddy the architectural waters
We are at an Impasse
We canrsquot test new architectures- Despite sizable investments in testbeds
We canrsquot deploy new architectures- And things are getting worse not better
Yet there are pressing requirements for which the current architecture is not well suited
The Communityrsquos Response Focus on areas where we can have impact
Empirical studies Incremental changes (subject to current constraints)
Small stream of architectural proposals Paper designs without hope of deployment
More science fiction than engineering Have largely abandoned hope of effecting fundamental architectural change
Living with rather than overcoming the impasse
Overcoming the Impasse
Must be able to test new architectures Wide range of architectures Real traffic from willing individuals Low overhead for individual researchers
Meet the grand challenge of reinventing the Internet
Empirical incremental research is great but not enough
If someone put us in charge what would we do
What about deployment Several options none good but no excuse to not have an answer to the grand challenge
Testing Virtual Testbed
Overlay testbed (think RON etc) Host proxy directs packets to overlay
Proxy must architecturally neutral and flexible
Individuals (anywhere) opt-in by turning on proxy
Shared testing infrastructure (think Planetlab) Overlay nodes shared among experiments
Slicing on per-packet timescales Virtualized routers
These ideas have turned into the GENI program
Why GENI (Global Environment for Network Innovations) Future Internet Network (2005)
The original designing idea of current information networks is basically a specific network supports one major service
The limitation of the original designing idea can not support the multiple requirements for networks and services (such as Telecom network Internet)
The original design mode of Internet leads to itrsquos shortage in mobility security controllable and administrable
We urgently need redesign the framework of new generation Internet to overcome the serious shortage of current Internet
Providing pervasive and trusted services based on a specific network has became the key research directions of national informatization
GENI (Global Environment for Network Innovations) - NSF 2005 (1)
What is GENIWhat is GENIGENI is GENI is a facility concepta facility concept being explored by being explored by the US computing community the US computing community
back to an NSF workshop in 2005back to an NSF workshop in 2005focus on focus on architecturalarchitectural research and research and provide the provide the experimentalexperimental infrastructure infrastructure needed to support that researchneeded to support that research
focus on the research agenda (and focus on the research agenda (and infrastructure needs) of the infrastructure needs) of the opticaloptical wirelesswireless sensorsensor network and network and distributeddistributed systems communitiessystems communities
GENI (Global Environment for Network Innovations) (2)
The goal of GENI The goal of GENI Goal a Future Internet that meets the Goal a Future Internet that meets the demands of 21st centurydemands of 21st century
to increase the to increase the qualityquality and and quantityquantity of of experimental experimental researchresearch outcomes in networking and distributed outcomes in networking and distributed systemssystems
to accelerate the to accelerate the transitiontransition of these outcomes into of these outcomes into products and servicesproducts and services
enhance economic competitiveness and secure enhance economic competitiveness and secure the Nations futurethe Nations future
Ultimately to lead to a Ultimately to lead to a transition of the transition of the InternetInternet
GENI Research Opportunities (3)
Two dichotomy thought (false or at least Two dichotomy thought (false or at least unnecessary)unnecessary)
a a clean slateclean slate reconceptualization of Internet reconceptualization of Internet architecture architecture
todays 30-year-old architecture that todays 30-year-old architecture that limit its limit its abilityability to cope with emerging threats and to cope with emerging threats and opportunitiesopportunities
bull eroding trust reduced innovation slowing eroding trust reduced innovation slowing updateupdate
future innovation will take the form of new future innovation will take the form of new services and applications running services and applications running on top of the on top of the InternetInternet
GENI Research Opportunities (4)
GENI discussion GENI discussion First we interpret Future Internet very broadly to First we interpret Future Internet very broadly to
include innovations at include innovations at any levelany level of the architecture of the architecture alternative protocols and architectures running alternative protocols and architectures running
inside the network (as overlays on top of inside the network (as overlays on top of todays network) todays network)
Second research should employ Second research should employ clean slate clean slate thinkingthinking but this does but this does not imply that an entirely not imply that an entirely newnew Internet will be necessary In other words Internet will be necessary In other words clean slate is a clean slate is a processprocess not a not a resultresult
Third opportunities Third opportunities betweenbetween two perspectives two perspectives exploring how todays architecture is best exploring how todays architecture is best
evolved to support emerging overlay services evolved to support emerging overlay services
GENI Facility Concept (5)
Facility ConceptFacility Concept experimental platforms for experimental platforms for bothboth research and research and
deploymentdeployment filling the filling the gapgap between small-scale exp and mature between small-scale exp and mature
tech tech GENI evaluate new network systems on large-GENI evaluate new network systems on large-
scalescale
Two levelsTwo levels Physical level Physical level GENI substrateGENI substrate will consist of a will consist of a
collection of links forwarders storage collection of links forwarders storage processors and wireless net processors and wireless net
On top of this substrate a On top of this substrate a software software management management frameworkframework will be overlay network experiments on will be overlay network experiments on
the substratethe substrate
GENI Facility Concept (6)
Four key ideasFour key ideas substrate components will be substrate components will be programmableprogrammable - -
possible to embed any network experiment including possible to embed any network experiment including clean-slate designs clean-slate designs
Substrate will be Substrate will be virtualizable virtualizable -- possible to embed possible to embed multiple slices in the substrate at the same time multiple slices in the substrate at the same time (allow experimental services and architectures to run (allow experimental services and architectures to run continuously) continuously)
GENI will include mechanisms that allow end-users GENI will include mechanisms that allow end-users to to seamlessly seamlessly opt-inopt-in to experimental services to experimental services
GENI will be GENI will be modularmodular ( (architecture and interfaces) - architecture and interfaces) - possible to extend GENI with new networking possible to extend GENI with new networking technologies GENI will not be a static artifact but technologies GENI will not be a static artifact but rather a rather a dynamic infrastructuredynamic infrastructure that is continually that is continually renewedrenewed
FIND (Future Internet Network Design) ndash NSF 2006 (1)
FIND asks two broad questionsFIND asks two broad questions What are the What are the requirementsrequirements for the global network for the global network
in 15 years in 15 years How How would we would we re-conceivere-conceive tomorrows global tomorrows global
network today if we could design it from scratch network today if we could design it from scratch FIND program solicits FIND program solicits clean slate processclean slate process research proposals in the broad area of research proposals in the broad area of network architecture principles and designnetwork architecture principles and design
FIND (Future Internet Network Design) (2)
FIND research might address wide questionsFIND research might address wide questions What will the What will the edgeedge of the network look like in 15 of the network look like in 15
years How might the network years How might the network architecturearchitecture of 15 of 15 years hence best accommodate sensors embedded years hence best accommodate sensors embedded systems and the like systems and the like
How might the network of 15 years from now How might the network of 15 years from now supportsupport what users really do (and care about) How what users really do (and care about) How might such functions as information access location might such functions as information access location management or identity management best fit into a management or identity management best fit into a new overall network architecture new overall network architecture
What will the What will the core core of the network look like in 15 of the network look like in 15 years How might the changing economics of years How might the changing economics of optical systems affect the overall design of the larger optical systems affect the overall design of the larger networknetwork
FIRE (Future Internet Research and Experimentation) ndash European 2007 (1)
Internet has Internet has growngrown to an unexpected reach to an unexpected reach as for the as for the numbernumber of users of users capacitycapacity of the of the links broadband penetration to the links broadband penetration to the homehome servicesservices
ProblemsProblems spam viruses denial of service spam viruses denial of service attacks complexity of managementattacks complexity of management
Internet drawbacks and Internet drawbacks and limitationslimitations ndash to ndash to scalabilityscalability suitabilitysuitability mobilitymobility transparencytransparency securitysecurity
require new radical approaches to require new radical approaches to fundamentally redesign its protocols and fundamentally redesign its protocols and architectures architectures
FIRE (2) FIRE is an FIRE is an experimentallyexperimentally-driven -driven longlong-term research initiative on -term research initiative on
Future Internet Future Internet conceptsconcepts protocolsprotocols and and architecturesarchitectures encompassing technological industrial and socio-economic encompassing technological industrial and socio-economic
aspects aspects acting as proof-of-concept of the newly proposed acting as proof-of-concept of the newly proposed
technologies and services technologies and services FIRE RESEARCHFIRE RESEARCH
Long term multidisciplinary research on future internet Long term multidisciplinary research on future internet paradigms paradigms
Open to Open to fresh bottom-upfresh bottom-up ideas with ideas with no backwards-no backwards-compatibilitycompatibility constraints constraints
Building on the FET SAC initiative ldquoSituated and Autonomic Building on the FET SAC initiative ldquoSituated and Autonomic Communicationsrdquo Communicationsrdquo
Considering at the Considering at the same timesame time technological economic and technological economic and socialpolicy aspects socialpolicy aspects
Build in from the outset and on all levels the right Build in from the outset and on all levels the right balancebalance between security accountability and privacybetween security accountability and privacy
FIRE (3)
FIRE EXPERIMENTATIONFIRE EXPERIMENTATION Large scale experimentationLarge scale experimentation of new paradigms and of new paradigms and
concepts for the future internet and related service concepts for the future internet and related service architectures architectures
Learning through broad experimentation Learning through broad experimentation Integrating and validating new conceptsIntegrating and validating new concepts
Federating and extending Federating and extending existing testbedsexisting testbeds and and research infrastructures research infrastructures
no backwards-compatibility constraints no backwards-compatibility constraints European approach and develop a European European approach and develop a European
identityidentity
- Slide 1
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- Slide 109
- Slide 110
- Slide 113
- Slide 114
- Slide 115
-
History of the Internet (7) 1990rsquos commercialization the WWW Early 1990rsquos ARPAnet decommissioned 1991 NSFnet (45 Mbps) -gt commercial use of
NSF (decommissioned 1995) Late 1990rsquos
multiple private backbones 50 million computers on Internet 100 million+ users backbone links running at 1 Gbps
Early 1990s WWW hypertext [Bush 1945 Nelson 1960rsquos] HTML http Berners-Lee 1994 Mosaic later Netscape late 1990rsquos commercialization of the WWW
Growth of the Internet Today backbones run at 2410 Gbps Today backbones run at 2410 Gbps 400 millions computers in 150 countries400 millions computers in 150 countries
Internet 在中国 19931993 年年 33 月月中科院高能物理所 中科院高能物理所 64 Kbps64 Kbps TJU1995322TJU1995322 20062006 年年 1212 月月
计算机计算机 59405940 万万 用户 用户 1414 亿 亿 WWWWWW 站 站 8484 万万 CNCN 域名 域名 180180 万万 国际出口带宽 国际出口带宽 257 Gbps257 Gbps
连接美国俄罗斯法国英国德国日本连接美国俄罗斯法国英国德国日本韩国新加坡等 韩国新加坡等
Internet 提供的服务 Shared access to computing resources
telnet (1970rsquos) Shared access to data files
FTP NFS AFS (1980rsquos) Communication medium over which people interact
email (1980rsquos) on-line chat messaging (1990rsquos) audio video (1990rsquos)
replacing telephone network A medium for information dissemination
USENET (1980rsquos) WWW (1990rsquos)
replacing newspaper magazine audio video (1990rsquos)
replacing radio CD TV
Todayrsquos Internet
Internet Physical Infrastructure
Classification by Coverage
模型 协议 分层
Protocol Architecture
Donrsquot Need All Layers Everywhere
Protocol Data Unit - PDUs
Network Components (Examples)
Fibers
Coaxial Cable
Links Interfaces Switchesrouters
Ethernet card
Wireless card
Large router
Telephoneswitch
趋势 网络时代 每一件事务都是数字的 声音 视频 音
乐 画片 及生活日常事务 每一件事务都是在线的 银行结算 医疗
记录 各类书籍 航空日程 天气情况 公路交通 hellip
每个人之间都是相互联系的 医生 教师 经济人 母亲 儿子 朋友 敌人
趋势 网络时代 实现家庭
教育 办公 购物 娱乐 网上娱乐 虚拟工作场所
2000 年美国有五千五百万人实现远程工作
网络制造 电子商务 虚拟公司 虚拟制造与虚拟装配 ( 设计过程 ) 制造过程更加分散化并发进行 新型的价值链 虚拟兑现
趋势 网络时代
趋势 网络时代
网络制造 (1)
随着基于随着基于 InternetInternet 的全球化数字通信基础设的全球化数字通信基础设施的建立网络从单纯的信息工具变成rdquo施的建立网络从单纯的信息工具变成rdquo EE －－时代rdquo的关键资源时代rdquo的关键资源 全球经济一体化成为制造全球经济一体化成为制造业变革的最根本的推动力业变革的最根本的推动力
InternetInternet 向ldquo资源功能rdquo发展基于向ldquo资源功能rdquo发展基于InternetInternet 的网络化制造是适应时代的需要的网络化制造是适应时代的需要
网络制造的本质特性就是产品的制造过程更加网络制造的本质特性就是产品的制造过程更加分散化信息的传递网络化信息的流动伴随分散化信息的传递网络化信息的流动伴随着各项工作的并发进行而同时发生着各项工作的并发进行而同时发生
网络制造 (2)
基于基于 InternetInternet 的虚拟制造与虚拟装配的虚拟制造与虚拟装配 在相互联结的网络上建立在相互联结的网络上建立 2424 小时工作的协同小时工作的协同
工作组大大加快了设计进度及时获得所需工作组大大加快了设计进度及时获得所需要的零部件减少库存降低成本提高质量要的零部件减少库存降低成本提高质量
电子商务 信息技术和 Internet 引发的商务过程的变化 利用以 Internet 为核心的信息技术进行商
务活动和企业资源管理 CIMS 是企业实施电子商务的基础 企业实施电子商务是 CIMS 发展的主要标志和
主要内容
竞争环境改变 核心 产品竞争
电子商务产生背景
服务竞争
范围 单个企业 全球多企业
资源 人财物 信息知识
管理重心迁移 生产管理 供应 营销链管理
集中内部资源 整合外部资源
离散管理 集约管理
商务模式转化
bull文秘型管理bull关注后台（企业内部）bull关注业务记录（报表）bull地区性bull推销产品为中心bull（卖方市场）
bull自我服务型管理bull关注前端（客户关系）bull要求商业智能（分析）bull全球化bull客户为中心bull（买方市场）
传统商务 电子商务
客户
供应商
合作伙伴
网络智能
市场营销 产品 服务销售 产品制造
服务 支持
e 企业的业务体系结构
网络发展趋势 趋势趋势 融合融合 趋势趋势 泛在（泛在（ UbiquitousUbiquitous ）） 趋势趋势 信息爆炸信息爆炸 更多的网络业务流量更多的网络业务流量 数据流量 数据流量 gt gt 话声流量话声流量 更快的传输介质更快的传输介质 骨干网（骨干网（ BackboneBackbone ）） 更大的带宽（更大的带宽（ BandwidthBandwidth ）） 宽带无线网宽带无线网飞速增长飞速增长 (WLAN) (Wi-Fi)(WLAN) (Wi-Fi) Everything over IPEverything over IP
趋势 融合 新闻新闻 广告广告 -- 媒体媒体 --信息提供者信息提供者
数字媒体产品数字媒体产品 有线电视有线电视
视频传输视频传输 电话电话
声音传输声音传输 计算机计算机
数字媒体存储数字媒体存储 处理处理 信息提供者和信息传输者的结合信息提供者和信息传输者的结合 电话公司电话公司 有线公司有线公司 娱乐事业娱乐事业 和计算机公司和计算机公司
的结合的结合
Trend
趋势 更多的网络业务流量 互联网上的主机数正以超指数量级飞速增长互联网上的主机数正以超指数量级飞速增长 每个主机用户的业务量中也在增长每个主机用户的业务量中也在增长
局域网可达到 局域网可达到 1 1 GbpsGbps 有线电视调制解调器允许以有线电视调制解调器允许以 11到 到 10 10 MbpsMbps 的速的速
度访问主机度访问主机 应用应用 ADSLVDSLADSLVDSL 通过电话线可达到通过电话线可达到 6-6-
2727MbpsMbps 的速度的速度 宽带无线网宽带无线网 (Wi-Fi)(Wi-Fi)可达到可达到 11-54Mbps11-54Mbps 的速的速
度度 带宽需求每四个月增加一倍带宽需求每四个月增加一倍 数据流量 数据流量 gt gt 话声流量话声流量
Trend of Internet hosts 1980-2000
Trend Data gt Voice
趋势 更快的传输介质 局局域域网网 1 Gbps over 4-pair UTP-5 up to 100 m 1 Gbps over 4-pair UTP-5 up to 100 m
10Gbps being discussed10Gbps being discussed Was 1 Mbps (1Base-5) in 1984Was 1 Mbps (1Base-5) in 1984
骨干网光纤骨干网光纤 DWDMDWDM (( Dense Wavelength Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing)Division Multiplexing) OC-768 = 40 Gbps over a to 65 km OC-768 = 40 Gbps over a to 65 km
1600 Gbps - 10 Tbps1600 Gbps - 10 Tbps Was 100 Mbps (FDDI) in 1993Was 100 Mbps (FDDI) in 1993
无线网无线网 54 100 Mbps(100-2km) wireless 54 100 Mbps(100-2km) wireless networks 25 Gbps to 5km using light networks 25 Gbps to 5km using light Was 1 Mbps (IEEE 80211) in 1998Was 1 Mbps (IEEE 80211) in 1998
Trend Bandwidth
Why Optical Networks DWDM optoelectricl metro network
Trend Wireless Mobile (1)
Trend宽带无线网 (Wi-Fi)飞速增长
Trend宽带无线网 (Wi-Fi)飞速增长
Trend宽带无线网 (Wi-Fi)飞速增长
Trend宽带无线网 (Wi-Fi)飞速增长
Integration of 3G and WLAN- offer possibility of achieving anywhere anytime
high speed and low expense Internet access
3G3G WLANWLAN
Wide areaWide area Local areaLocal area
Low bit rate Low bit rate
(2M when stand (2M when stand still)still)
High bit rateHigh bit rate
(11M to 54M)(11M to 54M)
DataVoice serviceDataVoice service
((QoS supportQoS support))
Data serviceData service
High expenseHigh expense Low expenseLow expense
High mobilityHigh mobility Low mobilityLow mobility
Trend Everything over IP
Data over IP =gt IP needs Traffic Data over IP =gt IP needs Traffic engineeringengineering
Voice over IP =gt Quality of Service and Voice over IP =gt Quality of Service and SignalingSignaling
Backbone -- Optic networksBackbone -- Optic networks IP over ATM IP over ATM （（异步传输模式）异步传输模式） IP over SONET -- POS (Packet over SDH) IP over SONET -- POS (Packet over SDH)
(( 同步同步 )) IP over DWDMIP over DWDM
Asynchronous Transfer Mode ATM
1990rsquos00 standard for high-speed (155Mbps to 1990rsquos00 standard for high-speed (155Mbps to 622 Mbps and higher) 622 Mbps and higher) Broadband Integrated Broadband Integrated Service Digital NetworkService Digital Network architecture architecture
GoalGoal integrated end-end transport of carry integrated end-end transport of carry voice video datavoice video data meeting timingQoS requirements of voice meeting timingQoS requirements of voice
video (versus Internet best-effort model)video (versus Internet best-effort model) ldquoldquonext generationrdquo telephony technical roots next generationrdquo telephony technical roots
in telephone worldin telephone world packet-switching (fixed length packets packet-switching (fixed length packets
called ldquocellsrdquo) using called ldquocellsrdquo) using virtual circuitsvirtual circuits
ATM reference model
How far along are we
Standardization bodies - ATM Forum ITU-T Standardization bodies - ATM Forum ITU-T We may never see end-to-end ATM (1997)We may never see end-to-end ATM (1997)
ATM - too complex - too expansive ltIPgtATM - too complex - too expansive ltIPgt Backbone - 1995 vBNS (ATM) Backbone - 1995 vBNS (ATM)
- 1998 Abilene (SONET) - 2000 IP over - 1998 Abilene (SONET) - 2000 IP over DWDMDWDM
Internet technology + ATM philosophyInternet technology + ATM philosophy but ATM ideas continue to powerfully but ATM ideas continue to powerfully
influence design of next-generation influence design of next-generation InternetInternet
ex ex MPLSMPLS admission ctl resource admission ctl resource reservation hellipreservation hellip
Best of Both Worlds
Multiprotocol label switching (Multiprotocol label switching (MPLSMPLS)) MPLS + IP form a middle ground that MPLS + IP form a middle ground that
combines the best of IP and the best of combines the best of IP and the best of virtual virtual circuit switching technologiescircuit switching technologies
ATM and Frame Relay cannot easily come to ATM and Frame Relay cannot easily come to the middle so IP hasthe middle so IP has
Label Encapsulation
MPLS Encapsulation is specified over MPLS Encapsulation is specified over various media types Top labels may use various media types Top labels may use existing format lower label(s) use a new existing format lower label(s) use a new ldquoshimrdquo label formatldquoshimrdquo label format
Label Substitution Have a friend go to B ahead of you using one of the Have a friend go to B ahead of you using one of the
previous two techniques At every road they reserve previous two techniques At every road they reserve a lane just for you At every intersection they post a a lane just for you At every intersection they post a big sign that says for a given lane which way to turn big sign that says for a given lane which way to turn and what new lane to takeand what new lane to take
Future Internet Research and Experimentation
Todayrsquos Internet Millions of usersMillions of users Web email low-quality audio amp videoWeb email low-quality audio amp video Interconnect personal computers and serversInterconnect personal computers and servers Applications adapt to underlying technologyApplications adapt to underlying technology Todayrsquos Internet DoesnrsquotTodayrsquos Internet Doesnrsquot
Provide reliable end-to-end performanceProvide reliable end-to-end performanceEncourage cooperation on new capabilitiesEncourage cooperation on new capabilitiesAllow testing of new technologiesAllow testing of new technologiesSupport development of revolutionary Support development of revolutionary applicationsapplications
Tomorrowrsquos Internet
Billions of users and devicesBillions of users and devices Convergence of todayrsquos applications Convergence of todayrsquos applications with multimedia (telephony video-with multimedia (telephony video-conference HDTV)conference HDTV)
Interconnect personal computers Interconnect personal computers servers and embedded computersservers and embedded computers
New technologies enable unanticipated New technologies enable unanticipated applications (and create new challenges)applications (and create new challenges)
Vint Cerf Open Challenges
My primary disappointment has been the slow pace of high speed access for residential customers hellip
The second area of disappointment is the slow uptake of version 6 of the Internet protocol (IPv6)
Perhaps the third area is the continuing difficulty caused by viruses worms and distributed denial of service attacksrdquo
How to make the Internet better Addressing current problems
Security1048766 Privacy1048766 Self-diagnosis amp self-healing networks1048766 Cheap connectivity for poor area and third world countries1048766
Wireless mesh networks1048766 sensors1048766 Mobility1048766
New cool apps1048766 What is after IPTV VoIP BitTorrent
Why Internet2 (1996)
The Internet was not designed forThe Internet was not designed forMillions of usersMillions of usersCongestionCongestionMultimediaMultimediaReal time interactionReal time interaction
But only the Internet canBut only the Internet canAccommodate explosive growthAccommodate explosive growthEnable convergence of information Enable convergence of information work mass media and human work mass media and human collaborationcollaboration
Internet2 Project Develop and deploy advanced network Develop and deploy advanced network
applications and technologies accelerating applications and technologies accelerating the creation of tomorrowrsquos Internetthe creation of tomorrowrsquos Internet
GoalsGoals Enable new generation of applicationsEnable new generation of applications Re-create leading edge RampE network Re-create leading edge RampE network
capabilitycapability Transfer capability to the global Transfer capability to the global
production Internetproduction Internet 206 University Members Jan 2005206 University Members Jan 2005
Internet2 Focus Areas Advanced Network Infrastructure - AbileneAdvanced Network Infrastructure - Abilene
Backbones operate at 10 Gbps capacity - 100 Backbones operate at 10 Gbps capacity - 100 Gbps (2007)Gbps (2007)
Middleware Middleware A layer of software between the network and the A layer of software between the network and the
applications applications Authentication Identification Authorization Authentication Identification Authorization
Directories SecurityDirectories Security EngineeringEngineering
IPv6 Measurement Multicast QoS Routing IPv6 Measurement Multicast QoS Routing Security TopologySecurity Topology
Advanced ApplicationsAdvanced Applications Distributed computation Virtual laboratories Distributed computation Virtual laboratories
Digital libraries Distributed learning Digital video Digital libraries Distributed learning Digital video Tele-immersion All of the above in combinationTele-immersion All of the above in combination
Abilene Connections Apr-2000Abilene Connections July 2006
Abilene Connections Apr-2000Abilene International Peering 2006
Research andDevelopment
Commercialization
Partnerships
Privatization
Internet Development Spiral
Todayrsquos Internet
Internet2
University-led Federal agency-led
Developing education and research driven applications
Agency mission-driven and general purpose applications
Building out campus networks gigaPoPs and inter-gigapop
infrastructure
Funding research testbeds and agency research networks
Interconnecting and interoperating to provide advanced networking capabilities needed to support advanced
research and education applications
Internet2 and the Next Generation Internet Initiative
Internet2 NGI
Our Founding (Funding) Fable
Researchers invent new architectures Architectures are validated on a testbed IETF ISPs and router vendors collaborate to deploy new design
This is complete BS
Do Traditional Testbeds Really Test
Production-oriented testbeds Real traffic provides good validation But can test only very incremental changes
Research-oriented testbeds Can test radical architectures Lack of real traffic results in poor validation
Both are expensive (dedicated bandwidth)
What about Deployment Architectural change requires ISP consensus
- Hard to agree- No competitive advantage from architectural innovation
- All have huge sunk investment in the status quo
ISPs are unlikely candidates for architectural change
Architecture isnrsquot just static its decaying Ad hoc workarounds muddy the architectural waters
We are at an Impasse
We canrsquot test new architectures- Despite sizable investments in testbeds
We canrsquot deploy new architectures- And things are getting worse not better
Yet there are pressing requirements for which the current architecture is not well suited
The Communityrsquos Response Focus on areas where we can have impact
Empirical studies Incremental changes (subject to current constraints)
Small stream of architectural proposals Paper designs without hope of deployment
More science fiction than engineering Have largely abandoned hope of effecting fundamental architectural change
Living with rather than overcoming the impasse
Overcoming the Impasse
Must be able to test new architectures Wide range of architectures Real traffic from willing individuals Low overhead for individual researchers
Meet the grand challenge of reinventing the Internet
Empirical incremental research is great but not enough
If someone put us in charge what would we do
What about deployment Several options none good but no excuse to not have an answer to the grand challenge
Testing Virtual Testbed
Overlay testbed (think RON etc) Host proxy directs packets to overlay
Proxy must architecturally neutral and flexible
Individuals (anywhere) opt-in by turning on proxy
Shared testing infrastructure (think Planetlab) Overlay nodes shared among experiments
Slicing on per-packet timescales Virtualized routers
These ideas have turned into the GENI program
Why GENI (Global Environment for Network Innovations) Future Internet Network (2005)
The original designing idea of current information networks is basically a specific network supports one major service
The limitation of the original designing idea can not support the multiple requirements for networks and services (such as Telecom network Internet)
The original design mode of Internet leads to itrsquos shortage in mobility security controllable and administrable
We urgently need redesign the framework of new generation Internet to overcome the serious shortage of current Internet
Providing pervasive and trusted services based on a specific network has became the key research directions of national informatization
GENI (Global Environment for Network Innovations) - NSF 2005 (1)
What is GENIWhat is GENIGENI is GENI is a facility concepta facility concept being explored by being explored by the US computing community the US computing community
back to an NSF workshop in 2005back to an NSF workshop in 2005focus on focus on architecturalarchitectural research and research and provide the provide the experimentalexperimental infrastructure infrastructure needed to support that researchneeded to support that research
focus on the research agenda (and focus on the research agenda (and infrastructure needs) of the infrastructure needs) of the opticaloptical wirelesswireless sensorsensor network and network and distributeddistributed systems communitiessystems communities
GENI (Global Environment for Network Innovations) (2)
The goal of GENI The goal of GENI Goal a Future Internet that meets the Goal a Future Internet that meets the demands of 21st centurydemands of 21st century
to increase the to increase the qualityquality and and quantityquantity of of experimental experimental researchresearch outcomes in networking and distributed outcomes in networking and distributed systemssystems
to accelerate the to accelerate the transitiontransition of these outcomes into of these outcomes into products and servicesproducts and services
enhance economic competitiveness and secure enhance economic competitiveness and secure the Nations futurethe Nations future
Ultimately to lead to a Ultimately to lead to a transition of the transition of the InternetInternet
GENI Research Opportunities (3)
Two dichotomy thought (false or at least Two dichotomy thought (false or at least unnecessary)unnecessary)
a a clean slateclean slate reconceptualization of Internet reconceptualization of Internet architecture architecture
todays 30-year-old architecture that todays 30-year-old architecture that limit its limit its abilityability to cope with emerging threats and to cope with emerging threats and opportunitiesopportunities
bull eroding trust reduced innovation slowing eroding trust reduced innovation slowing updateupdate
future innovation will take the form of new future innovation will take the form of new services and applications running services and applications running on top of the on top of the InternetInternet
GENI Research Opportunities (4)
GENI discussion GENI discussion First we interpret Future Internet very broadly to First we interpret Future Internet very broadly to
include innovations at include innovations at any levelany level of the architecture of the architecture alternative protocols and architectures running alternative protocols and architectures running
inside the network (as overlays on top of inside the network (as overlays on top of todays network) todays network)
Second research should employ Second research should employ clean slate clean slate thinkingthinking but this does but this does not imply that an entirely not imply that an entirely newnew Internet will be necessary In other words Internet will be necessary In other words clean slate is a clean slate is a processprocess not a not a resultresult
Third opportunities Third opportunities betweenbetween two perspectives two perspectives exploring how todays architecture is best exploring how todays architecture is best
evolved to support emerging overlay services evolved to support emerging overlay services
GENI Facility Concept (5)
Facility ConceptFacility Concept experimental platforms for experimental platforms for bothboth research and research and
deploymentdeployment filling the filling the gapgap between small-scale exp and mature between small-scale exp and mature
tech tech GENI evaluate new network systems on large-GENI evaluate new network systems on large-
scalescale
Two levelsTwo levels Physical level Physical level GENI substrateGENI substrate will consist of a will consist of a
collection of links forwarders storage collection of links forwarders storage processors and wireless net processors and wireless net
On top of this substrate a On top of this substrate a software software management management frameworkframework will be overlay network experiments on will be overlay network experiments on
the substratethe substrate
GENI Facility Concept (6)
Four key ideasFour key ideas substrate components will be substrate components will be programmableprogrammable - -
possible to embed any network experiment including possible to embed any network experiment including clean-slate designs clean-slate designs
Substrate will be Substrate will be virtualizable virtualizable -- possible to embed possible to embed multiple slices in the substrate at the same time multiple slices in the substrate at the same time (allow experimental services and architectures to run (allow experimental services and architectures to run continuously) continuously)
GENI will include mechanisms that allow end-users GENI will include mechanisms that allow end-users to to seamlessly seamlessly opt-inopt-in to experimental services to experimental services
GENI will be GENI will be modularmodular ( (architecture and interfaces) - architecture and interfaces) - possible to extend GENI with new networking possible to extend GENI with new networking technologies GENI will not be a static artifact but technologies GENI will not be a static artifact but rather a rather a dynamic infrastructuredynamic infrastructure that is continually that is continually renewedrenewed
FIND (Future Internet Network Design) ndash NSF 2006 (1)
FIND asks two broad questionsFIND asks two broad questions What are the What are the requirementsrequirements for the global network for the global network
in 15 years in 15 years How How would we would we re-conceivere-conceive tomorrows global tomorrows global
network today if we could design it from scratch network today if we could design it from scratch FIND program solicits FIND program solicits clean slate processclean slate process research proposals in the broad area of research proposals in the broad area of network architecture principles and designnetwork architecture principles and design
FIND (Future Internet Network Design) (2)
FIND research might address wide questionsFIND research might address wide questions What will the What will the edgeedge of the network look like in 15 of the network look like in 15
years How might the network years How might the network architecturearchitecture of 15 of 15 years hence best accommodate sensors embedded years hence best accommodate sensors embedded systems and the like systems and the like
How might the network of 15 years from now How might the network of 15 years from now supportsupport what users really do (and care about) How what users really do (and care about) How might such functions as information access location might such functions as information access location management or identity management best fit into a management or identity management best fit into a new overall network architecture new overall network architecture
What will the What will the core core of the network look like in 15 of the network look like in 15 years How might the changing economics of years How might the changing economics of optical systems affect the overall design of the larger optical systems affect the overall design of the larger networknetwork
FIRE (Future Internet Research and Experimentation) ndash European 2007 (1)
Internet has Internet has growngrown to an unexpected reach to an unexpected reach as for the as for the numbernumber of users of users capacitycapacity of the of the links broadband penetration to the links broadband penetration to the homehome servicesservices
ProblemsProblems spam viruses denial of service spam viruses denial of service attacks complexity of managementattacks complexity of management
Internet drawbacks and Internet drawbacks and limitationslimitations ndash to ndash to scalabilityscalability suitabilitysuitability mobilitymobility transparencytransparency securitysecurity
require new radical approaches to require new radical approaches to fundamentally redesign its protocols and fundamentally redesign its protocols and architectures architectures
FIRE (2) FIRE is an FIRE is an experimentallyexperimentally-driven -driven longlong-term research initiative on -term research initiative on
Future Internet Future Internet conceptsconcepts protocolsprotocols and and architecturesarchitectures encompassing technological industrial and socio-economic encompassing technological industrial and socio-economic
aspects aspects acting as proof-of-concept of the newly proposed acting as proof-of-concept of the newly proposed
technologies and services technologies and services FIRE RESEARCHFIRE RESEARCH
Long term multidisciplinary research on future internet Long term multidisciplinary research on future internet paradigms paradigms
Open to Open to fresh bottom-upfresh bottom-up ideas with ideas with no backwards-no backwards-compatibilitycompatibility constraints constraints
Building on the FET SAC initiative ldquoSituated and Autonomic Building on the FET SAC initiative ldquoSituated and Autonomic Communicationsrdquo Communicationsrdquo
Considering at the Considering at the same timesame time technological economic and technological economic and socialpolicy aspects socialpolicy aspects
Build in from the outset and on all levels the right Build in from the outset and on all levels the right balancebalance between security accountability and privacybetween security accountability and privacy
FIRE (3)
FIRE EXPERIMENTATIONFIRE EXPERIMENTATION Large scale experimentationLarge scale experimentation of new paradigms and of new paradigms and
concepts for the future internet and related service concepts for the future internet and related service architectures architectures
Learning through broad experimentation Learning through broad experimentation Integrating and validating new conceptsIntegrating and validating new concepts
Federating and extending Federating and extending existing testbedsexisting testbeds and and research infrastructures research infrastructures
no backwards-compatibility constraints no backwards-compatibility constraints European approach and develop a European European approach and develop a European
identityidentity
- Slide 1
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- Slide 34
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- Slide 36
- Slide 37
- Slide 38
- Slide 39
- Slide 40
- Slide 41
- Slide 42
- Slide 43
- Slide 44
- Slide 45
- Slide 46
- Slide 47
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- Slide 49
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- Slide 53
- Slide 54
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- Slide 88
- Slide 89
- Slide 90
- Slide 91
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- Slide 95
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- Slide 97
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- Slide 99
- Slide 100
- Slide 101
- Slide 102
- Slide 103
- Slide 104
- Slide 105
- Slide 106
- Slide 107
- Slide 108
- Slide 109
- Slide 110
- Slide 113
- Slide 114
- Slide 115
-
Growth of the Internet Today backbones run at 2410 Gbps Today backbones run at 2410 Gbps 400 millions computers in 150 countries400 millions computers in 150 countries
Internet 在中国 19931993 年年 33 月月中科院高能物理所 中科院高能物理所 64 Kbps64 Kbps TJU1995322TJU1995322 20062006 年年 1212 月月
计算机计算机 59405940 万万 用户 用户 1414 亿 亿 WWWWWW 站 站 8484 万万 CNCN 域名 域名 180180 万万 国际出口带宽 国际出口带宽 257 Gbps257 Gbps
连接美国俄罗斯法国英国德国日本连接美国俄罗斯法国英国德国日本韩国新加坡等 韩国新加坡等
Internet 提供的服务 Shared access to computing resources
telnet (1970rsquos) Shared access to data files
FTP NFS AFS (1980rsquos) Communication medium over which people interact
email (1980rsquos) on-line chat messaging (1990rsquos) audio video (1990rsquos)
replacing telephone network A medium for information dissemination
USENET (1980rsquos) WWW (1990rsquos)
replacing newspaper magazine audio video (1990rsquos)
replacing radio CD TV
Todayrsquos Internet
Internet Physical Infrastructure
Classification by Coverage
模型 协议 分层
Protocol Architecture
Donrsquot Need All Layers Everywhere
Protocol Data Unit - PDUs
Network Components (Examples)
Fibers
Coaxial Cable
Links Interfaces Switchesrouters
Ethernet card
Wireless card
Large router
Telephoneswitch
趋势 网络时代 每一件事务都是数字的 声音 视频 音
乐 画片 及生活日常事务 每一件事务都是在线的 银行结算 医疗
记录 各类书籍 航空日程 天气情况 公路交通 hellip
每个人之间都是相互联系的 医生 教师 经济人 母亲 儿子 朋友 敌人
趋势 网络时代 实现家庭
教育 办公 购物 娱乐 网上娱乐 虚拟工作场所
2000 年美国有五千五百万人实现远程工作
网络制造 电子商务 虚拟公司 虚拟制造与虚拟装配 ( 设计过程 ) 制造过程更加分散化并发进行 新型的价值链 虚拟兑现
趋势 网络时代
趋势 网络时代
网络制造 (1)
随着基于随着基于 InternetInternet 的全球化数字通信基础设的全球化数字通信基础设施的建立网络从单纯的信息工具变成rdquo施的建立网络从单纯的信息工具变成rdquo EE －－时代rdquo的关键资源时代rdquo的关键资源 全球经济一体化成为制造全球经济一体化成为制造业变革的最根本的推动力业变革的最根本的推动力
InternetInternet 向ldquo资源功能rdquo发展基于向ldquo资源功能rdquo发展基于InternetInternet 的网络化制造是适应时代的需要的网络化制造是适应时代的需要
网络制造的本质特性就是产品的制造过程更加网络制造的本质特性就是产品的制造过程更加分散化信息的传递网络化信息的流动伴随分散化信息的传递网络化信息的流动伴随着各项工作的并发进行而同时发生着各项工作的并发进行而同时发生
网络制造 (2)
基于基于 InternetInternet 的虚拟制造与虚拟装配的虚拟制造与虚拟装配 在相互联结的网络上建立在相互联结的网络上建立 2424 小时工作的协同小时工作的协同
工作组大大加快了设计进度及时获得所需工作组大大加快了设计进度及时获得所需要的零部件减少库存降低成本提高质量要的零部件减少库存降低成本提高质量
电子商务 信息技术和 Internet 引发的商务过程的变化 利用以 Internet 为核心的信息技术进行商
务活动和企业资源管理 CIMS 是企业实施电子商务的基础 企业实施电子商务是 CIMS 发展的主要标志和
主要内容
竞争环境改变 核心 产品竞争
电子商务产生背景
服务竞争
范围 单个企业 全球多企业
资源 人财物 信息知识
管理重心迁移 生产管理 供应 营销链管理
集中内部资源 整合外部资源
离散管理 集约管理
商务模式转化
bull文秘型管理bull关注后台（企业内部）bull关注业务记录（报表）bull地区性bull推销产品为中心bull（卖方市场）
bull自我服务型管理bull关注前端（客户关系）bull要求商业智能（分析）bull全球化bull客户为中心bull（买方市场）
传统商务 电子商务
客户
供应商
合作伙伴
网络智能
市场营销 产品 服务销售 产品制造
服务 支持
e 企业的业务体系结构
网络发展趋势 趋势趋势 融合融合 趋势趋势 泛在（泛在（ UbiquitousUbiquitous ）） 趋势趋势 信息爆炸信息爆炸 更多的网络业务流量更多的网络业务流量 数据流量 数据流量 gt gt 话声流量话声流量 更快的传输介质更快的传输介质 骨干网（骨干网（ BackboneBackbone ）） 更大的带宽（更大的带宽（ BandwidthBandwidth ）） 宽带无线网宽带无线网飞速增长飞速增长 (WLAN) (Wi-Fi)(WLAN) (Wi-Fi) Everything over IPEverything over IP
趋势 融合 新闻新闻 广告广告 -- 媒体媒体 --信息提供者信息提供者
数字媒体产品数字媒体产品 有线电视有线电视
视频传输视频传输 电话电话
声音传输声音传输 计算机计算机
数字媒体存储数字媒体存储 处理处理 信息提供者和信息传输者的结合信息提供者和信息传输者的结合 电话公司电话公司 有线公司有线公司 娱乐事业娱乐事业 和计算机公司和计算机公司
的结合的结合
Trend
趋势 更多的网络业务流量 互联网上的主机数正以超指数量级飞速增长互联网上的主机数正以超指数量级飞速增长 每个主机用户的业务量中也在增长每个主机用户的业务量中也在增长
局域网可达到 局域网可达到 1 1 GbpsGbps 有线电视调制解调器允许以有线电视调制解调器允许以 11到 到 10 10 MbpsMbps 的速的速
度访问主机度访问主机 应用应用 ADSLVDSLADSLVDSL 通过电话线可达到通过电话线可达到 6-6-
2727MbpsMbps 的速度的速度 宽带无线网宽带无线网 (Wi-Fi)(Wi-Fi)可达到可达到 11-54Mbps11-54Mbps 的速的速
度度 带宽需求每四个月增加一倍带宽需求每四个月增加一倍 数据流量 数据流量 gt gt 话声流量话声流量
Trend of Internet hosts 1980-2000
Trend Data gt Voice
趋势 更快的传输介质 局局域域网网 1 Gbps over 4-pair UTP-5 up to 100 m 1 Gbps over 4-pair UTP-5 up to 100 m
10Gbps being discussed10Gbps being discussed Was 1 Mbps (1Base-5) in 1984Was 1 Mbps (1Base-5) in 1984
骨干网光纤骨干网光纤 DWDMDWDM (( Dense Wavelength Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing)Division Multiplexing) OC-768 = 40 Gbps over a to 65 km OC-768 = 40 Gbps over a to 65 km
1600 Gbps - 10 Tbps1600 Gbps - 10 Tbps Was 100 Mbps (FDDI) in 1993Was 100 Mbps (FDDI) in 1993
无线网无线网 54 100 Mbps(100-2km) wireless 54 100 Mbps(100-2km) wireless networks 25 Gbps to 5km using light networks 25 Gbps to 5km using light Was 1 Mbps (IEEE 80211) in 1998Was 1 Mbps (IEEE 80211) in 1998
Trend Bandwidth
Why Optical Networks DWDM optoelectricl metro network
Trend Wireless Mobile (1)
Trend宽带无线网 (Wi-Fi)飞速增长
Trend宽带无线网 (Wi-Fi)飞速增长
Trend宽带无线网 (Wi-Fi)飞速增长
Trend宽带无线网 (Wi-Fi)飞速增长
Integration of 3G and WLAN- offer possibility of achieving anywhere anytime
high speed and low expense Internet access
3G3G WLANWLAN
Wide areaWide area Local areaLocal area
Low bit rate Low bit rate
(2M when stand (2M when stand still)still)
High bit rateHigh bit rate
(11M to 54M)(11M to 54M)
DataVoice serviceDataVoice service
((QoS supportQoS support))
Data serviceData service
High expenseHigh expense Low expenseLow expense
High mobilityHigh mobility Low mobilityLow mobility
Trend Everything over IP
Data over IP =gt IP needs Traffic Data over IP =gt IP needs Traffic engineeringengineering
Voice over IP =gt Quality of Service and Voice over IP =gt Quality of Service and SignalingSignaling
Backbone -- Optic networksBackbone -- Optic networks IP over ATM IP over ATM （（异步传输模式）异步传输模式） IP over SONET -- POS (Packet over SDH) IP over SONET -- POS (Packet over SDH)
(( 同步同步 )) IP over DWDMIP over DWDM
Asynchronous Transfer Mode ATM
1990rsquos00 standard for high-speed (155Mbps to 1990rsquos00 standard for high-speed (155Mbps to 622 Mbps and higher) 622 Mbps and higher) Broadband Integrated Broadband Integrated Service Digital NetworkService Digital Network architecture architecture
GoalGoal integrated end-end transport of carry integrated end-end transport of carry voice video datavoice video data meeting timingQoS requirements of voice meeting timingQoS requirements of voice
video (versus Internet best-effort model)video (versus Internet best-effort model) ldquoldquonext generationrdquo telephony technical roots next generationrdquo telephony technical roots
in telephone worldin telephone world packet-switching (fixed length packets packet-switching (fixed length packets
called ldquocellsrdquo) using called ldquocellsrdquo) using virtual circuitsvirtual circuits
ATM reference model
How far along are we
Standardization bodies - ATM Forum ITU-T Standardization bodies - ATM Forum ITU-T We may never see end-to-end ATM (1997)We may never see end-to-end ATM (1997)
ATM - too complex - too expansive ltIPgtATM - too complex - too expansive ltIPgt Backbone - 1995 vBNS (ATM) Backbone - 1995 vBNS (ATM)
- 1998 Abilene (SONET) - 2000 IP over - 1998 Abilene (SONET) - 2000 IP over DWDMDWDM
Internet technology + ATM philosophyInternet technology + ATM philosophy but ATM ideas continue to powerfully but ATM ideas continue to powerfully
influence design of next-generation influence design of next-generation InternetInternet
ex ex MPLSMPLS admission ctl resource admission ctl resource reservation hellipreservation hellip
Best of Both Worlds
Multiprotocol label switching (Multiprotocol label switching (MPLSMPLS)) MPLS + IP form a middle ground that MPLS + IP form a middle ground that
combines the best of IP and the best of combines the best of IP and the best of virtual virtual circuit switching technologiescircuit switching technologies
ATM and Frame Relay cannot easily come to ATM and Frame Relay cannot easily come to the middle so IP hasthe middle so IP has
Label Encapsulation
MPLS Encapsulation is specified over MPLS Encapsulation is specified over various media types Top labels may use various media types Top labels may use existing format lower label(s) use a new existing format lower label(s) use a new ldquoshimrdquo label formatldquoshimrdquo label format
Label Substitution Have a friend go to B ahead of you using one of the Have a friend go to B ahead of you using one of the
previous two techniques At every road they reserve previous two techniques At every road they reserve a lane just for you At every intersection they post a a lane just for you At every intersection they post a big sign that says for a given lane which way to turn big sign that says for a given lane which way to turn and what new lane to takeand what new lane to take
Future Internet Research and Experimentation
Todayrsquos Internet Millions of usersMillions of users Web email low-quality audio amp videoWeb email low-quality audio amp video Interconnect personal computers and serversInterconnect personal computers and servers Applications adapt to underlying technologyApplications adapt to underlying technology Todayrsquos Internet DoesnrsquotTodayrsquos Internet Doesnrsquot
Provide reliable end-to-end performanceProvide reliable end-to-end performanceEncourage cooperation on new capabilitiesEncourage cooperation on new capabilitiesAllow testing of new technologiesAllow testing of new technologiesSupport development of revolutionary Support development of revolutionary applicationsapplications
Tomorrowrsquos Internet
Billions of users and devicesBillions of users and devices Convergence of todayrsquos applications Convergence of todayrsquos applications with multimedia (telephony video-with multimedia (telephony video-conference HDTV)conference HDTV)
Interconnect personal computers Interconnect personal computers servers and embedded computersservers and embedded computers
New technologies enable unanticipated New technologies enable unanticipated applications (and create new challenges)applications (and create new challenges)
Vint Cerf Open Challenges
My primary disappointment has been the slow pace of high speed access for residential customers hellip
The second area of disappointment is the slow uptake of version 6 of the Internet protocol (IPv6)
Perhaps the third area is the continuing difficulty caused by viruses worms and distributed denial of service attacksrdquo
How to make the Internet better Addressing current problems
Security1048766 Privacy1048766 Self-diagnosis amp self-healing networks1048766 Cheap connectivity for poor area and third world countries1048766
Wireless mesh networks1048766 sensors1048766 Mobility1048766
New cool apps1048766 What is after IPTV VoIP BitTorrent
Why Internet2 (1996)
The Internet was not designed forThe Internet was not designed forMillions of usersMillions of usersCongestionCongestionMultimediaMultimediaReal time interactionReal time interaction
But only the Internet canBut only the Internet canAccommodate explosive growthAccommodate explosive growthEnable convergence of information Enable convergence of information work mass media and human work mass media and human collaborationcollaboration
Internet2 Project Develop and deploy advanced network Develop and deploy advanced network
applications and technologies accelerating applications and technologies accelerating the creation of tomorrowrsquos Internetthe creation of tomorrowrsquos Internet
GoalsGoals Enable new generation of applicationsEnable new generation of applications Re-create leading edge RampE network Re-create leading edge RampE network
capabilitycapability Transfer capability to the global Transfer capability to the global
production Internetproduction Internet 206 University Members Jan 2005206 University Members Jan 2005
Internet2 Focus Areas Advanced Network Infrastructure - AbileneAdvanced Network Infrastructure - Abilene
Backbones operate at 10 Gbps capacity - 100 Backbones operate at 10 Gbps capacity - 100 Gbps (2007)Gbps (2007)
Middleware Middleware A layer of software between the network and the A layer of software between the network and the
applications applications Authentication Identification Authorization Authentication Identification Authorization
Directories SecurityDirectories Security EngineeringEngineering
IPv6 Measurement Multicast QoS Routing IPv6 Measurement Multicast QoS Routing Security TopologySecurity Topology
Advanced ApplicationsAdvanced Applications Distributed computation Virtual laboratories Distributed computation Virtual laboratories
Digital libraries Distributed learning Digital video Digital libraries Distributed learning Digital video Tele-immersion All of the above in combinationTele-immersion All of the above in combination
Abilene Connections Apr-2000Abilene Connections July 2006
Abilene Connections Apr-2000Abilene International Peering 2006
Research andDevelopment
Commercialization
Partnerships
Privatization
Internet Development Spiral
Todayrsquos Internet
Internet2
University-led Federal agency-led
Developing education and research driven applications
Agency mission-driven and general purpose applications
Building out campus networks gigaPoPs and inter-gigapop
infrastructure
Funding research testbeds and agency research networks
Interconnecting and interoperating to provide advanced networking capabilities needed to support advanced
research and education applications
Internet2 and the Next Generation Internet Initiative
Internet2 NGI
Our Founding (Funding) Fable
Researchers invent new architectures Architectures are validated on a testbed IETF ISPs and router vendors collaborate to deploy new design
This is complete BS
Do Traditional Testbeds Really Test
Production-oriented testbeds Real traffic provides good validation But can test only very incremental changes
Research-oriented testbeds Can test radical architectures Lack of real traffic results in poor validation
Both are expensive (dedicated bandwidth)
What about Deployment Architectural change requires ISP consensus
- Hard to agree- No competitive advantage from architectural innovation
- All have huge sunk investment in the status quo
ISPs are unlikely candidates for architectural change
Architecture isnrsquot just static its decaying Ad hoc workarounds muddy the architectural waters
We are at an Impasse
We canrsquot test new architectures- Despite sizable investments in testbeds
We canrsquot deploy new architectures- And things are getting worse not better
Yet there are pressing requirements for which the current architecture is not well suited
The Communityrsquos Response Focus on areas where we can have impact
Empirical studies Incremental changes (subject to current constraints)
Small stream of architectural proposals Paper designs without hope of deployment
More science fiction than engineering Have largely abandoned hope of effecting fundamental architectural change
Living with rather than overcoming the impasse
Overcoming the Impasse
Must be able to test new architectures Wide range of architectures Real traffic from willing individuals Low overhead for individual researchers
Meet the grand challenge of reinventing the Internet
Empirical incremental research is great but not enough
If someone put us in charge what would we do
What about deployment Several options none good but no excuse to not have an answer to the grand challenge
Testing Virtual Testbed
Overlay testbed (think RON etc) Host proxy directs packets to overlay
Proxy must architecturally neutral and flexible
Individuals (anywhere) opt-in by turning on proxy
Shared testing infrastructure (think Planetlab) Overlay nodes shared among experiments
Slicing on per-packet timescales Virtualized routers
These ideas have turned into the GENI program
Why GENI (Global Environment for Network Innovations) Future Internet Network (2005)
The original designing idea of current information networks is basically a specific network supports one major service
The limitation of the original designing idea can not support the multiple requirements for networks and services (such as Telecom network Internet)
The original design mode of Internet leads to itrsquos shortage in mobility security controllable and administrable
We urgently need redesign the framework of new generation Internet to overcome the serious shortage of current Internet
Providing pervasive and trusted services based on a specific network has became the key research directions of national informatization
GENI (Global Environment for Network Innovations) - NSF 2005 (1)
What is GENIWhat is GENIGENI is GENI is a facility concepta facility concept being explored by being explored by the US computing community the US computing community
back to an NSF workshop in 2005back to an NSF workshop in 2005focus on focus on architecturalarchitectural research and research and provide the provide the experimentalexperimental infrastructure infrastructure needed to support that researchneeded to support that research
focus on the research agenda (and focus on the research agenda (and infrastructure needs) of the infrastructure needs) of the opticaloptical wirelesswireless sensorsensor network and network and distributeddistributed systems communitiessystems communities
GENI (Global Environment for Network Innovations) (2)
The goal of GENI The goal of GENI Goal a Future Internet that meets the Goal a Future Internet that meets the demands of 21st centurydemands of 21st century
to increase the to increase the qualityquality and and quantityquantity of of experimental experimental researchresearch outcomes in networking and distributed outcomes in networking and distributed systemssystems
to accelerate the to accelerate the transitiontransition of these outcomes into of these outcomes into products and servicesproducts and services
enhance economic competitiveness and secure enhance economic competitiveness and secure the Nations futurethe Nations future
Ultimately to lead to a Ultimately to lead to a transition of the transition of the InternetInternet
GENI Research Opportunities (3)
Two dichotomy thought (false or at least Two dichotomy thought (false or at least unnecessary)unnecessary)
a a clean slateclean slate reconceptualization of Internet reconceptualization of Internet architecture architecture
todays 30-year-old architecture that todays 30-year-old architecture that limit its limit its abilityability to cope with emerging threats and to cope with emerging threats and opportunitiesopportunities
bull eroding trust reduced innovation slowing eroding trust reduced innovation slowing updateupdate
future innovation will take the form of new future innovation will take the form of new services and applications running services and applications running on top of the on top of the InternetInternet
GENI Research Opportunities (4)
GENI discussion GENI discussion First we interpret Future Internet very broadly to First we interpret Future Internet very broadly to
include innovations at include innovations at any levelany level of the architecture of the architecture alternative protocols and architectures running alternative protocols and architectures running
inside the network (as overlays on top of inside the network (as overlays on top of todays network) todays network)
Second research should employ Second research should employ clean slate clean slate thinkingthinking but this does but this does not imply that an entirely not imply that an entirely newnew Internet will be necessary In other words Internet will be necessary In other words clean slate is a clean slate is a processprocess not a not a resultresult
Third opportunities Third opportunities betweenbetween two perspectives two perspectives exploring how todays architecture is best exploring how todays architecture is best
evolved to support emerging overlay services evolved to support emerging overlay services
GENI Facility Concept (5)
Facility ConceptFacility Concept experimental platforms for experimental platforms for bothboth research and research and
deploymentdeployment filling the filling the gapgap between small-scale exp and mature between small-scale exp and mature
tech tech GENI evaluate new network systems on large-GENI evaluate new network systems on large-
scalescale
Two levelsTwo levels Physical level Physical level GENI substrateGENI substrate will consist of a will consist of a
collection of links forwarders storage collection of links forwarders storage processors and wireless net processors and wireless net
On top of this substrate a On top of this substrate a software software management management frameworkframework will be overlay network experiments on will be overlay network experiments on
the substratethe substrate
GENI Facility Concept (6)
Four key ideasFour key ideas substrate components will be substrate components will be programmableprogrammable - -
possible to embed any network experiment including possible to embed any network experiment including clean-slate designs clean-slate designs
Substrate will be Substrate will be virtualizable virtualizable -- possible to embed possible to embed multiple slices in the substrate at the same time multiple slices in the substrate at the same time (allow experimental services and architectures to run (allow experimental services and architectures to run continuously) continuously)
GENI will include mechanisms that allow end-users GENI will include mechanisms that allow end-users to to seamlessly seamlessly opt-inopt-in to experimental services to experimental services
GENI will be GENI will be modularmodular ( (architecture and interfaces) - architecture and interfaces) - possible to extend GENI with new networking possible to extend GENI with new networking technologies GENI will not be a static artifact but technologies GENI will not be a static artifact but rather a rather a dynamic infrastructuredynamic infrastructure that is continually that is continually renewedrenewed
FIND (Future Internet Network Design) ndash NSF 2006 (1)
FIND asks two broad questionsFIND asks two broad questions What are the What are the requirementsrequirements for the global network for the global network
in 15 years in 15 years How How would we would we re-conceivere-conceive tomorrows global tomorrows global
network today if we could design it from scratch network today if we could design it from scratch FIND program solicits FIND program solicits clean slate processclean slate process research proposals in the broad area of research proposals in the broad area of network architecture principles and designnetwork architecture principles and design
FIND (Future Internet Network Design) (2)
FIND research might address wide questionsFIND research might address wide questions What will the What will the edgeedge of the network look like in 15 of the network look like in 15
years How might the network years How might the network architecturearchitecture of 15 of 15 years hence best accommodate sensors embedded years hence best accommodate sensors embedded systems and the like systems and the like
How might the network of 15 years from now How might the network of 15 years from now supportsupport what users really do (and care about) How what users really do (and care about) How might such functions as information access location might such functions as information access location management or identity management best fit into a management or identity management best fit into a new overall network architecture new overall network architecture
What will the What will the core core of the network look like in 15 of the network look like in 15 years How might the changing economics of years How might the changing economics of optical systems affect the overall design of the larger optical systems affect the overall design of the larger networknetwork
FIRE (Future Internet Research and Experimentation) ndash European 2007 (1)
Internet has Internet has growngrown to an unexpected reach to an unexpected reach as for the as for the numbernumber of users of users capacitycapacity of the of the links broadband penetration to the links broadband penetration to the homehome servicesservices
ProblemsProblems spam viruses denial of service spam viruses denial of service attacks complexity of managementattacks complexity of management
Internet drawbacks and Internet drawbacks and limitationslimitations ndash to ndash to scalabilityscalability suitabilitysuitability mobilitymobility transparencytransparency securitysecurity
require new radical approaches to require new radical approaches to fundamentally redesign its protocols and fundamentally redesign its protocols and architectures architectures
FIRE (2) FIRE is an FIRE is an experimentallyexperimentally-driven -driven longlong-term research initiative on -term research initiative on
Future Internet Future Internet conceptsconcepts protocolsprotocols and and architecturesarchitectures encompassing technological industrial and socio-economic encompassing technological industrial and socio-economic
aspects aspects acting as proof-of-concept of the newly proposed acting as proof-of-concept of the newly proposed
technologies and services technologies and services FIRE RESEARCHFIRE RESEARCH
Long term multidisciplinary research on future internet Long term multidisciplinary research on future internet paradigms paradigms
Open to Open to fresh bottom-upfresh bottom-up ideas with ideas with no backwards-no backwards-compatibilitycompatibility constraints constraints
Building on the FET SAC initiative ldquoSituated and Autonomic Building on the FET SAC initiative ldquoSituated and Autonomic Communicationsrdquo Communicationsrdquo
Considering at the Considering at the same timesame time technological economic and technological economic and socialpolicy aspects socialpolicy aspects
Build in from the outset and on all levels the right Build in from the outset and on all levels the right balancebalance between security accountability and privacybetween security accountability and privacy
FIRE (3)
FIRE EXPERIMENTATIONFIRE EXPERIMENTATION Large scale experimentationLarge scale experimentation of new paradigms and of new paradigms and
concepts for the future internet and related service concepts for the future internet and related service architectures architectures
Learning through broad experimentation Learning through broad experimentation Integrating and validating new conceptsIntegrating and validating new concepts
Federating and extending Federating and extending existing testbedsexisting testbeds and and research infrastructures research infrastructures
no backwards-compatibility constraints no backwards-compatibility constraints European approach and develop a European European approach and develop a European
identityidentity
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-
Internet 在中国 19931993 年年 33 月月中科院高能物理所 中科院高能物理所 64 Kbps64 Kbps TJU1995322TJU1995322 20062006 年年 1212 月月
计算机计算机 59405940 万万 用户 用户 1414 亿 亿 WWWWWW 站 站 8484 万万 CNCN 域名 域名 180180 万万 国际出口带宽 国际出口带宽 257 Gbps257 Gbps
连接美国俄罗斯法国英国德国日本连接美国俄罗斯法国英国德国日本韩国新加坡等 韩国新加坡等
Internet 提供的服务 Shared access to computing resources
telnet (1970rsquos) Shared access to data files
FTP NFS AFS (1980rsquos) Communication medium over which people interact
email (1980rsquos) on-line chat messaging (1990rsquos) audio video (1990rsquos)
replacing telephone network A medium for information dissemination
USENET (1980rsquos) WWW (1990rsquos)
replacing newspaper magazine audio video (1990rsquos)
replacing radio CD TV
Todayrsquos Internet
Internet Physical Infrastructure
Classification by Coverage
模型 协议 分层
Protocol Architecture
Donrsquot Need All Layers Everywhere
Protocol Data Unit - PDUs
Network Components (Examples)
Fibers
Coaxial Cable
Links Interfaces Switchesrouters
Ethernet card
Wireless card
Large router
Telephoneswitch
趋势 网络时代 每一件事务都是数字的 声音 视频 音
乐 画片 及生活日常事务 每一件事务都是在线的 银行结算 医疗
记录 各类书籍 航空日程 天气情况 公路交通 hellip
每个人之间都是相互联系的 医生 教师 经济人 母亲 儿子 朋友 敌人
趋势 网络时代 实现家庭
教育 办公 购物 娱乐 网上娱乐 虚拟工作场所
2000 年美国有五千五百万人实现远程工作
网络制造 电子商务 虚拟公司 虚拟制造与虚拟装配 ( 设计过程 ) 制造过程更加分散化并发进行 新型的价值链 虚拟兑现
趋势 网络时代
趋势 网络时代
网络制造 (1)
随着基于随着基于 InternetInternet 的全球化数字通信基础设的全球化数字通信基础设施的建立网络从单纯的信息工具变成rdquo施的建立网络从单纯的信息工具变成rdquo EE －－时代rdquo的关键资源时代rdquo的关键资源 全球经济一体化成为制造全球经济一体化成为制造业变革的最根本的推动力业变革的最根本的推动力
InternetInternet 向ldquo资源功能rdquo发展基于向ldquo资源功能rdquo发展基于InternetInternet 的网络化制造是适应时代的需要的网络化制造是适应时代的需要
网络制造的本质特性就是产品的制造过程更加网络制造的本质特性就是产品的制造过程更加分散化信息的传递网络化信息的流动伴随分散化信息的传递网络化信息的流动伴随着各项工作的并发进行而同时发生着各项工作的并发进行而同时发生
网络制造 (2)
基于基于 InternetInternet 的虚拟制造与虚拟装配的虚拟制造与虚拟装配 在相互联结的网络上建立在相互联结的网络上建立 2424 小时工作的协同小时工作的协同
工作组大大加快了设计进度及时获得所需工作组大大加快了设计进度及时获得所需要的零部件减少库存降低成本提高质量要的零部件减少库存降低成本提高质量
电子商务 信息技术和 Internet 引发的商务过程的变化 利用以 Internet 为核心的信息技术进行商
务活动和企业资源管理 CIMS 是企业实施电子商务的基础 企业实施电子商务是 CIMS 发展的主要标志和
主要内容
竞争环境改变 核心 产品竞争
电子商务产生背景
服务竞争
范围 单个企业 全球多企业
资源 人财物 信息知识
管理重心迁移 生产管理 供应 营销链管理
集中内部资源 整合外部资源
离散管理 集约管理
商务模式转化
bull文秘型管理bull关注后台（企业内部）bull关注业务记录（报表）bull地区性bull推销产品为中心bull（卖方市场）
bull自我服务型管理bull关注前端（客户关系）bull要求商业智能（分析）bull全球化bull客户为中心bull（买方市场）
传统商务 电子商务
客户
供应商
合作伙伴
网络智能
市场营销 产品 服务销售 产品制造
服务 支持
e 企业的业务体系结构
网络发展趋势 趋势趋势 融合融合 趋势趋势 泛在（泛在（ UbiquitousUbiquitous ）） 趋势趋势 信息爆炸信息爆炸 更多的网络业务流量更多的网络业务流量 数据流量 数据流量 gt gt 话声流量话声流量 更快的传输介质更快的传输介质 骨干网（骨干网（ BackboneBackbone ）） 更大的带宽（更大的带宽（ BandwidthBandwidth ）） 宽带无线网宽带无线网飞速增长飞速增长 (WLAN) (Wi-Fi)(WLAN) (Wi-Fi) Everything over IPEverything over IP
趋势 融合 新闻新闻 广告广告 -- 媒体媒体 --信息提供者信息提供者
数字媒体产品数字媒体产品 有线电视有线电视
视频传输视频传输 电话电话
声音传输声音传输 计算机计算机
数字媒体存储数字媒体存储 处理处理 信息提供者和信息传输者的结合信息提供者和信息传输者的结合 电话公司电话公司 有线公司有线公司 娱乐事业娱乐事业 和计算机公司和计算机公司
的结合的结合
Trend
趋势 更多的网络业务流量 互联网上的主机数正以超指数量级飞速增长互联网上的主机数正以超指数量级飞速增长 每个主机用户的业务量中也在增长每个主机用户的业务量中也在增长
局域网可达到 局域网可达到 1 1 GbpsGbps 有线电视调制解调器允许以有线电视调制解调器允许以 11到 到 10 10 MbpsMbps 的速的速
度访问主机度访问主机 应用应用 ADSLVDSLADSLVDSL 通过电话线可达到通过电话线可达到 6-6-
2727MbpsMbps 的速度的速度 宽带无线网宽带无线网 (Wi-Fi)(Wi-Fi)可达到可达到 11-54Mbps11-54Mbps 的速的速
度度 带宽需求每四个月增加一倍带宽需求每四个月增加一倍 数据流量 数据流量 gt gt 话声流量话声流量
Trend of Internet hosts 1980-2000
Trend Data gt Voice
趋势 更快的传输介质 局局域域网网 1 Gbps over 4-pair UTP-5 up to 100 m 1 Gbps over 4-pair UTP-5 up to 100 m
10Gbps being discussed10Gbps being discussed Was 1 Mbps (1Base-5) in 1984Was 1 Mbps (1Base-5) in 1984
骨干网光纤骨干网光纤 DWDMDWDM (( Dense Wavelength Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing)Division Multiplexing) OC-768 = 40 Gbps over a to 65 km OC-768 = 40 Gbps over a to 65 km
1600 Gbps - 10 Tbps1600 Gbps - 10 Tbps Was 100 Mbps (FDDI) in 1993Was 100 Mbps (FDDI) in 1993
无线网无线网 54 100 Mbps(100-2km) wireless 54 100 Mbps(100-2km) wireless networks 25 Gbps to 5km using light networks 25 Gbps to 5km using light Was 1 Mbps (IEEE 80211) in 1998Was 1 Mbps (IEEE 80211) in 1998
Trend Bandwidth
Why Optical Networks DWDM optoelectricl metro network
Trend Wireless Mobile (1)
Trend宽带无线网 (Wi-Fi)飞速增长
Trend宽带无线网 (Wi-Fi)飞速增长
Trend宽带无线网 (Wi-Fi)飞速增长
Trend宽带无线网 (Wi-Fi)飞速增长
Integration of 3G and WLAN- offer possibility of achieving anywhere anytime
high speed and low expense Internet access
3G3G WLANWLAN
Wide areaWide area Local areaLocal area
Low bit rate Low bit rate
(2M when stand (2M when stand still)still)
High bit rateHigh bit rate
(11M to 54M)(11M to 54M)
DataVoice serviceDataVoice service
((QoS supportQoS support))
Data serviceData service
High expenseHigh expense Low expenseLow expense
High mobilityHigh mobility Low mobilityLow mobility
Trend Everything over IP
Data over IP =gt IP needs Traffic Data over IP =gt IP needs Traffic engineeringengineering
Voice over IP =gt Quality of Service and Voice over IP =gt Quality of Service and SignalingSignaling
Backbone -- Optic networksBackbone -- Optic networks IP over ATM IP over ATM （（异步传输模式）异步传输模式） IP over SONET -- POS (Packet over SDH) IP over SONET -- POS (Packet over SDH)
(( 同步同步 )) IP over DWDMIP over DWDM
Asynchronous Transfer Mode ATM
1990rsquos00 standard for high-speed (155Mbps to 1990rsquos00 standard for high-speed (155Mbps to 622 Mbps and higher) 622 Mbps and higher) Broadband Integrated Broadband Integrated Service Digital NetworkService Digital Network architecture architecture
GoalGoal integrated end-end transport of carry integrated end-end transport of carry voice video datavoice video data meeting timingQoS requirements of voice meeting timingQoS requirements of voice
video (versus Internet best-effort model)video (versus Internet best-effort model) ldquoldquonext generationrdquo telephony technical roots next generationrdquo telephony technical roots
in telephone worldin telephone world packet-switching (fixed length packets packet-switching (fixed length packets
called ldquocellsrdquo) using called ldquocellsrdquo) using virtual circuitsvirtual circuits
ATM reference model
How far along are we
Standardization bodies - ATM Forum ITU-T Standardization bodies - ATM Forum ITU-T We may never see end-to-end ATM (1997)We may never see end-to-end ATM (1997)
ATM - too complex - too expansive ltIPgtATM - too complex - too expansive ltIPgt Backbone - 1995 vBNS (ATM) Backbone - 1995 vBNS (ATM)
- 1998 Abilene (SONET) - 2000 IP over - 1998 Abilene (SONET) - 2000 IP over DWDMDWDM
Internet technology + ATM philosophyInternet technology + ATM philosophy but ATM ideas continue to powerfully but ATM ideas continue to powerfully
influence design of next-generation influence design of next-generation InternetInternet
ex ex MPLSMPLS admission ctl resource admission ctl resource reservation hellipreservation hellip
Best of Both Worlds
Multiprotocol label switching (Multiprotocol label switching (MPLSMPLS)) MPLS + IP form a middle ground that MPLS + IP form a middle ground that
combines the best of IP and the best of combines the best of IP and the best of virtual virtual circuit switching technologiescircuit switching technologies
ATM and Frame Relay cannot easily come to ATM and Frame Relay cannot easily come to the middle so IP hasthe middle so IP has
Label Encapsulation
MPLS Encapsulation is specified over MPLS Encapsulation is specified over various media types Top labels may use various media types Top labels may use existing format lower label(s) use a new existing format lower label(s) use a new ldquoshimrdquo label formatldquoshimrdquo label format
Label Substitution Have a friend go to B ahead of you using one of the Have a friend go to B ahead of you using one of the
previous two techniques At every road they reserve previous two techniques At every road they reserve a lane just for you At every intersection they post a a lane just for you At every intersection they post a big sign that says for a given lane which way to turn big sign that says for a given lane which way to turn and what new lane to takeand what new lane to take
Future Internet Research and Experimentation
Todayrsquos Internet Millions of usersMillions of users Web email low-quality audio amp videoWeb email low-quality audio amp video Interconnect personal computers and serversInterconnect personal computers and servers Applications adapt to underlying technologyApplications adapt to underlying technology Todayrsquos Internet DoesnrsquotTodayrsquos Internet Doesnrsquot
Provide reliable end-to-end performanceProvide reliable end-to-end performanceEncourage cooperation on new capabilitiesEncourage cooperation on new capabilitiesAllow testing of new technologiesAllow testing of new technologiesSupport development of revolutionary Support development of revolutionary applicationsapplications
Tomorrowrsquos Internet
Billions of users and devicesBillions of users and devices Convergence of todayrsquos applications Convergence of todayrsquos applications with multimedia (telephony video-with multimedia (telephony video-conference HDTV)conference HDTV)
Interconnect personal computers Interconnect personal computers servers and embedded computersservers and embedded computers
New technologies enable unanticipated New technologies enable unanticipated applications (and create new challenges)applications (and create new challenges)
Vint Cerf Open Challenges
My primary disappointment has been the slow pace of high speed access for residential customers hellip
The second area of disappointment is the slow uptake of version 6 of the Internet protocol (IPv6)
Perhaps the third area is the continuing difficulty caused by viruses worms and distributed denial of service attacksrdquo
How to make the Internet better Addressing current problems
Security1048766 Privacy1048766 Self-diagnosis amp self-healing networks1048766 Cheap connectivity for poor area and third world countries1048766
Wireless mesh networks1048766 sensors1048766 Mobility1048766
New cool apps1048766 What is after IPTV VoIP BitTorrent
Why Internet2 (1996)
The Internet was not designed forThe Internet was not designed forMillions of usersMillions of usersCongestionCongestionMultimediaMultimediaReal time interactionReal time interaction
But only the Internet canBut only the Internet canAccommodate explosive growthAccommodate explosive growthEnable convergence of information Enable convergence of information work mass media and human work mass media and human collaborationcollaboration
Internet2 Project Develop and deploy advanced network Develop and deploy advanced network
applications and technologies accelerating applications and technologies accelerating the creation of tomorrowrsquos Internetthe creation of tomorrowrsquos Internet
GoalsGoals Enable new generation of applicationsEnable new generation of applications Re-create leading edge RampE network Re-create leading edge RampE network
capabilitycapability Transfer capability to the global Transfer capability to the global
production Internetproduction Internet 206 University Members Jan 2005206 University Members Jan 2005
Internet2 Focus Areas Advanced Network Infrastructure - AbileneAdvanced Network Infrastructure - Abilene
Backbones operate at 10 Gbps capacity - 100 Backbones operate at 10 Gbps capacity - 100 Gbps (2007)Gbps (2007)
Middleware Middleware A layer of software between the network and the A layer of software between the network and the
applications applications Authentication Identification Authorization Authentication Identification Authorization
Directories SecurityDirectories Security EngineeringEngineering
IPv6 Measurement Multicast QoS Routing IPv6 Measurement Multicast QoS Routing Security TopologySecurity Topology
Advanced ApplicationsAdvanced Applications Distributed computation Virtual laboratories Distributed computation Virtual laboratories
Digital libraries Distributed learning Digital video Digital libraries Distributed learning Digital video Tele-immersion All of the above in combinationTele-immersion All of the above in combination
Abilene Connections Apr-2000Abilene Connections July 2006
Abilene Connections Apr-2000Abilene International Peering 2006
Research andDevelopment
Commercialization
Partnerships
Privatization
Internet Development Spiral
Todayrsquos Internet
Internet2
University-led Federal agency-led
Developing education and research driven applications
Agency mission-driven and general purpose applications
Building out campus networks gigaPoPs and inter-gigapop
infrastructure
Funding research testbeds and agency research networks
Interconnecting and interoperating to provide advanced networking capabilities needed to support advanced
research and education applications
Internet2 and the Next Generation Internet Initiative
Internet2 NGI
Our Founding (Funding) Fable
Researchers invent new architectures Architectures are validated on a testbed IETF ISPs and router vendors collaborate to deploy new design
This is complete BS
Do Traditional Testbeds Really Test
Production-oriented testbeds Real traffic provides good validation But can test only very incremental changes
Research-oriented testbeds Can test radical architectures Lack of real traffic results in poor validation
Both are expensive (dedicated bandwidth)
What about Deployment Architectural change requires ISP consensus
- Hard to agree- No competitive advantage from architectural innovation
- All have huge sunk investment in the status quo
ISPs are unlikely candidates for architectural change
Architecture isnrsquot just static its decaying Ad hoc workarounds muddy the architectural waters
We are at an Impasse
We canrsquot test new architectures- Despite sizable investments in testbeds
We canrsquot deploy new architectures- And things are getting worse not better
Yet there are pressing requirements for which the current architecture is not well suited
The Communityrsquos Response Focus on areas where we can have impact
Empirical studies Incremental changes (subject to current constraints)
Small stream of architectural proposals Paper designs without hope of deployment
More science fiction than engineering Have largely abandoned hope of effecting fundamental architectural change
Living with rather than overcoming the impasse
Overcoming the Impasse
Must be able to test new architectures Wide range of architectures Real traffic from willing individuals Low overhead for individual researchers
Meet the grand challenge of reinventing the Internet
Empirical incremental research is great but not enough
If someone put us in charge what would we do
What about deployment Several options none good but no excuse to not have an answer to the grand challenge
Testing Virtual Testbed
Overlay testbed (think RON etc) Host proxy directs packets to overlay
Proxy must architecturally neutral and flexible
Individuals (anywhere) opt-in by turning on proxy
Shared testing infrastructure (think Planetlab) Overlay nodes shared among experiments
Slicing on per-packet timescales Virtualized routers
These ideas have turned into the GENI program
Why GENI (Global Environment for Network Innovations) Future Internet Network (2005)
The original designing idea of current information networks is basically a specific network supports one major service
The limitation of the original designing idea can not support the multiple requirements for networks and services (such as Telecom network Internet)
The original design mode of Internet leads to itrsquos shortage in mobility security controllable and administrable
We urgently need redesign the framework of new generation Internet to overcome the serious shortage of current Internet
Providing pervasive and trusted services based on a specific network has became the key research directions of national informatization
GENI (Global Environment for Network Innovations) - NSF 2005 (1)
What is GENIWhat is GENIGENI is GENI is a facility concepta facility concept being explored by being explored by the US computing community the US computing community
back to an NSF workshop in 2005back to an NSF workshop in 2005focus on focus on architecturalarchitectural research and research and provide the provide the experimentalexperimental infrastructure infrastructure needed to support that researchneeded to support that research
focus on the research agenda (and focus on the research agenda (and infrastructure needs) of the infrastructure needs) of the opticaloptical wirelesswireless sensorsensor network and network and distributeddistributed systems communitiessystems communities
GENI (Global Environment for Network Innovations) (2)
The goal of GENI The goal of GENI Goal a Future Internet that meets the Goal a Future Internet that meets the demands of 21st centurydemands of 21st century
to increase the to increase the qualityquality and and quantityquantity of of experimental experimental researchresearch outcomes in networking and distributed outcomes in networking and distributed systemssystems
to accelerate the to accelerate the transitiontransition of these outcomes into of these outcomes into products and servicesproducts and services
enhance economic competitiveness and secure enhance economic competitiveness and secure the Nations futurethe Nations future
Ultimately to lead to a Ultimately to lead to a transition of the transition of the InternetInternet
GENI Research Opportunities (3)
Two dichotomy thought (false or at least Two dichotomy thought (false or at least unnecessary)unnecessary)
a a clean slateclean slate reconceptualization of Internet reconceptualization of Internet architecture architecture
todays 30-year-old architecture that todays 30-year-old architecture that limit its limit its abilityability to cope with emerging threats and to cope with emerging threats and opportunitiesopportunities
bull eroding trust reduced innovation slowing eroding trust reduced innovation slowing updateupdate
future innovation will take the form of new future innovation will take the form of new services and applications running services and applications running on top of the on top of the InternetInternet
GENI Research Opportunities (4)
GENI discussion GENI discussion First we interpret Future Internet very broadly to First we interpret Future Internet very broadly to
include innovations at include innovations at any levelany level of the architecture of the architecture alternative protocols and architectures running alternative protocols and architectures running
inside the network (as overlays on top of inside the network (as overlays on top of todays network) todays network)
Second research should employ Second research should employ clean slate clean slate thinkingthinking but this does but this does not imply that an entirely not imply that an entirely newnew Internet will be necessary In other words Internet will be necessary In other words clean slate is a clean slate is a processprocess not a not a resultresult
Third opportunities Third opportunities betweenbetween two perspectives two perspectives exploring how todays architecture is best exploring how todays architecture is best
evolved to support emerging overlay services evolved to support emerging overlay services
GENI Facility Concept (5)
Facility ConceptFacility Concept experimental platforms for experimental platforms for bothboth research and research and
deploymentdeployment filling the filling the gapgap between small-scale exp and mature between small-scale exp and mature
tech tech GENI evaluate new network systems on large-GENI evaluate new network systems on large-
scalescale
Two levelsTwo levels Physical level Physical level GENI substrateGENI substrate will consist of a will consist of a
collection of links forwarders storage collection of links forwarders storage processors and wireless net processors and wireless net
On top of this substrate a On top of this substrate a software software management management frameworkframework will be overlay network experiments on will be overlay network experiments on
the substratethe substrate
GENI Facility Concept (6)
Four key ideasFour key ideas substrate components will be substrate components will be programmableprogrammable - -
possible to embed any network experiment including possible to embed any network experiment including clean-slate designs clean-slate designs
Substrate will be Substrate will be virtualizable virtualizable -- possible to embed possible to embed multiple slices in the substrate at the same time multiple slices in the substrate at the same time (allow experimental services and architectures to run (allow experimental services and architectures to run continuously) continuously)
GENI will include mechanisms that allow end-users GENI will include mechanisms that allow end-users to to seamlessly seamlessly opt-inopt-in to experimental services to experimental services
GENI will be GENI will be modularmodular ( (architecture and interfaces) - architecture and interfaces) - possible to extend GENI with new networking possible to extend GENI with new networking technologies GENI will not be a static artifact but technologies GENI will not be a static artifact but rather a rather a dynamic infrastructuredynamic infrastructure that is continually that is continually renewedrenewed
FIND (Future Internet Network Design) ndash NSF 2006 (1)
FIND asks two broad questionsFIND asks two broad questions What are the What are the requirementsrequirements for the global network for the global network
in 15 years in 15 years How How would we would we re-conceivere-conceive tomorrows global tomorrows global
network today if we could design it from scratch network today if we could design it from scratch FIND program solicits FIND program solicits clean slate processclean slate process research proposals in the broad area of research proposals in the broad area of network architecture principles and designnetwork architecture principles and design
FIND (Future Internet Network Design) (2)
FIND research might address wide questionsFIND research might address wide questions What will the What will the edgeedge of the network look like in 15 of the network look like in 15
years How might the network years How might the network architecturearchitecture of 15 of 15 years hence best accommodate sensors embedded years hence best accommodate sensors embedded systems and the like systems and the like
How might the network of 15 years from now How might the network of 15 years from now supportsupport what users really do (and care about) How what users really do (and care about) How might such functions as information access location might such functions as information access location management or identity management best fit into a management or identity management best fit into a new overall network architecture new overall network architecture
What will the What will the core core of the network look like in 15 of the network look like in 15 years How might the changing economics of years How might the changing economics of optical systems affect the overall design of the larger optical systems affect the overall design of the larger networknetwork
FIRE (Future Internet Research and Experimentation) ndash European 2007 (1)
Internet has Internet has growngrown to an unexpected reach to an unexpected reach as for the as for the numbernumber of users of users capacitycapacity of the of the links broadband penetration to the links broadband penetration to the homehome servicesservices
ProblemsProblems spam viruses denial of service spam viruses denial of service attacks complexity of managementattacks complexity of management
Internet drawbacks and Internet drawbacks and limitationslimitations ndash to ndash to scalabilityscalability suitabilitysuitability mobilitymobility transparencytransparency securitysecurity
require new radical approaches to require new radical approaches to fundamentally redesign its protocols and fundamentally redesign its protocols and architectures architectures
FIRE (2) FIRE is an FIRE is an experimentallyexperimentally-driven -driven longlong-term research initiative on -term research initiative on
Future Internet Future Internet conceptsconcepts protocolsprotocols and and architecturesarchitectures encompassing technological industrial and socio-economic encompassing technological industrial and socio-economic
aspects aspects acting as proof-of-concept of the newly proposed acting as proof-of-concept of the newly proposed
technologies and services technologies and services FIRE RESEARCHFIRE RESEARCH
Long term multidisciplinary research on future internet Long term multidisciplinary research on future internet paradigms paradigms
Open to Open to fresh bottom-upfresh bottom-up ideas with ideas with no backwards-no backwards-compatibilitycompatibility constraints constraints
Building on the FET SAC initiative ldquoSituated and Autonomic Building on the FET SAC initiative ldquoSituated and Autonomic Communicationsrdquo Communicationsrdquo
Considering at the Considering at the same timesame time technological economic and technological economic and socialpolicy aspects socialpolicy aspects
Build in from the outset and on all levels the right Build in from the outset and on all levels the right balancebalance between security accountability and privacybetween security accountability and privacy
FIRE (3)
FIRE EXPERIMENTATIONFIRE EXPERIMENTATION Large scale experimentationLarge scale experimentation of new paradigms and of new paradigms and
concepts for the future internet and related service concepts for the future internet and related service architectures architectures
Learning through broad experimentation Learning through broad experimentation Integrating and validating new conceptsIntegrating and validating new concepts
Federating and extending Federating and extending existing testbedsexisting testbeds and and research infrastructures research infrastructures
no backwards-compatibility constraints no backwards-compatibility constraints European approach and develop a European European approach and develop a European
identityidentity
- Slide 1
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- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Slide 5
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- Slide 114
- Slide 115
-
Internet 提供的服务 Shared access to computing resources
telnet (1970rsquos) Shared access to data files
FTP NFS AFS (1980rsquos) Communication medium over which people interact
email (1980rsquos) on-line chat messaging (1990rsquos) audio video (1990rsquos)
replacing telephone network A medium for information dissemination
USENET (1980rsquos) WWW (1990rsquos)
replacing newspaper magazine audio video (1990rsquos)
replacing radio CD TV
Todayrsquos Internet
Internet Physical Infrastructure
Classification by Coverage
模型 协议 分层
Protocol Architecture
Donrsquot Need All Layers Everywhere
Protocol Data Unit - PDUs
Network Components (Examples)
Fibers
Coaxial Cable
Links Interfaces Switchesrouters
Ethernet card
Wireless card
Large router
Telephoneswitch
趋势 网络时代 每一件事务都是数字的 声音 视频 音
乐 画片 及生活日常事务 每一件事务都是在线的 银行结算 医疗
记录 各类书籍 航空日程 天气情况 公路交通 hellip
每个人之间都是相互联系的 医生 教师 经济人 母亲 儿子 朋友 敌人
趋势 网络时代 实现家庭
教育 办公 购物 娱乐 网上娱乐 虚拟工作场所
2000 年美国有五千五百万人实现远程工作
网络制造 电子商务 虚拟公司 虚拟制造与虚拟装配 ( 设计过程 ) 制造过程更加分散化并发进行 新型的价值链 虚拟兑现
趋势 网络时代
趋势 网络时代
网络制造 (1)
随着基于随着基于 InternetInternet 的全球化数字通信基础设的全球化数字通信基础设施的建立网络从单纯的信息工具变成rdquo施的建立网络从单纯的信息工具变成rdquo EE －－时代rdquo的关键资源时代rdquo的关键资源 全球经济一体化成为制造全球经济一体化成为制造业变革的最根本的推动力业变革的最根本的推动力
InternetInternet 向ldquo资源功能rdquo发展基于向ldquo资源功能rdquo发展基于InternetInternet 的网络化制造是适应时代的需要的网络化制造是适应时代的需要
网络制造的本质特性就是产品的制造过程更加网络制造的本质特性就是产品的制造过程更加分散化信息的传递网络化信息的流动伴随分散化信息的传递网络化信息的流动伴随着各项工作的并发进行而同时发生着各项工作的并发进行而同时发生
网络制造 (2)
基于基于 InternetInternet 的虚拟制造与虚拟装配的虚拟制造与虚拟装配 在相互联结的网络上建立在相互联结的网络上建立 2424 小时工作的协同小时工作的协同
工作组大大加快了设计进度及时获得所需工作组大大加快了设计进度及时获得所需要的零部件减少库存降低成本提高质量要的零部件减少库存降低成本提高质量
电子商务 信息技术和 Internet 引发的商务过程的变化 利用以 Internet 为核心的信息技术进行商
务活动和企业资源管理 CIMS 是企业实施电子商务的基础 企业实施电子商务是 CIMS 发展的主要标志和
主要内容
竞争环境改变 核心 产品竞争
电子商务产生背景
服务竞争
范围 单个企业 全球多企业
资源 人财物 信息知识
管理重心迁移 生产管理 供应 营销链管理
集中内部资源 整合外部资源
离散管理 集约管理
商务模式转化
bull文秘型管理bull关注后台（企业内部）bull关注业务记录（报表）bull地区性bull推销产品为中心bull（卖方市场）
bull自我服务型管理bull关注前端（客户关系）bull要求商业智能（分析）bull全球化bull客户为中心bull（买方市场）
传统商务 电子商务
客户
供应商
合作伙伴
网络智能
市场营销 产品 服务销售 产品制造
服务 支持
e 企业的业务体系结构
网络发展趋势 趋势趋势 融合融合 趋势趋势 泛在（泛在（ UbiquitousUbiquitous ）） 趋势趋势 信息爆炸信息爆炸 更多的网络业务流量更多的网络业务流量 数据流量 数据流量 gt gt 话声流量话声流量 更快的传输介质更快的传输介质 骨干网（骨干网（ BackboneBackbone ）） 更大的带宽（更大的带宽（ BandwidthBandwidth ）） 宽带无线网宽带无线网飞速增长飞速增长 (WLAN) (Wi-Fi)(WLAN) (Wi-Fi) Everything over IPEverything over IP
趋势 融合 新闻新闻 广告广告 -- 媒体媒体 --信息提供者信息提供者
数字媒体产品数字媒体产品 有线电视有线电视
视频传输视频传输 电话电话
声音传输声音传输 计算机计算机
数字媒体存储数字媒体存储 处理处理 信息提供者和信息传输者的结合信息提供者和信息传输者的结合 电话公司电话公司 有线公司有线公司 娱乐事业娱乐事业 和计算机公司和计算机公司
的结合的结合
Trend
趋势 更多的网络业务流量 互联网上的主机数正以超指数量级飞速增长互联网上的主机数正以超指数量级飞速增长 每个主机用户的业务量中也在增长每个主机用户的业务量中也在增长
局域网可达到 局域网可达到 1 1 GbpsGbps 有线电视调制解调器允许以有线电视调制解调器允许以 11到 到 10 10 MbpsMbps 的速的速
度访问主机度访问主机 应用应用 ADSLVDSLADSLVDSL 通过电话线可达到通过电话线可达到 6-6-
2727MbpsMbps 的速度的速度 宽带无线网宽带无线网 (Wi-Fi)(Wi-Fi)可达到可达到 11-54Mbps11-54Mbps 的速的速
度度 带宽需求每四个月增加一倍带宽需求每四个月增加一倍 数据流量 数据流量 gt gt 话声流量话声流量
Trend of Internet hosts 1980-2000
Trend Data gt Voice
趋势 更快的传输介质 局局域域网网 1 Gbps over 4-pair UTP-5 up to 100 m 1 Gbps over 4-pair UTP-5 up to 100 m
10Gbps being discussed10Gbps being discussed Was 1 Mbps (1Base-5) in 1984Was 1 Mbps (1Base-5) in 1984
骨干网光纤骨干网光纤 DWDMDWDM (( Dense Wavelength Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing)Division Multiplexing) OC-768 = 40 Gbps over a to 65 km OC-768 = 40 Gbps over a to 65 km
1600 Gbps - 10 Tbps1600 Gbps - 10 Tbps Was 100 Mbps (FDDI) in 1993Was 100 Mbps (FDDI) in 1993
无线网无线网 54 100 Mbps(100-2km) wireless 54 100 Mbps(100-2km) wireless networks 25 Gbps to 5km using light networks 25 Gbps to 5km using light Was 1 Mbps (IEEE 80211) in 1998Was 1 Mbps (IEEE 80211) in 1998
Trend Bandwidth
Why Optical Networks DWDM optoelectricl metro network
Trend Wireless Mobile (1)
Trend宽带无线网 (Wi-Fi)飞速增长
Trend宽带无线网 (Wi-Fi)飞速增长
Trend宽带无线网 (Wi-Fi)飞速增长
Trend宽带无线网 (Wi-Fi)飞速增长
Integration of 3G and WLAN- offer possibility of achieving anywhere anytime
high speed and low expense Internet access
3G3G WLANWLAN
Wide areaWide area Local areaLocal area
Low bit rate Low bit rate
(2M when stand (2M when stand still)still)
High bit rateHigh bit rate
(11M to 54M)(11M to 54M)
DataVoice serviceDataVoice service
((QoS supportQoS support))
Data serviceData service
High expenseHigh expense Low expenseLow expense
High mobilityHigh mobility Low mobilityLow mobility
Trend Everything over IP
Data over IP =gt IP needs Traffic Data over IP =gt IP needs Traffic engineeringengineering
Voice over IP =gt Quality of Service and Voice over IP =gt Quality of Service and SignalingSignaling
Backbone -- Optic networksBackbone -- Optic networks IP over ATM IP over ATM （（异步传输模式）异步传输模式） IP over SONET -- POS (Packet over SDH) IP over SONET -- POS (Packet over SDH)
(( 同步同步 )) IP over DWDMIP over DWDM
Asynchronous Transfer Mode ATM
1990rsquos00 standard for high-speed (155Mbps to 1990rsquos00 standard for high-speed (155Mbps to 622 Mbps and higher) 622 Mbps and higher) Broadband Integrated Broadband Integrated Service Digital NetworkService Digital Network architecture architecture
GoalGoal integrated end-end transport of carry integrated end-end transport of carry voice video datavoice video data meeting timingQoS requirements of voice meeting timingQoS requirements of voice
video (versus Internet best-effort model)video (versus Internet best-effort model) ldquoldquonext generationrdquo telephony technical roots next generationrdquo telephony technical roots
in telephone worldin telephone world packet-switching (fixed length packets packet-switching (fixed length packets
called ldquocellsrdquo) using called ldquocellsrdquo) using virtual circuitsvirtual circuits
ATM reference model
How far along are we
Standardization bodies - ATM Forum ITU-T Standardization bodies - ATM Forum ITU-T We may never see end-to-end ATM (1997)We may never see end-to-end ATM (1997)
ATM - too complex - too expansive ltIPgtATM - too complex - too expansive ltIPgt Backbone - 1995 vBNS (ATM) Backbone - 1995 vBNS (ATM)
- 1998 Abilene (SONET) - 2000 IP over - 1998 Abilene (SONET) - 2000 IP over DWDMDWDM
Internet technology + ATM philosophyInternet technology + ATM philosophy but ATM ideas continue to powerfully but ATM ideas continue to powerfully
influence design of next-generation influence design of next-generation InternetInternet
ex ex MPLSMPLS admission ctl resource admission ctl resource reservation hellipreservation hellip
Best of Both Worlds
Multiprotocol label switching (Multiprotocol label switching (MPLSMPLS)) MPLS + IP form a middle ground that MPLS + IP form a middle ground that
combines the best of IP and the best of combines the best of IP and the best of virtual virtual circuit switching technologiescircuit switching technologies
ATM and Frame Relay cannot easily come to ATM and Frame Relay cannot easily come to the middle so IP hasthe middle so IP has
Label Encapsulation
MPLS Encapsulation is specified over MPLS Encapsulation is specified over various media types Top labels may use various media types Top labels may use existing format lower label(s) use a new existing format lower label(s) use a new ldquoshimrdquo label formatldquoshimrdquo label format
Label Substitution Have a friend go to B ahead of you using one of the Have a friend go to B ahead of you using one of the
previous two techniques At every road they reserve previous two techniques At every road they reserve a lane just for you At every intersection they post a a lane just for you At every intersection they post a big sign that says for a given lane which way to turn big sign that says for a given lane which way to turn and what new lane to takeand what new lane to take
Future Internet Research and Experimentation
Todayrsquos Internet Millions of usersMillions of users Web email low-quality audio amp videoWeb email low-quality audio amp video Interconnect personal computers and serversInterconnect personal computers and servers Applications adapt to underlying technologyApplications adapt to underlying technology Todayrsquos Internet DoesnrsquotTodayrsquos Internet Doesnrsquot
Provide reliable end-to-end performanceProvide reliable end-to-end performanceEncourage cooperation on new capabilitiesEncourage cooperation on new capabilitiesAllow testing of new technologiesAllow testing of new technologiesSupport development of revolutionary Support development of revolutionary applicationsapplications
Tomorrowrsquos Internet
Billions of users and devicesBillions of users and devices Convergence of todayrsquos applications Convergence of todayrsquos applications with multimedia (telephony video-with multimedia (telephony video-conference HDTV)conference HDTV)
Interconnect personal computers Interconnect personal computers servers and embedded computersservers and embedded computers
New technologies enable unanticipated New technologies enable unanticipated applications (and create new challenges)applications (and create new challenges)
Vint Cerf Open Challenges
My primary disappointment has been the slow pace of high speed access for residential customers hellip
The second area of disappointment is the slow uptake of version 6 of the Internet protocol (IPv6)
Perhaps the third area is the continuing difficulty caused by viruses worms and distributed denial of service attacksrdquo
How to make the Internet better Addressing current problems
Security1048766 Privacy1048766 Self-diagnosis amp self-healing networks1048766 Cheap connectivity for poor area and third world countries1048766
Wireless mesh networks1048766 sensors1048766 Mobility1048766
New cool apps1048766 What is after IPTV VoIP BitTorrent
Why Internet2 (1996)
The Internet was not designed forThe Internet was not designed forMillions of usersMillions of usersCongestionCongestionMultimediaMultimediaReal time interactionReal time interaction
But only the Internet canBut only the Internet canAccommodate explosive growthAccommodate explosive growthEnable convergence of information Enable convergence of information work mass media and human work mass media and human collaborationcollaboration
Internet2 Project Develop and deploy advanced network Develop and deploy advanced network
applications and technologies accelerating applications and technologies accelerating the creation of tomorrowrsquos Internetthe creation of tomorrowrsquos Internet
GoalsGoals Enable new generation of applicationsEnable new generation of applications Re-create leading edge RampE network Re-create leading edge RampE network
capabilitycapability Transfer capability to the global Transfer capability to the global
production Internetproduction Internet 206 University Members Jan 2005206 University Members Jan 2005
Internet2 Focus Areas Advanced Network Infrastructure - AbileneAdvanced Network Infrastructure - Abilene
Backbones operate at 10 Gbps capacity - 100 Backbones operate at 10 Gbps capacity - 100 Gbps (2007)Gbps (2007)
Middleware Middleware A layer of software between the network and the A layer of software between the network and the
applications applications Authentication Identification Authorization Authentication Identification Authorization
Directories SecurityDirectories Security EngineeringEngineering
IPv6 Measurement Multicast QoS Routing IPv6 Measurement Multicast QoS Routing Security TopologySecurity Topology
Advanced ApplicationsAdvanced Applications Distributed computation Virtual laboratories Distributed computation Virtual laboratories
Digital libraries Distributed learning Digital video Digital libraries Distributed learning Digital video Tele-immersion All of the above in combinationTele-immersion All of the above in combination
Abilene Connections Apr-2000Abilene Connections July 2006
Abilene Connections Apr-2000Abilene International Peering 2006
Research andDevelopment
Commercialization
Partnerships
Privatization
Internet Development Spiral
Todayrsquos Internet
Internet2
University-led Federal agency-led
Developing education and research driven applications
Agency mission-driven and general purpose applications
Building out campus networks gigaPoPs and inter-gigapop
infrastructure
Funding research testbeds and agency research networks
Interconnecting and interoperating to provide advanced networking capabilities needed to support advanced
research and education applications
Internet2 and the Next Generation Internet Initiative
Internet2 NGI
Our Founding (Funding) Fable
Researchers invent new architectures Architectures are validated on a testbed IETF ISPs and router vendors collaborate to deploy new design
This is complete BS
Do Traditional Testbeds Really Test
Production-oriented testbeds Real traffic provides good validation But can test only very incremental changes
Research-oriented testbeds Can test radical architectures Lack of real traffic results in poor validation
Both are expensive (dedicated bandwidth)
What about Deployment Architectural change requires ISP consensus
- Hard to agree- No competitive advantage from architectural innovation
- All have huge sunk investment in the status quo
ISPs are unlikely candidates for architectural change
Architecture isnrsquot just static its decaying Ad hoc workarounds muddy the architectural waters
We are at an Impasse
We canrsquot test new architectures- Despite sizable investments in testbeds
We canrsquot deploy new architectures- And things are getting worse not better
Yet there are pressing requirements for which the current architecture is not well suited
The Communityrsquos Response Focus on areas where we can have impact
Empirical studies Incremental changes (subject to current constraints)
Small stream of architectural proposals Paper designs without hope of deployment
More science fiction than engineering Have largely abandoned hope of effecting fundamental architectural change
Living with rather than overcoming the impasse
Overcoming the Impasse
Must be able to test new architectures Wide range of architectures Real traffic from willing individuals Low overhead for individual researchers
Meet the grand challenge of reinventing the Internet
Empirical incremental research is great but not enough
If someone put us in charge what would we do
What about deployment Several options none good but no excuse to not have an answer to the grand challenge
Testing Virtual Testbed
Overlay testbed (think RON etc) Host proxy directs packets to overlay
Proxy must architecturally neutral and flexible
Individuals (anywhere) opt-in by turning on proxy
Shared testing infrastructure (think Planetlab) Overlay nodes shared among experiments
Slicing on per-packet timescales Virtualized routers
These ideas have turned into the GENI program
Why GENI (Global Environment for Network Innovations) Future Internet Network (2005)
The original designing idea of current information networks is basically a specific network supports one major service
The limitation of the original designing idea can not support the multiple requirements for networks and services (such as Telecom network Internet)
The original design mode of Internet leads to itrsquos shortage in mobility security controllable and administrable
We urgently need redesign the framework of new generation Internet to overcome the serious shortage of current Internet
Providing pervasive and trusted services based on a specific network has became the key research directions of national informatization
GENI (Global Environment for Network Innovations) - NSF 2005 (1)
What is GENIWhat is GENIGENI is GENI is a facility concepta facility concept being explored by being explored by the US computing community the US computing community
back to an NSF workshop in 2005back to an NSF workshop in 2005focus on focus on architecturalarchitectural research and research and provide the provide the experimentalexperimental infrastructure infrastructure needed to support that researchneeded to support that research
focus on the research agenda (and focus on the research agenda (and infrastructure needs) of the infrastructure needs) of the opticaloptical wirelesswireless sensorsensor network and network and distributeddistributed systems communitiessystems communities
GENI (Global Environment for Network Innovations) (2)
The goal of GENI The goal of GENI Goal a Future Internet that meets the Goal a Future Internet that meets the demands of 21st centurydemands of 21st century
to increase the to increase the qualityquality and and quantityquantity of of experimental experimental researchresearch outcomes in networking and distributed outcomes in networking and distributed systemssystems
to accelerate the to accelerate the transitiontransition of these outcomes into of these outcomes into products and servicesproducts and services
enhance economic competitiveness and secure enhance economic competitiveness and secure the Nations futurethe Nations future
Ultimately to lead to a Ultimately to lead to a transition of the transition of the InternetInternet
GENI Research Opportunities (3)
Two dichotomy thought (false or at least Two dichotomy thought (false or at least unnecessary)unnecessary)
a a clean slateclean slate reconceptualization of Internet reconceptualization of Internet architecture architecture
todays 30-year-old architecture that todays 30-year-old architecture that limit its limit its abilityability to cope with emerging threats and to cope with emerging threats and opportunitiesopportunities
bull eroding trust reduced innovation slowing eroding trust reduced innovation slowing updateupdate
future innovation will take the form of new future innovation will take the form of new services and applications running services and applications running on top of the on top of the InternetInternet
GENI Research Opportunities (4)
GENI discussion GENI discussion First we interpret Future Internet very broadly to First we interpret Future Internet very broadly to
include innovations at include innovations at any levelany level of the architecture of the architecture alternative protocols and architectures running alternative protocols and architectures running
inside the network (as overlays on top of inside the network (as overlays on top of todays network) todays network)
Second research should employ Second research should employ clean slate clean slate thinkingthinking but this does but this does not imply that an entirely not imply that an entirely newnew Internet will be necessary In other words Internet will be necessary In other words clean slate is a clean slate is a processprocess not a not a resultresult
Third opportunities Third opportunities betweenbetween two perspectives two perspectives exploring how todays architecture is best exploring how todays architecture is best
evolved to support emerging overlay services evolved to support emerging overlay services
GENI Facility Concept (5)
Facility ConceptFacility Concept experimental platforms for experimental platforms for bothboth research and research and
deploymentdeployment filling the filling the gapgap between small-scale exp and mature between small-scale exp and mature
tech tech GENI evaluate new network systems on large-GENI evaluate new network systems on large-
scalescale
Two levelsTwo levels Physical level Physical level GENI substrateGENI substrate will consist of a will consist of a
collection of links forwarders storage collection of links forwarders storage processors and wireless net processors and wireless net
On top of this substrate a On top of this substrate a software software management management frameworkframework will be overlay network experiments on will be overlay network experiments on
the substratethe substrate
GENI Facility Concept (6)
Four key ideasFour key ideas substrate components will be substrate components will be programmableprogrammable - -
possible to embed any network experiment including possible to embed any network experiment including clean-slate designs clean-slate designs
Substrate will be Substrate will be virtualizable virtualizable -- possible to embed possible to embed multiple slices in the substrate at the same time multiple slices in the substrate at the same time (allow experimental services and architectures to run (allow experimental services and architectures to run continuously) continuously)
GENI will include mechanisms that allow end-users GENI will include mechanisms that allow end-users to to seamlessly seamlessly opt-inopt-in to experimental services to experimental services
GENI will be GENI will be modularmodular ( (architecture and interfaces) - architecture and interfaces) - possible to extend GENI with new networking possible to extend GENI with new networking technologies GENI will not be a static artifact but technologies GENI will not be a static artifact but rather a rather a dynamic infrastructuredynamic infrastructure that is continually that is continually renewedrenewed
FIND (Future Internet Network Design) ndash NSF 2006 (1)
FIND asks two broad questionsFIND asks two broad questions What are the What are the requirementsrequirements for the global network for the global network
in 15 years in 15 years How How would we would we re-conceivere-conceive tomorrows global tomorrows global
network today if we could design it from scratch network today if we could design it from scratch FIND program solicits FIND program solicits clean slate processclean slate process research proposals in the broad area of research proposals in the broad area of network architecture principles and designnetwork architecture principles and design
FIND (Future Internet Network Design) (2)
FIND research might address wide questionsFIND research might address wide questions What will the What will the edgeedge of the network look like in 15 of the network look like in 15
years How might the network years How might the network architecturearchitecture of 15 of 15 years hence best accommodate sensors embedded years hence best accommodate sensors embedded systems and the like systems and the like
How might the network of 15 years from now How might the network of 15 years from now supportsupport what users really do (and care about) How what users really do (and care about) How might such functions as information access location might such functions as information access location management or identity management best fit into a management or identity management best fit into a new overall network architecture new overall network architecture
What will the What will the core core of the network look like in 15 of the network look like in 15 years How might the changing economics of years How might the changing economics of optical systems affect the overall design of the larger optical systems affect the overall design of the larger networknetwork
FIRE (Future Internet Research and Experimentation) ndash European 2007 (1)
Internet has Internet has growngrown to an unexpected reach to an unexpected reach as for the as for the numbernumber of users of users capacitycapacity of the of the links broadband penetration to the links broadband penetration to the homehome servicesservices
ProblemsProblems spam viruses denial of service spam viruses denial of service attacks complexity of managementattacks complexity of management
Internet drawbacks and Internet drawbacks and limitationslimitations ndash to ndash to scalabilityscalability suitabilitysuitability mobilitymobility transparencytransparency securitysecurity
require new radical approaches to require new radical approaches to fundamentally redesign its protocols and fundamentally redesign its protocols and architectures architectures
FIRE (2) FIRE is an FIRE is an experimentallyexperimentally-driven -driven longlong-term research initiative on -term research initiative on
Future Internet Future Internet conceptsconcepts protocolsprotocols and and architecturesarchitectures encompassing technological industrial and socio-economic encompassing technological industrial and socio-economic
aspects aspects acting as proof-of-concept of the newly proposed acting as proof-of-concept of the newly proposed
technologies and services technologies and services FIRE RESEARCHFIRE RESEARCH
Long term multidisciplinary research on future internet Long term multidisciplinary research on future internet paradigms paradigms
Open to Open to fresh bottom-upfresh bottom-up ideas with ideas with no backwards-no backwards-compatibilitycompatibility constraints constraints
Building on the FET SAC initiative ldquoSituated and Autonomic Building on the FET SAC initiative ldquoSituated and Autonomic Communicationsrdquo Communicationsrdquo
Considering at the Considering at the same timesame time technological economic and technological economic and socialpolicy aspects socialpolicy aspects
Build in from the outset and on all levels the right Build in from the outset and on all levels the right balancebalance between security accountability and privacybetween security accountability and privacy
FIRE (3)
FIRE EXPERIMENTATIONFIRE EXPERIMENTATION Large scale experimentationLarge scale experimentation of new paradigms and of new paradigms and
concepts for the future internet and related service concepts for the future internet and related service architectures architectures
Learning through broad experimentation Learning through broad experimentation Integrating and validating new conceptsIntegrating and validating new concepts
Federating and extending Federating and extending existing testbedsexisting testbeds and and research infrastructures research infrastructures
no backwards-compatibility constraints no backwards-compatibility constraints European approach and develop a European European approach and develop a European
identityidentity
- Slide 1
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- Slide 115
-
Todayrsquos Internet
Internet Physical Infrastructure
Classification by Coverage
模型 协议 分层
Protocol Architecture
Donrsquot Need All Layers Everywhere
Protocol Data Unit - PDUs
Network Components (Examples)
Fibers
Coaxial Cable
Links Interfaces Switchesrouters
Ethernet card
Wireless card
Large router
Telephoneswitch
趋势 网络时代 每一件事务都是数字的 声音 视频 音
乐 画片 及生活日常事务 每一件事务都是在线的 银行结算 医疗
记录 各类书籍 航空日程 天气情况 公路交通 hellip
每个人之间都是相互联系的 医生 教师 经济人 母亲 儿子 朋友 敌人
趋势 网络时代 实现家庭
教育 办公 购物 娱乐 网上娱乐 虚拟工作场所
2000 年美国有五千五百万人实现远程工作
网络制造 电子商务 虚拟公司 虚拟制造与虚拟装配 ( 设计过程 ) 制造过程更加分散化并发进行 新型的价值链 虚拟兑现
趋势 网络时代
趋势 网络时代
网络制造 (1)
随着基于随着基于 InternetInternet 的全球化数字通信基础设的全球化数字通信基础设施的建立网络从单纯的信息工具变成rdquo施的建立网络从单纯的信息工具变成rdquo EE －－时代rdquo的关键资源时代rdquo的关键资源 全球经济一体化成为制造全球经济一体化成为制造业变革的最根本的推动力业变革的最根本的推动力
InternetInternet 向ldquo资源功能rdquo发展基于向ldquo资源功能rdquo发展基于InternetInternet 的网络化制造是适应时代的需要的网络化制造是适应时代的需要
网络制造的本质特性就是产品的制造过程更加网络制造的本质特性就是产品的制造过程更加分散化信息的传递网络化信息的流动伴随分散化信息的传递网络化信息的流动伴随着各项工作的并发进行而同时发生着各项工作的并发进行而同时发生
网络制造 (2)
基于基于 InternetInternet 的虚拟制造与虚拟装配的虚拟制造与虚拟装配 在相互联结的网络上建立在相互联结的网络上建立 2424 小时工作的协同小时工作的协同
工作组大大加快了设计进度及时获得所需工作组大大加快了设计进度及时获得所需要的零部件减少库存降低成本提高质量要的零部件减少库存降低成本提高质量
电子商务 信息技术和 Internet 引发的商务过程的变化 利用以 Internet 为核心的信息技术进行商
务活动和企业资源管理 CIMS 是企业实施电子商务的基础 企业实施电子商务是 CIMS 发展的主要标志和
主要内容
竞争环境改变 核心 产品竞争
电子商务产生背景
服务竞争
范围 单个企业 全球多企业
资源 人财物 信息知识
管理重心迁移 生产管理 供应 营销链管理
集中内部资源 整合外部资源
离散管理 集约管理
商务模式转化
bull文秘型管理bull关注后台（企业内部）bull关注业务记录（报表）bull地区性bull推销产品为中心bull（卖方市场）
bull自我服务型管理bull关注前端（客户关系）bull要求商业智能（分析）bull全球化bull客户为中心bull（买方市场）
传统商务 电子商务
客户
供应商
合作伙伴
网络智能
市场营销 产品 服务销售 产品制造
服务 支持
e 企业的业务体系结构
网络发展趋势 趋势趋势 融合融合 趋势趋势 泛在（泛在（ UbiquitousUbiquitous ）） 趋势趋势 信息爆炸信息爆炸 更多的网络业务流量更多的网络业务流量 数据流量 数据流量 gt gt 话声流量话声流量 更快的传输介质更快的传输介质 骨干网（骨干网（ BackboneBackbone ）） 更大的带宽（更大的带宽（ BandwidthBandwidth ）） 宽带无线网宽带无线网飞速增长飞速增长 (WLAN) (Wi-Fi)(WLAN) (Wi-Fi) Everything over IPEverything over IP
趋势 融合 新闻新闻 广告广告 -- 媒体媒体 --信息提供者信息提供者
数字媒体产品数字媒体产品 有线电视有线电视
视频传输视频传输 电话电话
声音传输声音传输 计算机计算机
数字媒体存储数字媒体存储 处理处理 信息提供者和信息传输者的结合信息提供者和信息传输者的结合 电话公司电话公司 有线公司有线公司 娱乐事业娱乐事业 和计算机公司和计算机公司
的结合的结合
Trend
趋势 更多的网络业务流量 互联网上的主机数正以超指数量级飞速增长互联网上的主机数正以超指数量级飞速增长 每个主机用户的业务量中也在增长每个主机用户的业务量中也在增长
局域网可达到 局域网可达到 1 1 GbpsGbps 有线电视调制解调器允许以有线电视调制解调器允许以 11到 到 10 10 MbpsMbps 的速的速
度访问主机度访问主机 应用应用 ADSLVDSLADSLVDSL 通过电话线可达到通过电话线可达到 6-6-
2727MbpsMbps 的速度的速度 宽带无线网宽带无线网 (Wi-Fi)(Wi-Fi)可达到可达到 11-54Mbps11-54Mbps 的速的速
度度 带宽需求每四个月增加一倍带宽需求每四个月增加一倍 数据流量 数据流量 gt gt 话声流量话声流量
Trend of Internet hosts 1980-2000
Trend Data gt Voice
趋势 更快的传输介质 局局域域网网 1 Gbps over 4-pair UTP-5 up to 100 m 1 Gbps over 4-pair UTP-5 up to 100 m
10Gbps being discussed10Gbps being discussed Was 1 Mbps (1Base-5) in 1984Was 1 Mbps (1Base-5) in 1984
骨干网光纤骨干网光纤 DWDMDWDM (( Dense Wavelength Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing)Division Multiplexing) OC-768 = 40 Gbps over a to 65 km OC-768 = 40 Gbps over a to 65 km
1600 Gbps - 10 Tbps1600 Gbps - 10 Tbps Was 100 Mbps (FDDI) in 1993Was 100 Mbps (FDDI) in 1993
无线网无线网 54 100 Mbps(100-2km) wireless 54 100 Mbps(100-2km) wireless networks 25 Gbps to 5km using light networks 25 Gbps to 5km using light Was 1 Mbps (IEEE 80211) in 1998Was 1 Mbps (IEEE 80211) in 1998
Trend Bandwidth
Why Optical Networks DWDM optoelectricl metro network
Trend Wireless Mobile (1)
Trend宽带无线网 (Wi-Fi)飞速增长
Trend宽带无线网 (Wi-Fi)飞速增长
Trend宽带无线网 (Wi-Fi)飞速增长
Trend宽带无线网 (Wi-Fi)飞速增长
Integration of 3G and WLAN- offer possibility of achieving anywhere anytime
high speed and low expense Internet access
3G3G WLANWLAN
Wide areaWide area Local areaLocal area
Low bit rate Low bit rate
(2M when stand (2M when stand still)still)
High bit rateHigh bit rate
(11M to 54M)(11M to 54M)
DataVoice serviceDataVoice service
((QoS supportQoS support))
Data serviceData service
High expenseHigh expense Low expenseLow expense
High mobilityHigh mobility Low mobilityLow mobility
Trend Everything over IP
Data over IP =gt IP needs Traffic Data over IP =gt IP needs Traffic engineeringengineering
Voice over IP =gt Quality of Service and Voice over IP =gt Quality of Service and SignalingSignaling
Backbone -- Optic networksBackbone -- Optic networks IP over ATM IP over ATM （（异步传输模式）异步传输模式） IP over SONET -- POS (Packet over SDH) IP over SONET -- POS (Packet over SDH)
(( 同步同步 )) IP over DWDMIP over DWDM
Asynchronous Transfer Mode ATM
1990rsquos00 standard for high-speed (155Mbps to 1990rsquos00 standard for high-speed (155Mbps to 622 Mbps and higher) 622 Mbps and higher) Broadband Integrated Broadband Integrated Service Digital NetworkService Digital Network architecture architecture
GoalGoal integrated end-end transport of carry integrated end-end transport of carry voice video datavoice video data meeting timingQoS requirements of voice meeting timingQoS requirements of voice
video (versus Internet best-effort model)video (versus Internet best-effort model) ldquoldquonext generationrdquo telephony technical roots next generationrdquo telephony technical roots
in telephone worldin telephone world packet-switching (fixed length packets packet-switching (fixed length packets
called ldquocellsrdquo) using called ldquocellsrdquo) using virtual circuitsvirtual circuits
ATM reference model
How far along are we
Standardization bodies - ATM Forum ITU-T Standardization bodies - ATM Forum ITU-T We may never see end-to-end ATM (1997)We may never see end-to-end ATM (1997)
ATM - too complex - too expansive ltIPgtATM - too complex - too expansive ltIPgt Backbone - 1995 vBNS (ATM) Backbone - 1995 vBNS (ATM)
- 1998 Abilene (SONET) - 2000 IP over - 1998 Abilene (SONET) - 2000 IP over DWDMDWDM
Internet technology + ATM philosophyInternet technology + ATM philosophy but ATM ideas continue to powerfully but ATM ideas continue to powerfully
influence design of next-generation influence design of next-generation InternetInternet
ex ex MPLSMPLS admission ctl resource admission ctl resource reservation hellipreservation hellip
Best of Both Worlds
Multiprotocol label switching (Multiprotocol label switching (MPLSMPLS)) MPLS + IP form a middle ground that MPLS + IP form a middle ground that
combines the best of IP and the best of combines the best of IP and the best of virtual virtual circuit switching technologiescircuit switching technologies
ATM and Frame Relay cannot easily come to ATM and Frame Relay cannot easily come to the middle so IP hasthe middle so IP has
Label Encapsulation
MPLS Encapsulation is specified over MPLS Encapsulation is specified over various media types Top labels may use various media types Top labels may use existing format lower label(s) use a new existing format lower label(s) use a new ldquoshimrdquo label formatldquoshimrdquo label format
Label Substitution Have a friend go to B ahead of you using one of the Have a friend go to B ahead of you using one of the
previous two techniques At every road they reserve previous two techniques At every road they reserve a lane just for you At every intersection they post a a lane just for you At every intersection they post a big sign that says for a given lane which way to turn big sign that says for a given lane which way to turn and what new lane to takeand what new lane to take
Future Internet Research and Experimentation
Todayrsquos Internet Millions of usersMillions of users Web email low-quality audio amp videoWeb email low-quality audio amp video Interconnect personal computers and serversInterconnect personal computers and servers Applications adapt to underlying technologyApplications adapt to underlying technology Todayrsquos Internet DoesnrsquotTodayrsquos Internet Doesnrsquot
Provide reliable end-to-end performanceProvide reliable end-to-end performanceEncourage cooperation on new capabilitiesEncourage cooperation on new capabilitiesAllow testing of new technologiesAllow testing of new technologiesSupport development of revolutionary Support development of revolutionary applicationsapplications
Tomorrowrsquos Internet
Billions of users and devicesBillions of users and devices Convergence of todayrsquos applications Convergence of todayrsquos applications with multimedia (telephony video-with multimedia (telephony video-conference HDTV)conference HDTV)
Interconnect personal computers Interconnect personal computers servers and embedded computersservers and embedded computers
New technologies enable unanticipated New technologies enable unanticipated applications (and create new challenges)applications (and create new challenges)
Vint Cerf Open Challenges
My primary disappointment has been the slow pace of high speed access for residential customers hellip
The second area of disappointment is the slow uptake of version 6 of the Internet protocol (IPv6)
Perhaps the third area is the continuing difficulty caused by viruses worms and distributed denial of service attacksrdquo
How to make the Internet better Addressing current problems
Security1048766 Privacy1048766 Self-diagnosis amp self-healing networks1048766 Cheap connectivity for poor area and third world countries1048766
Wireless mesh networks1048766 sensors1048766 Mobility1048766
New cool apps1048766 What is after IPTV VoIP BitTorrent
Why Internet2 (1996)
The Internet was not designed forThe Internet was not designed forMillions of usersMillions of usersCongestionCongestionMultimediaMultimediaReal time interactionReal time interaction
But only the Internet canBut only the Internet canAccommodate explosive growthAccommodate explosive growthEnable convergence of information Enable convergence of information work mass media and human work mass media and human collaborationcollaboration
Internet2 Project Develop and deploy advanced network Develop and deploy advanced network
applications and technologies accelerating applications and technologies accelerating the creation of tomorrowrsquos Internetthe creation of tomorrowrsquos Internet
GoalsGoals Enable new generation of applicationsEnable new generation of applications Re-create leading edge RampE network Re-create leading edge RampE network
capabilitycapability Transfer capability to the global Transfer capability to the global
production Internetproduction Internet 206 University Members Jan 2005206 University Members Jan 2005
Internet2 Focus Areas Advanced Network Infrastructure - AbileneAdvanced Network Infrastructure - Abilene
Backbones operate at 10 Gbps capacity - 100 Backbones operate at 10 Gbps capacity - 100 Gbps (2007)Gbps (2007)
Middleware Middleware A layer of software between the network and the A layer of software between the network and the
applications applications Authentication Identification Authorization Authentication Identification Authorization
Directories SecurityDirectories Security EngineeringEngineering
IPv6 Measurement Multicast QoS Routing IPv6 Measurement Multicast QoS Routing Security TopologySecurity Topology
Advanced ApplicationsAdvanced Applications Distributed computation Virtual laboratories Distributed computation Virtual laboratories
Digital libraries Distributed learning Digital video Digital libraries Distributed learning Digital video Tele-immersion All of the above in combinationTele-immersion All of the above in combination
Abilene Connections Apr-2000Abilene Connections July 2006
Abilene Connections Apr-2000Abilene International Peering 2006
Research andDevelopment
Commercialization
Partnerships
Privatization
Internet Development Spiral
Todayrsquos Internet
Internet2
University-led Federal agency-led
Developing education and research driven applications
Agency mission-driven and general purpose applications
Building out campus networks gigaPoPs and inter-gigapop
infrastructure
Funding research testbeds and agency research networks
Interconnecting and interoperating to provide advanced networking capabilities needed to support advanced
research and education applications
Internet2 and the Next Generation Internet Initiative
Internet2 NGI
Our Founding (Funding) Fable
Researchers invent new architectures Architectures are validated on a testbed IETF ISPs and router vendors collaborate to deploy new design
This is complete BS
Do Traditional Testbeds Really Test
Production-oriented testbeds Real traffic provides good validation But can test only very incremental changes
Research-oriented testbeds Can test radical architectures Lack of real traffic results in poor validation
Both are expensive (dedicated bandwidth)
What about Deployment Architectural change requires ISP consensus
- Hard to agree- No competitive advantage from architectural innovation
- All have huge sunk investment in the status quo
ISPs are unlikely candidates for architectural change
Architecture isnrsquot just static its decaying Ad hoc workarounds muddy the architectural waters
We are at an Impasse
We canrsquot test new architectures- Despite sizable investments in testbeds
We canrsquot deploy new architectures- And things are getting worse not better
Yet there are pressing requirements for which the current architecture is not well suited
The Communityrsquos Response Focus on areas where we can have impact
Empirical studies Incremental changes (subject to current constraints)
Small stream of architectural proposals Paper designs without hope of deployment
More science fiction than engineering Have largely abandoned hope of effecting fundamental architectural change
Living with rather than overcoming the impasse
Overcoming the Impasse
Must be able to test new architectures Wide range of architectures Real traffic from willing individuals Low overhead for individual researchers
Meet the grand challenge of reinventing the Internet
Empirical incremental research is great but not enough
If someone put us in charge what would we do
What about deployment Several options none good but no excuse to not have an answer to the grand challenge
Testing Virtual Testbed
Overlay testbed (think RON etc) Host proxy directs packets to overlay
Proxy must architecturally neutral and flexible
Individuals (anywhere) opt-in by turning on proxy
Shared testing infrastructure (think Planetlab) Overlay nodes shared among experiments
Slicing on per-packet timescales Virtualized routers
These ideas have turned into the GENI program
Why GENI (Global Environment for Network Innovations) Future Internet Network (2005)
The original designing idea of current information networks is basically a specific network supports one major service
The limitation of the original designing idea can not support the multiple requirements for networks and services (such as Telecom network Internet)
The original design mode of Internet leads to itrsquos shortage in mobility security controllable and administrable
We urgently need redesign the framework of new generation Internet to overcome the serious shortage of current Internet
Providing pervasive and trusted services based on a specific network has became the key research directions of national informatization
GENI (Global Environment for Network Innovations) - NSF 2005 (1)
What is GENIWhat is GENIGENI is GENI is a facility concepta facility concept being explored by being explored by the US computing community the US computing community
back to an NSF workshop in 2005back to an NSF workshop in 2005focus on focus on architecturalarchitectural research and research and provide the provide the experimentalexperimental infrastructure infrastructure needed to support that researchneeded to support that research
focus on the research agenda (and focus on the research agenda (and infrastructure needs) of the infrastructure needs) of the opticaloptical wirelesswireless sensorsensor network and network and distributeddistributed systems communitiessystems communities
GENI (Global Environment for Network Innovations) (2)
The goal of GENI The goal of GENI Goal a Future Internet that meets the Goal a Future Internet that meets the demands of 21st centurydemands of 21st century
to increase the to increase the qualityquality and and quantityquantity of of experimental experimental researchresearch outcomes in networking and distributed outcomes in networking and distributed systemssystems
to accelerate the to accelerate the transitiontransition of these outcomes into of these outcomes into products and servicesproducts and services
enhance economic competitiveness and secure enhance economic competitiveness and secure the Nations futurethe Nations future
Ultimately to lead to a Ultimately to lead to a transition of the transition of the InternetInternet
GENI Research Opportunities (3)
Two dichotomy thought (false or at least Two dichotomy thought (false or at least unnecessary)unnecessary)
a a clean slateclean slate reconceptualization of Internet reconceptualization of Internet architecture architecture
todays 30-year-old architecture that todays 30-year-old architecture that limit its limit its abilityability to cope with emerging threats and to cope with emerging threats and opportunitiesopportunities
bull eroding trust reduced innovation slowing eroding trust reduced innovation slowing updateupdate
future innovation will take the form of new future innovation will take the form of new services and applications running services and applications running on top of the on top of the InternetInternet
GENI Research Opportunities (4)
GENI discussion GENI discussion First we interpret Future Internet very broadly to First we interpret Future Internet very broadly to
include innovations at include innovations at any levelany level of the architecture of the architecture alternative protocols and architectures running alternative protocols and architectures running
inside the network (as overlays on top of inside the network (as overlays on top of todays network) todays network)
Second research should employ Second research should employ clean slate clean slate thinkingthinking but this does but this does not imply that an entirely not imply that an entirely newnew Internet will be necessary In other words Internet will be necessary In other words clean slate is a clean slate is a processprocess not a not a resultresult
Third opportunities Third opportunities betweenbetween two perspectives two perspectives exploring how todays architecture is best exploring how todays architecture is best
evolved to support emerging overlay services evolved to support emerging overlay services
GENI Facility Concept (5)
Facility ConceptFacility Concept experimental platforms for experimental platforms for bothboth research and research and
deploymentdeployment filling the filling the gapgap between small-scale exp and mature between small-scale exp and mature
tech tech GENI evaluate new network systems on large-GENI evaluate new network systems on large-
scalescale
Two levelsTwo levels Physical level Physical level GENI substrateGENI substrate will consist of a will consist of a
collection of links forwarders storage collection of links forwarders storage processors and wireless net processors and wireless net
On top of this substrate a On top of this substrate a software software management management frameworkframework will be overlay network experiments on will be overlay network experiments on
the substratethe substrate
GENI Facility Concept (6)
Four key ideasFour key ideas substrate components will be substrate components will be programmableprogrammable - -
possible to embed any network experiment including possible to embed any network experiment including clean-slate designs clean-slate designs
Substrate will be Substrate will be virtualizable virtualizable -- possible to embed possible to embed multiple slices in the substrate at the same time multiple slices in the substrate at the same time (allow experimental services and architectures to run (allow experimental services and architectures to run continuously) continuously)
GENI will include mechanisms that allow end-users GENI will include mechanisms that allow end-users to to seamlessly seamlessly opt-inopt-in to experimental services to experimental services
GENI will be GENI will be modularmodular ( (architecture and interfaces) - architecture and interfaces) - possible to extend GENI with new networking possible to extend GENI with new networking technologies GENI will not be a static artifact but technologies GENI will not be a static artifact but rather a rather a dynamic infrastructuredynamic infrastructure that is continually that is continually renewedrenewed
FIND (Future Internet Network Design) ndash NSF 2006 (1)
FIND asks two broad questionsFIND asks two broad questions What are the What are the requirementsrequirements for the global network for the global network
in 15 years in 15 years How How would we would we re-conceivere-conceive tomorrows global tomorrows global
network today if we could design it from scratch network today if we could design it from scratch FIND program solicits FIND program solicits clean slate processclean slate process research proposals in the broad area of research proposals in the broad area of network architecture principles and designnetwork architecture principles and design
FIND (Future Internet Network Design) (2)
FIND research might address wide questionsFIND research might address wide questions What will the What will the edgeedge of the network look like in 15 of the network look like in 15
years How might the network years How might the network architecturearchitecture of 15 of 15 years hence best accommodate sensors embedded years hence best accommodate sensors embedded systems and the like systems and the like
How might the network of 15 years from now How might the network of 15 years from now supportsupport what users really do (and care about) How what users really do (and care about) How might such functions as information access location might such functions as information access location management or identity management best fit into a management or identity management best fit into a new overall network architecture new overall network architecture
What will the What will the core core of the network look like in 15 of the network look like in 15 years How might the changing economics of years How might the changing economics of optical systems affect the overall design of the larger optical systems affect the overall design of the larger networknetwork
FIRE (Future Internet Research and Experimentation) ndash European 2007 (1)
Internet has Internet has growngrown to an unexpected reach to an unexpected reach as for the as for the numbernumber of users of users capacitycapacity of the of the links broadband penetration to the links broadband penetration to the homehome servicesservices
ProblemsProblems spam viruses denial of service spam viruses denial of service attacks complexity of managementattacks complexity of management
Internet drawbacks and Internet drawbacks and limitationslimitations ndash to ndash to scalabilityscalability suitabilitysuitability mobilitymobility transparencytransparency securitysecurity
require new radical approaches to require new radical approaches to fundamentally redesign its protocols and fundamentally redesign its protocols and architectures architectures
FIRE (2) FIRE is an FIRE is an experimentallyexperimentally-driven -driven longlong-term research initiative on -term research initiative on
Future Internet Future Internet conceptsconcepts protocolsprotocols and and architecturesarchitectures encompassing technological industrial and socio-economic encompassing technological industrial and socio-economic
aspects aspects acting as proof-of-concept of the newly proposed acting as proof-of-concept of the newly proposed
technologies and services technologies and services FIRE RESEARCHFIRE RESEARCH
Long term multidisciplinary research on future internet Long term multidisciplinary research on future internet paradigms paradigms
Open to Open to fresh bottom-upfresh bottom-up ideas with ideas with no backwards-no backwards-compatibilitycompatibility constraints constraints
Building on the FET SAC initiative ldquoSituated and Autonomic Building on the FET SAC initiative ldquoSituated and Autonomic Communicationsrdquo Communicationsrdquo
Considering at the Considering at the same timesame time technological economic and technological economic and socialpolicy aspects socialpolicy aspects
Build in from the outset and on all levels the right Build in from the outset and on all levels the right balancebalance between security accountability and privacybetween security accountability and privacy
FIRE (3)
FIRE EXPERIMENTATIONFIRE EXPERIMENTATION Large scale experimentationLarge scale experimentation of new paradigms and of new paradigms and
concepts for the future internet and related service concepts for the future internet and related service architectures architectures
Learning through broad experimentation Learning through broad experimentation Integrating and validating new conceptsIntegrating and validating new concepts
Federating and extending Federating and extending existing testbedsexisting testbeds and and research infrastructures research infrastructures
no backwards-compatibility constraints no backwards-compatibility constraints European approach and develop a European European approach and develop a European
identityidentity
- Slide 1
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- Slide 115
-
Internet Physical Infrastructure
Classification by Coverage
模型 协议 分层
Protocol Architecture
Donrsquot Need All Layers Everywhere
Protocol Data Unit - PDUs
Network Components (Examples)
Fibers
Coaxial Cable
Links Interfaces Switchesrouters
Ethernet card
Wireless card
Large router
Telephoneswitch
趋势 网络时代 每一件事务都是数字的 声音 视频 音
乐 画片 及生活日常事务 每一件事务都是在线的 银行结算 医疗
记录 各类书籍 航空日程 天气情况 公路交通 hellip
每个人之间都是相互联系的 医生 教师 经济人 母亲 儿子 朋友 敌人
趋势 网络时代 实现家庭
教育 办公 购物 娱乐 网上娱乐 虚拟工作场所
2000 年美国有五千五百万人实现远程工作
网络制造 电子商务 虚拟公司 虚拟制造与虚拟装配 ( 设计过程 ) 制造过程更加分散化并发进行 新型的价值链 虚拟兑现
趋势 网络时代
趋势 网络时代
网络制造 (1)
随着基于随着基于 InternetInternet 的全球化数字通信基础设的全球化数字通信基础设施的建立网络从单纯的信息工具变成rdquo施的建立网络从单纯的信息工具变成rdquo EE －－时代rdquo的关键资源时代rdquo的关键资源 全球经济一体化成为制造全球经济一体化成为制造业变革的最根本的推动力业变革的最根本的推动力
InternetInternet 向ldquo资源功能rdquo发展基于向ldquo资源功能rdquo发展基于InternetInternet 的网络化制造是适应时代的需要的网络化制造是适应时代的需要
网络制造的本质特性就是产品的制造过程更加网络制造的本质特性就是产品的制造过程更加分散化信息的传递网络化信息的流动伴随分散化信息的传递网络化信息的流动伴随着各项工作的并发进行而同时发生着各项工作的并发进行而同时发生
网络制造 (2)
基于基于 InternetInternet 的虚拟制造与虚拟装配的虚拟制造与虚拟装配 在相互联结的网络上建立在相互联结的网络上建立 2424 小时工作的协同小时工作的协同
工作组大大加快了设计进度及时获得所需工作组大大加快了设计进度及时获得所需要的零部件减少库存降低成本提高质量要的零部件减少库存降低成本提高质量
电子商务 信息技术和 Internet 引发的商务过程的变化 利用以 Internet 为核心的信息技术进行商
务活动和企业资源管理 CIMS 是企业实施电子商务的基础 企业实施电子商务是 CIMS 发展的主要标志和
主要内容
竞争环境改变 核心 产品竞争
电子商务产生背景
服务竞争
范围 单个企业 全球多企业
资源 人财物 信息知识
管理重心迁移 生产管理 供应 营销链管理
集中内部资源 整合外部资源
离散管理 集约管理
商务模式转化
bull文秘型管理bull关注后台（企业内部）bull关注业务记录（报表）bull地区性bull推销产品为中心bull（卖方市场）
bull自我服务型管理bull关注前端（客户关系）bull要求商业智能（分析）bull全球化bull客户为中心bull（买方市场）
传统商务 电子商务
客户
供应商
合作伙伴
网络智能
市场营销 产品 服务销售 产品制造
服务 支持
e 企业的业务体系结构
网络发展趋势 趋势趋势 融合融合 趋势趋势 泛在（泛在（ UbiquitousUbiquitous ）） 趋势趋势 信息爆炸信息爆炸 更多的网络业务流量更多的网络业务流量 数据流量 数据流量 gt gt 话声流量话声流量 更快的传输介质更快的传输介质 骨干网（骨干网（ BackboneBackbone ）） 更大的带宽（更大的带宽（ BandwidthBandwidth ）） 宽带无线网宽带无线网飞速增长飞速增长 (WLAN) (Wi-Fi)(WLAN) (Wi-Fi) Everything over IPEverything over IP
趋势 融合 新闻新闻 广告广告 -- 媒体媒体 --信息提供者信息提供者
数字媒体产品数字媒体产品 有线电视有线电视
视频传输视频传输 电话电话
声音传输声音传输 计算机计算机
数字媒体存储数字媒体存储 处理处理 信息提供者和信息传输者的结合信息提供者和信息传输者的结合 电话公司电话公司 有线公司有线公司 娱乐事业娱乐事业 和计算机公司和计算机公司
的结合的结合
Trend
趋势 更多的网络业务流量 互联网上的主机数正以超指数量级飞速增长互联网上的主机数正以超指数量级飞速增长 每个主机用户的业务量中也在增长每个主机用户的业务量中也在增长
局域网可达到 局域网可达到 1 1 GbpsGbps 有线电视调制解调器允许以有线电视调制解调器允许以 11到 到 10 10 MbpsMbps 的速的速
度访问主机度访问主机 应用应用 ADSLVDSLADSLVDSL 通过电话线可达到通过电话线可达到 6-6-
2727MbpsMbps 的速度的速度 宽带无线网宽带无线网 (Wi-Fi)(Wi-Fi)可达到可达到 11-54Mbps11-54Mbps 的速的速
度度 带宽需求每四个月增加一倍带宽需求每四个月增加一倍 数据流量 数据流量 gt gt 话声流量话声流量
Trend of Internet hosts 1980-2000
Trend Data gt Voice
趋势 更快的传输介质 局局域域网网 1 Gbps over 4-pair UTP-5 up to 100 m 1 Gbps over 4-pair UTP-5 up to 100 m
10Gbps being discussed10Gbps being discussed Was 1 Mbps (1Base-5) in 1984Was 1 Mbps (1Base-5) in 1984
骨干网光纤骨干网光纤 DWDMDWDM (( Dense Wavelength Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing)Division Multiplexing) OC-768 = 40 Gbps over a to 65 km OC-768 = 40 Gbps over a to 65 km
1600 Gbps - 10 Tbps1600 Gbps - 10 Tbps Was 100 Mbps (FDDI) in 1993Was 100 Mbps (FDDI) in 1993
无线网无线网 54 100 Mbps(100-2km) wireless 54 100 Mbps(100-2km) wireless networks 25 Gbps to 5km using light networks 25 Gbps to 5km using light Was 1 Mbps (IEEE 80211) in 1998Was 1 Mbps (IEEE 80211) in 1998
Trend Bandwidth
Why Optical Networks DWDM optoelectricl metro network
Trend Wireless Mobile (1)
Trend宽带无线网 (Wi-Fi)飞速增长
Trend宽带无线网 (Wi-Fi)飞速增长
Trend宽带无线网 (Wi-Fi)飞速增长
Trend宽带无线网 (Wi-Fi)飞速增长
Integration of 3G and WLAN- offer possibility of achieving anywhere anytime
high speed and low expense Internet access
3G3G WLANWLAN
Wide areaWide area Local areaLocal area
Low bit rate Low bit rate
(2M when stand (2M when stand still)still)
High bit rateHigh bit rate
(11M to 54M)(11M to 54M)
DataVoice serviceDataVoice service
((QoS supportQoS support))
Data serviceData service
High expenseHigh expense Low expenseLow expense
High mobilityHigh mobility Low mobilityLow mobility
Trend Everything over IP
Data over IP =gt IP needs Traffic Data over IP =gt IP needs Traffic engineeringengineering
Voice over IP =gt Quality of Service and Voice over IP =gt Quality of Service and SignalingSignaling
Backbone -- Optic networksBackbone -- Optic networks IP over ATM IP over ATM （（异步传输模式）异步传输模式） IP over SONET -- POS (Packet over SDH) IP over SONET -- POS (Packet over SDH)
(( 同步同步 )) IP over DWDMIP over DWDM
Asynchronous Transfer Mode ATM
1990rsquos00 standard for high-speed (155Mbps to 1990rsquos00 standard for high-speed (155Mbps to 622 Mbps and higher) 622 Mbps and higher) Broadband Integrated Broadband Integrated Service Digital NetworkService Digital Network architecture architecture
GoalGoal integrated end-end transport of carry integrated end-end transport of carry voice video datavoice video data meeting timingQoS requirements of voice meeting timingQoS requirements of voice
video (versus Internet best-effort model)video (versus Internet best-effort model) ldquoldquonext generationrdquo telephony technical roots next generationrdquo telephony technical roots
in telephone worldin telephone world packet-switching (fixed length packets packet-switching (fixed length packets
called ldquocellsrdquo) using called ldquocellsrdquo) using virtual circuitsvirtual circuits
ATM reference model
How far along are we
Standardization bodies - ATM Forum ITU-T Standardization bodies - ATM Forum ITU-T We may never see end-to-end ATM (1997)We may never see end-to-end ATM (1997)
ATM - too complex - too expansive ltIPgtATM - too complex - too expansive ltIPgt Backbone - 1995 vBNS (ATM) Backbone - 1995 vBNS (ATM)
- 1998 Abilene (SONET) - 2000 IP over - 1998 Abilene (SONET) - 2000 IP over DWDMDWDM
Internet technology + ATM philosophyInternet technology + ATM philosophy but ATM ideas continue to powerfully but ATM ideas continue to powerfully
influence design of next-generation influence design of next-generation InternetInternet
ex ex MPLSMPLS admission ctl resource admission ctl resource reservation hellipreservation hellip
Best of Both Worlds
Multiprotocol label switching (Multiprotocol label switching (MPLSMPLS)) MPLS + IP form a middle ground that MPLS + IP form a middle ground that
combines the best of IP and the best of combines the best of IP and the best of virtual virtual circuit switching technologiescircuit switching technologies
ATM and Frame Relay cannot easily come to ATM and Frame Relay cannot easily come to the middle so IP hasthe middle so IP has
Label Encapsulation
MPLS Encapsulation is specified over MPLS Encapsulation is specified over various media types Top labels may use various media types Top labels may use existing format lower label(s) use a new existing format lower label(s) use a new ldquoshimrdquo label formatldquoshimrdquo label format
Label Substitution Have a friend go to B ahead of you using one of the Have a friend go to B ahead of you using one of the
previous two techniques At every road they reserve previous two techniques At every road they reserve a lane just for you At every intersection they post a a lane just for you At every intersection they post a big sign that says for a given lane which way to turn big sign that says for a given lane which way to turn and what new lane to takeand what new lane to take
Future Internet Research and Experimentation
Todayrsquos Internet Millions of usersMillions of users Web email low-quality audio amp videoWeb email low-quality audio amp video Interconnect personal computers and serversInterconnect personal computers and servers Applications adapt to underlying technologyApplications adapt to underlying technology Todayrsquos Internet DoesnrsquotTodayrsquos Internet Doesnrsquot
Provide reliable end-to-end performanceProvide reliable end-to-end performanceEncourage cooperation on new capabilitiesEncourage cooperation on new capabilitiesAllow testing of new technologiesAllow testing of new technologiesSupport development of revolutionary Support development of revolutionary applicationsapplications
Tomorrowrsquos Internet
Billions of users and devicesBillions of users and devices Convergence of todayrsquos applications Convergence of todayrsquos applications with multimedia (telephony video-with multimedia (telephony video-conference HDTV)conference HDTV)
Interconnect personal computers Interconnect personal computers servers and embedded computersservers and embedded computers
New technologies enable unanticipated New technologies enable unanticipated applications (and create new challenges)applications (and create new challenges)
Vint Cerf Open Challenges
My primary disappointment has been the slow pace of high speed access for residential customers hellip
The second area of disappointment is the slow uptake of version 6 of the Internet protocol (IPv6)
Perhaps the third area is the continuing difficulty caused by viruses worms and distributed denial of service attacksrdquo
How to make the Internet better Addressing current problems
Security1048766 Privacy1048766 Self-diagnosis amp self-healing networks1048766 Cheap connectivity for poor area and third world countries1048766
Wireless mesh networks1048766 sensors1048766 Mobility1048766
New cool apps1048766 What is after IPTV VoIP BitTorrent
Why Internet2 (1996)
The Internet was not designed forThe Internet was not designed forMillions of usersMillions of usersCongestionCongestionMultimediaMultimediaReal time interactionReal time interaction
But only the Internet canBut only the Internet canAccommodate explosive growthAccommodate explosive growthEnable convergence of information Enable convergence of information work mass media and human work mass media and human collaborationcollaboration
Internet2 Project Develop and deploy advanced network Develop and deploy advanced network
applications and technologies accelerating applications and technologies accelerating the creation of tomorrowrsquos Internetthe creation of tomorrowrsquos Internet
GoalsGoals Enable new generation of applicationsEnable new generation of applications Re-create leading edge RampE network Re-create leading edge RampE network
capabilitycapability Transfer capability to the global Transfer capability to the global
production Internetproduction Internet 206 University Members Jan 2005206 University Members Jan 2005
Internet2 Focus Areas Advanced Network Infrastructure - AbileneAdvanced Network Infrastructure - Abilene
Backbones operate at 10 Gbps capacity - 100 Backbones operate at 10 Gbps capacity - 100 Gbps (2007)Gbps (2007)
Middleware Middleware A layer of software between the network and the A layer of software between the network and the
applications applications Authentication Identification Authorization Authentication Identification Authorization
Directories SecurityDirectories Security EngineeringEngineering
IPv6 Measurement Multicast QoS Routing IPv6 Measurement Multicast QoS Routing Security TopologySecurity Topology
Advanced ApplicationsAdvanced Applications Distributed computation Virtual laboratories Distributed computation Virtual laboratories
Digital libraries Distributed learning Digital video Digital libraries Distributed learning Digital video Tele-immersion All of the above in combinationTele-immersion All of the above in combination
Abilene Connections Apr-2000Abilene Connections July 2006
Abilene Connections Apr-2000Abilene International Peering 2006
Research andDevelopment
Commercialization
Partnerships
Privatization
Internet Development Spiral
Todayrsquos Internet
Internet2
University-led Federal agency-led
Developing education and research driven applications
Agency mission-driven and general purpose applications
Building out campus networks gigaPoPs and inter-gigapop
infrastructure
Funding research testbeds and agency research networks
Interconnecting and interoperating to provide advanced networking capabilities needed to support advanced
research and education applications
Internet2 and the Next Generation Internet Initiative
Internet2 NGI
Our Founding (Funding) Fable
Researchers invent new architectures Architectures are validated on a testbed IETF ISPs and router vendors collaborate to deploy new design
This is complete BS
Do Traditional Testbeds Really Test
Production-oriented testbeds Real traffic provides good validation But can test only very incremental changes
Research-oriented testbeds Can test radical architectures Lack of real traffic results in poor validation
Both are expensive (dedicated bandwidth)
What about Deployment Architectural change requires ISP consensus
- Hard to agree- No competitive advantage from architectural innovation
- All have huge sunk investment in the status quo
ISPs are unlikely candidates for architectural change
Architecture isnrsquot just static its decaying Ad hoc workarounds muddy the architectural waters
We are at an Impasse
We canrsquot test new architectures- Despite sizable investments in testbeds
We canrsquot deploy new architectures- And things are getting worse not better
Yet there are pressing requirements for which the current architecture is not well suited
The Communityrsquos Response Focus on areas where we can have impact
Empirical studies Incremental changes (subject to current constraints)
Small stream of architectural proposals Paper designs without hope of deployment
More science fiction than engineering Have largely abandoned hope of effecting fundamental architectural change
Living with rather than overcoming the impasse
Overcoming the Impasse
Must be able to test new architectures Wide range of architectures Real traffic from willing individuals Low overhead for individual researchers
Meet the grand challenge of reinventing the Internet
Empirical incremental research is great but not enough
If someone put us in charge what would we do
What about deployment Several options none good but no excuse to not have an answer to the grand challenge
Testing Virtual Testbed
Overlay testbed (think RON etc) Host proxy directs packets to overlay
Proxy must architecturally neutral and flexible
Individuals (anywhere) opt-in by turning on proxy
Shared testing infrastructure (think Planetlab) Overlay nodes shared among experiments
Slicing on per-packet timescales Virtualized routers
These ideas have turned into the GENI program
Why GENI (Global Environment for Network Innovations) Future Internet Network (2005)
The original designing idea of current information networks is basically a specific network supports one major service
The limitation of the original designing idea can not support the multiple requirements for networks and services (such as Telecom network Internet)
The original design mode of Internet leads to itrsquos shortage in mobility security controllable and administrable
We urgently need redesign the framework of new generation Internet to overcome the serious shortage of current Internet
Providing pervasive and trusted services based on a specific network has became the key research directions of national informatization
GENI (Global Environment for Network Innovations) - NSF 2005 (1)
What is GENIWhat is GENIGENI is GENI is a facility concepta facility concept being explored by being explored by the US computing community the US computing community
back to an NSF workshop in 2005back to an NSF workshop in 2005focus on focus on architecturalarchitectural research and research and provide the provide the experimentalexperimental infrastructure infrastructure needed to support that researchneeded to support that research
focus on the research agenda (and focus on the research agenda (and infrastructure needs) of the infrastructure needs) of the opticaloptical wirelesswireless sensorsensor network and network and distributeddistributed systems communitiessystems communities
GENI (Global Environment for Network Innovations) (2)
The goal of GENI The goal of GENI Goal a Future Internet that meets the Goal a Future Internet that meets the demands of 21st centurydemands of 21st century
to increase the to increase the qualityquality and and quantityquantity of of experimental experimental researchresearch outcomes in networking and distributed outcomes in networking and distributed systemssystems
to accelerate the to accelerate the transitiontransition of these outcomes into of these outcomes into products and servicesproducts and services
enhance economic competitiveness and secure enhance economic competitiveness and secure the Nations futurethe Nations future
Ultimately to lead to a Ultimately to lead to a transition of the transition of the InternetInternet
GENI Research Opportunities (3)
Two dichotomy thought (false or at least Two dichotomy thought (false or at least unnecessary)unnecessary)
a a clean slateclean slate reconceptualization of Internet reconceptualization of Internet architecture architecture
todays 30-year-old architecture that todays 30-year-old architecture that limit its limit its abilityability to cope with emerging threats and to cope with emerging threats and opportunitiesopportunities
bull eroding trust reduced innovation slowing eroding trust reduced innovation slowing updateupdate
future innovation will take the form of new future innovation will take the form of new services and applications running services and applications running on top of the on top of the InternetInternet
GENI Research Opportunities (4)
GENI discussion GENI discussion First we interpret Future Internet very broadly to First we interpret Future Internet very broadly to
include innovations at include innovations at any levelany level of the architecture of the architecture alternative protocols and architectures running alternative protocols and architectures running
inside the network (as overlays on top of inside the network (as overlays on top of todays network) todays network)
Second research should employ Second research should employ clean slate clean slate thinkingthinking but this does but this does not imply that an entirely not imply that an entirely newnew Internet will be necessary In other words Internet will be necessary In other words clean slate is a clean slate is a processprocess not a not a resultresult
Third opportunities Third opportunities betweenbetween two perspectives two perspectives exploring how todays architecture is best exploring how todays architecture is best
evolved to support emerging overlay services evolved to support emerging overlay services
GENI Facility Concept (5)
Facility ConceptFacility Concept experimental platforms for experimental platforms for bothboth research and research and
deploymentdeployment filling the filling the gapgap between small-scale exp and mature between small-scale exp and mature
tech tech GENI evaluate new network systems on large-GENI evaluate new network systems on large-
scalescale
Two levelsTwo levels Physical level Physical level GENI substrateGENI substrate will consist of a will consist of a
collection of links forwarders storage collection of links forwarders storage processors and wireless net processors and wireless net
On top of this substrate a On top of this substrate a software software management management frameworkframework will be overlay network experiments on will be overlay network experiments on
the substratethe substrate
GENI Facility Concept (6)
Four key ideasFour key ideas substrate components will be substrate components will be programmableprogrammable - -
possible to embed any network experiment including possible to embed any network experiment including clean-slate designs clean-slate designs
Substrate will be Substrate will be virtualizable virtualizable -- possible to embed possible to embed multiple slices in the substrate at the same time multiple slices in the substrate at the same time (allow experimental services and architectures to run (allow experimental services and architectures to run continuously) continuously)
GENI will include mechanisms that allow end-users GENI will include mechanisms that allow end-users to to seamlessly seamlessly opt-inopt-in to experimental services to experimental services
GENI will be GENI will be modularmodular ( (architecture and interfaces) - architecture and interfaces) - possible to extend GENI with new networking possible to extend GENI with new networking technologies GENI will not be a static artifact but technologies GENI will not be a static artifact but rather a rather a dynamic infrastructuredynamic infrastructure that is continually that is continually renewedrenewed
FIND (Future Internet Network Design) ndash NSF 2006 (1)
FIND asks two broad questionsFIND asks two broad questions What are the What are the requirementsrequirements for the global network for the global network
in 15 years in 15 years How How would we would we re-conceivere-conceive tomorrows global tomorrows global
network today if we could design it from scratch network today if we could design it from scratch FIND program solicits FIND program solicits clean slate processclean slate process research proposals in the broad area of research proposals in the broad area of network architecture principles and designnetwork architecture principles and design
FIND (Future Internet Network Design) (2)
FIND research might address wide questionsFIND research might address wide questions What will the What will the edgeedge of the network look like in 15 of the network look like in 15
years How might the network years How might the network architecturearchitecture of 15 of 15 years hence best accommodate sensors embedded years hence best accommodate sensors embedded systems and the like systems and the like
How might the network of 15 years from now How might the network of 15 years from now supportsupport what users really do (and care about) How what users really do (and care about) How might such functions as information access location might such functions as information access location management or identity management best fit into a management or identity management best fit into a new overall network architecture new overall network architecture
What will the What will the core core of the network look like in 15 of the network look like in 15 years How might the changing economics of years How might the changing economics of optical systems affect the overall design of the larger optical systems affect the overall design of the larger networknetwork
FIRE (Future Internet Research and Experimentation) ndash European 2007 (1)
Internet has Internet has growngrown to an unexpected reach to an unexpected reach as for the as for the numbernumber of users of users capacitycapacity of the of the links broadband penetration to the links broadband penetration to the homehome servicesservices
ProblemsProblems spam viruses denial of service spam viruses denial of service attacks complexity of managementattacks complexity of management
Internet drawbacks and Internet drawbacks and limitationslimitations ndash to ndash to scalabilityscalability suitabilitysuitability mobilitymobility transparencytransparency securitysecurity
require new radical approaches to require new radical approaches to fundamentally redesign its protocols and fundamentally redesign its protocols and architectures architectures
FIRE (2) FIRE is an FIRE is an experimentallyexperimentally-driven -driven longlong-term research initiative on -term research initiative on
Future Internet Future Internet conceptsconcepts protocolsprotocols and and architecturesarchitectures encompassing technological industrial and socio-economic encompassing technological industrial and socio-economic
aspects aspects acting as proof-of-concept of the newly proposed acting as proof-of-concept of the newly proposed
technologies and services technologies and services FIRE RESEARCHFIRE RESEARCH
Long term multidisciplinary research on future internet Long term multidisciplinary research on future internet paradigms paradigms
Open to Open to fresh bottom-upfresh bottom-up ideas with ideas with no backwards-no backwards-compatibilitycompatibility constraints constraints
Building on the FET SAC initiative ldquoSituated and Autonomic Building on the FET SAC initiative ldquoSituated and Autonomic Communicationsrdquo Communicationsrdquo
Considering at the Considering at the same timesame time technological economic and technological economic and socialpolicy aspects socialpolicy aspects
Build in from the outset and on all levels the right Build in from the outset and on all levels the right balancebalance between security accountability and privacybetween security accountability and privacy
FIRE (3)
FIRE EXPERIMENTATIONFIRE EXPERIMENTATION Large scale experimentationLarge scale experimentation of new paradigms and of new paradigms and
concepts for the future internet and related service concepts for the future internet and related service architectures architectures
Learning through broad experimentation Learning through broad experimentation Integrating and validating new conceptsIntegrating and validating new concepts
Federating and extending Federating and extending existing testbedsexisting testbeds and and research infrastructures research infrastructures
no backwards-compatibility constraints no backwards-compatibility constraints European approach and develop a European European approach and develop a European
identityidentity
- Slide 1
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-
Classification by Coverage
模型 协议 分层
Protocol Architecture
Donrsquot Need All Layers Everywhere
Protocol Data Unit - PDUs
Network Components (Examples)
Fibers
Coaxial Cable
Links Interfaces Switchesrouters
Ethernet card
Wireless card
Large router
Telephoneswitch
趋势 网络时代 每一件事务都是数字的 声音 视频 音
乐 画片 及生活日常事务 每一件事务都是在线的 银行结算 医疗
记录 各类书籍 航空日程 天气情况 公路交通 hellip
每个人之间都是相互联系的 医生 教师 经济人 母亲 儿子 朋友 敌人
趋势 网络时代 实现家庭
教育 办公 购物 娱乐 网上娱乐 虚拟工作场所
2000 年美国有五千五百万人实现远程工作
网络制造 电子商务 虚拟公司 虚拟制造与虚拟装配 ( 设计过程 ) 制造过程更加分散化并发进行 新型的价值链 虚拟兑现
趋势 网络时代
趋势 网络时代
网络制造 (1)
随着基于随着基于 InternetInternet 的全球化数字通信基础设的全球化数字通信基础设施的建立网络从单纯的信息工具变成rdquo施的建立网络从单纯的信息工具变成rdquo EE －－时代rdquo的关键资源时代rdquo的关键资源 全球经济一体化成为制造全球经济一体化成为制造业变革的最根本的推动力业变革的最根本的推动力
InternetInternet 向ldquo资源功能rdquo发展基于向ldquo资源功能rdquo发展基于InternetInternet 的网络化制造是适应时代的需要的网络化制造是适应时代的需要
网络制造的本质特性就是产品的制造过程更加网络制造的本质特性就是产品的制造过程更加分散化信息的传递网络化信息的流动伴随分散化信息的传递网络化信息的流动伴随着各项工作的并发进行而同时发生着各项工作的并发进行而同时发生
网络制造 (2)
基于基于 InternetInternet 的虚拟制造与虚拟装配的虚拟制造与虚拟装配 在相互联结的网络上建立在相互联结的网络上建立 2424 小时工作的协同小时工作的协同
工作组大大加快了设计进度及时获得所需工作组大大加快了设计进度及时获得所需要的零部件减少库存降低成本提高质量要的零部件减少库存降低成本提高质量
电子商务 信息技术和 Internet 引发的商务过程的变化 利用以 Internet 为核心的信息技术进行商
务活动和企业资源管理 CIMS 是企业实施电子商务的基础 企业实施电子商务是 CIMS 发展的主要标志和
主要内容
竞争环境改变 核心 产品竞争
电子商务产生背景
服务竞争
范围 单个企业 全球多企业
资源 人财物 信息知识
管理重心迁移 生产管理 供应 营销链管理
集中内部资源 整合外部资源
离散管理 集约管理
商务模式转化
bull文秘型管理bull关注后台（企业内部）bull关注业务记录（报表）bull地区性bull推销产品为中心bull（卖方市场）
bull自我服务型管理bull关注前端（客户关系）bull要求商业智能（分析）bull全球化bull客户为中心bull（买方市场）
传统商务 电子商务
客户
供应商
合作伙伴
网络智能
市场营销 产品 服务销售 产品制造
服务 支持
e 企业的业务体系结构
网络发展趋势 趋势趋势 融合融合 趋势趋势 泛在（泛在（ UbiquitousUbiquitous ）） 趋势趋势 信息爆炸信息爆炸 更多的网络业务流量更多的网络业务流量 数据流量 数据流量 gt gt 话声流量话声流量 更快的传输介质更快的传输介质 骨干网（骨干网（ BackboneBackbone ）） 更大的带宽（更大的带宽（ BandwidthBandwidth ）） 宽带无线网宽带无线网飞速增长飞速增长 (WLAN) (Wi-Fi)(WLAN) (Wi-Fi) Everything over IPEverything over IP
趋势 融合 新闻新闻 广告广告 -- 媒体媒体 --信息提供者信息提供者
数字媒体产品数字媒体产品 有线电视有线电视
视频传输视频传输 电话电话
声音传输声音传输 计算机计算机
数字媒体存储数字媒体存储 处理处理 信息提供者和信息传输者的结合信息提供者和信息传输者的结合 电话公司电话公司 有线公司有线公司 娱乐事业娱乐事业 和计算机公司和计算机公司
的结合的结合
Trend
趋势 更多的网络业务流量 互联网上的主机数正以超指数量级飞速增长互联网上的主机数正以超指数量级飞速增长 每个主机用户的业务量中也在增长每个主机用户的业务量中也在增长
局域网可达到 局域网可达到 1 1 GbpsGbps 有线电视调制解调器允许以有线电视调制解调器允许以 11到 到 10 10 MbpsMbps 的速的速
度访问主机度访问主机 应用应用 ADSLVDSLADSLVDSL 通过电话线可达到通过电话线可达到 6-6-
2727MbpsMbps 的速度的速度 宽带无线网宽带无线网 (Wi-Fi)(Wi-Fi)可达到可达到 11-54Mbps11-54Mbps 的速的速
度度 带宽需求每四个月增加一倍带宽需求每四个月增加一倍 数据流量 数据流量 gt gt 话声流量话声流量
Trend of Internet hosts 1980-2000
Trend Data gt Voice
趋势 更快的传输介质 局局域域网网 1 Gbps over 4-pair UTP-5 up to 100 m 1 Gbps over 4-pair UTP-5 up to 100 m
10Gbps being discussed10Gbps being discussed Was 1 Mbps (1Base-5) in 1984Was 1 Mbps (1Base-5) in 1984
骨干网光纤骨干网光纤 DWDMDWDM (( Dense Wavelength Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing)Division Multiplexing) OC-768 = 40 Gbps over a to 65 km OC-768 = 40 Gbps over a to 65 km
1600 Gbps - 10 Tbps1600 Gbps - 10 Tbps Was 100 Mbps (FDDI) in 1993Was 100 Mbps (FDDI) in 1993
无线网无线网 54 100 Mbps(100-2km) wireless 54 100 Mbps(100-2km) wireless networks 25 Gbps to 5km using light networks 25 Gbps to 5km using light Was 1 Mbps (IEEE 80211) in 1998Was 1 Mbps (IEEE 80211) in 1998
Trend Bandwidth
Why Optical Networks DWDM optoelectricl metro network
Trend Wireless Mobile (1)
Trend宽带无线网 (Wi-Fi)飞速增长
Trend宽带无线网 (Wi-Fi)飞速增长
Trend宽带无线网 (Wi-Fi)飞速增长
Trend宽带无线网 (Wi-Fi)飞速增长
Integration of 3G and WLAN- offer possibility of achieving anywhere anytime
high speed and low expense Internet access
3G3G WLANWLAN
Wide areaWide area Local areaLocal area
Low bit rate Low bit rate
(2M when stand (2M when stand still)still)
High bit rateHigh bit rate
(11M to 54M)(11M to 54M)
DataVoice serviceDataVoice service
((QoS supportQoS support))
Data serviceData service
High expenseHigh expense Low expenseLow expense
High mobilityHigh mobility Low mobilityLow mobility
Trend Everything over IP
Data over IP =gt IP needs Traffic Data over IP =gt IP needs Traffic engineeringengineering
Voice over IP =gt Quality of Service and Voice over IP =gt Quality of Service and SignalingSignaling
Backbone -- Optic networksBackbone -- Optic networks IP over ATM IP over ATM （（异步传输模式）异步传输模式） IP over SONET -- POS (Packet over SDH) IP over SONET -- POS (Packet over SDH)
(( 同步同步 )) IP over DWDMIP over DWDM
Asynchronous Transfer Mode ATM
1990rsquos00 standard for high-speed (155Mbps to 1990rsquos00 standard for high-speed (155Mbps to 622 Mbps and higher) 622 Mbps and higher) Broadband Integrated Broadband Integrated Service Digital NetworkService Digital Network architecture architecture
GoalGoal integrated end-end transport of carry integrated end-end transport of carry voice video datavoice video data meeting timingQoS requirements of voice meeting timingQoS requirements of voice
video (versus Internet best-effort model)video (versus Internet best-effort model) ldquoldquonext generationrdquo telephony technical roots next generationrdquo telephony technical roots
in telephone worldin telephone world packet-switching (fixed length packets packet-switching (fixed length packets
called ldquocellsrdquo) using called ldquocellsrdquo) using virtual circuitsvirtual circuits
ATM reference model
How far along are we
Standardization bodies - ATM Forum ITU-T Standardization bodies - ATM Forum ITU-T We may never see end-to-end ATM (1997)We may never see end-to-end ATM (1997)
ATM - too complex - too expansive ltIPgtATM - too complex - too expansive ltIPgt Backbone - 1995 vBNS (ATM) Backbone - 1995 vBNS (ATM)
- 1998 Abilene (SONET) - 2000 IP over - 1998 Abilene (SONET) - 2000 IP over DWDMDWDM
Internet technology + ATM philosophyInternet technology + ATM philosophy but ATM ideas continue to powerfully but ATM ideas continue to powerfully
influence design of next-generation influence design of next-generation InternetInternet
ex ex MPLSMPLS admission ctl resource admission ctl resource reservation hellipreservation hellip
Best of Both Worlds
Multiprotocol label switching (Multiprotocol label switching (MPLSMPLS)) MPLS + IP form a middle ground that MPLS + IP form a middle ground that
combines the best of IP and the best of combines the best of IP and the best of virtual virtual circuit switching technologiescircuit switching technologies
ATM and Frame Relay cannot easily come to ATM and Frame Relay cannot easily come to the middle so IP hasthe middle so IP has
Label Encapsulation
MPLS Encapsulation is specified over MPLS Encapsulation is specified over various media types Top labels may use various media types Top labels may use existing format lower label(s) use a new existing format lower label(s) use a new ldquoshimrdquo label formatldquoshimrdquo label format
Label Substitution Have a friend go to B ahead of you using one of the Have a friend go to B ahead of you using one of the
previous two techniques At every road they reserve previous two techniques At every road they reserve a lane just for you At every intersection they post a a lane just for you At every intersection they post a big sign that says for a given lane which way to turn big sign that says for a given lane which way to turn and what new lane to takeand what new lane to take
Future Internet Research and Experimentation
Todayrsquos Internet Millions of usersMillions of users Web email low-quality audio amp videoWeb email low-quality audio amp video Interconnect personal computers and serversInterconnect personal computers and servers Applications adapt to underlying technologyApplications adapt to underlying technology Todayrsquos Internet DoesnrsquotTodayrsquos Internet Doesnrsquot
Provide reliable end-to-end performanceProvide reliable end-to-end performanceEncourage cooperation on new capabilitiesEncourage cooperation on new capabilitiesAllow testing of new technologiesAllow testing of new technologiesSupport development of revolutionary Support development of revolutionary applicationsapplications
Tomorrowrsquos Internet
Billions of users and devicesBillions of users and devices Convergence of todayrsquos applications Convergence of todayrsquos applications with multimedia (telephony video-with multimedia (telephony video-conference HDTV)conference HDTV)
Interconnect personal computers Interconnect personal computers servers and embedded computersservers and embedded computers
New technologies enable unanticipated New technologies enable unanticipated applications (and create new challenges)applications (and create new challenges)
Vint Cerf Open Challenges
My primary disappointment has been the slow pace of high speed access for residential customers hellip
The second area of disappointment is the slow uptake of version 6 of the Internet protocol (IPv6)
Perhaps the third area is the continuing difficulty caused by viruses worms and distributed denial of service attacksrdquo
How to make the Internet better Addressing current problems
Security1048766 Privacy1048766 Self-diagnosis amp self-healing networks1048766 Cheap connectivity for poor area and third world countries1048766
Wireless mesh networks1048766 sensors1048766 Mobility1048766
New cool apps1048766 What is after IPTV VoIP BitTorrent
Why Internet2 (1996)
The Internet was not designed forThe Internet was not designed forMillions of usersMillions of usersCongestionCongestionMultimediaMultimediaReal time interactionReal time interaction
But only the Internet canBut only the Internet canAccommodate explosive growthAccommodate explosive growthEnable convergence of information Enable convergence of information work mass media and human work mass media and human collaborationcollaboration
Internet2 Project Develop and deploy advanced network Develop and deploy advanced network
applications and technologies accelerating applications and technologies accelerating the creation of tomorrowrsquos Internetthe creation of tomorrowrsquos Internet
GoalsGoals Enable new generation of applicationsEnable new generation of applications Re-create leading edge RampE network Re-create leading edge RampE network
capabilitycapability Transfer capability to the global Transfer capability to the global
production Internetproduction Internet 206 University Members Jan 2005206 University Members Jan 2005
Internet2 Focus Areas Advanced Network Infrastructure - AbileneAdvanced Network Infrastructure - Abilene
Backbones operate at 10 Gbps capacity - 100 Backbones operate at 10 Gbps capacity - 100 Gbps (2007)Gbps (2007)
Middleware Middleware A layer of software between the network and the A layer of software between the network and the
applications applications Authentication Identification Authorization Authentication Identification Authorization
Directories SecurityDirectories Security EngineeringEngineering
IPv6 Measurement Multicast QoS Routing IPv6 Measurement Multicast QoS Routing Security TopologySecurity Topology
Advanced ApplicationsAdvanced Applications Distributed computation Virtual laboratories Distributed computation Virtual laboratories
Digital libraries Distributed learning Digital video Digital libraries Distributed learning Digital video Tele-immersion All of the above in combinationTele-immersion All of the above in combination
Abilene Connections Apr-2000Abilene Connections July 2006
Abilene Connections Apr-2000Abilene International Peering 2006
Research andDevelopment
Commercialization
Partnerships
Privatization
Internet Development Spiral
Todayrsquos Internet
Internet2
University-led Federal agency-led
Developing education and research driven applications
Agency mission-driven and general purpose applications
Building out campus networks gigaPoPs and inter-gigapop
infrastructure
Funding research testbeds and agency research networks
Interconnecting and interoperating to provide advanced networking capabilities needed to support advanced
research and education applications
Internet2 and the Next Generation Internet Initiative
Internet2 NGI
Our Founding (Funding) Fable
Researchers invent new architectures Architectures are validated on a testbed IETF ISPs and router vendors collaborate to deploy new design
This is complete BS
Do Traditional Testbeds Really Test
Production-oriented testbeds Real traffic provides good validation But can test only very incremental changes
Research-oriented testbeds Can test radical architectures Lack of real traffic results in poor validation
Both are expensive (dedicated bandwidth)
What about Deployment Architectural change requires ISP consensus
- Hard to agree- No competitive advantage from architectural innovation
- All have huge sunk investment in the status quo
ISPs are unlikely candidates for architectural change
Architecture isnrsquot just static its decaying Ad hoc workarounds muddy the architectural waters
We are at an Impasse
We canrsquot test new architectures- Despite sizable investments in testbeds
We canrsquot deploy new architectures- And things are getting worse not better
Yet there are pressing requirements for which the current architecture is not well suited
The Communityrsquos Response Focus on areas where we can have impact
Empirical studies Incremental changes (subject to current constraints)
Small stream of architectural proposals Paper designs without hope of deployment
More science fiction than engineering Have largely abandoned hope of effecting fundamental architectural change
Living with rather than overcoming the impasse
Overcoming the Impasse
Must be able to test new architectures Wide range of architectures Real traffic from willing individuals Low overhead for individual researchers
Meet the grand challenge of reinventing the Internet
Empirical incremental research is great but not enough
If someone put us in charge what would we do
What about deployment Several options none good but no excuse to not have an answer to the grand challenge
Testing Virtual Testbed
Overlay testbed (think RON etc) Host proxy directs packets to overlay
Proxy must architecturally neutral and flexible
Individuals (anywhere) opt-in by turning on proxy
Shared testing infrastructure (think Planetlab) Overlay nodes shared among experiments
Slicing on per-packet timescales Virtualized routers
These ideas have turned into the GENI program
Why GENI (Global Environment for Network Innovations) Future Internet Network (2005)
The original designing idea of current information networks is basically a specific network supports one major service
The limitation of the original designing idea can not support the multiple requirements for networks and services (such as Telecom network Internet)
The original design mode of Internet leads to itrsquos shortage in mobility security controllable and administrable
We urgently need redesign the framework of new generation Internet to overcome the serious shortage of current Internet
Providing pervasive and trusted services based on a specific network has became the key research directions of national informatization
GENI (Global Environment for Network Innovations) - NSF 2005 (1)
What is GENIWhat is GENIGENI is GENI is a facility concepta facility concept being explored by being explored by the US computing community the US computing community
back to an NSF workshop in 2005back to an NSF workshop in 2005focus on focus on architecturalarchitectural research and research and provide the provide the experimentalexperimental infrastructure infrastructure needed to support that researchneeded to support that research
focus on the research agenda (and focus on the research agenda (and infrastructure needs) of the infrastructure needs) of the opticaloptical wirelesswireless sensorsensor network and network and distributeddistributed systems communitiessystems communities
GENI (Global Environment for Network Innovations) (2)
The goal of GENI The goal of GENI Goal a Future Internet that meets the Goal a Future Internet that meets the demands of 21st centurydemands of 21st century
to increase the to increase the qualityquality and and quantityquantity of of experimental experimental researchresearch outcomes in networking and distributed outcomes in networking and distributed systemssystems
to accelerate the to accelerate the transitiontransition of these outcomes into of these outcomes into products and servicesproducts and services
enhance economic competitiveness and secure enhance economic competitiveness and secure the Nations futurethe Nations future
Ultimately to lead to a Ultimately to lead to a transition of the transition of the InternetInternet
GENI Research Opportunities (3)
Two dichotomy thought (false or at least Two dichotomy thought (false or at least unnecessary)unnecessary)
a a clean slateclean slate reconceptualization of Internet reconceptualization of Internet architecture architecture
todays 30-year-old architecture that todays 30-year-old architecture that limit its limit its abilityability to cope with emerging threats and to cope with emerging threats and opportunitiesopportunities
bull eroding trust reduced innovation slowing eroding trust reduced innovation slowing updateupdate
future innovation will take the form of new future innovation will take the form of new services and applications running services and applications running on top of the on top of the InternetInternet
GENI Research Opportunities (4)
GENI discussion GENI discussion First we interpret Future Internet very broadly to First we interpret Future Internet very broadly to
include innovations at include innovations at any levelany level of the architecture of the architecture alternative protocols and architectures running alternative protocols and architectures running
inside the network (as overlays on top of inside the network (as overlays on top of todays network) todays network)
Second research should employ Second research should employ clean slate clean slate thinkingthinking but this does but this does not imply that an entirely not imply that an entirely newnew Internet will be necessary In other words Internet will be necessary In other words clean slate is a clean slate is a processprocess not a not a resultresult
Third opportunities Third opportunities betweenbetween two perspectives two perspectives exploring how todays architecture is best exploring how todays architecture is best
evolved to support emerging overlay services evolved to support emerging overlay services
GENI Facility Concept (5)
Facility ConceptFacility Concept experimental platforms for experimental platforms for bothboth research and research and
deploymentdeployment filling the filling the gapgap between small-scale exp and mature between small-scale exp and mature
tech tech GENI evaluate new network systems on large-GENI evaluate new network systems on large-
scalescale
Two levelsTwo levels Physical level Physical level GENI substrateGENI substrate will consist of a will consist of a
collection of links forwarders storage collection of links forwarders storage processors and wireless net processors and wireless net
On top of this substrate a On top of this substrate a software software management management frameworkframework will be overlay network experiments on will be overlay network experiments on
the substratethe substrate
GENI Facility Concept (6)
Four key ideasFour key ideas substrate components will be substrate components will be programmableprogrammable - -
possible to embed any network experiment including possible to embed any network experiment including clean-slate designs clean-slate designs
Substrate will be Substrate will be virtualizable virtualizable -- possible to embed possible to embed multiple slices in the substrate at the same time multiple slices in the substrate at the same time (allow experimental services and architectures to run (allow experimental services and architectures to run continuously) continuously)
GENI will include mechanisms that allow end-users GENI will include mechanisms that allow end-users to to seamlessly seamlessly opt-inopt-in to experimental services to experimental services
GENI will be GENI will be modularmodular ( (architecture and interfaces) - architecture and interfaces) - possible to extend GENI with new networking possible to extend GENI with new networking technologies GENI will not be a static artifact but technologies GENI will not be a static artifact but rather a rather a dynamic infrastructuredynamic infrastructure that is continually that is continually renewedrenewed
FIND (Future Internet Network Design) ndash NSF 2006 (1)
FIND asks two broad questionsFIND asks two broad questions What are the What are the requirementsrequirements for the global network for the global network
in 15 years in 15 years How How would we would we re-conceivere-conceive tomorrows global tomorrows global
network today if we could design it from scratch network today if we could design it from scratch FIND program solicits FIND program solicits clean slate processclean slate process research proposals in the broad area of research proposals in the broad area of network architecture principles and designnetwork architecture principles and design
FIND (Future Internet Network Design) (2)
FIND research might address wide questionsFIND research might address wide questions What will the What will the edgeedge of the network look like in 15 of the network look like in 15
years How might the network years How might the network architecturearchitecture of 15 of 15 years hence best accommodate sensors embedded years hence best accommodate sensors embedded systems and the like systems and the like
How might the network of 15 years from now How might the network of 15 years from now supportsupport what users really do (and care about) How what users really do (and care about) How might such functions as information access location might such functions as information access location management or identity management best fit into a management or identity management best fit into a new overall network architecture new overall network architecture
What will the What will the core core of the network look like in 15 of the network look like in 15 years How might the changing economics of years How might the changing economics of optical systems affect the overall design of the larger optical systems affect the overall design of the larger networknetwork
FIRE (Future Internet Research and Experimentation) ndash European 2007 (1)
Internet has Internet has growngrown to an unexpected reach to an unexpected reach as for the as for the numbernumber of users of users capacitycapacity of the of the links broadband penetration to the links broadband penetration to the homehome servicesservices
ProblemsProblems spam viruses denial of service spam viruses denial of service attacks complexity of managementattacks complexity of management
Internet drawbacks and Internet drawbacks and limitationslimitations ndash to ndash to scalabilityscalability suitabilitysuitability mobilitymobility transparencytransparency securitysecurity
require new radical approaches to require new radical approaches to fundamentally redesign its protocols and fundamentally redesign its protocols and architectures architectures
FIRE (2) FIRE is an FIRE is an experimentallyexperimentally-driven -driven longlong-term research initiative on -term research initiative on
Future Internet Future Internet conceptsconcepts protocolsprotocols and and architecturesarchitectures encompassing technological industrial and socio-economic encompassing technological industrial and socio-economic
aspects aspects acting as proof-of-concept of the newly proposed acting as proof-of-concept of the newly proposed
technologies and services technologies and services FIRE RESEARCHFIRE RESEARCH
Long term multidisciplinary research on future internet Long term multidisciplinary research on future internet paradigms paradigms
Open to Open to fresh bottom-upfresh bottom-up ideas with ideas with no backwards-no backwards-compatibilitycompatibility constraints constraints
Building on the FET SAC initiative ldquoSituated and Autonomic Building on the FET SAC initiative ldquoSituated and Autonomic Communicationsrdquo Communicationsrdquo
Considering at the Considering at the same timesame time technological economic and technological economic and socialpolicy aspects socialpolicy aspects
Build in from the outset and on all levels the right Build in from the outset and on all levels the right balancebalance between security accountability and privacybetween security accountability and privacy
FIRE (3)
FIRE EXPERIMENTATIONFIRE EXPERIMENTATION Large scale experimentationLarge scale experimentation of new paradigms and of new paradigms and
concepts for the future internet and related service concepts for the future internet and related service architectures architectures
Learning through broad experimentation Learning through broad experimentation Integrating and validating new conceptsIntegrating and validating new concepts
Federating and extending Federating and extending existing testbedsexisting testbeds and and research infrastructures research infrastructures
no backwards-compatibility constraints no backwards-compatibility constraints European approach and develop a European European approach and develop a European
identityidentity
- Slide 1
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- Slide 3
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-
模型 协议 分层
Protocol Architecture
Donrsquot Need All Layers Everywhere
Protocol Data Unit - PDUs
Network Components (Examples)
Fibers
Coaxial Cable
Links Interfaces Switchesrouters
Ethernet card
Wireless card
Large router
Telephoneswitch
趋势 网络时代 每一件事务都是数字的 声音 视频 音
乐 画片 及生活日常事务 每一件事务都是在线的 银行结算 医疗
记录 各类书籍 航空日程 天气情况 公路交通 hellip
每个人之间都是相互联系的 医生 教师 经济人 母亲 儿子 朋友 敌人
趋势 网络时代 实现家庭
教育 办公 购物 娱乐 网上娱乐 虚拟工作场所
2000 年美国有五千五百万人实现远程工作
网络制造 电子商务 虚拟公司 虚拟制造与虚拟装配 ( 设计过程 ) 制造过程更加分散化并发进行 新型的价值链 虚拟兑现
趋势 网络时代
趋势 网络时代
网络制造 (1)
随着基于随着基于 InternetInternet 的全球化数字通信基础设的全球化数字通信基础设施的建立网络从单纯的信息工具变成rdquo施的建立网络从单纯的信息工具变成rdquo EE －－时代rdquo的关键资源时代rdquo的关键资源 全球经济一体化成为制造全球经济一体化成为制造业变革的最根本的推动力业变革的最根本的推动力
InternetInternet 向ldquo资源功能rdquo发展基于向ldquo资源功能rdquo发展基于InternetInternet 的网络化制造是适应时代的需要的网络化制造是适应时代的需要
网络制造的本质特性就是产品的制造过程更加网络制造的本质特性就是产品的制造过程更加分散化信息的传递网络化信息的流动伴随分散化信息的传递网络化信息的流动伴随着各项工作的并发进行而同时发生着各项工作的并发进行而同时发生
网络制造 (2)
基于基于 InternetInternet 的虚拟制造与虚拟装配的虚拟制造与虚拟装配 在相互联结的网络上建立在相互联结的网络上建立 2424 小时工作的协同小时工作的协同
工作组大大加快了设计进度及时获得所需工作组大大加快了设计进度及时获得所需要的零部件减少库存降低成本提高质量要的零部件减少库存降低成本提高质量
电子商务 信息技术和 Internet 引发的商务过程的变化 利用以 Internet 为核心的信息技术进行商
务活动和企业资源管理 CIMS 是企业实施电子商务的基础 企业实施电子商务是 CIMS 发展的主要标志和
主要内容
竞争环境改变 核心 产品竞争
电子商务产生背景
服务竞争
范围 单个企业 全球多企业
资源 人财物 信息知识
管理重心迁移 生产管理 供应 营销链管理
集中内部资源 整合外部资源
离散管理 集约管理
商务模式转化
bull文秘型管理bull关注后台（企业内部）bull关注业务记录（报表）bull地区性bull推销产品为中心bull（卖方市场）
bull自我服务型管理bull关注前端（客户关系）bull要求商业智能（分析）bull全球化bull客户为中心bull（买方市场）
传统商务 电子商务
客户
供应商
合作伙伴
网络智能
市场营销 产品 服务销售 产品制造
服务 支持
e 企业的业务体系结构
网络发展趋势 趋势趋势 融合融合 趋势趋势 泛在（泛在（ UbiquitousUbiquitous ）） 趋势趋势 信息爆炸信息爆炸 更多的网络业务流量更多的网络业务流量 数据流量 数据流量 gt gt 话声流量话声流量 更快的传输介质更快的传输介质 骨干网（骨干网（ BackboneBackbone ）） 更大的带宽（更大的带宽（ BandwidthBandwidth ）） 宽带无线网宽带无线网飞速增长飞速增长 (WLAN) (Wi-Fi)(WLAN) (Wi-Fi) Everything over IPEverything over IP
趋势 融合 新闻新闻 广告广告 -- 媒体媒体 --信息提供者信息提供者
数字媒体产品数字媒体产品 有线电视有线电视
视频传输视频传输 电话电话
声音传输声音传输 计算机计算机
数字媒体存储数字媒体存储 处理处理 信息提供者和信息传输者的结合信息提供者和信息传输者的结合 电话公司电话公司 有线公司有线公司 娱乐事业娱乐事业 和计算机公司和计算机公司
的结合的结合
Trend
趋势 更多的网络业务流量 互联网上的主机数正以超指数量级飞速增长互联网上的主机数正以超指数量级飞速增长 每个主机用户的业务量中也在增长每个主机用户的业务量中也在增长
局域网可达到 局域网可达到 1 1 GbpsGbps 有线电视调制解调器允许以有线电视调制解调器允许以 11到 到 10 10 MbpsMbps 的速的速
度访问主机度访问主机 应用应用 ADSLVDSLADSLVDSL 通过电话线可达到通过电话线可达到 6-6-
2727MbpsMbps 的速度的速度 宽带无线网宽带无线网 (Wi-Fi)(Wi-Fi)可达到可达到 11-54Mbps11-54Mbps 的速的速
度度 带宽需求每四个月增加一倍带宽需求每四个月增加一倍 数据流量 数据流量 gt gt 话声流量话声流量
Trend of Internet hosts 1980-2000
Trend Data gt Voice
趋势 更快的传输介质 局局域域网网 1 Gbps over 4-pair UTP-5 up to 100 m 1 Gbps over 4-pair UTP-5 up to 100 m
10Gbps being discussed10Gbps being discussed Was 1 Mbps (1Base-5) in 1984Was 1 Mbps (1Base-5) in 1984
骨干网光纤骨干网光纤 DWDMDWDM (( Dense Wavelength Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing)Division Multiplexing) OC-768 = 40 Gbps over a to 65 km OC-768 = 40 Gbps over a to 65 km
1600 Gbps - 10 Tbps1600 Gbps - 10 Tbps Was 100 Mbps (FDDI) in 1993Was 100 Mbps (FDDI) in 1993
无线网无线网 54 100 Mbps(100-2km) wireless 54 100 Mbps(100-2km) wireless networks 25 Gbps to 5km using light networks 25 Gbps to 5km using light Was 1 Mbps (IEEE 80211) in 1998Was 1 Mbps (IEEE 80211) in 1998
Trend Bandwidth
Why Optical Networks DWDM optoelectricl metro network
Trend Wireless Mobile (1)
Trend宽带无线网 (Wi-Fi)飞速增长
Trend宽带无线网 (Wi-Fi)飞速增长
Trend宽带无线网 (Wi-Fi)飞速增长
Trend宽带无线网 (Wi-Fi)飞速增长
Integration of 3G and WLAN- offer possibility of achieving anywhere anytime
high speed and low expense Internet access
3G3G WLANWLAN
Wide areaWide area Local areaLocal area
Low bit rate Low bit rate
(2M when stand (2M when stand still)still)
High bit rateHigh bit rate
(11M to 54M)(11M to 54M)
DataVoice serviceDataVoice service
((QoS supportQoS support))
Data serviceData service
High expenseHigh expense Low expenseLow expense
High mobilityHigh mobility Low mobilityLow mobility
Trend Everything over IP
Data over IP =gt IP needs Traffic Data over IP =gt IP needs Traffic engineeringengineering
Voice over IP =gt Quality of Service and Voice over IP =gt Quality of Service and SignalingSignaling
Backbone -- Optic networksBackbone -- Optic networks IP over ATM IP over ATM （（异步传输模式）异步传输模式） IP over SONET -- POS (Packet over SDH) IP over SONET -- POS (Packet over SDH)
(( 同步同步 )) IP over DWDMIP over DWDM
Asynchronous Transfer Mode ATM
1990rsquos00 standard for high-speed (155Mbps to 1990rsquos00 standard for high-speed (155Mbps to 622 Mbps and higher) 622 Mbps and higher) Broadband Integrated Broadband Integrated Service Digital NetworkService Digital Network architecture architecture
GoalGoal integrated end-end transport of carry integrated end-end transport of carry voice video datavoice video data meeting timingQoS requirements of voice meeting timingQoS requirements of voice
video (versus Internet best-effort model)video (versus Internet best-effort model) ldquoldquonext generationrdquo telephony technical roots next generationrdquo telephony technical roots
in telephone worldin telephone world packet-switching (fixed length packets packet-switching (fixed length packets
called ldquocellsrdquo) using called ldquocellsrdquo) using virtual circuitsvirtual circuits
ATM reference model
How far along are we
Standardization bodies - ATM Forum ITU-T Standardization bodies - ATM Forum ITU-T We may never see end-to-end ATM (1997)We may never see end-to-end ATM (1997)
ATM - too complex - too expansive ltIPgtATM - too complex - too expansive ltIPgt Backbone - 1995 vBNS (ATM) Backbone - 1995 vBNS (ATM)
- 1998 Abilene (SONET) - 2000 IP over - 1998 Abilene (SONET) - 2000 IP over DWDMDWDM
Internet technology + ATM philosophyInternet technology + ATM philosophy but ATM ideas continue to powerfully but ATM ideas continue to powerfully
influence design of next-generation influence design of next-generation InternetInternet
ex ex MPLSMPLS admission ctl resource admission ctl resource reservation hellipreservation hellip
Best of Both Worlds
Multiprotocol label switching (Multiprotocol label switching (MPLSMPLS)) MPLS + IP form a middle ground that MPLS + IP form a middle ground that
combines the best of IP and the best of combines the best of IP and the best of virtual virtual circuit switching technologiescircuit switching technologies
ATM and Frame Relay cannot easily come to ATM and Frame Relay cannot easily come to the middle so IP hasthe middle so IP has
Label Encapsulation
MPLS Encapsulation is specified over MPLS Encapsulation is specified over various media types Top labels may use various media types Top labels may use existing format lower label(s) use a new existing format lower label(s) use a new ldquoshimrdquo label formatldquoshimrdquo label format
Label Substitution Have a friend go to B ahead of you using one of the Have a friend go to B ahead of you using one of the
previous two techniques At every road they reserve previous two techniques At every road they reserve a lane just for you At every intersection they post a a lane just for you At every intersection they post a big sign that says for a given lane which way to turn big sign that says for a given lane which way to turn and what new lane to takeand what new lane to take
Future Internet Research and Experimentation
Todayrsquos Internet Millions of usersMillions of users Web email low-quality audio amp videoWeb email low-quality audio amp video Interconnect personal computers and serversInterconnect personal computers and servers Applications adapt to underlying technologyApplications adapt to underlying technology Todayrsquos Internet DoesnrsquotTodayrsquos Internet Doesnrsquot
Provide reliable end-to-end performanceProvide reliable end-to-end performanceEncourage cooperation on new capabilitiesEncourage cooperation on new capabilitiesAllow testing of new technologiesAllow testing of new technologiesSupport development of revolutionary Support development of revolutionary applicationsapplications
Tomorrowrsquos Internet
Billions of users and devicesBillions of users and devices Convergence of todayrsquos applications Convergence of todayrsquos applications with multimedia (telephony video-with multimedia (telephony video-conference HDTV)conference HDTV)
Interconnect personal computers Interconnect personal computers servers and embedded computersservers and embedded computers
New technologies enable unanticipated New technologies enable unanticipated applications (and create new challenges)applications (and create new challenges)
Vint Cerf Open Challenges
My primary disappointment has been the slow pace of high speed access for residential customers hellip
The second area of disappointment is the slow uptake of version 6 of the Internet protocol (IPv6)
Perhaps the third area is the continuing difficulty caused by viruses worms and distributed denial of service attacksrdquo
How to make the Internet better Addressing current problems
Security1048766 Privacy1048766 Self-diagnosis amp self-healing networks1048766 Cheap connectivity for poor area and third world countries1048766
Wireless mesh networks1048766 sensors1048766 Mobility1048766
New cool apps1048766 What is after IPTV VoIP BitTorrent
Why Internet2 (1996)
The Internet was not designed forThe Internet was not designed forMillions of usersMillions of usersCongestionCongestionMultimediaMultimediaReal time interactionReal time interaction
But only the Internet canBut only the Internet canAccommodate explosive growthAccommodate explosive growthEnable convergence of information Enable convergence of information work mass media and human work mass media and human collaborationcollaboration
Internet2 Project Develop and deploy advanced network Develop and deploy advanced network
applications and technologies accelerating applications and technologies accelerating the creation of tomorrowrsquos Internetthe creation of tomorrowrsquos Internet
GoalsGoals Enable new generation of applicationsEnable new generation of applications Re-create leading edge RampE network Re-create leading edge RampE network
capabilitycapability Transfer capability to the global Transfer capability to the global
production Internetproduction Internet 206 University Members Jan 2005206 University Members Jan 2005
Internet2 Focus Areas Advanced Network Infrastructure - AbileneAdvanced Network Infrastructure - Abilene
Backbones operate at 10 Gbps capacity - 100 Backbones operate at 10 Gbps capacity - 100 Gbps (2007)Gbps (2007)
Middleware Middleware A layer of software between the network and the A layer of software between the network and the
applications applications Authentication Identification Authorization Authentication Identification Authorization
Directories SecurityDirectories Security EngineeringEngineering
IPv6 Measurement Multicast QoS Routing IPv6 Measurement Multicast QoS Routing Security TopologySecurity Topology
Advanced ApplicationsAdvanced Applications Distributed computation Virtual laboratories Distributed computation Virtual laboratories
Digital libraries Distributed learning Digital video Digital libraries Distributed learning Digital video Tele-immersion All of the above in combinationTele-immersion All of the above in combination
Abilene Connections Apr-2000Abilene Connections July 2006
Abilene Connections Apr-2000Abilene International Peering 2006
Research andDevelopment
Commercialization
Partnerships
Privatization
Internet Development Spiral
Todayrsquos Internet
Internet2
University-led Federal agency-led
Developing education and research driven applications
Agency mission-driven and general purpose applications
Building out campus networks gigaPoPs and inter-gigapop
infrastructure
Funding research testbeds and agency research networks
Interconnecting and interoperating to provide advanced networking capabilities needed to support advanced
research and education applications
Internet2 and the Next Generation Internet Initiative
Internet2 NGI
Our Founding (Funding) Fable
Researchers invent new architectures Architectures are validated on a testbed IETF ISPs and router vendors collaborate to deploy new design
This is complete BS
Do Traditional Testbeds Really Test
Production-oriented testbeds Real traffic provides good validation But can test only very incremental changes
Research-oriented testbeds Can test radical architectures Lack of real traffic results in poor validation
Both are expensive (dedicated bandwidth)
What about Deployment Architectural change requires ISP consensus
- Hard to agree- No competitive advantage from architectural innovation
- All have huge sunk investment in the status quo
ISPs are unlikely candidates for architectural change
Architecture isnrsquot just static its decaying Ad hoc workarounds muddy the architectural waters
We are at an Impasse
We canrsquot test new architectures- Despite sizable investments in testbeds
We canrsquot deploy new architectures- And things are getting worse not better
Yet there are pressing requirements for which the current architecture is not well suited
The Communityrsquos Response Focus on areas where we can have impact
Empirical studies Incremental changes (subject to current constraints)
Small stream of architectural proposals Paper designs without hope of deployment
More science fiction than engineering Have largely abandoned hope of effecting fundamental architectural change
Living with rather than overcoming the impasse
Overcoming the Impasse
Must be able to test new architectures Wide range of architectures Real traffic from willing individuals Low overhead for individual researchers
Meet the grand challenge of reinventing the Internet
Empirical incremental research is great but not enough
If someone put us in charge what would we do
What about deployment Several options none good but no excuse to not have an answer to the grand challenge
Testing Virtual Testbed
Overlay testbed (think RON etc) Host proxy directs packets to overlay
Proxy must architecturally neutral and flexible
Individuals (anywhere) opt-in by turning on proxy
Shared testing infrastructure (think Planetlab) Overlay nodes shared among experiments
Slicing on per-packet timescales Virtualized routers
These ideas have turned into the GENI program
Why GENI (Global Environment for Network Innovations) Future Internet Network (2005)
The original designing idea of current information networks is basically a specific network supports one major service
The limitation of the original designing idea can not support the multiple requirements for networks and services (such as Telecom network Internet)
The original design mode of Internet leads to itrsquos shortage in mobility security controllable and administrable
We urgently need redesign the framework of new generation Internet to overcome the serious shortage of current Internet
Providing pervasive and trusted services based on a specific network has became the key research directions of national informatization
GENI (Global Environment for Network Innovations) - NSF 2005 (1)
What is GENIWhat is GENIGENI is GENI is a facility concepta facility concept being explored by being explored by the US computing community the US computing community
back to an NSF workshop in 2005back to an NSF workshop in 2005focus on focus on architecturalarchitectural research and research and provide the provide the experimentalexperimental infrastructure infrastructure needed to support that researchneeded to support that research
focus on the research agenda (and focus on the research agenda (and infrastructure needs) of the infrastructure needs) of the opticaloptical wirelesswireless sensorsensor network and network and distributeddistributed systems communitiessystems communities
GENI (Global Environment for Network Innovations) (2)
The goal of GENI The goal of GENI Goal a Future Internet that meets the Goal a Future Internet that meets the demands of 21st centurydemands of 21st century
to increase the to increase the qualityquality and and quantityquantity of of experimental experimental researchresearch outcomes in networking and distributed outcomes in networking and distributed systemssystems
to accelerate the to accelerate the transitiontransition of these outcomes into of these outcomes into products and servicesproducts and services
enhance economic competitiveness and secure enhance economic competitiveness and secure the Nations futurethe Nations future
Ultimately to lead to a Ultimately to lead to a transition of the transition of the InternetInternet
GENI Research Opportunities (3)
Two dichotomy thought (false or at least Two dichotomy thought (false or at least unnecessary)unnecessary)
a a clean slateclean slate reconceptualization of Internet reconceptualization of Internet architecture architecture
todays 30-year-old architecture that todays 30-year-old architecture that limit its limit its abilityability to cope with emerging threats and to cope with emerging threats and opportunitiesopportunities
bull eroding trust reduced innovation slowing eroding trust reduced innovation slowing updateupdate
future innovation will take the form of new future innovation will take the form of new services and applications running services and applications running on top of the on top of the InternetInternet
GENI Research Opportunities (4)
GENI discussion GENI discussion First we interpret Future Internet very broadly to First we interpret Future Internet very broadly to
include innovations at include innovations at any levelany level of the architecture of the architecture alternative protocols and architectures running alternative protocols and architectures running
inside the network (as overlays on top of inside the network (as overlays on top of todays network) todays network)
Second research should employ Second research should employ clean slate clean slate thinkingthinking but this does but this does not imply that an entirely not imply that an entirely newnew Internet will be necessary In other words Internet will be necessary In other words clean slate is a clean slate is a processprocess not a not a resultresult
Third opportunities Third opportunities betweenbetween two perspectives two perspectives exploring how todays architecture is best exploring how todays architecture is best
evolved to support emerging overlay services evolved to support emerging overlay services
GENI Facility Concept (5)
Facility ConceptFacility Concept experimental platforms for experimental platforms for bothboth research and research and
deploymentdeployment filling the filling the gapgap between small-scale exp and mature between small-scale exp and mature
tech tech GENI evaluate new network systems on large-GENI evaluate new network systems on large-
scalescale
Two levelsTwo levels Physical level Physical level GENI substrateGENI substrate will consist of a will consist of a
collection of links forwarders storage collection of links forwarders storage processors and wireless net processors and wireless net
On top of this substrate a On top of this substrate a software software management management frameworkframework will be overlay network experiments on will be overlay network experiments on
the substratethe substrate
GENI Facility Concept (6)
Four key ideasFour key ideas substrate components will be substrate components will be programmableprogrammable - -
possible to embed any network experiment including possible to embed any network experiment including clean-slate designs clean-slate designs
Substrate will be Substrate will be virtualizable virtualizable -- possible to embed possible to embed multiple slices in the substrate at the same time multiple slices in the substrate at the same time (allow experimental services and architectures to run (allow experimental services and architectures to run continuously) continuously)
GENI will include mechanisms that allow end-users GENI will include mechanisms that allow end-users to to seamlessly seamlessly opt-inopt-in to experimental services to experimental services
GENI will be GENI will be modularmodular ( (architecture and interfaces) - architecture and interfaces) - possible to extend GENI with new networking possible to extend GENI with new networking technologies GENI will not be a static artifact but technologies GENI will not be a static artifact but rather a rather a dynamic infrastructuredynamic infrastructure that is continually that is continually renewedrenewed
FIND (Future Internet Network Design) ndash NSF 2006 (1)
FIND asks two broad questionsFIND asks two broad questions What are the What are the requirementsrequirements for the global network for the global network
in 15 years in 15 years How How would we would we re-conceivere-conceive tomorrows global tomorrows global
network today if we could design it from scratch network today if we could design it from scratch FIND program solicits FIND program solicits clean slate processclean slate process research proposals in the broad area of research proposals in the broad area of network architecture principles and designnetwork architecture principles and design
FIND (Future Internet Network Design) (2)
FIND research might address wide questionsFIND research might address wide questions What will the What will the edgeedge of the network look like in 15 of the network look like in 15
years How might the network years How might the network architecturearchitecture of 15 of 15 years hence best accommodate sensors embedded years hence best accommodate sensors embedded systems and the like systems and the like
How might the network of 15 years from now How might the network of 15 years from now supportsupport what users really do (and care about) How what users really do (and care about) How might such functions as information access location might such functions as information access location management or identity management best fit into a management or identity management best fit into a new overall network architecture new overall network architecture
What will the What will the core core of the network look like in 15 of the network look like in 15 years How might the changing economics of years How might the changing economics of optical systems affect the overall design of the larger optical systems affect the overall design of the larger networknetwork
FIRE (Future Internet Research and Experimentation) ndash European 2007 (1)
Internet has Internet has growngrown to an unexpected reach to an unexpected reach as for the as for the numbernumber of users of users capacitycapacity of the of the links broadband penetration to the links broadband penetration to the homehome servicesservices
ProblemsProblems spam viruses denial of service spam viruses denial of service attacks complexity of managementattacks complexity of management
Internet drawbacks and Internet drawbacks and limitationslimitations ndash to ndash to scalabilityscalability suitabilitysuitability mobilitymobility transparencytransparency securitysecurity
require new radical approaches to require new radical approaches to fundamentally redesign its protocols and fundamentally redesign its protocols and architectures architectures
FIRE (2) FIRE is an FIRE is an experimentallyexperimentally-driven -driven longlong-term research initiative on -term research initiative on
Future Internet Future Internet conceptsconcepts protocolsprotocols and and architecturesarchitectures encompassing technological industrial and socio-economic encompassing technological industrial and socio-economic
aspects aspects acting as proof-of-concept of the newly proposed acting as proof-of-concept of the newly proposed
technologies and services technologies and services FIRE RESEARCHFIRE RESEARCH
Long term multidisciplinary research on future internet Long term multidisciplinary research on future internet paradigms paradigms
Open to Open to fresh bottom-upfresh bottom-up ideas with ideas with no backwards-no backwards-compatibilitycompatibility constraints constraints
Building on the FET SAC initiative ldquoSituated and Autonomic Building on the FET SAC initiative ldquoSituated and Autonomic Communicationsrdquo Communicationsrdquo
Considering at the Considering at the same timesame time technological economic and technological economic and socialpolicy aspects socialpolicy aspects
Build in from the outset and on all levels the right Build in from the outset and on all levels the right balancebalance between security accountability and privacybetween security accountability and privacy
FIRE (3)
FIRE EXPERIMENTATIONFIRE EXPERIMENTATION Large scale experimentationLarge scale experimentation of new paradigms and of new paradigms and
concepts for the future internet and related service concepts for the future internet and related service architectures architectures
Learning through broad experimentation Learning through broad experimentation Integrating and validating new conceptsIntegrating and validating new concepts
Federating and extending Federating and extending existing testbedsexisting testbeds and and research infrastructures research infrastructures
no backwards-compatibility constraints no backwards-compatibility constraints European approach and develop a European European approach and develop a European
identityidentity
- Slide 1
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- Slide 3
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- Slide 41
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- Slide 49
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- Slide 109
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- Slide 114
- Slide 115
-
Protocol Architecture
Donrsquot Need All Layers Everywhere
Protocol Data Unit - PDUs
Network Components (Examples)
Fibers
Coaxial Cable
Links Interfaces Switchesrouters
Ethernet card
Wireless card
Large router
Telephoneswitch
趋势 网络时代 每一件事务都是数字的 声音 视频 音
乐 画片 及生活日常事务 每一件事务都是在线的 银行结算 医疗
记录 各类书籍 航空日程 天气情况 公路交通 hellip
每个人之间都是相互联系的 医生 教师 经济人 母亲 儿子 朋友 敌人
趋势 网络时代 实现家庭
教育 办公 购物 娱乐 网上娱乐 虚拟工作场所
2000 年美国有五千五百万人实现远程工作
网络制造 电子商务 虚拟公司 虚拟制造与虚拟装配 ( 设计过程 ) 制造过程更加分散化并发进行 新型的价值链 虚拟兑现
趋势 网络时代
趋势 网络时代
网络制造 (1)
随着基于随着基于 InternetInternet 的全球化数字通信基础设的全球化数字通信基础设施的建立网络从单纯的信息工具变成rdquo施的建立网络从单纯的信息工具变成rdquo EE －－时代rdquo的关键资源时代rdquo的关键资源 全球经济一体化成为制造全球经济一体化成为制造业变革的最根本的推动力业变革的最根本的推动力
InternetInternet 向ldquo资源功能rdquo发展基于向ldquo资源功能rdquo发展基于InternetInternet 的网络化制造是适应时代的需要的网络化制造是适应时代的需要
网络制造的本质特性就是产品的制造过程更加网络制造的本质特性就是产品的制造过程更加分散化信息的传递网络化信息的流动伴随分散化信息的传递网络化信息的流动伴随着各项工作的并发进行而同时发生着各项工作的并发进行而同时发生
网络制造 (2)
基于基于 InternetInternet 的虚拟制造与虚拟装配的虚拟制造与虚拟装配 在相互联结的网络上建立在相互联结的网络上建立 2424 小时工作的协同小时工作的协同
工作组大大加快了设计进度及时获得所需工作组大大加快了设计进度及时获得所需要的零部件减少库存降低成本提高质量要的零部件减少库存降低成本提高质量
电子商务 信息技术和 Internet 引发的商务过程的变化 利用以 Internet 为核心的信息技术进行商
务活动和企业资源管理 CIMS 是企业实施电子商务的基础 企业实施电子商务是 CIMS 发展的主要标志和
主要内容
竞争环境改变 核心 产品竞争
电子商务产生背景
服务竞争
范围 单个企业 全球多企业
资源 人财物 信息知识
管理重心迁移 生产管理 供应 营销链管理
集中内部资源 整合外部资源
离散管理 集约管理
商务模式转化
bull文秘型管理bull关注后台（企业内部）bull关注业务记录（报表）bull地区性bull推销产品为中心bull（卖方市场）
bull自我服务型管理bull关注前端（客户关系）bull要求商业智能（分析）bull全球化bull客户为中心bull（买方市场）
传统商务 电子商务
客户
供应商
合作伙伴
网络智能
市场营销 产品 服务销售 产品制造
服务 支持
e 企业的业务体系结构
网络发展趋势 趋势趋势 融合融合 趋势趋势 泛在（泛在（ UbiquitousUbiquitous ）） 趋势趋势 信息爆炸信息爆炸 更多的网络业务流量更多的网络业务流量 数据流量 数据流量 gt gt 话声流量话声流量 更快的传输介质更快的传输介质 骨干网（骨干网（ BackboneBackbone ）） 更大的带宽（更大的带宽（ BandwidthBandwidth ）） 宽带无线网宽带无线网飞速增长飞速增长 (WLAN) (Wi-Fi)(WLAN) (Wi-Fi) Everything over IPEverything over IP
趋势 融合 新闻新闻 广告广告 -- 媒体媒体 --信息提供者信息提供者
数字媒体产品数字媒体产品 有线电视有线电视
视频传输视频传输 电话电话
声音传输声音传输 计算机计算机
数字媒体存储数字媒体存储 处理处理 信息提供者和信息传输者的结合信息提供者和信息传输者的结合 电话公司电话公司 有线公司有线公司 娱乐事业娱乐事业 和计算机公司和计算机公司
的结合的结合
Trend
趋势 更多的网络业务流量 互联网上的主机数正以超指数量级飞速增长互联网上的主机数正以超指数量级飞速增长 每个主机用户的业务量中也在增长每个主机用户的业务量中也在增长
局域网可达到 局域网可达到 1 1 GbpsGbps 有线电视调制解调器允许以有线电视调制解调器允许以 11到 到 10 10 MbpsMbps 的速的速
度访问主机度访问主机 应用应用 ADSLVDSLADSLVDSL 通过电话线可达到通过电话线可达到 6-6-
2727MbpsMbps 的速度的速度 宽带无线网宽带无线网 (Wi-Fi)(Wi-Fi)可达到可达到 11-54Mbps11-54Mbps 的速的速
度度 带宽需求每四个月增加一倍带宽需求每四个月增加一倍 数据流量 数据流量 gt gt 话声流量话声流量
Trend of Internet hosts 1980-2000
Trend Data gt Voice
趋势 更快的传输介质 局局域域网网 1 Gbps over 4-pair UTP-5 up to 100 m 1 Gbps over 4-pair UTP-5 up to 100 m
10Gbps being discussed10Gbps being discussed Was 1 Mbps (1Base-5) in 1984Was 1 Mbps (1Base-5) in 1984
骨干网光纤骨干网光纤 DWDMDWDM (( Dense Wavelength Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing)Division Multiplexing) OC-768 = 40 Gbps over a to 65 km OC-768 = 40 Gbps over a to 65 km
1600 Gbps - 10 Tbps1600 Gbps - 10 Tbps Was 100 Mbps (FDDI) in 1993Was 100 Mbps (FDDI) in 1993
无线网无线网 54 100 Mbps(100-2km) wireless 54 100 Mbps(100-2km) wireless networks 25 Gbps to 5km using light networks 25 Gbps to 5km using light Was 1 Mbps (IEEE 80211) in 1998Was 1 Mbps (IEEE 80211) in 1998
Trend Bandwidth
Why Optical Networks DWDM optoelectricl metro network
Trend Wireless Mobile (1)
Trend宽带无线网 (Wi-Fi)飞速增长
Trend宽带无线网 (Wi-Fi)飞速增长
Trend宽带无线网 (Wi-Fi)飞速增长
Trend宽带无线网 (Wi-Fi)飞速增长
Integration of 3G and WLAN- offer possibility of achieving anywhere anytime
high speed and low expense Internet access
3G3G WLANWLAN
Wide areaWide area Local areaLocal area
Low bit rate Low bit rate
(2M when stand (2M when stand still)still)
High bit rateHigh bit rate
(11M to 54M)(11M to 54M)
DataVoice serviceDataVoice service
((QoS supportQoS support))
Data serviceData service
High expenseHigh expense Low expenseLow expense
High mobilityHigh mobility Low mobilityLow mobility
Trend Everything over IP
Data over IP =gt IP needs Traffic Data over IP =gt IP needs Traffic engineeringengineering
Voice over IP =gt Quality of Service and Voice over IP =gt Quality of Service and SignalingSignaling
Backbone -- Optic networksBackbone -- Optic networks IP over ATM IP over ATM （（异步传输模式）异步传输模式） IP over SONET -- POS (Packet over SDH) IP over SONET -- POS (Packet over SDH)
(( 同步同步 )) IP over DWDMIP over DWDM
Asynchronous Transfer Mode ATM
1990rsquos00 standard for high-speed (155Mbps to 1990rsquos00 standard for high-speed (155Mbps to 622 Mbps and higher) 622 Mbps and higher) Broadband Integrated Broadband Integrated Service Digital NetworkService Digital Network architecture architecture
GoalGoal integrated end-end transport of carry integrated end-end transport of carry voice video datavoice video data meeting timingQoS requirements of voice meeting timingQoS requirements of voice
video (versus Internet best-effort model)video (versus Internet best-effort model) ldquoldquonext generationrdquo telephony technical roots next generationrdquo telephony technical roots
in telephone worldin telephone world packet-switching (fixed length packets packet-switching (fixed length packets
called ldquocellsrdquo) using called ldquocellsrdquo) using virtual circuitsvirtual circuits
ATM reference model
How far along are we
Standardization bodies - ATM Forum ITU-T Standardization bodies - ATM Forum ITU-T We may never see end-to-end ATM (1997)We may never see end-to-end ATM (1997)
ATM - too complex - too expansive ltIPgtATM - too complex - too expansive ltIPgt Backbone - 1995 vBNS (ATM) Backbone - 1995 vBNS (ATM)
- 1998 Abilene (SONET) - 2000 IP over - 1998 Abilene (SONET) - 2000 IP over DWDMDWDM
Internet technology + ATM philosophyInternet technology + ATM philosophy but ATM ideas continue to powerfully but ATM ideas continue to powerfully
influence design of next-generation influence design of next-generation InternetInternet
ex ex MPLSMPLS admission ctl resource admission ctl resource reservation hellipreservation hellip
Best of Both Worlds
Multiprotocol label switching (Multiprotocol label switching (MPLSMPLS)) MPLS + IP form a middle ground that MPLS + IP form a middle ground that
combines the best of IP and the best of combines the best of IP and the best of virtual virtual circuit switching technologiescircuit switching technologies
ATM and Frame Relay cannot easily come to ATM and Frame Relay cannot easily come to the middle so IP hasthe middle so IP has
Label Encapsulation
MPLS Encapsulation is specified over MPLS Encapsulation is specified over various media types Top labels may use various media types Top labels may use existing format lower label(s) use a new existing format lower label(s) use a new ldquoshimrdquo label formatldquoshimrdquo label format
Label Substitution Have a friend go to B ahead of you using one of the Have a friend go to B ahead of you using one of the
previous two techniques At every road they reserve previous two techniques At every road they reserve a lane just for you At every intersection they post a a lane just for you At every intersection they post a big sign that says for a given lane which way to turn big sign that says for a given lane which way to turn and what new lane to takeand what new lane to take
Future Internet Research and Experimentation
Todayrsquos Internet Millions of usersMillions of users Web email low-quality audio amp videoWeb email low-quality audio amp video Interconnect personal computers and serversInterconnect personal computers and servers Applications adapt to underlying technologyApplications adapt to underlying technology Todayrsquos Internet DoesnrsquotTodayrsquos Internet Doesnrsquot
Provide reliable end-to-end performanceProvide reliable end-to-end performanceEncourage cooperation on new capabilitiesEncourage cooperation on new capabilitiesAllow testing of new technologiesAllow testing of new technologiesSupport development of revolutionary Support development of revolutionary applicationsapplications
Tomorrowrsquos Internet
Billions of users and devicesBillions of users and devices Convergence of todayrsquos applications Convergence of todayrsquos applications with multimedia (telephony video-with multimedia (telephony video-conference HDTV)conference HDTV)
Interconnect personal computers Interconnect personal computers servers and embedded computersservers and embedded computers
New technologies enable unanticipated New technologies enable unanticipated applications (and create new challenges)applications (and create new challenges)
Vint Cerf Open Challenges
My primary disappointment has been the slow pace of high speed access for residential customers hellip
The second area of disappointment is the slow uptake of version 6 of the Internet protocol (IPv6)
Perhaps the third area is the continuing difficulty caused by viruses worms and distributed denial of service attacksrdquo
How to make the Internet better Addressing current problems
Security1048766 Privacy1048766 Self-diagnosis amp self-healing networks1048766 Cheap connectivity for poor area and third world countries1048766
Wireless mesh networks1048766 sensors1048766 Mobility1048766
New cool apps1048766 What is after IPTV VoIP BitTorrent
Why Internet2 (1996)
The Internet was not designed forThe Internet was not designed forMillions of usersMillions of usersCongestionCongestionMultimediaMultimediaReal time interactionReal time interaction
But only the Internet canBut only the Internet canAccommodate explosive growthAccommodate explosive growthEnable convergence of information Enable convergence of information work mass media and human work mass media and human collaborationcollaboration
Internet2 Project Develop and deploy advanced network Develop and deploy advanced network
applications and technologies accelerating applications and technologies accelerating the creation of tomorrowrsquos Internetthe creation of tomorrowrsquos Internet
GoalsGoals Enable new generation of applicationsEnable new generation of applications Re-create leading edge RampE network Re-create leading edge RampE network
capabilitycapability Transfer capability to the global Transfer capability to the global
production Internetproduction Internet 206 University Members Jan 2005206 University Members Jan 2005
Internet2 Focus Areas Advanced Network Infrastructure - AbileneAdvanced Network Infrastructure - Abilene
Backbones operate at 10 Gbps capacity - 100 Backbones operate at 10 Gbps capacity - 100 Gbps (2007)Gbps (2007)
Middleware Middleware A layer of software between the network and the A layer of software between the network and the
applications applications Authentication Identification Authorization Authentication Identification Authorization
Directories SecurityDirectories Security EngineeringEngineering
IPv6 Measurement Multicast QoS Routing IPv6 Measurement Multicast QoS Routing Security TopologySecurity Topology
Advanced ApplicationsAdvanced Applications Distributed computation Virtual laboratories Distributed computation Virtual laboratories
Digital libraries Distributed learning Digital video Digital libraries Distributed learning Digital video Tele-immersion All of the above in combinationTele-immersion All of the above in combination
Abilene Connections Apr-2000Abilene Connections July 2006
Abilene Connections Apr-2000Abilene International Peering 2006
Research andDevelopment
Commercialization
Partnerships
Privatization
Internet Development Spiral
Todayrsquos Internet
Internet2
University-led Federal agency-led
Developing education and research driven applications
Agency mission-driven and general purpose applications
Building out campus networks gigaPoPs and inter-gigapop
infrastructure
Funding research testbeds and agency research networks
Interconnecting and interoperating to provide advanced networking capabilities needed to support advanced
research and education applications
Internet2 and the Next Generation Internet Initiative
Internet2 NGI
Our Founding (Funding) Fable
Researchers invent new architectures Architectures are validated on a testbed IETF ISPs and router vendors collaborate to deploy new design
This is complete BS
Do Traditional Testbeds Really Test
Production-oriented testbeds Real traffic provides good validation But can test only very incremental changes
Research-oriented testbeds Can test radical architectures Lack of real traffic results in poor validation
Both are expensive (dedicated bandwidth)
What about Deployment Architectural change requires ISP consensus
- Hard to agree- No competitive advantage from architectural innovation
- All have huge sunk investment in the status quo
ISPs are unlikely candidates for architectural change
Architecture isnrsquot just static its decaying Ad hoc workarounds muddy the architectural waters
We are at an Impasse
We canrsquot test new architectures- Despite sizable investments in testbeds
We canrsquot deploy new architectures- And things are getting worse not better
Yet there are pressing requirements for which the current architecture is not well suited
The Communityrsquos Response Focus on areas where we can have impact
Empirical studies Incremental changes (subject to current constraints)
Small stream of architectural proposals Paper designs without hope of deployment
More science fiction than engineering Have largely abandoned hope of effecting fundamental architectural change
Living with rather than overcoming the impasse
Overcoming the Impasse
Must be able to test new architectures Wide range of architectures Real traffic from willing individuals Low overhead for individual researchers
Meet the grand challenge of reinventing the Internet
Empirical incremental research is great but not enough
If someone put us in charge what would we do
What about deployment Several options none good but no excuse to not have an answer to the grand challenge
Testing Virtual Testbed
Overlay testbed (think RON etc) Host proxy directs packets to overlay
Proxy must architecturally neutral and flexible
Individuals (anywhere) opt-in by turning on proxy
Shared testing infrastructure (think Planetlab) Overlay nodes shared among experiments
Slicing on per-packet timescales Virtualized routers
These ideas have turned into the GENI program
Why GENI (Global Environment for Network Innovations) Future Internet Network (2005)
The original designing idea of current information networks is basically a specific network supports one major service
The limitation of the original designing idea can not support the multiple requirements for networks and services (such as Telecom network Internet)
The original design mode of Internet leads to itrsquos shortage in mobility security controllable and administrable
We urgently need redesign the framework of new generation Internet to overcome the serious shortage of current Internet
Providing pervasive and trusted services based on a specific network has became the key research directions of national informatization
GENI (Global Environment for Network Innovations) - NSF 2005 (1)
What is GENIWhat is GENIGENI is GENI is a facility concepta facility concept being explored by being explored by the US computing community the US computing community
back to an NSF workshop in 2005back to an NSF workshop in 2005focus on focus on architecturalarchitectural research and research and provide the provide the experimentalexperimental infrastructure infrastructure needed to support that researchneeded to support that research
focus on the research agenda (and focus on the research agenda (and infrastructure needs) of the infrastructure needs) of the opticaloptical wirelesswireless sensorsensor network and network and distributeddistributed systems communitiessystems communities
GENI (Global Environment for Network Innovations) (2)
The goal of GENI The goal of GENI Goal a Future Internet that meets the Goal a Future Internet that meets the demands of 21st centurydemands of 21st century
to increase the to increase the qualityquality and and quantityquantity of of experimental experimental researchresearch outcomes in networking and distributed outcomes in networking and distributed systemssystems
to accelerate the to accelerate the transitiontransition of these outcomes into of these outcomes into products and servicesproducts and services
enhance economic competitiveness and secure enhance economic competitiveness and secure the Nations futurethe Nations future
Ultimately to lead to a Ultimately to lead to a transition of the transition of the InternetInternet
GENI Research Opportunities (3)
Two dichotomy thought (false or at least Two dichotomy thought (false or at least unnecessary)unnecessary)
a a clean slateclean slate reconceptualization of Internet reconceptualization of Internet architecture architecture
todays 30-year-old architecture that todays 30-year-old architecture that limit its limit its abilityability to cope with emerging threats and to cope with emerging threats and opportunitiesopportunities
bull eroding trust reduced innovation slowing eroding trust reduced innovation slowing updateupdate
future innovation will take the form of new future innovation will take the form of new services and applications running services and applications running on top of the on top of the InternetInternet
GENI Research Opportunities (4)
GENI discussion GENI discussion First we interpret Future Internet very broadly to First we interpret Future Internet very broadly to
include innovations at include innovations at any levelany level of the architecture of the architecture alternative protocols and architectures running alternative protocols and architectures running
inside the network (as overlays on top of inside the network (as overlays on top of todays network) todays network)
Second research should employ Second research should employ clean slate clean slate thinkingthinking but this does but this does not imply that an entirely not imply that an entirely newnew Internet will be necessary In other words Internet will be necessary In other words clean slate is a clean slate is a processprocess not a not a resultresult
Third opportunities Third opportunities betweenbetween two perspectives two perspectives exploring how todays architecture is best exploring how todays architecture is best
evolved to support emerging overlay services evolved to support emerging overlay services
GENI Facility Concept (5)
Facility ConceptFacility Concept experimental platforms for experimental platforms for bothboth research and research and
deploymentdeployment filling the filling the gapgap between small-scale exp and mature between small-scale exp and mature
tech tech GENI evaluate new network systems on large-GENI evaluate new network systems on large-
scalescale
Two levelsTwo levels Physical level Physical level GENI substrateGENI substrate will consist of a will consist of a
collection of links forwarders storage collection of links forwarders storage processors and wireless net processors and wireless net
On top of this substrate a On top of this substrate a software software management management frameworkframework will be overlay network experiments on will be overlay network experiments on
the substratethe substrate
GENI Facility Concept (6)
Four key ideasFour key ideas substrate components will be substrate components will be programmableprogrammable - -
possible to embed any network experiment including possible to embed any network experiment including clean-slate designs clean-slate designs
Substrate will be Substrate will be virtualizable virtualizable -- possible to embed possible to embed multiple slices in the substrate at the same time multiple slices in the substrate at the same time (allow experimental services and architectures to run (allow experimental services and architectures to run continuously) continuously)
GENI will include mechanisms that allow end-users GENI will include mechanisms that allow end-users to to seamlessly seamlessly opt-inopt-in to experimental services to experimental services
GENI will be GENI will be modularmodular ( (architecture and interfaces) - architecture and interfaces) - possible to extend GENI with new networking possible to extend GENI with new networking technologies GENI will not be a static artifact but technologies GENI will not be a static artifact but rather a rather a dynamic infrastructuredynamic infrastructure that is continually that is continually renewedrenewed
FIND (Future Internet Network Design) ndash NSF 2006 (1)
FIND asks two broad questionsFIND asks two broad questions What are the What are the requirementsrequirements for the global network for the global network
in 15 years in 15 years How How would we would we re-conceivere-conceive tomorrows global tomorrows global
network today if we could design it from scratch network today if we could design it from scratch FIND program solicits FIND program solicits clean slate processclean slate process research proposals in the broad area of research proposals in the broad area of network architecture principles and designnetwork architecture principles and design
FIND (Future Internet Network Design) (2)
FIND research might address wide questionsFIND research might address wide questions What will the What will the edgeedge of the network look like in 15 of the network look like in 15
years How might the network years How might the network architecturearchitecture of 15 of 15 years hence best accommodate sensors embedded years hence best accommodate sensors embedded systems and the like systems and the like
How might the network of 15 years from now How might the network of 15 years from now supportsupport what users really do (and care about) How what users really do (and care about) How might such functions as information access location might such functions as information access location management or identity management best fit into a management or identity management best fit into a new overall network architecture new overall network architecture
What will the What will the core core of the network look like in 15 of the network look like in 15 years How might the changing economics of years How might the changing economics of optical systems affect the overall design of the larger optical systems affect the overall design of the larger networknetwork
FIRE (Future Internet Research and Experimentation) ndash European 2007 (1)
Internet has Internet has growngrown to an unexpected reach to an unexpected reach as for the as for the numbernumber of users of users capacitycapacity of the of the links broadband penetration to the links broadband penetration to the homehome servicesservices
ProblemsProblems spam viruses denial of service spam viruses denial of service attacks complexity of managementattacks complexity of management
Internet drawbacks and Internet drawbacks and limitationslimitations ndash to ndash to scalabilityscalability suitabilitysuitability mobilitymobility transparencytransparency securitysecurity
require new radical approaches to require new radical approaches to fundamentally redesign its protocols and fundamentally redesign its protocols and architectures architectures
FIRE (2) FIRE is an FIRE is an experimentallyexperimentally-driven -driven longlong-term research initiative on -term research initiative on
Future Internet Future Internet conceptsconcepts protocolsprotocols and and architecturesarchitectures encompassing technological industrial and socio-economic encompassing technological industrial and socio-economic
aspects aspects acting as proof-of-concept of the newly proposed acting as proof-of-concept of the newly proposed
technologies and services technologies and services FIRE RESEARCHFIRE RESEARCH
Long term multidisciplinary research on future internet Long term multidisciplinary research on future internet paradigms paradigms
Open to Open to fresh bottom-upfresh bottom-up ideas with ideas with no backwards-no backwards-compatibilitycompatibility constraints constraints
Building on the FET SAC initiative ldquoSituated and Autonomic Building on the FET SAC initiative ldquoSituated and Autonomic Communicationsrdquo Communicationsrdquo
Considering at the Considering at the same timesame time technological economic and technological economic and socialpolicy aspects socialpolicy aspects
Build in from the outset and on all levels the right Build in from the outset and on all levels the right balancebalance between security accountability and privacybetween security accountability and privacy
FIRE (3)
FIRE EXPERIMENTATIONFIRE EXPERIMENTATION Large scale experimentationLarge scale experimentation of new paradigms and of new paradigms and
concepts for the future internet and related service concepts for the future internet and related service architectures architectures
Learning through broad experimentation Learning through broad experimentation Integrating and validating new conceptsIntegrating and validating new concepts
Federating and extending Federating and extending existing testbedsexisting testbeds and and research infrastructures research infrastructures
no backwards-compatibility constraints no backwards-compatibility constraints European approach and develop a European European approach and develop a European
identityidentity
- Slide 1
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- Slide 115
-
Donrsquot Need All Layers Everywhere
Protocol Data Unit - PDUs
Network Components (Examples)
Fibers
Coaxial Cable
Links Interfaces Switchesrouters
Ethernet card
Wireless card
Large router
Telephoneswitch
趋势 网络时代 每一件事务都是数字的 声音 视频 音
乐 画片 及生活日常事务 每一件事务都是在线的 银行结算 医疗
记录 各类书籍 航空日程 天气情况 公路交通 hellip
每个人之间都是相互联系的 医生 教师 经济人 母亲 儿子 朋友 敌人
趋势 网络时代 实现家庭
教育 办公 购物 娱乐 网上娱乐 虚拟工作场所
2000 年美国有五千五百万人实现远程工作
网络制造 电子商务 虚拟公司 虚拟制造与虚拟装配 ( 设计过程 ) 制造过程更加分散化并发进行 新型的价值链 虚拟兑现
趋势 网络时代
趋势 网络时代
网络制造 (1)
随着基于随着基于 InternetInternet 的全球化数字通信基础设的全球化数字通信基础设施的建立网络从单纯的信息工具变成rdquo施的建立网络从单纯的信息工具变成rdquo EE －－时代rdquo的关键资源时代rdquo的关键资源 全球经济一体化成为制造全球经济一体化成为制造业变革的最根本的推动力业变革的最根本的推动力
InternetInternet 向ldquo资源功能rdquo发展基于向ldquo资源功能rdquo发展基于InternetInternet 的网络化制造是适应时代的需要的网络化制造是适应时代的需要
网络制造的本质特性就是产品的制造过程更加网络制造的本质特性就是产品的制造过程更加分散化信息的传递网络化信息的流动伴随分散化信息的传递网络化信息的流动伴随着各项工作的并发进行而同时发生着各项工作的并发进行而同时发生
网络制造 (2)
基于基于 InternetInternet 的虚拟制造与虚拟装配的虚拟制造与虚拟装配 在相互联结的网络上建立在相互联结的网络上建立 2424 小时工作的协同小时工作的协同
工作组大大加快了设计进度及时获得所需工作组大大加快了设计进度及时获得所需要的零部件减少库存降低成本提高质量要的零部件减少库存降低成本提高质量
电子商务 信息技术和 Internet 引发的商务过程的变化 利用以 Internet 为核心的信息技术进行商
务活动和企业资源管理 CIMS 是企业实施电子商务的基础 企业实施电子商务是 CIMS 发展的主要标志和
主要内容
竞争环境改变 核心 产品竞争
电子商务产生背景
服务竞争
范围 单个企业 全球多企业
资源 人财物 信息知识
管理重心迁移 生产管理 供应 营销链管理
集中内部资源 整合外部资源
离散管理 集约管理
商务模式转化
bull文秘型管理bull关注后台（企业内部）bull关注业务记录（报表）bull地区性bull推销产品为中心bull（卖方市场）
bull自我服务型管理bull关注前端（客户关系）bull要求商业智能（分析）bull全球化bull客户为中心bull（买方市场）
传统商务 电子商务
客户
供应商
合作伙伴
网络智能
市场营销 产品 服务销售 产品制造
服务 支持
e 企业的业务体系结构
网络发展趋势 趋势趋势 融合融合 趋势趋势 泛在（泛在（ UbiquitousUbiquitous ）） 趋势趋势 信息爆炸信息爆炸 更多的网络业务流量更多的网络业务流量 数据流量 数据流量 gt gt 话声流量话声流量 更快的传输介质更快的传输介质 骨干网（骨干网（ BackboneBackbone ）） 更大的带宽（更大的带宽（ BandwidthBandwidth ）） 宽带无线网宽带无线网飞速增长飞速增长 (WLAN) (Wi-Fi)(WLAN) (Wi-Fi) Everything over IPEverything over IP
趋势 融合 新闻新闻 广告广告 -- 媒体媒体 --信息提供者信息提供者
数字媒体产品数字媒体产品 有线电视有线电视
视频传输视频传输 电话电话
声音传输声音传输 计算机计算机
数字媒体存储数字媒体存储 处理处理 信息提供者和信息传输者的结合信息提供者和信息传输者的结合 电话公司电话公司 有线公司有线公司 娱乐事业娱乐事业 和计算机公司和计算机公司
的结合的结合
Trend
趋势 更多的网络业务流量 互联网上的主机数正以超指数量级飞速增长互联网上的主机数正以超指数量级飞速增长 每个主机用户的业务量中也在增长每个主机用户的业务量中也在增长
局域网可达到 局域网可达到 1 1 GbpsGbps 有线电视调制解调器允许以有线电视调制解调器允许以 11到 到 10 10 MbpsMbps 的速的速
度访问主机度访问主机 应用应用 ADSLVDSLADSLVDSL 通过电话线可达到通过电话线可达到 6-6-
2727MbpsMbps 的速度的速度 宽带无线网宽带无线网 (Wi-Fi)(Wi-Fi)可达到可达到 11-54Mbps11-54Mbps 的速的速
度度 带宽需求每四个月增加一倍带宽需求每四个月增加一倍 数据流量 数据流量 gt gt 话声流量话声流量
Trend of Internet hosts 1980-2000
Trend Data gt Voice
趋势 更快的传输介质 局局域域网网 1 Gbps over 4-pair UTP-5 up to 100 m 1 Gbps over 4-pair UTP-5 up to 100 m
10Gbps being discussed10Gbps being discussed Was 1 Mbps (1Base-5) in 1984Was 1 Mbps (1Base-5) in 1984
骨干网光纤骨干网光纤 DWDMDWDM (( Dense Wavelength Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing)Division Multiplexing) OC-768 = 40 Gbps over a to 65 km OC-768 = 40 Gbps over a to 65 km
1600 Gbps - 10 Tbps1600 Gbps - 10 Tbps Was 100 Mbps (FDDI) in 1993Was 100 Mbps (FDDI) in 1993
无线网无线网 54 100 Mbps(100-2km) wireless 54 100 Mbps(100-2km) wireless networks 25 Gbps to 5km using light networks 25 Gbps to 5km using light Was 1 Mbps (IEEE 80211) in 1998Was 1 Mbps (IEEE 80211) in 1998
Trend Bandwidth
Why Optical Networks DWDM optoelectricl metro network
Trend Wireless Mobile (1)
Trend宽带无线网 (Wi-Fi)飞速增长
Trend宽带无线网 (Wi-Fi)飞速增长
Trend宽带无线网 (Wi-Fi)飞速增长
Trend宽带无线网 (Wi-Fi)飞速增长
Integration of 3G and WLAN- offer possibility of achieving anywhere anytime
high speed and low expense Internet access
3G3G WLANWLAN
Wide areaWide area Local areaLocal area
Low bit rate Low bit rate
(2M when stand (2M when stand still)still)
High bit rateHigh bit rate
(11M to 54M)(11M to 54M)
DataVoice serviceDataVoice service
((QoS supportQoS support))
Data serviceData service
High expenseHigh expense Low expenseLow expense
High mobilityHigh mobility Low mobilityLow mobility
Trend Everything over IP
Data over IP =gt IP needs Traffic Data over IP =gt IP needs Traffic engineeringengineering
Voice over IP =gt Quality of Service and Voice over IP =gt Quality of Service and SignalingSignaling
Backbone -- Optic networksBackbone -- Optic networks IP over ATM IP over ATM （（异步传输模式）异步传输模式） IP over SONET -- POS (Packet over SDH) IP over SONET -- POS (Packet over SDH)
(( 同步同步 )) IP over DWDMIP over DWDM
Asynchronous Transfer Mode ATM
1990rsquos00 standard for high-speed (155Mbps to 1990rsquos00 standard for high-speed (155Mbps to 622 Mbps and higher) 622 Mbps and higher) Broadband Integrated Broadband Integrated Service Digital NetworkService Digital Network architecture architecture
GoalGoal integrated end-end transport of carry integrated end-end transport of carry voice video datavoice video data meeting timingQoS requirements of voice meeting timingQoS requirements of voice
video (versus Internet best-effort model)video (versus Internet best-effort model) ldquoldquonext generationrdquo telephony technical roots next generationrdquo telephony technical roots
in telephone worldin telephone world packet-switching (fixed length packets packet-switching (fixed length packets
called ldquocellsrdquo) using called ldquocellsrdquo) using virtual circuitsvirtual circuits
ATM reference model
How far along are we
Standardization bodies - ATM Forum ITU-T Standardization bodies - ATM Forum ITU-T We may never see end-to-end ATM (1997)We may never see end-to-end ATM (1997)
ATM - too complex - too expansive ltIPgtATM - too complex - too expansive ltIPgt Backbone - 1995 vBNS (ATM) Backbone - 1995 vBNS (ATM)
- 1998 Abilene (SONET) - 2000 IP over - 1998 Abilene (SONET) - 2000 IP over DWDMDWDM
Internet technology + ATM philosophyInternet technology + ATM philosophy but ATM ideas continue to powerfully but ATM ideas continue to powerfully
influence design of next-generation influence design of next-generation InternetInternet
ex ex MPLSMPLS admission ctl resource admission ctl resource reservation hellipreservation hellip
Best of Both Worlds
Multiprotocol label switching (Multiprotocol label switching (MPLSMPLS)) MPLS + IP form a middle ground that MPLS + IP form a middle ground that
combines the best of IP and the best of combines the best of IP and the best of virtual virtual circuit switching technologiescircuit switching technologies
ATM and Frame Relay cannot easily come to ATM and Frame Relay cannot easily come to the middle so IP hasthe middle so IP has
Label Encapsulation
MPLS Encapsulation is specified over MPLS Encapsulation is specified over various media types Top labels may use various media types Top labels may use existing format lower label(s) use a new existing format lower label(s) use a new ldquoshimrdquo label formatldquoshimrdquo label format
Label Substitution Have a friend go to B ahead of you using one of the Have a friend go to B ahead of you using one of the
previous two techniques At every road they reserve previous two techniques At every road they reserve a lane just for you At every intersection they post a a lane just for you At every intersection they post a big sign that says for a given lane which way to turn big sign that says for a given lane which way to turn and what new lane to takeand what new lane to take
Future Internet Research and Experimentation
Todayrsquos Internet Millions of usersMillions of users Web email low-quality audio amp videoWeb email low-quality audio amp video Interconnect personal computers and serversInterconnect personal computers and servers Applications adapt to underlying technologyApplications adapt to underlying technology Todayrsquos Internet DoesnrsquotTodayrsquos Internet Doesnrsquot
Provide reliable end-to-end performanceProvide reliable end-to-end performanceEncourage cooperation on new capabilitiesEncourage cooperation on new capabilitiesAllow testing of new technologiesAllow testing of new technologiesSupport development of revolutionary Support development of revolutionary applicationsapplications
Tomorrowrsquos Internet
Billions of users and devicesBillions of users and devices Convergence of todayrsquos applications Convergence of todayrsquos applications with multimedia (telephony video-with multimedia (telephony video-conference HDTV)conference HDTV)
Interconnect personal computers Interconnect personal computers servers and embedded computersservers and embedded computers
New technologies enable unanticipated New technologies enable unanticipated applications (and create new challenges)applications (and create new challenges)
Vint Cerf Open Challenges
My primary disappointment has been the slow pace of high speed access for residential customers hellip
The second area of disappointment is the slow uptake of version 6 of the Internet protocol (IPv6)
Perhaps the third area is the continuing difficulty caused by viruses worms and distributed denial of service attacksrdquo
How to make the Internet better Addressing current problems
Security1048766 Privacy1048766 Self-diagnosis amp self-healing networks1048766 Cheap connectivity for poor area and third world countries1048766
Wireless mesh networks1048766 sensors1048766 Mobility1048766
New cool apps1048766 What is after IPTV VoIP BitTorrent
Why Internet2 (1996)
The Internet was not designed forThe Internet was not designed forMillions of usersMillions of usersCongestionCongestionMultimediaMultimediaReal time interactionReal time interaction
But only the Internet canBut only the Internet canAccommodate explosive growthAccommodate explosive growthEnable convergence of information Enable convergence of information work mass media and human work mass media and human collaborationcollaboration
Internet2 Project Develop and deploy advanced network Develop and deploy advanced network
applications and technologies accelerating applications and technologies accelerating the creation of tomorrowrsquos Internetthe creation of tomorrowrsquos Internet
GoalsGoals Enable new generation of applicationsEnable new generation of applications Re-create leading edge RampE network Re-create leading edge RampE network
capabilitycapability Transfer capability to the global Transfer capability to the global
production Internetproduction Internet 206 University Members Jan 2005206 University Members Jan 2005
Internet2 Focus Areas Advanced Network Infrastructure - AbileneAdvanced Network Infrastructure - Abilene
Backbones operate at 10 Gbps capacity - 100 Backbones operate at 10 Gbps capacity - 100 Gbps (2007)Gbps (2007)
Middleware Middleware A layer of software between the network and the A layer of software between the network and the
applications applications Authentication Identification Authorization Authentication Identification Authorization
Directories SecurityDirectories Security EngineeringEngineering
IPv6 Measurement Multicast QoS Routing IPv6 Measurement Multicast QoS Routing Security TopologySecurity Topology
Advanced ApplicationsAdvanced Applications Distributed computation Virtual laboratories Distributed computation Virtual laboratories
Digital libraries Distributed learning Digital video Digital libraries Distributed learning Digital video Tele-immersion All of the above in combinationTele-immersion All of the above in combination
Abilene Connections Apr-2000Abilene Connections July 2006
Abilene Connections Apr-2000Abilene International Peering 2006
Research andDevelopment
Commercialization
Partnerships
Privatization
Internet Development Spiral
Todayrsquos Internet
Internet2
University-led Federal agency-led
Developing education and research driven applications
Agency mission-driven and general purpose applications
Building out campus networks gigaPoPs and inter-gigapop
infrastructure
Funding research testbeds and agency research networks
Interconnecting and interoperating to provide advanced networking capabilities needed to support advanced
research and education applications
Internet2 and the Next Generation Internet Initiative
Internet2 NGI
Our Founding (Funding) Fable
Researchers invent new architectures Architectures are validated on a testbed IETF ISPs and router vendors collaborate to deploy new design
This is complete BS
Do Traditional Testbeds Really Test
Production-oriented testbeds Real traffic provides good validation But can test only very incremental changes
Research-oriented testbeds Can test radical architectures Lack of real traffic results in poor validation
Both are expensive (dedicated bandwidth)
What about Deployment Architectural change requires ISP consensus
- Hard to agree- No competitive advantage from architectural innovation
- All have huge sunk investment in the status quo
ISPs are unlikely candidates for architectural change
Architecture isnrsquot just static its decaying Ad hoc workarounds muddy the architectural waters
We are at an Impasse
We canrsquot test new architectures- Despite sizable investments in testbeds
We canrsquot deploy new architectures- And things are getting worse not better
Yet there are pressing requirements for which the current architecture is not well suited
The Communityrsquos Response Focus on areas where we can have impact
Empirical studies Incremental changes (subject to current constraints)
Small stream of architectural proposals Paper designs without hope of deployment
More science fiction than engineering Have largely abandoned hope of effecting fundamental architectural change
Living with rather than overcoming the impasse
Overcoming the Impasse
Must be able to test new architectures Wide range of architectures Real traffic from willing individuals Low overhead for individual researchers
Meet the grand challenge of reinventing the Internet
Empirical incremental research is great but not enough
If someone put us in charge what would we do
What about deployment Several options none good but no excuse to not have an answer to the grand challenge
Testing Virtual Testbed
Overlay testbed (think RON etc) Host proxy directs packets to overlay
Proxy must architecturally neutral and flexible
Individuals (anywhere) opt-in by turning on proxy
Shared testing infrastructure (think Planetlab) Overlay nodes shared among experiments
Slicing on per-packet timescales Virtualized routers
These ideas have turned into the GENI program
Why GENI (Global Environment for Network Innovations) Future Internet Network (2005)
The original designing idea of current information networks is basically a specific network supports one major service
The limitation of the original designing idea can not support the multiple requirements for networks and services (such as Telecom network Internet)
The original design mode of Internet leads to itrsquos shortage in mobility security controllable and administrable
We urgently need redesign the framework of new generation Internet to overcome the serious shortage of current Internet
Providing pervasive and trusted services based on a specific network has became the key research directions of national informatization
GENI (Global Environment for Network Innovations) - NSF 2005 (1)
What is GENIWhat is GENIGENI is GENI is a facility concepta facility concept being explored by being explored by the US computing community the US computing community
back to an NSF workshop in 2005back to an NSF workshop in 2005focus on focus on architecturalarchitectural research and research and provide the provide the experimentalexperimental infrastructure infrastructure needed to support that researchneeded to support that research
focus on the research agenda (and focus on the research agenda (and infrastructure needs) of the infrastructure needs) of the opticaloptical wirelesswireless sensorsensor network and network and distributeddistributed systems communitiessystems communities
GENI (Global Environment for Network Innovations) (2)
The goal of GENI The goal of GENI Goal a Future Internet that meets the Goal a Future Internet that meets the demands of 21st centurydemands of 21st century
to increase the to increase the qualityquality and and quantityquantity of of experimental experimental researchresearch outcomes in networking and distributed outcomes in networking and distributed systemssystems
to accelerate the to accelerate the transitiontransition of these outcomes into of these outcomes into products and servicesproducts and services
enhance economic competitiveness and secure enhance economic competitiveness and secure the Nations futurethe Nations future
Ultimately to lead to a Ultimately to lead to a transition of the transition of the InternetInternet
GENI Research Opportunities (3)
Two dichotomy thought (false or at least Two dichotomy thought (false or at least unnecessary)unnecessary)
a a clean slateclean slate reconceptualization of Internet reconceptualization of Internet architecture architecture
todays 30-year-old architecture that todays 30-year-old architecture that limit its limit its abilityability to cope with emerging threats and to cope with emerging threats and opportunitiesopportunities
bull eroding trust reduced innovation slowing eroding trust reduced innovation slowing updateupdate
future innovation will take the form of new future innovation will take the form of new services and applications running services and applications running on top of the on top of the InternetInternet
GENI Research Opportunities (4)
GENI discussion GENI discussion First we interpret Future Internet very broadly to First we interpret Future Internet very broadly to
include innovations at include innovations at any levelany level of the architecture of the architecture alternative protocols and architectures running alternative protocols and architectures running
inside the network (as overlays on top of inside the network (as overlays on top of todays network) todays network)
Second research should employ Second research should employ clean slate clean slate thinkingthinking but this does but this does not imply that an entirely not imply that an entirely newnew Internet will be necessary In other words Internet will be necessary In other words clean slate is a clean slate is a processprocess not a not a resultresult
Third opportunities Third opportunities betweenbetween two perspectives two perspectives exploring how todays architecture is best exploring how todays architecture is best
evolved to support emerging overlay services evolved to support emerging overlay services
GENI Facility Concept (5)
Facility ConceptFacility Concept experimental platforms for experimental platforms for bothboth research and research and
deploymentdeployment filling the filling the gapgap between small-scale exp and mature between small-scale exp and mature
tech tech GENI evaluate new network systems on large-GENI evaluate new network systems on large-
scalescale
Two levelsTwo levels Physical level Physical level GENI substrateGENI substrate will consist of a will consist of a
collection of links forwarders storage collection of links forwarders storage processors and wireless net processors and wireless net
On top of this substrate a On top of this substrate a software software management management frameworkframework will be overlay network experiments on will be overlay network experiments on
the substratethe substrate
GENI Facility Concept (6)
Four key ideasFour key ideas substrate components will be substrate components will be programmableprogrammable - -
possible to embed any network experiment including possible to embed any network experiment including clean-slate designs clean-slate designs
Substrate will be Substrate will be virtualizable virtualizable -- possible to embed possible to embed multiple slices in the substrate at the same time multiple slices in the substrate at the same time (allow experimental services and architectures to run (allow experimental services and architectures to run continuously) continuously)
GENI will include mechanisms that allow end-users GENI will include mechanisms that allow end-users to to seamlessly seamlessly opt-inopt-in to experimental services to experimental services
GENI will be GENI will be modularmodular ( (architecture and interfaces) - architecture and interfaces) - possible to extend GENI with new networking possible to extend GENI with new networking technologies GENI will not be a static artifact but technologies GENI will not be a static artifact but rather a rather a dynamic infrastructuredynamic infrastructure that is continually that is continually renewedrenewed
FIND (Future Internet Network Design) ndash NSF 2006 (1)
FIND asks two broad questionsFIND asks two broad questions What are the What are the requirementsrequirements for the global network for the global network
in 15 years in 15 years How How would we would we re-conceivere-conceive tomorrows global tomorrows global
network today if we could design it from scratch network today if we could design it from scratch FIND program solicits FIND program solicits clean slate processclean slate process research proposals in the broad area of research proposals in the broad area of network architecture principles and designnetwork architecture principles and design
FIND (Future Internet Network Design) (2)
FIND research might address wide questionsFIND research might address wide questions What will the What will the edgeedge of the network look like in 15 of the network look like in 15
years How might the network years How might the network architecturearchitecture of 15 of 15 years hence best accommodate sensors embedded years hence best accommodate sensors embedded systems and the like systems and the like
How might the network of 15 years from now How might the network of 15 years from now supportsupport what users really do (and care about) How what users really do (and care about) How might such functions as information access location might such functions as information access location management or identity management best fit into a management or identity management best fit into a new overall network architecture new overall network architecture
What will the What will the core core of the network look like in 15 of the network look like in 15 years How might the changing economics of years How might the changing economics of optical systems affect the overall design of the larger optical systems affect the overall design of the larger networknetwork
FIRE (Future Internet Research and Experimentation) ndash European 2007 (1)
Internet has Internet has growngrown to an unexpected reach to an unexpected reach as for the as for the numbernumber of users of users capacitycapacity of the of the links broadband penetration to the links broadband penetration to the homehome servicesservices
ProblemsProblems spam viruses denial of service spam viruses denial of service attacks complexity of managementattacks complexity of management
Internet drawbacks and Internet drawbacks and limitationslimitations ndash to ndash to scalabilityscalability suitabilitysuitability mobilitymobility transparencytransparency securitysecurity
require new radical approaches to require new radical approaches to fundamentally redesign its protocols and fundamentally redesign its protocols and architectures architectures
FIRE (2) FIRE is an FIRE is an experimentallyexperimentally-driven -driven longlong-term research initiative on -term research initiative on
Future Internet Future Internet conceptsconcepts protocolsprotocols and and architecturesarchitectures encompassing technological industrial and socio-economic encompassing technological industrial and socio-economic
aspects aspects acting as proof-of-concept of the newly proposed acting as proof-of-concept of the newly proposed
technologies and services technologies and services FIRE RESEARCHFIRE RESEARCH
Long term multidisciplinary research on future internet Long term multidisciplinary research on future internet paradigms paradigms
Open to Open to fresh bottom-upfresh bottom-up ideas with ideas with no backwards-no backwards-compatibilitycompatibility constraints constraints
Building on the FET SAC initiative ldquoSituated and Autonomic Building on the FET SAC initiative ldquoSituated and Autonomic Communicationsrdquo Communicationsrdquo
Considering at the Considering at the same timesame time technological economic and technological economic and socialpolicy aspects socialpolicy aspects
Build in from the outset and on all levels the right Build in from the outset and on all levels the right balancebalance between security accountability and privacybetween security accountability and privacy
FIRE (3)
FIRE EXPERIMENTATIONFIRE EXPERIMENTATION Large scale experimentationLarge scale experimentation of new paradigms and of new paradigms and
concepts for the future internet and related service concepts for the future internet and related service architectures architectures
Learning through broad experimentation Learning through broad experimentation Integrating and validating new conceptsIntegrating and validating new concepts
Federating and extending Federating and extending existing testbedsexisting testbeds and and research infrastructures research infrastructures
no backwards-compatibility constraints no backwards-compatibility constraints European approach and develop a European European approach and develop a European
identityidentity
- Slide 1
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Slide 5
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- Slide 22
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- Slide 37
- Slide 38
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- Slide 40
- Slide 41
- Slide 42
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- Slide 46
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- Slide 48
- Slide 49
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- Slide 51
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- Slide 53
- Slide 54
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- Slide 110
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- Slide 114
- Slide 115
-
Protocol Data Unit - PDUs
Network Components (Examples)
Fibers
Coaxial Cable
Links Interfaces Switchesrouters
Ethernet card
Wireless card
Large router
Telephoneswitch
趋势 网络时代 每一件事务都是数字的 声音 视频 音
乐 画片 及生活日常事务 每一件事务都是在线的 银行结算 医疗
记录 各类书籍 航空日程 天气情况 公路交通 hellip
每个人之间都是相互联系的 医生 教师 经济人 母亲 儿子 朋友 敌人
趋势 网络时代 实现家庭
教育 办公 购物 娱乐 网上娱乐 虚拟工作场所
2000 年美国有五千五百万人实现远程工作
网络制造 电子商务 虚拟公司 虚拟制造与虚拟装配 ( 设计过程 ) 制造过程更加分散化并发进行 新型的价值链 虚拟兑现
趋势 网络时代
趋势 网络时代
网络制造 (1)
随着基于随着基于 InternetInternet 的全球化数字通信基础设的全球化数字通信基础设施的建立网络从单纯的信息工具变成rdquo施的建立网络从单纯的信息工具变成rdquo EE －－时代rdquo的关键资源时代rdquo的关键资源 全球经济一体化成为制造全球经济一体化成为制造业变革的最根本的推动力业变革的最根本的推动力
InternetInternet 向ldquo资源功能rdquo发展基于向ldquo资源功能rdquo发展基于InternetInternet 的网络化制造是适应时代的需要的网络化制造是适应时代的需要
网络制造的本质特性就是产品的制造过程更加网络制造的本质特性就是产品的制造过程更加分散化信息的传递网络化信息的流动伴随分散化信息的传递网络化信息的流动伴随着各项工作的并发进行而同时发生着各项工作的并发进行而同时发生
网络制造 (2)
基于基于 InternetInternet 的虚拟制造与虚拟装配的虚拟制造与虚拟装配 在相互联结的网络上建立在相互联结的网络上建立 2424 小时工作的协同小时工作的协同
工作组大大加快了设计进度及时获得所需工作组大大加快了设计进度及时获得所需要的零部件减少库存降低成本提高质量要的零部件减少库存降低成本提高质量
电子商务 信息技术和 Internet 引发的商务过程的变化 利用以 Internet 为核心的信息技术进行商
务活动和企业资源管理 CIMS 是企业实施电子商务的基础 企业实施电子商务是 CIMS 发展的主要标志和
主要内容
竞争环境改变 核心 产品竞争
电子商务产生背景
服务竞争
范围 单个企业 全球多企业
资源 人财物 信息知识
管理重心迁移 生产管理 供应 营销链管理
集中内部资源 整合外部资源
离散管理 集约管理
商务模式转化
bull文秘型管理bull关注后台（企业内部）bull关注业务记录（报表）bull地区性bull推销产品为中心bull（卖方市场）
bull自我服务型管理bull关注前端（客户关系）bull要求商业智能（分析）bull全球化bull客户为中心bull（买方市场）
传统商务 电子商务
客户
供应商
合作伙伴
网络智能
市场营销 产品 服务销售 产品制造
服务 支持
e 企业的业务体系结构
网络发展趋势 趋势趋势 融合融合 趋势趋势 泛在（泛在（ UbiquitousUbiquitous ）） 趋势趋势 信息爆炸信息爆炸 更多的网络业务流量更多的网络业务流量 数据流量 数据流量 gt gt 话声流量话声流量 更快的传输介质更快的传输介质 骨干网（骨干网（ BackboneBackbone ）） 更大的带宽（更大的带宽（ BandwidthBandwidth ）） 宽带无线网宽带无线网飞速增长飞速增长 (WLAN) (Wi-Fi)(WLAN) (Wi-Fi) Everything over IPEverything over IP
趋势 融合 新闻新闻 广告广告 -- 媒体媒体 --信息提供者信息提供者
数字媒体产品数字媒体产品 有线电视有线电视
视频传输视频传输 电话电话
声音传输声音传输 计算机计算机
数字媒体存储数字媒体存储 处理处理 信息提供者和信息传输者的结合信息提供者和信息传输者的结合 电话公司电话公司 有线公司有线公司 娱乐事业娱乐事业 和计算机公司和计算机公司
的结合的结合
Trend
趋势 更多的网络业务流量 互联网上的主机数正以超指数量级飞速增长互联网上的主机数正以超指数量级飞速增长 每个主机用户的业务量中也在增长每个主机用户的业务量中也在增长
局域网可达到 局域网可达到 1 1 GbpsGbps 有线电视调制解调器允许以有线电视调制解调器允许以 11到 到 10 10 MbpsMbps 的速的速
度访问主机度访问主机 应用应用 ADSLVDSLADSLVDSL 通过电话线可达到通过电话线可达到 6-6-
2727MbpsMbps 的速度的速度 宽带无线网宽带无线网 (Wi-Fi)(Wi-Fi)可达到可达到 11-54Mbps11-54Mbps 的速的速
度度 带宽需求每四个月增加一倍带宽需求每四个月增加一倍 数据流量 数据流量 gt gt 话声流量话声流量
Trend of Internet hosts 1980-2000
Trend Data gt Voice
趋势 更快的传输介质 局局域域网网 1 Gbps over 4-pair UTP-5 up to 100 m 1 Gbps over 4-pair UTP-5 up to 100 m
10Gbps being discussed10Gbps being discussed Was 1 Mbps (1Base-5) in 1984Was 1 Mbps (1Base-5) in 1984
骨干网光纤骨干网光纤 DWDMDWDM (( Dense Wavelength Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing)Division Multiplexing) OC-768 = 40 Gbps over a to 65 km OC-768 = 40 Gbps over a to 65 km
1600 Gbps - 10 Tbps1600 Gbps - 10 Tbps Was 100 Mbps (FDDI) in 1993Was 100 Mbps (FDDI) in 1993
无线网无线网 54 100 Mbps(100-2km) wireless 54 100 Mbps(100-2km) wireless networks 25 Gbps to 5km using light networks 25 Gbps to 5km using light Was 1 Mbps (IEEE 80211) in 1998Was 1 Mbps (IEEE 80211) in 1998
Trend Bandwidth
Why Optical Networks DWDM optoelectricl metro network
Trend Wireless Mobile (1)
Trend宽带无线网 (Wi-Fi)飞速增长
Trend宽带无线网 (Wi-Fi)飞速增长
Trend宽带无线网 (Wi-Fi)飞速增长
Trend宽带无线网 (Wi-Fi)飞速增长
Integration of 3G and WLAN- offer possibility of achieving anywhere anytime
high speed and low expense Internet access
3G3G WLANWLAN
Wide areaWide area Local areaLocal area
Low bit rate Low bit rate
(2M when stand (2M when stand still)still)
High bit rateHigh bit rate
(11M to 54M)(11M to 54M)
DataVoice serviceDataVoice service
((QoS supportQoS support))
Data serviceData service
High expenseHigh expense Low expenseLow expense
High mobilityHigh mobility Low mobilityLow mobility
Trend Everything over IP
Data over IP =gt IP needs Traffic Data over IP =gt IP needs Traffic engineeringengineering
Voice over IP =gt Quality of Service and Voice over IP =gt Quality of Service and SignalingSignaling
Backbone -- Optic networksBackbone -- Optic networks IP over ATM IP over ATM （（异步传输模式）异步传输模式） IP over SONET -- POS (Packet over SDH) IP over SONET -- POS (Packet over SDH)
(( 同步同步 )) IP over DWDMIP over DWDM
Asynchronous Transfer Mode ATM
1990rsquos00 standard for high-speed (155Mbps to 1990rsquos00 standard for high-speed (155Mbps to 622 Mbps and higher) 622 Mbps and higher) Broadband Integrated Broadband Integrated Service Digital NetworkService Digital Network architecture architecture
GoalGoal integrated end-end transport of carry integrated end-end transport of carry voice video datavoice video data meeting timingQoS requirements of voice meeting timingQoS requirements of voice
video (versus Internet best-effort model)video (versus Internet best-effort model) ldquoldquonext generationrdquo telephony technical roots next generationrdquo telephony technical roots
in telephone worldin telephone world packet-switching (fixed length packets packet-switching (fixed length packets
called ldquocellsrdquo) using called ldquocellsrdquo) using virtual circuitsvirtual circuits
ATM reference model
How far along are we
Standardization bodies - ATM Forum ITU-T Standardization bodies - ATM Forum ITU-T We may never see end-to-end ATM (1997)We may never see end-to-end ATM (1997)
ATM - too complex - too expansive ltIPgtATM - too complex - too expansive ltIPgt Backbone - 1995 vBNS (ATM) Backbone - 1995 vBNS (ATM)
- 1998 Abilene (SONET) - 2000 IP over - 1998 Abilene (SONET) - 2000 IP over DWDMDWDM
Internet technology + ATM philosophyInternet technology + ATM philosophy but ATM ideas continue to powerfully but ATM ideas continue to powerfully
influence design of next-generation influence design of next-generation InternetInternet
ex ex MPLSMPLS admission ctl resource admission ctl resource reservation hellipreservation hellip
Best of Both Worlds
Multiprotocol label switching (Multiprotocol label switching (MPLSMPLS)) MPLS + IP form a middle ground that MPLS + IP form a middle ground that
combines the best of IP and the best of combines the best of IP and the best of virtual virtual circuit switching technologiescircuit switching technologies
ATM and Frame Relay cannot easily come to ATM and Frame Relay cannot easily come to the middle so IP hasthe middle so IP has
Label Encapsulation
MPLS Encapsulation is specified over MPLS Encapsulation is specified over various media types Top labels may use various media types Top labels may use existing format lower label(s) use a new existing format lower label(s) use a new ldquoshimrdquo label formatldquoshimrdquo label format
Label Substitution Have a friend go to B ahead of you using one of the Have a friend go to B ahead of you using one of the
previous two techniques At every road they reserve previous two techniques At every road they reserve a lane just for you At every intersection they post a a lane just for you At every intersection they post a big sign that says for a given lane which way to turn big sign that says for a given lane which way to turn and what new lane to takeand what new lane to take
Future Internet Research and Experimentation
Todayrsquos Internet Millions of usersMillions of users Web email low-quality audio amp videoWeb email low-quality audio amp video Interconnect personal computers and serversInterconnect personal computers and servers Applications adapt to underlying technologyApplications adapt to underlying technology Todayrsquos Internet DoesnrsquotTodayrsquos Internet Doesnrsquot
Provide reliable end-to-end performanceProvide reliable end-to-end performanceEncourage cooperation on new capabilitiesEncourage cooperation on new capabilitiesAllow testing of new technologiesAllow testing of new technologiesSupport development of revolutionary Support development of revolutionary applicationsapplications
Tomorrowrsquos Internet
Billions of users and devicesBillions of users and devices Convergence of todayrsquos applications Convergence of todayrsquos applications with multimedia (telephony video-with multimedia (telephony video-conference HDTV)conference HDTV)
Interconnect personal computers Interconnect personal computers servers and embedded computersservers and embedded computers
New technologies enable unanticipated New technologies enable unanticipated applications (and create new challenges)applications (and create new challenges)
Vint Cerf Open Challenges
My primary disappointment has been the slow pace of high speed access for residential customers hellip
The second area of disappointment is the slow uptake of version 6 of the Internet protocol (IPv6)
Perhaps the third area is the continuing difficulty caused by viruses worms and distributed denial of service attacksrdquo
How to make the Internet better Addressing current problems
Security1048766 Privacy1048766 Self-diagnosis amp self-healing networks1048766 Cheap connectivity for poor area and third world countries1048766
Wireless mesh networks1048766 sensors1048766 Mobility1048766
New cool apps1048766 What is after IPTV VoIP BitTorrent
Why Internet2 (1996)
The Internet was not designed forThe Internet was not designed forMillions of usersMillions of usersCongestionCongestionMultimediaMultimediaReal time interactionReal time interaction
But only the Internet canBut only the Internet canAccommodate explosive growthAccommodate explosive growthEnable convergence of information Enable convergence of information work mass media and human work mass media and human collaborationcollaboration
Internet2 Project Develop and deploy advanced network Develop and deploy advanced network
applications and technologies accelerating applications and technologies accelerating the creation of tomorrowrsquos Internetthe creation of tomorrowrsquos Internet
GoalsGoals Enable new generation of applicationsEnable new generation of applications Re-create leading edge RampE network Re-create leading edge RampE network
capabilitycapability Transfer capability to the global Transfer capability to the global
production Internetproduction Internet 206 University Members Jan 2005206 University Members Jan 2005
Internet2 Focus Areas Advanced Network Infrastructure - AbileneAdvanced Network Infrastructure - Abilene
Backbones operate at 10 Gbps capacity - 100 Backbones operate at 10 Gbps capacity - 100 Gbps (2007)Gbps (2007)
Middleware Middleware A layer of software between the network and the A layer of software between the network and the
applications applications Authentication Identification Authorization Authentication Identification Authorization
Directories SecurityDirectories Security EngineeringEngineering
IPv6 Measurement Multicast QoS Routing IPv6 Measurement Multicast QoS Routing Security TopologySecurity Topology
Advanced ApplicationsAdvanced Applications Distributed computation Virtual laboratories Distributed computation Virtual laboratories
Digital libraries Distributed learning Digital video Digital libraries Distributed learning Digital video Tele-immersion All of the above in combinationTele-immersion All of the above in combination
Abilene Connections Apr-2000Abilene Connections July 2006
Abilene Connections Apr-2000Abilene International Peering 2006
Research andDevelopment
Commercialization
Partnerships
Privatization
Internet Development Spiral
Todayrsquos Internet
Internet2
University-led Federal agency-led
Developing education and research driven applications
Agency mission-driven and general purpose applications
Building out campus networks gigaPoPs and inter-gigapop
infrastructure
Funding research testbeds and agency research networks
Interconnecting and interoperating to provide advanced networking capabilities needed to support advanced
research and education applications
Internet2 and the Next Generation Internet Initiative
Internet2 NGI
Our Founding (Funding) Fable
Researchers invent new architectures Architectures are validated on a testbed IETF ISPs and router vendors collaborate to deploy new design
This is complete BS
Do Traditional Testbeds Really Test
Production-oriented testbeds Real traffic provides good validation But can test only very incremental changes
Research-oriented testbeds Can test radical architectures Lack of real traffic results in poor validation
Both are expensive (dedicated bandwidth)
What about Deployment Architectural change requires ISP consensus
- Hard to agree- No competitive advantage from architectural innovation
- All have huge sunk investment in the status quo
ISPs are unlikely candidates for architectural change
Architecture isnrsquot just static its decaying Ad hoc workarounds muddy the architectural waters
We are at an Impasse
We canrsquot test new architectures- Despite sizable investments in testbeds
We canrsquot deploy new architectures- And things are getting worse not better
Yet there are pressing requirements for which the current architecture is not well suited
The Communityrsquos Response Focus on areas where we can have impact
Empirical studies Incremental changes (subject to current constraints)
Small stream of architectural proposals Paper designs without hope of deployment
More science fiction than engineering Have largely abandoned hope of effecting fundamental architectural change
Living with rather than overcoming the impasse
Overcoming the Impasse
Must be able to test new architectures Wide range of architectures Real traffic from willing individuals Low overhead for individual researchers
Meet the grand challenge of reinventing the Internet
Empirical incremental research is great but not enough
If someone put us in charge what would we do
What about deployment Several options none good but no excuse to not have an answer to the grand challenge
Testing Virtual Testbed
Overlay testbed (think RON etc) Host proxy directs packets to overlay
Proxy must architecturally neutral and flexible
Individuals (anywhere) opt-in by turning on proxy
Shared testing infrastructure (think Planetlab) Overlay nodes shared among experiments
Slicing on per-packet timescales Virtualized routers
These ideas have turned into the GENI program
Why GENI (Global Environment for Network Innovations) Future Internet Network (2005)
The original designing idea of current information networks is basically a specific network supports one major service
The limitation of the original designing idea can not support the multiple requirements for networks and services (such as Telecom network Internet)
The original design mode of Internet leads to itrsquos shortage in mobility security controllable and administrable
We urgently need redesign the framework of new generation Internet to overcome the serious shortage of current Internet
Providing pervasive and trusted services based on a specific network has became the key research directions of national informatization
GENI (Global Environment for Network Innovations) - NSF 2005 (1)
What is GENIWhat is GENIGENI is GENI is a facility concepta facility concept being explored by being explored by the US computing community the US computing community
back to an NSF workshop in 2005back to an NSF workshop in 2005focus on focus on architecturalarchitectural research and research and provide the provide the experimentalexperimental infrastructure infrastructure needed to support that researchneeded to support that research
focus on the research agenda (and focus on the research agenda (and infrastructure needs) of the infrastructure needs) of the opticaloptical wirelesswireless sensorsensor network and network and distributeddistributed systems communitiessystems communities
GENI (Global Environment for Network Innovations) (2)
The goal of GENI The goal of GENI Goal a Future Internet that meets the Goal a Future Internet that meets the demands of 21st centurydemands of 21st century
to increase the to increase the qualityquality and and quantityquantity of of experimental experimental researchresearch outcomes in networking and distributed outcomes in networking and distributed systemssystems
to accelerate the to accelerate the transitiontransition of these outcomes into of these outcomes into products and servicesproducts and services
enhance economic competitiveness and secure enhance economic competitiveness and secure the Nations futurethe Nations future
Ultimately to lead to a Ultimately to lead to a transition of the transition of the InternetInternet
GENI Research Opportunities (3)
Two dichotomy thought (false or at least Two dichotomy thought (false or at least unnecessary)unnecessary)
a a clean slateclean slate reconceptualization of Internet reconceptualization of Internet architecture architecture
todays 30-year-old architecture that todays 30-year-old architecture that limit its limit its abilityability to cope with emerging threats and to cope with emerging threats and opportunitiesopportunities
bull eroding trust reduced innovation slowing eroding trust reduced innovation slowing updateupdate
future innovation will take the form of new future innovation will take the form of new services and applications running services and applications running on top of the on top of the InternetInternet
GENI Research Opportunities (4)
GENI discussion GENI discussion First we interpret Future Internet very broadly to First we interpret Future Internet very broadly to
include innovations at include innovations at any levelany level of the architecture of the architecture alternative protocols and architectures running alternative protocols and architectures running
inside the network (as overlays on top of inside the network (as overlays on top of todays network) todays network)
Second research should employ Second research should employ clean slate clean slate thinkingthinking but this does but this does not imply that an entirely not imply that an entirely newnew Internet will be necessary In other words Internet will be necessary In other words clean slate is a clean slate is a processprocess not a not a resultresult
Third opportunities Third opportunities betweenbetween two perspectives two perspectives exploring how todays architecture is best exploring how todays architecture is best
evolved to support emerging overlay services evolved to support emerging overlay services
GENI Facility Concept (5)
Facility ConceptFacility Concept experimental platforms for experimental platforms for bothboth research and research and
deploymentdeployment filling the filling the gapgap between small-scale exp and mature between small-scale exp and mature
tech tech GENI evaluate new network systems on large-GENI evaluate new network systems on large-
scalescale
Two levelsTwo levels Physical level Physical level GENI substrateGENI substrate will consist of a will consist of a
collection of links forwarders storage collection of links forwarders storage processors and wireless net processors and wireless net
On top of this substrate a On top of this substrate a software software management management frameworkframework will be overlay network experiments on will be overlay network experiments on
the substratethe substrate
GENI Facility Concept (6)
Four key ideasFour key ideas substrate components will be substrate components will be programmableprogrammable - -
possible to embed any network experiment including possible to embed any network experiment including clean-slate designs clean-slate designs
Substrate will be Substrate will be virtualizable virtualizable -- possible to embed possible to embed multiple slices in the substrate at the same time multiple slices in the substrate at the same time (allow experimental services and architectures to run (allow experimental services and architectures to run continuously) continuously)
GENI will include mechanisms that allow end-users GENI will include mechanisms that allow end-users to to seamlessly seamlessly opt-inopt-in to experimental services to experimental services
GENI will be GENI will be modularmodular ( (architecture and interfaces) - architecture and interfaces) - possible to extend GENI with new networking possible to extend GENI with new networking technologies GENI will not be a static artifact but technologies GENI will not be a static artifact but rather a rather a dynamic infrastructuredynamic infrastructure that is continually that is continually renewedrenewed
FIND (Future Internet Network Design) ndash NSF 2006 (1)
FIND asks two broad questionsFIND asks two broad questions What are the What are the requirementsrequirements for the global network for the global network
in 15 years in 15 years How How would we would we re-conceivere-conceive tomorrows global tomorrows global
network today if we could design it from scratch network today if we could design it from scratch FIND program solicits FIND program solicits clean slate processclean slate process research proposals in the broad area of research proposals in the broad area of network architecture principles and designnetwork architecture principles and design
FIND (Future Internet Network Design) (2)
FIND research might address wide questionsFIND research might address wide questions What will the What will the edgeedge of the network look like in 15 of the network look like in 15
years How might the network years How might the network architecturearchitecture of 15 of 15 years hence best accommodate sensors embedded years hence best accommodate sensors embedded systems and the like systems and the like
How might the network of 15 years from now How might the network of 15 years from now supportsupport what users really do (and care about) How what users really do (and care about) How might such functions as information access location might such functions as information access location management or identity management best fit into a management or identity management best fit into a new overall network architecture new overall network architecture
What will the What will the core core of the network look like in 15 of the network look like in 15 years How might the changing economics of years How might the changing economics of optical systems affect the overall design of the larger optical systems affect the overall design of the larger networknetwork
FIRE (Future Internet Research and Experimentation) ndash European 2007 (1)
Internet has Internet has growngrown to an unexpected reach to an unexpected reach as for the as for the numbernumber of users of users capacitycapacity of the of the links broadband penetration to the links broadband penetration to the homehome servicesservices
ProblemsProblems spam viruses denial of service spam viruses denial of service attacks complexity of managementattacks complexity of management
Internet drawbacks and Internet drawbacks and limitationslimitations ndash to ndash to scalabilityscalability suitabilitysuitability mobilitymobility transparencytransparency securitysecurity
require new radical approaches to require new radical approaches to fundamentally redesign its protocols and fundamentally redesign its protocols and architectures architectures
FIRE (2) FIRE is an FIRE is an experimentallyexperimentally-driven -driven longlong-term research initiative on -term research initiative on
Future Internet Future Internet conceptsconcepts protocolsprotocols and and architecturesarchitectures encompassing technological industrial and socio-economic encompassing technological industrial and socio-economic
aspects aspects acting as proof-of-concept of the newly proposed acting as proof-of-concept of the newly proposed
technologies and services technologies and services FIRE RESEARCHFIRE RESEARCH
Long term multidisciplinary research on future internet Long term multidisciplinary research on future internet paradigms paradigms
Open to Open to fresh bottom-upfresh bottom-up ideas with ideas with no backwards-no backwards-compatibilitycompatibility constraints constraints
Building on the FET SAC initiative ldquoSituated and Autonomic Building on the FET SAC initiative ldquoSituated and Autonomic Communicationsrdquo Communicationsrdquo
Considering at the Considering at the same timesame time technological economic and technological economic and socialpolicy aspects socialpolicy aspects
Build in from the outset and on all levels the right Build in from the outset and on all levels the right balancebalance between security accountability and privacybetween security accountability and privacy
FIRE (3)
FIRE EXPERIMENTATIONFIRE EXPERIMENTATION Large scale experimentationLarge scale experimentation of new paradigms and of new paradigms and
concepts for the future internet and related service concepts for the future internet and related service architectures architectures
Learning through broad experimentation Learning through broad experimentation Integrating and validating new conceptsIntegrating and validating new concepts
Federating and extending Federating and extending existing testbedsexisting testbeds and and research infrastructures research infrastructures
no backwards-compatibility constraints no backwards-compatibility constraints European approach and develop a European European approach and develop a European
identityidentity
- Slide 1
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
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- Slide 14
- Slide 15
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
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- Slide 22
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- Slide 24
- Slide 25
- Slide 26
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- Slide 33
- Slide 34
- Slide 35
- Slide 36
- Slide 37
- Slide 38
- Slide 39
- Slide 40
- Slide 41
- Slide 42
- Slide 43
- Slide 44
- Slide 45
- Slide 46
- Slide 47
- Slide 48
- Slide 49
- Slide 50
- Slide 51
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- Slide 53
- Slide 54
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- Slide 67
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- Slide 70
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- Slide 109
- Slide 110
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- Slide 114
- Slide 115
-
Network Components (Examples)
Fibers
Coaxial Cable
Links Interfaces Switchesrouters
Ethernet card
Wireless card
Large router
Telephoneswitch
趋势 网络时代 每一件事务都是数字的 声音 视频 音
乐 画片 及生活日常事务 每一件事务都是在线的 银行结算 医疗
记录 各类书籍 航空日程 天气情况 公路交通 hellip
每个人之间都是相互联系的 医生 教师 经济人 母亲 儿子 朋友 敌人
趋势 网络时代 实现家庭
教育 办公 购物 娱乐 网上娱乐 虚拟工作场所
2000 年美国有五千五百万人实现远程工作
网络制造 电子商务 虚拟公司 虚拟制造与虚拟装配 ( 设计过程 ) 制造过程更加分散化并发进行 新型的价值链 虚拟兑现
趋势 网络时代
趋势 网络时代
网络制造 (1)
随着基于随着基于 InternetInternet 的全球化数字通信基础设的全球化数字通信基础设施的建立网络从单纯的信息工具变成rdquo施的建立网络从单纯的信息工具变成rdquo EE －－时代rdquo的关键资源时代rdquo的关键资源 全球经济一体化成为制造全球经济一体化成为制造业变革的最根本的推动力业变革的最根本的推动力
InternetInternet 向ldquo资源功能rdquo发展基于向ldquo资源功能rdquo发展基于InternetInternet 的网络化制造是适应时代的需要的网络化制造是适应时代的需要
网络制造的本质特性就是产品的制造过程更加网络制造的本质特性就是产品的制造过程更加分散化信息的传递网络化信息的流动伴随分散化信息的传递网络化信息的流动伴随着各项工作的并发进行而同时发生着各项工作的并发进行而同时发生
网络制造 (2)
基于基于 InternetInternet 的虚拟制造与虚拟装配的虚拟制造与虚拟装配 在相互联结的网络上建立在相互联结的网络上建立 2424 小时工作的协同小时工作的协同
工作组大大加快了设计进度及时获得所需工作组大大加快了设计进度及时获得所需要的零部件减少库存降低成本提高质量要的零部件减少库存降低成本提高质量
电子商务 信息技术和 Internet 引发的商务过程的变化 利用以 Internet 为核心的信息技术进行商
务活动和企业资源管理 CIMS 是企业实施电子商务的基础 企业实施电子商务是 CIMS 发展的主要标志和
主要内容
竞争环境改变 核心 产品竞争
电子商务产生背景
服务竞争
范围 单个企业 全球多企业
资源 人财物 信息知识
管理重心迁移 生产管理 供应 营销链管理
集中内部资源 整合外部资源
离散管理 集约管理
商务模式转化
bull文秘型管理bull关注后台（企业内部）bull关注业务记录（报表）bull地区性bull推销产品为中心bull（卖方市场）
bull自我服务型管理bull关注前端（客户关系）bull要求商业智能（分析）bull全球化bull客户为中心bull（买方市场）
传统商务 电子商务
客户
供应商
合作伙伴
网络智能
市场营销 产品 服务销售 产品制造
服务 支持
e 企业的业务体系结构
网络发展趋势 趋势趋势 融合融合 趋势趋势 泛在（泛在（ UbiquitousUbiquitous ）） 趋势趋势 信息爆炸信息爆炸 更多的网络业务流量更多的网络业务流量 数据流量 数据流量 gt gt 话声流量话声流量 更快的传输介质更快的传输介质 骨干网（骨干网（ BackboneBackbone ）） 更大的带宽（更大的带宽（ BandwidthBandwidth ）） 宽带无线网宽带无线网飞速增长飞速增长 (WLAN) (Wi-Fi)(WLAN) (Wi-Fi) Everything over IPEverything over IP
趋势 融合 新闻新闻 广告广告 -- 媒体媒体 --信息提供者信息提供者
数字媒体产品数字媒体产品 有线电视有线电视
视频传输视频传输 电话电话
声音传输声音传输 计算机计算机
数字媒体存储数字媒体存储 处理处理 信息提供者和信息传输者的结合信息提供者和信息传输者的结合 电话公司电话公司 有线公司有线公司 娱乐事业娱乐事业 和计算机公司和计算机公司
的结合的结合
Trend
趋势 更多的网络业务流量 互联网上的主机数正以超指数量级飞速增长互联网上的主机数正以超指数量级飞速增长 每个主机用户的业务量中也在增长每个主机用户的业务量中也在增长
局域网可达到 局域网可达到 1 1 GbpsGbps 有线电视调制解调器允许以有线电视调制解调器允许以 11到 到 10 10 MbpsMbps 的速的速
度访问主机度访问主机 应用应用 ADSLVDSLADSLVDSL 通过电话线可达到通过电话线可达到 6-6-
2727MbpsMbps 的速度的速度 宽带无线网宽带无线网 (Wi-Fi)(Wi-Fi)可达到可达到 11-54Mbps11-54Mbps 的速的速
度度 带宽需求每四个月增加一倍带宽需求每四个月增加一倍 数据流量 数据流量 gt gt 话声流量话声流量
Trend of Internet hosts 1980-2000
Trend Data gt Voice
趋势 更快的传输介质 局局域域网网 1 Gbps over 4-pair UTP-5 up to 100 m 1 Gbps over 4-pair UTP-5 up to 100 m
10Gbps being discussed10Gbps being discussed Was 1 Mbps (1Base-5) in 1984Was 1 Mbps (1Base-5) in 1984
骨干网光纤骨干网光纤 DWDMDWDM (( Dense Wavelength Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing)Division Multiplexing) OC-768 = 40 Gbps over a to 65 km OC-768 = 40 Gbps over a to 65 km
1600 Gbps - 10 Tbps1600 Gbps - 10 Tbps Was 100 Mbps (FDDI) in 1993Was 100 Mbps (FDDI) in 1993
无线网无线网 54 100 Mbps(100-2km) wireless 54 100 Mbps(100-2km) wireless networks 25 Gbps to 5km using light networks 25 Gbps to 5km using light Was 1 Mbps (IEEE 80211) in 1998Was 1 Mbps (IEEE 80211) in 1998
Trend Bandwidth
Why Optical Networks DWDM optoelectricl metro network
Trend Wireless Mobile (1)
Trend宽带无线网 (Wi-Fi)飞速增长
Trend宽带无线网 (Wi-Fi)飞速增长
Trend宽带无线网 (Wi-Fi)飞速增长
Trend宽带无线网 (Wi-Fi)飞速增长
Integration of 3G and WLAN- offer possibility of achieving anywhere anytime
high speed and low expense Internet access
3G3G WLANWLAN
Wide areaWide area Local areaLocal area
Low bit rate Low bit rate
(2M when stand (2M when stand still)still)
High bit rateHigh bit rate
(11M to 54M)(11M to 54M)
DataVoice serviceDataVoice service
((QoS supportQoS support))
Data serviceData service
High expenseHigh expense Low expenseLow expense
High mobilityHigh mobility Low mobilityLow mobility
Trend Everything over IP
Data over IP =gt IP needs Traffic Data over IP =gt IP needs Traffic engineeringengineering
Voice over IP =gt Quality of Service and Voice over IP =gt Quality of Service and SignalingSignaling
Backbone -- Optic networksBackbone -- Optic networks IP over ATM IP over ATM （（异步传输模式）异步传输模式） IP over SONET -- POS (Packet over SDH) IP over SONET -- POS (Packet over SDH)
(( 同步同步 )) IP over DWDMIP over DWDM
Asynchronous Transfer Mode ATM
1990rsquos00 standard for high-speed (155Mbps to 1990rsquos00 standard for high-speed (155Mbps to 622 Mbps and higher) 622 Mbps and higher) Broadband Integrated Broadband Integrated Service Digital NetworkService Digital Network architecture architecture
GoalGoal integrated end-end transport of carry integrated end-end transport of carry voice video datavoice video data meeting timingQoS requirements of voice meeting timingQoS requirements of voice
video (versus Internet best-effort model)video (versus Internet best-effort model) ldquoldquonext generationrdquo telephony technical roots next generationrdquo telephony technical roots
in telephone worldin telephone world packet-switching (fixed length packets packet-switching (fixed length packets
called ldquocellsrdquo) using called ldquocellsrdquo) using virtual circuitsvirtual circuits
ATM reference model
How far along are we
Standardization bodies - ATM Forum ITU-T Standardization bodies - ATM Forum ITU-T We may never see end-to-end ATM (1997)We may never see end-to-end ATM (1997)
ATM - too complex - too expansive ltIPgtATM - too complex - too expansive ltIPgt Backbone - 1995 vBNS (ATM) Backbone - 1995 vBNS (ATM)
- 1998 Abilene (SONET) - 2000 IP over - 1998 Abilene (SONET) - 2000 IP over DWDMDWDM
Internet technology + ATM philosophyInternet technology + ATM philosophy but ATM ideas continue to powerfully but ATM ideas continue to powerfully
influence design of next-generation influence design of next-generation InternetInternet
ex ex MPLSMPLS admission ctl resource admission ctl resource reservation hellipreservation hellip
Best of Both Worlds
Multiprotocol label switching (Multiprotocol label switching (MPLSMPLS)) MPLS + IP form a middle ground that MPLS + IP form a middle ground that
combines the best of IP and the best of combines the best of IP and the best of virtual virtual circuit switching technologiescircuit switching technologies
ATM and Frame Relay cannot easily come to ATM and Frame Relay cannot easily come to the middle so IP hasthe middle so IP has
Label Encapsulation
MPLS Encapsulation is specified over MPLS Encapsulation is specified over various media types Top labels may use various media types Top labels may use existing format lower label(s) use a new existing format lower label(s) use a new ldquoshimrdquo label formatldquoshimrdquo label format
Label Substitution Have a friend go to B ahead of you using one of the Have a friend go to B ahead of you using one of the
previous two techniques At every road they reserve previous two techniques At every road they reserve a lane just for you At every intersection they post a a lane just for you At every intersection they post a big sign that says for a given lane which way to turn big sign that says for a given lane which way to turn and what new lane to takeand what new lane to take
Future Internet Research and Experimentation
Todayrsquos Internet Millions of usersMillions of users Web email low-quality audio amp videoWeb email low-quality audio amp video Interconnect personal computers and serversInterconnect personal computers and servers Applications adapt to underlying technologyApplications adapt to underlying technology Todayrsquos Internet DoesnrsquotTodayrsquos Internet Doesnrsquot
Provide reliable end-to-end performanceProvide reliable end-to-end performanceEncourage cooperation on new capabilitiesEncourage cooperation on new capabilitiesAllow testing of new technologiesAllow testing of new technologiesSupport development of revolutionary Support development of revolutionary applicationsapplications
Tomorrowrsquos Internet
Billions of users and devicesBillions of users and devices Convergence of todayrsquos applications Convergence of todayrsquos applications with multimedia (telephony video-with multimedia (telephony video-conference HDTV)conference HDTV)
Interconnect personal computers Interconnect personal computers servers and embedded computersservers and embedded computers
New technologies enable unanticipated New technologies enable unanticipated applications (and create new challenges)applications (and create new challenges)
Vint Cerf Open Challenges
My primary disappointment has been the slow pace of high speed access for residential customers hellip
The second area of disappointment is the slow uptake of version 6 of the Internet protocol (IPv6)
Perhaps the third area is the continuing difficulty caused by viruses worms and distributed denial of service attacksrdquo
How to make the Internet better Addressing current problems
Security1048766 Privacy1048766 Self-diagnosis amp self-healing networks1048766 Cheap connectivity for poor area and third world countries1048766
Wireless mesh networks1048766 sensors1048766 Mobility1048766
New cool apps1048766 What is after IPTV VoIP BitTorrent
Why Internet2 (1996)
The Internet was not designed forThe Internet was not designed forMillions of usersMillions of usersCongestionCongestionMultimediaMultimediaReal time interactionReal time interaction
But only the Internet canBut only the Internet canAccommodate explosive growthAccommodate explosive growthEnable convergence of information Enable convergence of information work mass media and human work mass media and human collaborationcollaboration
Internet2 Project Develop and deploy advanced network Develop and deploy advanced network
applications and technologies accelerating applications and technologies accelerating the creation of tomorrowrsquos Internetthe creation of tomorrowrsquos Internet
GoalsGoals Enable new generation of applicationsEnable new generation of applications Re-create leading edge RampE network Re-create leading edge RampE network
capabilitycapability Transfer capability to the global Transfer capability to the global
production Internetproduction Internet 206 University Members Jan 2005206 University Members Jan 2005
Internet2 Focus Areas Advanced Network Infrastructure - AbileneAdvanced Network Infrastructure - Abilene
Backbones operate at 10 Gbps capacity - 100 Backbones operate at 10 Gbps capacity - 100 Gbps (2007)Gbps (2007)
Middleware Middleware A layer of software between the network and the A layer of software between the network and the
applications applications Authentication Identification Authorization Authentication Identification Authorization
Directories SecurityDirectories Security EngineeringEngineering
IPv6 Measurement Multicast QoS Routing IPv6 Measurement Multicast QoS Routing Security TopologySecurity Topology
Advanced ApplicationsAdvanced Applications Distributed computation Virtual laboratories Distributed computation Virtual laboratories
Digital libraries Distributed learning Digital video Digital libraries Distributed learning Digital video Tele-immersion All of the above in combinationTele-immersion All of the above in combination
Abilene Connections Apr-2000Abilene Connections July 2006
Abilene Connections Apr-2000Abilene International Peering 2006
Research andDevelopment
Commercialization
Partnerships
Privatization
Internet Development Spiral
Todayrsquos Internet
Internet2
University-led Federal agency-led
Developing education and research driven applications
Agency mission-driven and general purpose applications
Building out campus networks gigaPoPs and inter-gigapop
infrastructure
Funding research testbeds and agency research networks
Interconnecting and interoperating to provide advanced networking capabilities needed to support advanced
research and education applications
Internet2 and the Next Generation Internet Initiative
Internet2 NGI
Our Founding (Funding) Fable
Researchers invent new architectures Architectures are validated on a testbed IETF ISPs and router vendors collaborate to deploy new design
This is complete BS
Do Traditional Testbeds Really Test
Production-oriented testbeds Real traffic provides good validation But can test only very incremental changes
Research-oriented testbeds Can test radical architectures Lack of real traffic results in poor validation
Both are expensive (dedicated bandwidth)
What about Deployment Architectural change requires ISP consensus
- Hard to agree- No competitive advantage from architectural innovation
- All have huge sunk investment in the status quo
ISPs are unlikely candidates for architectural change
Architecture isnrsquot just static its decaying Ad hoc workarounds muddy the architectural waters
We are at an Impasse
We canrsquot test new architectures- Despite sizable investments in testbeds
We canrsquot deploy new architectures- And things are getting worse not better
Yet there are pressing requirements for which the current architecture is not well suited
The Communityrsquos Response Focus on areas where we can have impact
Empirical studies Incremental changes (subject to current constraints)
Small stream of architectural proposals Paper designs without hope of deployment
More science fiction than engineering Have largely abandoned hope of effecting fundamental architectural change
Living with rather than overcoming the impasse
Overcoming the Impasse
Must be able to test new architectures Wide range of architectures Real traffic from willing individuals Low overhead for individual researchers
Meet the grand challenge of reinventing the Internet
Empirical incremental research is great but not enough
If someone put us in charge what would we do
What about deployment Several options none good but no excuse to not have an answer to the grand challenge
Testing Virtual Testbed
Overlay testbed (think RON etc) Host proxy directs packets to overlay
Proxy must architecturally neutral and flexible
Individuals (anywhere) opt-in by turning on proxy
Shared testing infrastructure (think Planetlab) Overlay nodes shared among experiments
Slicing on per-packet timescales Virtualized routers
These ideas have turned into the GENI program
Why GENI (Global Environment for Network Innovations) Future Internet Network (2005)
The original designing idea of current information networks is basically a specific network supports one major service
The limitation of the original designing idea can not support the multiple requirements for networks and services (such as Telecom network Internet)
The original design mode of Internet leads to itrsquos shortage in mobility security controllable and administrable
We urgently need redesign the framework of new generation Internet to overcome the serious shortage of current Internet
Providing pervasive and trusted services based on a specific network has became the key research directions of national informatization
GENI (Global Environment for Network Innovations) - NSF 2005 (1)
What is GENIWhat is GENIGENI is GENI is a facility concepta facility concept being explored by being explored by the US computing community the US computing community
back to an NSF workshop in 2005back to an NSF workshop in 2005focus on focus on architecturalarchitectural research and research and provide the provide the experimentalexperimental infrastructure infrastructure needed to support that researchneeded to support that research
focus on the research agenda (and focus on the research agenda (and infrastructure needs) of the infrastructure needs) of the opticaloptical wirelesswireless sensorsensor network and network and distributeddistributed systems communitiessystems communities
GENI (Global Environment for Network Innovations) (2)
The goal of GENI The goal of GENI Goal a Future Internet that meets the Goal a Future Internet that meets the demands of 21st centurydemands of 21st century
to increase the to increase the qualityquality and and quantityquantity of of experimental experimental researchresearch outcomes in networking and distributed outcomes in networking and distributed systemssystems
to accelerate the to accelerate the transitiontransition of these outcomes into of these outcomes into products and servicesproducts and services
enhance economic competitiveness and secure enhance economic competitiveness and secure the Nations futurethe Nations future
Ultimately to lead to a Ultimately to lead to a transition of the transition of the InternetInternet
GENI Research Opportunities (3)
Two dichotomy thought (false or at least Two dichotomy thought (false or at least unnecessary)unnecessary)
a a clean slateclean slate reconceptualization of Internet reconceptualization of Internet architecture architecture
todays 30-year-old architecture that todays 30-year-old architecture that limit its limit its abilityability to cope with emerging threats and to cope with emerging threats and opportunitiesopportunities
bull eroding trust reduced innovation slowing eroding trust reduced innovation slowing updateupdate
future innovation will take the form of new future innovation will take the form of new services and applications running services and applications running on top of the on top of the InternetInternet
GENI Research Opportunities (4)
GENI discussion GENI discussion First we interpret Future Internet very broadly to First we interpret Future Internet very broadly to
include innovations at include innovations at any levelany level of the architecture of the architecture alternative protocols and architectures running alternative protocols and architectures running
inside the network (as overlays on top of inside the network (as overlays on top of todays network) todays network)
Second research should employ Second research should employ clean slate clean slate thinkingthinking but this does but this does not imply that an entirely not imply that an entirely newnew Internet will be necessary In other words Internet will be necessary In other words clean slate is a clean slate is a processprocess not a not a resultresult
Third opportunities Third opportunities betweenbetween two perspectives two perspectives exploring how todays architecture is best exploring how todays architecture is best
evolved to support emerging overlay services evolved to support emerging overlay services
GENI Facility Concept (5)
Facility ConceptFacility Concept experimental platforms for experimental platforms for bothboth research and research and
deploymentdeployment filling the filling the gapgap between small-scale exp and mature between small-scale exp and mature
tech tech GENI evaluate new network systems on large-GENI evaluate new network systems on large-
scalescale
Two levelsTwo levels Physical level Physical level GENI substrateGENI substrate will consist of a will consist of a
collection of links forwarders storage collection of links forwarders storage processors and wireless net processors and wireless net
On top of this substrate a On top of this substrate a software software management management frameworkframework will be overlay network experiments on will be overlay network experiments on
the substratethe substrate
GENI Facility Concept (6)
Four key ideasFour key ideas substrate components will be substrate components will be programmableprogrammable - -
possible to embed any network experiment including possible to embed any network experiment including clean-slate designs clean-slate designs
Substrate will be Substrate will be virtualizable virtualizable -- possible to embed possible to embed multiple slices in the substrate at the same time multiple slices in the substrate at the same time (allow experimental services and architectures to run (allow experimental services and architectures to run continuously) continuously)
GENI will include mechanisms that allow end-users GENI will include mechanisms that allow end-users to to seamlessly seamlessly opt-inopt-in to experimental services to experimental services
GENI will be GENI will be modularmodular ( (architecture and interfaces) - architecture and interfaces) - possible to extend GENI with new networking possible to extend GENI with new networking technologies GENI will not be a static artifact but technologies GENI will not be a static artifact but rather a rather a dynamic infrastructuredynamic infrastructure that is continually that is continually renewedrenewed
FIND (Future Internet Network Design) ndash NSF 2006 (1)
FIND asks two broad questionsFIND asks two broad questions What are the What are the requirementsrequirements for the global network for the global network
in 15 years in 15 years How How would we would we re-conceivere-conceive tomorrows global tomorrows global
network today if we could design it from scratch network today if we could design it from scratch FIND program solicits FIND program solicits clean slate processclean slate process research proposals in the broad area of research proposals in the broad area of network architecture principles and designnetwork architecture principles and design
FIND (Future Internet Network Design) (2)
FIND research might address wide questionsFIND research might address wide questions What will the What will the edgeedge of the network look like in 15 of the network look like in 15
years How might the network years How might the network architecturearchitecture of 15 of 15 years hence best accommodate sensors embedded years hence best accommodate sensors embedded systems and the like systems and the like
How might the network of 15 years from now How might the network of 15 years from now supportsupport what users really do (and care about) How what users really do (and care about) How might such functions as information access location might such functions as information access location management or identity management best fit into a management or identity management best fit into a new overall network architecture new overall network architecture
What will the What will the core core of the network look like in 15 of the network look like in 15 years How might the changing economics of years How might the changing economics of optical systems affect the overall design of the larger optical systems affect the overall design of the larger networknetwork
FIRE (Future Internet Research and Experimentation) ndash European 2007 (1)
Internet has Internet has growngrown to an unexpected reach to an unexpected reach as for the as for the numbernumber of users of users capacitycapacity of the of the links broadband penetration to the links broadband penetration to the homehome servicesservices
ProblemsProblems spam viruses denial of service spam viruses denial of service attacks complexity of managementattacks complexity of management
Internet drawbacks and Internet drawbacks and limitationslimitations ndash to ndash to scalabilityscalability suitabilitysuitability mobilitymobility transparencytransparency securitysecurity
require new radical approaches to require new radical approaches to fundamentally redesign its protocols and fundamentally redesign its protocols and architectures architectures
FIRE (2) FIRE is an FIRE is an experimentallyexperimentally-driven -driven longlong-term research initiative on -term research initiative on
Future Internet Future Internet conceptsconcepts protocolsprotocols and and architecturesarchitectures encompassing technological industrial and socio-economic encompassing technological industrial and socio-economic
aspects aspects acting as proof-of-concept of the newly proposed acting as proof-of-concept of the newly proposed
technologies and services technologies and services FIRE RESEARCHFIRE RESEARCH
Long term multidisciplinary research on future internet Long term multidisciplinary research on future internet paradigms paradigms
Open to Open to fresh bottom-upfresh bottom-up ideas with ideas with no backwards-no backwards-compatibilitycompatibility constraints constraints
Building on the FET SAC initiative ldquoSituated and Autonomic Building on the FET SAC initiative ldquoSituated and Autonomic Communicationsrdquo Communicationsrdquo
Considering at the Considering at the same timesame time technological economic and technological economic and socialpolicy aspects socialpolicy aspects
Build in from the outset and on all levels the right Build in from the outset and on all levels the right balancebalance between security accountability and privacybetween security accountability and privacy
FIRE (3)
FIRE EXPERIMENTATIONFIRE EXPERIMENTATION Large scale experimentationLarge scale experimentation of new paradigms and of new paradigms and
concepts for the future internet and related service concepts for the future internet and related service architectures architectures
Learning through broad experimentation Learning through broad experimentation Integrating and validating new conceptsIntegrating and validating new concepts
Federating and extending Federating and extending existing testbedsexisting testbeds and and research infrastructures research infrastructures
no backwards-compatibility constraints no backwards-compatibility constraints European approach and develop a European European approach and develop a European
identityidentity
- Slide 1
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
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- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Slide 15
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- Slide 20
- Slide 21
- Slide 22
- Slide 23
- Slide 24
- Slide 25
- Slide 26
- Slide 27
- Slide 28
- Slide 29
- Slide 30
- Slide 31
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- Slide 33
- Slide 34
- Slide 35
- Slide 36
- Slide 37
- Slide 38
- Slide 39
- Slide 40
- Slide 41
- Slide 42
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- Slide 46
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- Slide 49
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- Slide 51
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- Slide 66
- Slide 67
- Slide 68
- Slide 70
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- Slide 109
- Slide 110
- Slide 113
- Slide 114
- Slide 115
-
趋势 网络时代 每一件事务都是数字的 声音 视频 音
乐 画片 及生活日常事务 每一件事务都是在线的 银行结算 医疗
记录 各类书籍 航空日程 天气情况 公路交通 hellip
每个人之间都是相互联系的 医生 教师 经济人 母亲 儿子 朋友 敌人
趋势 网络时代 实现家庭
教育 办公 购物 娱乐 网上娱乐 虚拟工作场所
2000 年美国有五千五百万人实现远程工作
网络制造 电子商务 虚拟公司 虚拟制造与虚拟装配 ( 设计过程 ) 制造过程更加分散化并发进行 新型的价值链 虚拟兑现
趋势 网络时代
趋势 网络时代
网络制造 (1)
随着基于随着基于 InternetInternet 的全球化数字通信基础设的全球化数字通信基础设施的建立网络从单纯的信息工具变成rdquo施的建立网络从单纯的信息工具变成rdquo EE －－时代rdquo的关键资源时代rdquo的关键资源 全球经济一体化成为制造全球经济一体化成为制造业变革的最根本的推动力业变革的最根本的推动力
InternetInternet 向ldquo资源功能rdquo发展基于向ldquo资源功能rdquo发展基于InternetInternet 的网络化制造是适应时代的需要的网络化制造是适应时代的需要
网络制造的本质特性就是产品的制造过程更加网络制造的本质特性就是产品的制造过程更加分散化信息的传递网络化信息的流动伴随分散化信息的传递网络化信息的流动伴随着各项工作的并发进行而同时发生着各项工作的并发进行而同时发生
网络制造 (2)
基于基于 InternetInternet 的虚拟制造与虚拟装配的虚拟制造与虚拟装配 在相互联结的网络上建立在相互联结的网络上建立 2424 小时工作的协同小时工作的协同
工作组大大加快了设计进度及时获得所需工作组大大加快了设计进度及时获得所需要的零部件减少库存降低成本提高质量要的零部件减少库存降低成本提高质量
电子商务 信息技术和 Internet 引发的商务过程的变化 利用以 Internet 为核心的信息技术进行商
务活动和企业资源管理 CIMS 是企业实施电子商务的基础 企业实施电子商务是 CIMS 发展的主要标志和
主要内容
竞争环境改变 核心 产品竞争
电子商务产生背景
服务竞争
范围 单个企业 全球多企业
资源 人财物 信息知识
管理重心迁移 生产管理 供应 营销链管理
集中内部资源 整合外部资源
离散管理 集约管理
商务模式转化
bull文秘型管理bull关注后台（企业内部）bull关注业务记录（报表）bull地区性bull推销产品为中心bull（卖方市场）
bull自我服务型管理bull关注前端（客户关系）bull要求商业智能（分析）bull全球化bull客户为中心bull（买方市场）
传统商务 电子商务
客户
供应商
合作伙伴
网络智能
市场营销 产品 服务销售 产品制造
服务 支持
e 企业的业务体系结构
网络发展趋势 趋势趋势 融合融合 趋势趋势 泛在（泛在（ UbiquitousUbiquitous ）） 趋势趋势 信息爆炸信息爆炸 更多的网络业务流量更多的网络业务流量 数据流量 数据流量 gt gt 话声流量话声流量 更快的传输介质更快的传输介质 骨干网（骨干网（ BackboneBackbone ）） 更大的带宽（更大的带宽（ BandwidthBandwidth ）） 宽带无线网宽带无线网飞速增长飞速增长 (WLAN) (Wi-Fi)(WLAN) (Wi-Fi) Everything over IPEverything over IP
趋势 融合 新闻新闻 广告广告 -- 媒体媒体 --信息提供者信息提供者
数字媒体产品数字媒体产品 有线电视有线电视
视频传输视频传输 电话电话
声音传输声音传输 计算机计算机
数字媒体存储数字媒体存储 处理处理 信息提供者和信息传输者的结合信息提供者和信息传输者的结合 电话公司电话公司 有线公司有线公司 娱乐事业娱乐事业 和计算机公司和计算机公司
的结合的结合
Trend
趋势 更多的网络业务流量 互联网上的主机数正以超指数量级飞速增长互联网上的主机数正以超指数量级飞速增长 每个主机用户的业务量中也在增长每个主机用户的业务量中也在增长
局域网可达到 局域网可达到 1 1 GbpsGbps 有线电视调制解调器允许以有线电视调制解调器允许以 11到 到 10 10 MbpsMbps 的速的速
度访问主机度访问主机 应用应用 ADSLVDSLADSLVDSL 通过电话线可达到通过电话线可达到 6-6-
2727MbpsMbps 的速度的速度 宽带无线网宽带无线网 (Wi-Fi)(Wi-Fi)可达到可达到 11-54Mbps11-54Mbps 的速的速
度度 带宽需求每四个月增加一倍带宽需求每四个月增加一倍 数据流量 数据流量 gt gt 话声流量话声流量
Trend of Internet hosts 1980-2000
Trend Data gt Voice
趋势 更快的传输介质 局局域域网网 1 Gbps over 4-pair UTP-5 up to 100 m 1 Gbps over 4-pair UTP-5 up to 100 m
10Gbps being discussed10Gbps being discussed Was 1 Mbps (1Base-5) in 1984Was 1 Mbps (1Base-5) in 1984
骨干网光纤骨干网光纤 DWDMDWDM (( Dense Wavelength Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing)Division Multiplexing) OC-768 = 40 Gbps over a to 65 km OC-768 = 40 Gbps over a to 65 km
1600 Gbps - 10 Tbps1600 Gbps - 10 Tbps Was 100 Mbps (FDDI) in 1993Was 100 Mbps (FDDI) in 1993
无线网无线网 54 100 Mbps(100-2km) wireless 54 100 Mbps(100-2km) wireless networks 25 Gbps to 5km using light networks 25 Gbps to 5km using light Was 1 Mbps (IEEE 80211) in 1998Was 1 Mbps (IEEE 80211) in 1998
Trend Bandwidth
Why Optical Networks DWDM optoelectricl metro network
Trend Wireless Mobile (1)
Trend宽带无线网 (Wi-Fi)飞速增长
Trend宽带无线网 (Wi-Fi)飞速增长
Trend宽带无线网 (Wi-Fi)飞速增长
Trend宽带无线网 (Wi-Fi)飞速增长
Integration of 3G and WLAN- offer possibility of achieving anywhere anytime
high speed and low expense Internet access
3G3G WLANWLAN
Wide areaWide area Local areaLocal area
Low bit rate Low bit rate
(2M when stand (2M when stand still)still)
High bit rateHigh bit rate
(11M to 54M)(11M to 54M)
DataVoice serviceDataVoice service
((QoS supportQoS support))
Data serviceData service
High expenseHigh expense Low expenseLow expense
High mobilityHigh mobility Low mobilityLow mobility
Trend Everything over IP
Data over IP =gt IP needs Traffic Data over IP =gt IP needs Traffic engineeringengineering
Voice over IP =gt Quality of Service and Voice over IP =gt Quality of Service and SignalingSignaling
Backbone -- Optic networksBackbone -- Optic networks IP over ATM IP over ATM （（异步传输模式）异步传输模式） IP over SONET -- POS (Packet over SDH) IP over SONET -- POS (Packet over SDH)
(( 同步同步 )) IP over DWDMIP over DWDM
Asynchronous Transfer Mode ATM
1990rsquos00 standard for high-speed (155Mbps to 1990rsquos00 standard for high-speed (155Mbps to 622 Mbps and higher) 622 Mbps and higher) Broadband Integrated Broadband Integrated Service Digital NetworkService Digital Network architecture architecture
GoalGoal integrated end-end transport of carry integrated end-end transport of carry voice video datavoice video data meeting timingQoS requirements of voice meeting timingQoS requirements of voice
video (versus Internet best-effort model)video (versus Internet best-effort model) ldquoldquonext generationrdquo telephony technical roots next generationrdquo telephony technical roots
in telephone worldin telephone world packet-switching (fixed length packets packet-switching (fixed length packets
called ldquocellsrdquo) using called ldquocellsrdquo) using virtual circuitsvirtual circuits
ATM reference model
How far along are we
Standardization bodies - ATM Forum ITU-T Standardization bodies - ATM Forum ITU-T We may never see end-to-end ATM (1997)We may never see end-to-end ATM (1997)
ATM - too complex - too expansive ltIPgtATM - too complex - too expansive ltIPgt Backbone - 1995 vBNS (ATM) Backbone - 1995 vBNS (ATM)
- 1998 Abilene (SONET) - 2000 IP over - 1998 Abilene (SONET) - 2000 IP over DWDMDWDM
Internet technology + ATM philosophyInternet technology + ATM philosophy but ATM ideas continue to powerfully but ATM ideas continue to powerfully
influence design of next-generation influence design of next-generation InternetInternet
ex ex MPLSMPLS admission ctl resource admission ctl resource reservation hellipreservation hellip
Best of Both Worlds
Multiprotocol label switching (Multiprotocol label switching (MPLSMPLS)) MPLS + IP form a middle ground that MPLS + IP form a middle ground that
combines the best of IP and the best of combines the best of IP and the best of virtual virtual circuit switching technologiescircuit switching technologies
ATM and Frame Relay cannot easily come to ATM and Frame Relay cannot easily come to the middle so IP hasthe middle so IP has
Label Encapsulation
MPLS Encapsulation is specified over MPLS Encapsulation is specified over various media types Top labels may use various media types Top labels may use existing format lower label(s) use a new existing format lower label(s) use a new ldquoshimrdquo label formatldquoshimrdquo label format
Label Substitution Have a friend go to B ahead of you using one of the Have a friend go to B ahead of you using one of the
previous two techniques At every road they reserve previous two techniques At every road they reserve a lane just for you At every intersection they post a a lane just for you At every intersection they post a big sign that says for a given lane which way to turn big sign that says for a given lane which way to turn and what new lane to takeand what new lane to take
Future Internet Research and Experimentation
Todayrsquos Internet Millions of usersMillions of users Web email low-quality audio amp videoWeb email low-quality audio amp video Interconnect personal computers and serversInterconnect personal computers and servers Applications adapt to underlying technologyApplications adapt to underlying technology Todayrsquos Internet DoesnrsquotTodayrsquos Internet Doesnrsquot
Provide reliable end-to-end performanceProvide reliable end-to-end performanceEncourage cooperation on new capabilitiesEncourage cooperation on new capabilitiesAllow testing of new technologiesAllow testing of new technologiesSupport development of revolutionary Support development of revolutionary applicationsapplications
Tomorrowrsquos Internet
Billions of users and devicesBillions of users and devices Convergence of todayrsquos applications Convergence of todayrsquos applications with multimedia (telephony video-with multimedia (telephony video-conference HDTV)conference HDTV)
Interconnect personal computers Interconnect personal computers servers and embedded computersservers and embedded computers
New technologies enable unanticipated New technologies enable unanticipated applications (and create new challenges)applications (and create new challenges)
Vint Cerf Open Challenges
My primary disappointment has been the slow pace of high speed access for residential customers hellip
The second area of disappointment is the slow uptake of version 6 of the Internet protocol (IPv6)
Perhaps the third area is the continuing difficulty caused by viruses worms and distributed denial of service attacksrdquo
How to make the Internet better Addressing current problems
Security1048766 Privacy1048766 Self-diagnosis amp self-healing networks1048766 Cheap connectivity for poor area and third world countries1048766
Wireless mesh networks1048766 sensors1048766 Mobility1048766
New cool apps1048766 What is after IPTV VoIP BitTorrent
Why Internet2 (1996)
The Internet was not designed forThe Internet was not designed forMillions of usersMillions of usersCongestionCongestionMultimediaMultimediaReal time interactionReal time interaction
But only the Internet canBut only the Internet canAccommodate explosive growthAccommodate explosive growthEnable convergence of information Enable convergence of information work mass media and human work mass media and human collaborationcollaboration
Internet2 Project Develop and deploy advanced network Develop and deploy advanced network
applications and technologies accelerating applications and technologies accelerating the creation of tomorrowrsquos Internetthe creation of tomorrowrsquos Internet
GoalsGoals Enable new generation of applicationsEnable new generation of applications Re-create leading edge RampE network Re-create leading edge RampE network
capabilitycapability Transfer capability to the global Transfer capability to the global
production Internetproduction Internet 206 University Members Jan 2005206 University Members Jan 2005
Internet2 Focus Areas Advanced Network Infrastructure - AbileneAdvanced Network Infrastructure - Abilene
Backbones operate at 10 Gbps capacity - 100 Backbones operate at 10 Gbps capacity - 100 Gbps (2007)Gbps (2007)
Middleware Middleware A layer of software between the network and the A layer of software between the network and the
applications applications Authentication Identification Authorization Authentication Identification Authorization
Directories SecurityDirectories Security EngineeringEngineering
IPv6 Measurement Multicast QoS Routing IPv6 Measurement Multicast QoS Routing Security TopologySecurity Topology
Advanced ApplicationsAdvanced Applications Distributed computation Virtual laboratories Distributed computation Virtual laboratories
Digital libraries Distributed learning Digital video Digital libraries Distributed learning Digital video Tele-immersion All of the above in combinationTele-immersion All of the above in combination
Abilene Connections Apr-2000Abilene Connections July 2006
Abilene Connections Apr-2000Abilene International Peering 2006
Research andDevelopment
Commercialization
Partnerships
Privatization
Internet Development Spiral
Todayrsquos Internet
Internet2
University-led Federal agency-led
Developing education and research driven applications
Agency mission-driven and general purpose applications
Building out campus networks gigaPoPs and inter-gigapop
infrastructure
Funding research testbeds and agency research networks
Interconnecting and interoperating to provide advanced networking capabilities needed to support advanced
research and education applications
Internet2 and the Next Generation Internet Initiative
Internet2 NGI
Our Founding (Funding) Fable
Researchers invent new architectures Architectures are validated on a testbed IETF ISPs and router vendors collaborate to deploy new design
This is complete BS
Do Traditional Testbeds Really Test
Production-oriented testbeds Real traffic provides good validation But can test only very incremental changes
Research-oriented testbeds Can test radical architectures Lack of real traffic results in poor validation
Both are expensive (dedicated bandwidth)
What about Deployment Architectural change requires ISP consensus
- Hard to agree- No competitive advantage from architectural innovation
- All have huge sunk investment in the status quo
ISPs are unlikely candidates for architectural change
Architecture isnrsquot just static its decaying Ad hoc workarounds muddy the architectural waters
We are at an Impasse
We canrsquot test new architectures- Despite sizable investments in testbeds
We canrsquot deploy new architectures- And things are getting worse not better
Yet there are pressing requirements for which the current architecture is not well suited
The Communityrsquos Response Focus on areas where we can have impact
Empirical studies Incremental changes (subject to current constraints)
Small stream of architectural proposals Paper designs without hope of deployment
More science fiction than engineering Have largely abandoned hope of effecting fundamental architectural change
Living with rather than overcoming the impasse
Overcoming the Impasse
Must be able to test new architectures Wide range of architectures Real traffic from willing individuals Low overhead for individual researchers
Meet the grand challenge of reinventing the Internet
Empirical incremental research is great but not enough
If someone put us in charge what would we do
What about deployment Several options none good but no excuse to not have an answer to the grand challenge
Testing Virtual Testbed
Overlay testbed (think RON etc) Host proxy directs packets to overlay
Proxy must architecturally neutral and flexible
Individuals (anywhere) opt-in by turning on proxy
Shared testing infrastructure (think Planetlab) Overlay nodes shared among experiments
Slicing on per-packet timescales Virtualized routers
These ideas have turned into the GENI program
Why GENI (Global Environment for Network Innovations) Future Internet Network (2005)
The original designing idea of current information networks is basically a specific network supports one major service
The limitation of the original designing idea can not support the multiple requirements for networks and services (such as Telecom network Internet)
The original design mode of Internet leads to itrsquos shortage in mobility security controllable and administrable
We urgently need redesign the framework of new generation Internet to overcome the serious shortage of current Internet
Providing pervasive and trusted services based on a specific network has became the key research directions of national informatization
GENI (Global Environment for Network Innovations) - NSF 2005 (1)
What is GENIWhat is GENIGENI is GENI is a facility concepta facility concept being explored by being explored by the US computing community the US computing community
back to an NSF workshop in 2005back to an NSF workshop in 2005focus on focus on architecturalarchitectural research and research and provide the provide the experimentalexperimental infrastructure infrastructure needed to support that researchneeded to support that research
focus on the research agenda (and focus on the research agenda (and infrastructure needs) of the infrastructure needs) of the opticaloptical wirelesswireless sensorsensor network and network and distributeddistributed systems communitiessystems communities
GENI (Global Environment for Network Innovations) (2)
The goal of GENI The goal of GENI Goal a Future Internet that meets the Goal a Future Internet that meets the demands of 21st centurydemands of 21st century
to increase the to increase the qualityquality and and quantityquantity of of experimental experimental researchresearch outcomes in networking and distributed outcomes in networking and distributed systemssystems
to accelerate the to accelerate the transitiontransition of these outcomes into of these outcomes into products and servicesproducts and services
enhance economic competitiveness and secure enhance economic competitiveness and secure the Nations futurethe Nations future
Ultimately to lead to a Ultimately to lead to a transition of the transition of the InternetInternet
GENI Research Opportunities (3)
Two dichotomy thought (false or at least Two dichotomy thought (false or at least unnecessary)unnecessary)
a a clean slateclean slate reconceptualization of Internet reconceptualization of Internet architecture architecture
todays 30-year-old architecture that todays 30-year-old architecture that limit its limit its abilityability to cope with emerging threats and to cope with emerging threats and opportunitiesopportunities
bull eroding trust reduced innovation slowing eroding trust reduced innovation slowing updateupdate
future innovation will take the form of new future innovation will take the form of new services and applications running services and applications running on top of the on top of the InternetInternet
GENI Research Opportunities (4)
GENI discussion GENI discussion First we interpret Future Internet very broadly to First we interpret Future Internet very broadly to
include innovations at include innovations at any levelany level of the architecture of the architecture alternative protocols and architectures running alternative protocols and architectures running
inside the network (as overlays on top of inside the network (as overlays on top of todays network) todays network)
Second research should employ Second research should employ clean slate clean slate thinkingthinking but this does but this does not imply that an entirely not imply that an entirely newnew Internet will be necessary In other words Internet will be necessary In other words clean slate is a clean slate is a processprocess not a not a resultresult
Third opportunities Third opportunities betweenbetween two perspectives two perspectives exploring how todays architecture is best exploring how todays architecture is best
evolved to support emerging overlay services evolved to support emerging overlay services
GENI Facility Concept (5)
Facility ConceptFacility Concept experimental platforms for experimental platforms for bothboth research and research and
deploymentdeployment filling the filling the gapgap between small-scale exp and mature between small-scale exp and mature
tech tech GENI evaluate new network systems on large-GENI evaluate new network systems on large-
scalescale
Two levelsTwo levels Physical level Physical level GENI substrateGENI substrate will consist of a will consist of a
collection of links forwarders storage collection of links forwarders storage processors and wireless net processors and wireless net
On top of this substrate a On top of this substrate a software software management management frameworkframework will be overlay network experiments on will be overlay network experiments on
the substratethe substrate
GENI Facility Concept (6)
Four key ideasFour key ideas substrate components will be substrate components will be programmableprogrammable - -
possible to embed any network experiment including possible to embed any network experiment including clean-slate designs clean-slate designs
Substrate will be Substrate will be virtualizable virtualizable -- possible to embed possible to embed multiple slices in the substrate at the same time multiple slices in the substrate at the same time (allow experimental services and architectures to run (allow experimental services and architectures to run continuously) continuously)
GENI will include mechanisms that allow end-users GENI will include mechanisms that allow end-users to to seamlessly seamlessly opt-inopt-in to experimental services to experimental services
GENI will be GENI will be modularmodular ( (architecture and interfaces) - architecture and interfaces) - possible to extend GENI with new networking possible to extend GENI with new networking technologies GENI will not be a static artifact but technologies GENI will not be a static artifact but rather a rather a dynamic infrastructuredynamic infrastructure that is continually that is continually renewedrenewed
FIND (Future Internet Network Design) ndash NSF 2006 (1)
FIND asks two broad questionsFIND asks two broad questions What are the What are the requirementsrequirements for the global network for the global network
in 15 years in 15 years How How would we would we re-conceivere-conceive tomorrows global tomorrows global
network today if we could design it from scratch network today if we could design it from scratch FIND program solicits FIND program solicits clean slate processclean slate process research proposals in the broad area of research proposals in the broad area of network architecture principles and designnetwork architecture principles and design
FIND (Future Internet Network Design) (2)
FIND research might address wide questionsFIND research might address wide questions What will the What will the edgeedge of the network look like in 15 of the network look like in 15
years How might the network years How might the network architecturearchitecture of 15 of 15 years hence best accommodate sensors embedded years hence best accommodate sensors embedded systems and the like systems and the like
How might the network of 15 years from now How might the network of 15 years from now supportsupport what users really do (and care about) How what users really do (and care about) How might such functions as information access location might such functions as information access location management or identity management best fit into a management or identity management best fit into a new overall network architecture new overall network architecture
What will the What will the core core of the network look like in 15 of the network look like in 15 years How might the changing economics of years How might the changing economics of optical systems affect the overall design of the larger optical systems affect the overall design of the larger networknetwork
FIRE (Future Internet Research and Experimentation) ndash European 2007 (1)
Internet has Internet has growngrown to an unexpected reach to an unexpected reach as for the as for the numbernumber of users of users capacitycapacity of the of the links broadband penetration to the links broadband penetration to the homehome servicesservices
ProblemsProblems spam viruses denial of service spam viruses denial of service attacks complexity of managementattacks complexity of management
Internet drawbacks and Internet drawbacks and limitationslimitations ndash to ndash to scalabilityscalability suitabilitysuitability mobilitymobility transparencytransparency securitysecurity
require new radical approaches to require new radical approaches to fundamentally redesign its protocols and fundamentally redesign its protocols and architectures architectures
FIRE (2) FIRE is an FIRE is an experimentallyexperimentally-driven -driven longlong-term research initiative on -term research initiative on
Future Internet Future Internet conceptsconcepts protocolsprotocols and and architecturesarchitectures encompassing technological industrial and socio-economic encompassing technological industrial and socio-economic
aspects aspects acting as proof-of-concept of the newly proposed acting as proof-of-concept of the newly proposed
technologies and services technologies and services FIRE RESEARCHFIRE RESEARCH
Long term multidisciplinary research on future internet Long term multidisciplinary research on future internet paradigms paradigms
Open to Open to fresh bottom-upfresh bottom-up ideas with ideas with no backwards-no backwards-compatibilitycompatibility constraints constraints
Building on the FET SAC initiative ldquoSituated and Autonomic Building on the FET SAC initiative ldquoSituated and Autonomic Communicationsrdquo Communicationsrdquo
Considering at the Considering at the same timesame time technological economic and technological economic and socialpolicy aspects socialpolicy aspects
Build in from the outset and on all levels the right Build in from the outset and on all levels the right balancebalance between security accountability and privacybetween security accountability and privacy
FIRE (3)
FIRE EXPERIMENTATIONFIRE EXPERIMENTATION Large scale experimentationLarge scale experimentation of new paradigms and of new paradigms and
concepts for the future internet and related service concepts for the future internet and related service architectures architectures
Learning through broad experimentation Learning through broad experimentation Integrating and validating new conceptsIntegrating and validating new concepts
Federating and extending Federating and extending existing testbedsexisting testbeds and and research infrastructures research infrastructures
no backwards-compatibility constraints no backwards-compatibility constraints European approach and develop a European European approach and develop a European
identityidentity
- Slide 1
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
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-
趋势 网络时代 实现家庭
教育 办公 购物 娱乐 网上娱乐 虚拟工作场所
2000 年美国有五千五百万人实现远程工作
网络制造 电子商务 虚拟公司 虚拟制造与虚拟装配 ( 设计过程 ) 制造过程更加分散化并发进行 新型的价值链 虚拟兑现
趋势 网络时代
趋势 网络时代
网络制造 (1)
随着基于随着基于 InternetInternet 的全球化数字通信基础设的全球化数字通信基础设施的建立网络从单纯的信息工具变成rdquo施的建立网络从单纯的信息工具变成rdquo EE －－时代rdquo的关键资源时代rdquo的关键资源 全球经济一体化成为制造全球经济一体化成为制造业变革的最根本的推动力业变革的最根本的推动力
InternetInternet 向ldquo资源功能rdquo发展基于向ldquo资源功能rdquo发展基于InternetInternet 的网络化制造是适应时代的需要的网络化制造是适应时代的需要
网络制造的本质特性就是产品的制造过程更加网络制造的本质特性就是产品的制造过程更加分散化信息的传递网络化信息的流动伴随分散化信息的传递网络化信息的流动伴随着各项工作的并发进行而同时发生着各项工作的并发进行而同时发生
网络制造 (2)
基于基于 InternetInternet 的虚拟制造与虚拟装配的虚拟制造与虚拟装配 在相互联结的网络上建立在相互联结的网络上建立 2424 小时工作的协同小时工作的协同
工作组大大加快了设计进度及时获得所需工作组大大加快了设计进度及时获得所需要的零部件减少库存降低成本提高质量要的零部件减少库存降低成本提高质量
电子商务 信息技术和 Internet 引发的商务过程的变化 利用以 Internet 为核心的信息技术进行商
务活动和企业资源管理 CIMS 是企业实施电子商务的基础 企业实施电子商务是 CIMS 发展的主要标志和
主要内容
竞争环境改变 核心 产品竞争
电子商务产生背景
服务竞争
范围 单个企业 全球多企业
资源 人财物 信息知识
管理重心迁移 生产管理 供应 营销链管理
集中内部资源 整合外部资源
离散管理 集约管理
商务模式转化
bull文秘型管理bull关注后台（企业内部）bull关注业务记录（报表）bull地区性bull推销产品为中心bull（卖方市场）
bull自我服务型管理bull关注前端（客户关系）bull要求商业智能（分析）bull全球化bull客户为中心bull（买方市场）
传统商务 电子商务
客户
供应商
合作伙伴
网络智能
市场营销 产品 服务销售 产品制造
服务 支持
e 企业的业务体系结构
网络发展趋势 趋势趋势 融合融合 趋势趋势 泛在（泛在（ UbiquitousUbiquitous ）） 趋势趋势 信息爆炸信息爆炸 更多的网络业务流量更多的网络业务流量 数据流量 数据流量 gt gt 话声流量话声流量 更快的传输介质更快的传输介质 骨干网（骨干网（ BackboneBackbone ）） 更大的带宽（更大的带宽（ BandwidthBandwidth ）） 宽带无线网宽带无线网飞速增长飞速增长 (WLAN) (Wi-Fi)(WLAN) (Wi-Fi) Everything over IPEverything over IP
趋势 融合 新闻新闻 广告广告 -- 媒体媒体 --信息提供者信息提供者
数字媒体产品数字媒体产品 有线电视有线电视
视频传输视频传输 电话电话
声音传输声音传输 计算机计算机
数字媒体存储数字媒体存储 处理处理 信息提供者和信息传输者的结合信息提供者和信息传输者的结合 电话公司电话公司 有线公司有线公司 娱乐事业娱乐事业 和计算机公司和计算机公司
的结合的结合
Trend
趋势 更多的网络业务流量 互联网上的主机数正以超指数量级飞速增长互联网上的主机数正以超指数量级飞速增长 每个主机用户的业务量中也在增长每个主机用户的业务量中也在增长
局域网可达到 局域网可达到 1 1 GbpsGbps 有线电视调制解调器允许以有线电视调制解调器允许以 11到 到 10 10 MbpsMbps 的速的速
度访问主机度访问主机 应用应用 ADSLVDSLADSLVDSL 通过电话线可达到通过电话线可达到 6-6-
2727MbpsMbps 的速度的速度 宽带无线网宽带无线网 (Wi-Fi)(Wi-Fi)可达到可达到 11-54Mbps11-54Mbps 的速的速
度度 带宽需求每四个月增加一倍带宽需求每四个月增加一倍 数据流量 数据流量 gt gt 话声流量话声流量
Trend of Internet hosts 1980-2000
Trend Data gt Voice
趋势 更快的传输介质 局局域域网网 1 Gbps over 4-pair UTP-5 up to 100 m 1 Gbps over 4-pair UTP-5 up to 100 m
10Gbps being discussed10Gbps being discussed Was 1 Mbps (1Base-5) in 1984Was 1 Mbps (1Base-5) in 1984
骨干网光纤骨干网光纤 DWDMDWDM (( Dense Wavelength Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing)Division Multiplexing) OC-768 = 40 Gbps over a to 65 km OC-768 = 40 Gbps over a to 65 km
1600 Gbps - 10 Tbps1600 Gbps - 10 Tbps Was 100 Mbps (FDDI) in 1993Was 100 Mbps (FDDI) in 1993
无线网无线网 54 100 Mbps(100-2km) wireless 54 100 Mbps(100-2km) wireless networks 25 Gbps to 5km using light networks 25 Gbps to 5km using light Was 1 Mbps (IEEE 80211) in 1998Was 1 Mbps (IEEE 80211) in 1998
Trend Bandwidth
Why Optical Networks DWDM optoelectricl metro network
Trend Wireless Mobile (1)
Trend宽带无线网 (Wi-Fi)飞速增长
Trend宽带无线网 (Wi-Fi)飞速增长
Trend宽带无线网 (Wi-Fi)飞速增长
Trend宽带无线网 (Wi-Fi)飞速增长
Integration of 3G and WLAN- offer possibility of achieving anywhere anytime
high speed and low expense Internet access
3G3G WLANWLAN
Wide areaWide area Local areaLocal area
Low bit rate Low bit rate
(2M when stand (2M when stand still)still)
High bit rateHigh bit rate
(11M to 54M)(11M to 54M)
DataVoice serviceDataVoice service
((QoS supportQoS support))
Data serviceData service
High expenseHigh expense Low expenseLow expense
High mobilityHigh mobility Low mobilityLow mobility
Trend Everything over IP
Data over IP =gt IP needs Traffic Data over IP =gt IP needs Traffic engineeringengineering
Voice over IP =gt Quality of Service and Voice over IP =gt Quality of Service and SignalingSignaling
Backbone -- Optic networksBackbone -- Optic networks IP over ATM IP over ATM （（异步传输模式）异步传输模式） IP over SONET -- POS (Packet over SDH) IP over SONET -- POS (Packet over SDH)
(( 同步同步 )) IP over DWDMIP over DWDM
Asynchronous Transfer Mode ATM
1990rsquos00 standard for high-speed (155Mbps to 1990rsquos00 standard for high-speed (155Mbps to 622 Mbps and higher) 622 Mbps and higher) Broadband Integrated Broadband Integrated Service Digital NetworkService Digital Network architecture architecture
GoalGoal integrated end-end transport of carry integrated end-end transport of carry voice video datavoice video data meeting timingQoS requirements of voice meeting timingQoS requirements of voice
video (versus Internet best-effort model)video (versus Internet best-effort model) ldquoldquonext generationrdquo telephony technical roots next generationrdquo telephony technical roots
in telephone worldin telephone world packet-switching (fixed length packets packet-switching (fixed length packets
called ldquocellsrdquo) using called ldquocellsrdquo) using virtual circuitsvirtual circuits
ATM reference model
How far along are we
Standardization bodies - ATM Forum ITU-T Standardization bodies - ATM Forum ITU-T We may never see end-to-end ATM (1997)We may never see end-to-end ATM (1997)
ATM - too complex - too expansive ltIPgtATM - too complex - too expansive ltIPgt Backbone - 1995 vBNS (ATM) Backbone - 1995 vBNS (ATM)
- 1998 Abilene (SONET) - 2000 IP over - 1998 Abilene (SONET) - 2000 IP over DWDMDWDM
Internet technology + ATM philosophyInternet technology + ATM philosophy but ATM ideas continue to powerfully but ATM ideas continue to powerfully
influence design of next-generation influence design of next-generation InternetInternet
ex ex MPLSMPLS admission ctl resource admission ctl resource reservation hellipreservation hellip
Best of Both Worlds
Multiprotocol label switching (Multiprotocol label switching (MPLSMPLS)) MPLS + IP form a middle ground that MPLS + IP form a middle ground that
combines the best of IP and the best of combines the best of IP and the best of virtual virtual circuit switching technologiescircuit switching technologies
ATM and Frame Relay cannot easily come to ATM and Frame Relay cannot easily come to the middle so IP hasthe middle so IP has
Label Encapsulation
MPLS Encapsulation is specified over MPLS Encapsulation is specified over various media types Top labels may use various media types Top labels may use existing format lower label(s) use a new existing format lower label(s) use a new ldquoshimrdquo label formatldquoshimrdquo label format
Label Substitution Have a friend go to B ahead of you using one of the Have a friend go to B ahead of you using one of the
previous two techniques At every road they reserve previous two techniques At every road they reserve a lane just for you At every intersection they post a a lane just for you At every intersection they post a big sign that says for a given lane which way to turn big sign that says for a given lane which way to turn and what new lane to takeand what new lane to take
Future Internet Research and Experimentation
Todayrsquos Internet Millions of usersMillions of users Web email low-quality audio amp videoWeb email low-quality audio amp video Interconnect personal computers and serversInterconnect personal computers and servers Applications adapt to underlying technologyApplications adapt to underlying technology Todayrsquos Internet DoesnrsquotTodayrsquos Internet Doesnrsquot
Provide reliable end-to-end performanceProvide reliable end-to-end performanceEncourage cooperation on new capabilitiesEncourage cooperation on new capabilitiesAllow testing of new technologiesAllow testing of new technologiesSupport development of revolutionary Support development of revolutionary applicationsapplications
Tomorrowrsquos Internet
Billions of users and devicesBillions of users and devices Convergence of todayrsquos applications Convergence of todayrsquos applications with multimedia (telephony video-with multimedia (telephony video-conference HDTV)conference HDTV)
Interconnect personal computers Interconnect personal computers servers and embedded computersservers and embedded computers
New technologies enable unanticipated New technologies enable unanticipated applications (and create new challenges)applications (and create new challenges)
Vint Cerf Open Challenges
My primary disappointment has been the slow pace of high speed access for residential customers hellip
The second area of disappointment is the slow uptake of version 6 of the Internet protocol (IPv6)
Perhaps the third area is the continuing difficulty caused by viruses worms and distributed denial of service attacksrdquo
How to make the Internet better Addressing current problems
Security1048766 Privacy1048766 Self-diagnosis amp self-healing networks1048766 Cheap connectivity for poor area and third world countries1048766
Wireless mesh networks1048766 sensors1048766 Mobility1048766
New cool apps1048766 What is after IPTV VoIP BitTorrent
Why Internet2 (1996)
The Internet was not designed forThe Internet was not designed forMillions of usersMillions of usersCongestionCongestionMultimediaMultimediaReal time interactionReal time interaction
But only the Internet canBut only the Internet canAccommodate explosive growthAccommodate explosive growthEnable convergence of information Enable convergence of information work mass media and human work mass media and human collaborationcollaboration
Internet2 Project Develop and deploy advanced network Develop and deploy advanced network
applications and technologies accelerating applications and technologies accelerating the creation of tomorrowrsquos Internetthe creation of tomorrowrsquos Internet
GoalsGoals Enable new generation of applicationsEnable new generation of applications Re-create leading edge RampE network Re-create leading edge RampE network
capabilitycapability Transfer capability to the global Transfer capability to the global
production Internetproduction Internet 206 University Members Jan 2005206 University Members Jan 2005
Internet2 Focus Areas Advanced Network Infrastructure - AbileneAdvanced Network Infrastructure - Abilene
Backbones operate at 10 Gbps capacity - 100 Backbones operate at 10 Gbps capacity - 100 Gbps (2007)Gbps (2007)
Middleware Middleware A layer of software between the network and the A layer of software between the network and the
applications applications Authentication Identification Authorization Authentication Identification Authorization
Directories SecurityDirectories Security EngineeringEngineering
IPv6 Measurement Multicast QoS Routing IPv6 Measurement Multicast QoS Routing Security TopologySecurity Topology
Advanced ApplicationsAdvanced Applications Distributed computation Virtual laboratories Distributed computation Virtual laboratories
Digital libraries Distributed learning Digital video Digital libraries Distributed learning Digital video Tele-immersion All of the above in combinationTele-immersion All of the above in combination
Abilene Connections Apr-2000Abilene Connections July 2006
Abilene Connections Apr-2000Abilene International Peering 2006
Research andDevelopment
Commercialization
Partnerships
Privatization
Internet Development Spiral
Todayrsquos Internet
Internet2
University-led Federal agency-led
Developing education and research driven applications
Agency mission-driven and general purpose applications
Building out campus networks gigaPoPs and inter-gigapop
infrastructure
Funding research testbeds and agency research networks
Interconnecting and interoperating to provide advanced networking capabilities needed to support advanced
research and education applications
Internet2 and the Next Generation Internet Initiative
Internet2 NGI
Our Founding (Funding) Fable
Researchers invent new architectures Architectures are validated on a testbed IETF ISPs and router vendors collaborate to deploy new design
This is complete BS
Do Traditional Testbeds Really Test
Production-oriented testbeds Real traffic provides good validation But can test only very incremental changes
Research-oriented testbeds Can test radical architectures Lack of real traffic results in poor validation
Both are expensive (dedicated bandwidth)
What about Deployment Architectural change requires ISP consensus
- Hard to agree- No competitive advantage from architectural innovation
- All have huge sunk investment in the status quo
ISPs are unlikely candidates for architectural change
Architecture isnrsquot just static its decaying Ad hoc workarounds muddy the architectural waters
We are at an Impasse
We canrsquot test new architectures- Despite sizable investments in testbeds
We canrsquot deploy new architectures- And things are getting worse not better
Yet there are pressing requirements for which the current architecture is not well suited
The Communityrsquos Response Focus on areas where we can have impact
Empirical studies Incremental changes (subject to current constraints)
Small stream of architectural proposals Paper designs without hope of deployment
More science fiction than engineering Have largely abandoned hope of effecting fundamental architectural change
Living with rather than overcoming the impasse
Overcoming the Impasse
Must be able to test new architectures Wide range of architectures Real traffic from willing individuals Low overhead for individual researchers
Meet the grand challenge of reinventing the Internet
Empirical incremental research is great but not enough
If someone put us in charge what would we do
What about deployment Several options none good but no excuse to not have an answer to the grand challenge
Testing Virtual Testbed
Overlay testbed (think RON etc) Host proxy directs packets to overlay
Proxy must architecturally neutral and flexible
Individuals (anywhere) opt-in by turning on proxy
Shared testing infrastructure (think Planetlab) Overlay nodes shared among experiments
Slicing on per-packet timescales Virtualized routers
These ideas have turned into the GENI program
Why GENI (Global Environment for Network Innovations) Future Internet Network (2005)
The original designing idea of current information networks is basically a specific network supports one major service
The limitation of the original designing idea can not support the multiple requirements for networks and services (such as Telecom network Internet)
The original design mode of Internet leads to itrsquos shortage in mobility security controllable and administrable
We urgently need redesign the framework of new generation Internet to overcome the serious shortage of current Internet
Providing pervasive and trusted services based on a specific network has became the key research directions of national informatization
GENI (Global Environment for Network Innovations) - NSF 2005 (1)
What is GENIWhat is GENIGENI is GENI is a facility concepta facility concept being explored by being explored by the US computing community the US computing community
back to an NSF workshop in 2005back to an NSF workshop in 2005focus on focus on architecturalarchitectural research and research and provide the provide the experimentalexperimental infrastructure infrastructure needed to support that researchneeded to support that research
focus on the research agenda (and focus on the research agenda (and infrastructure needs) of the infrastructure needs) of the opticaloptical wirelesswireless sensorsensor network and network and distributeddistributed systems communitiessystems communities
GENI (Global Environment for Network Innovations) (2)
The goal of GENI The goal of GENI Goal a Future Internet that meets the Goal a Future Internet that meets the demands of 21st centurydemands of 21st century
to increase the to increase the qualityquality and and quantityquantity of of experimental experimental researchresearch outcomes in networking and distributed outcomes in networking and distributed systemssystems
to accelerate the to accelerate the transitiontransition of these outcomes into of these outcomes into products and servicesproducts and services
enhance economic competitiveness and secure enhance economic competitiveness and secure the Nations futurethe Nations future
Ultimately to lead to a Ultimately to lead to a transition of the transition of the InternetInternet
GENI Research Opportunities (3)
Two dichotomy thought (false or at least Two dichotomy thought (false or at least unnecessary)unnecessary)
a a clean slateclean slate reconceptualization of Internet reconceptualization of Internet architecture architecture
todays 30-year-old architecture that todays 30-year-old architecture that limit its limit its abilityability to cope with emerging threats and to cope with emerging threats and opportunitiesopportunities
bull eroding trust reduced innovation slowing eroding trust reduced innovation slowing updateupdate
future innovation will take the form of new future innovation will take the form of new services and applications running services and applications running on top of the on top of the InternetInternet
GENI Research Opportunities (4)
GENI discussion GENI discussion First we interpret Future Internet very broadly to First we interpret Future Internet very broadly to
include innovations at include innovations at any levelany level of the architecture of the architecture alternative protocols and architectures running alternative protocols and architectures running
inside the network (as overlays on top of inside the network (as overlays on top of todays network) todays network)
Second research should employ Second research should employ clean slate clean slate thinkingthinking but this does but this does not imply that an entirely not imply that an entirely newnew Internet will be necessary In other words Internet will be necessary In other words clean slate is a clean slate is a processprocess not a not a resultresult
Third opportunities Third opportunities betweenbetween two perspectives two perspectives exploring how todays architecture is best exploring how todays architecture is best
evolved to support emerging overlay services evolved to support emerging overlay services
GENI Facility Concept (5)
Facility ConceptFacility Concept experimental platforms for experimental platforms for bothboth research and research and
deploymentdeployment filling the filling the gapgap between small-scale exp and mature between small-scale exp and mature
tech tech GENI evaluate new network systems on large-GENI evaluate new network systems on large-
scalescale
Two levelsTwo levels Physical level Physical level GENI substrateGENI substrate will consist of a will consist of a
collection of links forwarders storage collection of links forwarders storage processors and wireless net processors and wireless net
On top of this substrate a On top of this substrate a software software management management frameworkframework will be overlay network experiments on will be overlay network experiments on
the substratethe substrate
GENI Facility Concept (6)
Four key ideasFour key ideas substrate components will be substrate components will be programmableprogrammable - -
possible to embed any network experiment including possible to embed any network experiment including clean-slate designs clean-slate designs
Substrate will be Substrate will be virtualizable virtualizable -- possible to embed possible to embed multiple slices in the substrate at the same time multiple slices in the substrate at the same time (allow experimental services and architectures to run (allow experimental services and architectures to run continuously) continuously)
GENI will include mechanisms that allow end-users GENI will include mechanisms that allow end-users to to seamlessly seamlessly opt-inopt-in to experimental services to experimental services
GENI will be GENI will be modularmodular ( (architecture and interfaces) - architecture and interfaces) - possible to extend GENI with new networking possible to extend GENI with new networking technologies GENI will not be a static artifact but technologies GENI will not be a static artifact but rather a rather a dynamic infrastructuredynamic infrastructure that is continually that is continually renewedrenewed
FIND (Future Internet Network Design) ndash NSF 2006 (1)
FIND asks two broad questionsFIND asks two broad questions What are the What are the requirementsrequirements for the global network for the global network
in 15 years in 15 years How How would we would we re-conceivere-conceive tomorrows global tomorrows global
network today if we could design it from scratch network today if we could design it from scratch FIND program solicits FIND program solicits clean slate processclean slate process research proposals in the broad area of research proposals in the broad area of network architecture principles and designnetwork architecture principles and design
FIND (Future Internet Network Design) (2)
FIND research might address wide questionsFIND research might address wide questions What will the What will the edgeedge of the network look like in 15 of the network look like in 15
years How might the network years How might the network architecturearchitecture of 15 of 15 years hence best accommodate sensors embedded years hence best accommodate sensors embedded systems and the like systems and the like
How might the network of 15 years from now How might the network of 15 years from now supportsupport what users really do (and care about) How what users really do (and care about) How might such functions as information access location might such functions as information access location management or identity management best fit into a management or identity management best fit into a new overall network architecture new overall network architecture
What will the What will the core core of the network look like in 15 of the network look like in 15 years How might the changing economics of years How might the changing economics of optical systems affect the overall design of the larger optical systems affect the overall design of the larger networknetwork
FIRE (Future Internet Research and Experimentation) ndash European 2007 (1)
Internet has Internet has growngrown to an unexpected reach to an unexpected reach as for the as for the numbernumber of users of users capacitycapacity of the of the links broadband penetration to the links broadband penetration to the homehome servicesservices
ProblemsProblems spam viruses denial of service spam viruses denial of service attacks complexity of managementattacks complexity of management
Internet drawbacks and Internet drawbacks and limitationslimitations ndash to ndash to scalabilityscalability suitabilitysuitability mobilitymobility transparencytransparency securitysecurity
require new radical approaches to require new radical approaches to fundamentally redesign its protocols and fundamentally redesign its protocols and architectures architectures
FIRE (2) FIRE is an FIRE is an experimentallyexperimentally-driven -driven longlong-term research initiative on -term research initiative on
Future Internet Future Internet conceptsconcepts protocolsprotocols and and architecturesarchitectures encompassing technological industrial and socio-economic encompassing technological industrial and socio-economic
aspects aspects acting as proof-of-concept of the newly proposed acting as proof-of-concept of the newly proposed
technologies and services technologies and services FIRE RESEARCHFIRE RESEARCH
Long term multidisciplinary research on future internet Long term multidisciplinary research on future internet paradigms paradigms
Open to Open to fresh bottom-upfresh bottom-up ideas with ideas with no backwards-no backwards-compatibilitycompatibility constraints constraints
Building on the FET SAC initiative ldquoSituated and Autonomic Building on the FET SAC initiative ldquoSituated and Autonomic Communicationsrdquo Communicationsrdquo
Considering at the Considering at the same timesame time technological economic and technological economic and socialpolicy aspects socialpolicy aspects
Build in from the outset and on all levels the right Build in from the outset and on all levels the right balancebalance between security accountability and privacybetween security accountability and privacy
FIRE (3)
FIRE EXPERIMENTATIONFIRE EXPERIMENTATION Large scale experimentationLarge scale experimentation of new paradigms and of new paradigms and
concepts for the future internet and related service concepts for the future internet and related service architectures architectures
Learning through broad experimentation Learning through broad experimentation Integrating and validating new conceptsIntegrating and validating new concepts
Federating and extending Federating and extending existing testbedsexisting testbeds and and research infrastructures research infrastructures
no backwards-compatibility constraints no backwards-compatibility constraints European approach and develop a European European approach and develop a European
identityidentity
- Slide 1
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
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- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Slide 15
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- Slide 20
- Slide 21
- Slide 22
- Slide 23
- Slide 24
- Slide 25
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-
趋势 网络时代
趋势 网络时代
网络制造 (1)
随着基于随着基于 InternetInternet 的全球化数字通信基础设的全球化数字通信基础设施的建立网络从单纯的信息工具变成rdquo施的建立网络从单纯的信息工具变成rdquo EE －－时代rdquo的关键资源时代rdquo的关键资源 全球经济一体化成为制造全球经济一体化成为制造业变革的最根本的推动力业变革的最根本的推动力
InternetInternet 向ldquo资源功能rdquo发展基于向ldquo资源功能rdquo发展基于InternetInternet 的网络化制造是适应时代的需要的网络化制造是适应时代的需要
网络制造的本质特性就是产品的制造过程更加网络制造的本质特性就是产品的制造过程更加分散化信息的传递网络化信息的流动伴随分散化信息的传递网络化信息的流动伴随着各项工作的并发进行而同时发生着各项工作的并发进行而同时发生
网络制造 (2)
基于基于 InternetInternet 的虚拟制造与虚拟装配的虚拟制造与虚拟装配 在相互联结的网络上建立在相互联结的网络上建立 2424 小时工作的协同小时工作的协同
工作组大大加快了设计进度及时获得所需工作组大大加快了设计进度及时获得所需要的零部件减少库存降低成本提高质量要的零部件减少库存降低成本提高质量
电子商务 信息技术和 Internet 引发的商务过程的变化 利用以 Internet 为核心的信息技术进行商
务活动和企业资源管理 CIMS 是企业实施电子商务的基础 企业实施电子商务是 CIMS 发展的主要标志和
主要内容
竞争环境改变 核心 产品竞争
电子商务产生背景
服务竞争
范围 单个企业 全球多企业
资源 人财物 信息知识
管理重心迁移 生产管理 供应 营销链管理
集中内部资源 整合外部资源
离散管理 集约管理
商务模式转化
bull文秘型管理bull关注后台（企业内部）bull关注业务记录（报表）bull地区性bull推销产品为中心bull（卖方市场）
bull自我服务型管理bull关注前端（客户关系）bull要求商业智能（分析）bull全球化bull客户为中心bull（买方市场）
传统商务 电子商务
客户
供应商
合作伙伴
网络智能
市场营销 产品 服务销售 产品制造
服务 支持
e 企业的业务体系结构
网络发展趋势 趋势趋势 融合融合 趋势趋势 泛在（泛在（ UbiquitousUbiquitous ）） 趋势趋势 信息爆炸信息爆炸 更多的网络业务流量更多的网络业务流量 数据流量 数据流量 gt gt 话声流量话声流量 更快的传输介质更快的传输介质 骨干网（骨干网（ BackboneBackbone ）） 更大的带宽（更大的带宽（ BandwidthBandwidth ）） 宽带无线网宽带无线网飞速增长飞速增长 (WLAN) (Wi-Fi)(WLAN) (Wi-Fi) Everything over IPEverything over IP
趋势 融合 新闻新闻 广告广告 -- 媒体媒体 --信息提供者信息提供者
数字媒体产品数字媒体产品 有线电视有线电视
视频传输视频传输 电话电话
声音传输声音传输 计算机计算机
数字媒体存储数字媒体存储 处理处理 信息提供者和信息传输者的结合信息提供者和信息传输者的结合 电话公司电话公司 有线公司有线公司 娱乐事业娱乐事业 和计算机公司和计算机公司
的结合的结合
Trend
趋势 更多的网络业务流量 互联网上的主机数正以超指数量级飞速增长互联网上的主机数正以超指数量级飞速增长 每个主机用户的业务量中也在增长每个主机用户的业务量中也在增长
局域网可达到 局域网可达到 1 1 GbpsGbps 有线电视调制解调器允许以有线电视调制解调器允许以 11到 到 10 10 MbpsMbps 的速的速
度访问主机度访问主机 应用应用 ADSLVDSLADSLVDSL 通过电话线可达到通过电话线可达到 6-6-
2727MbpsMbps 的速度的速度 宽带无线网宽带无线网 (Wi-Fi)(Wi-Fi)可达到可达到 11-54Mbps11-54Mbps 的速的速
度度 带宽需求每四个月增加一倍带宽需求每四个月增加一倍 数据流量 数据流量 gt gt 话声流量话声流量
Trend of Internet hosts 1980-2000
Trend Data gt Voice
趋势 更快的传输介质 局局域域网网 1 Gbps over 4-pair UTP-5 up to 100 m 1 Gbps over 4-pair UTP-5 up to 100 m
10Gbps being discussed10Gbps being discussed Was 1 Mbps (1Base-5) in 1984Was 1 Mbps (1Base-5) in 1984
骨干网光纤骨干网光纤 DWDMDWDM (( Dense Wavelength Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing)Division Multiplexing) OC-768 = 40 Gbps over a to 65 km OC-768 = 40 Gbps over a to 65 km
1600 Gbps - 10 Tbps1600 Gbps - 10 Tbps Was 100 Mbps (FDDI) in 1993Was 100 Mbps (FDDI) in 1993
无线网无线网 54 100 Mbps(100-2km) wireless 54 100 Mbps(100-2km) wireless networks 25 Gbps to 5km using light networks 25 Gbps to 5km using light Was 1 Mbps (IEEE 80211) in 1998Was 1 Mbps (IEEE 80211) in 1998
Trend Bandwidth
Why Optical Networks DWDM optoelectricl metro network
Trend Wireless Mobile (1)
Trend宽带无线网 (Wi-Fi)飞速增长
Trend宽带无线网 (Wi-Fi)飞速增长
Trend宽带无线网 (Wi-Fi)飞速增长
Trend宽带无线网 (Wi-Fi)飞速增长
Integration of 3G and WLAN- offer possibility of achieving anywhere anytime
high speed and low expense Internet access
3G3G WLANWLAN
Wide areaWide area Local areaLocal area
Low bit rate Low bit rate
(2M when stand (2M when stand still)still)
High bit rateHigh bit rate
(11M to 54M)(11M to 54M)
DataVoice serviceDataVoice service
((QoS supportQoS support))
Data serviceData service
High expenseHigh expense Low expenseLow expense
High mobilityHigh mobility Low mobilityLow mobility
Trend Everything over IP
Data over IP =gt IP needs Traffic Data over IP =gt IP needs Traffic engineeringengineering
Voice over IP =gt Quality of Service and Voice over IP =gt Quality of Service and SignalingSignaling
Backbone -- Optic networksBackbone -- Optic networks IP over ATM IP over ATM （（异步传输模式）异步传输模式） IP over SONET -- POS (Packet over SDH) IP over SONET -- POS (Packet over SDH)
(( 同步同步 )) IP over DWDMIP over DWDM
Asynchronous Transfer Mode ATM
1990rsquos00 standard for high-speed (155Mbps to 1990rsquos00 standard for high-speed (155Mbps to 622 Mbps and higher) 622 Mbps and higher) Broadband Integrated Broadband Integrated Service Digital NetworkService Digital Network architecture architecture
GoalGoal integrated end-end transport of carry integrated end-end transport of carry voice video datavoice video data meeting timingQoS requirements of voice meeting timingQoS requirements of voice
video (versus Internet best-effort model)video (versus Internet best-effort model) ldquoldquonext generationrdquo telephony technical roots next generationrdquo telephony technical roots
in telephone worldin telephone world packet-switching (fixed length packets packet-switching (fixed length packets
called ldquocellsrdquo) using called ldquocellsrdquo) using virtual circuitsvirtual circuits
ATM reference model
How far along are we
Standardization bodies - ATM Forum ITU-T Standardization bodies - ATM Forum ITU-T We may never see end-to-end ATM (1997)We may never see end-to-end ATM (1997)
ATM - too complex - too expansive ltIPgtATM - too complex - too expansive ltIPgt Backbone - 1995 vBNS (ATM) Backbone - 1995 vBNS (ATM)
- 1998 Abilene (SONET) - 2000 IP over - 1998 Abilene (SONET) - 2000 IP over DWDMDWDM
Internet technology + ATM philosophyInternet technology + ATM philosophy but ATM ideas continue to powerfully but ATM ideas continue to powerfully
influence design of next-generation influence design of next-generation InternetInternet
ex ex MPLSMPLS admission ctl resource admission ctl resource reservation hellipreservation hellip
Best of Both Worlds
Multiprotocol label switching (Multiprotocol label switching (MPLSMPLS)) MPLS + IP form a middle ground that MPLS + IP form a middle ground that
combines the best of IP and the best of combines the best of IP and the best of virtual virtual circuit switching technologiescircuit switching technologies
ATM and Frame Relay cannot easily come to ATM and Frame Relay cannot easily come to the middle so IP hasthe middle so IP has
Label Encapsulation
MPLS Encapsulation is specified over MPLS Encapsulation is specified over various media types Top labels may use various media types Top labels may use existing format lower label(s) use a new existing format lower label(s) use a new ldquoshimrdquo label formatldquoshimrdquo label format
Label Substitution Have a friend go to B ahead of you using one of the Have a friend go to B ahead of you using one of the
previous two techniques At every road they reserve previous two techniques At every road they reserve a lane just for you At every intersection they post a a lane just for you At every intersection they post a big sign that says for a given lane which way to turn big sign that says for a given lane which way to turn and what new lane to takeand what new lane to take
Future Internet Research and Experimentation
Todayrsquos Internet Millions of usersMillions of users Web email low-quality audio amp videoWeb email low-quality audio amp video Interconnect personal computers and serversInterconnect personal computers and servers Applications adapt to underlying technologyApplications adapt to underlying technology Todayrsquos Internet DoesnrsquotTodayrsquos Internet Doesnrsquot
Provide reliable end-to-end performanceProvide reliable end-to-end performanceEncourage cooperation on new capabilitiesEncourage cooperation on new capabilitiesAllow testing of new technologiesAllow testing of new technologiesSupport development of revolutionary Support development of revolutionary applicationsapplications
Tomorrowrsquos Internet
Billions of users and devicesBillions of users and devices Convergence of todayrsquos applications Convergence of todayrsquos applications with multimedia (telephony video-with multimedia (telephony video-conference HDTV)conference HDTV)
Interconnect personal computers Interconnect personal computers servers and embedded computersservers and embedded computers
New technologies enable unanticipated New technologies enable unanticipated applications (and create new challenges)applications (and create new challenges)
Vint Cerf Open Challenges
My primary disappointment has been the slow pace of high speed access for residential customers hellip
The second area of disappointment is the slow uptake of version 6 of the Internet protocol (IPv6)
Perhaps the third area is the continuing difficulty caused by viruses worms and distributed denial of service attacksrdquo
How to make the Internet better Addressing current problems
Security1048766 Privacy1048766 Self-diagnosis amp self-healing networks1048766 Cheap connectivity for poor area and third world countries1048766
Wireless mesh networks1048766 sensors1048766 Mobility1048766
New cool apps1048766 What is after IPTV VoIP BitTorrent
Why Internet2 (1996)
The Internet was not designed forThe Internet was not designed forMillions of usersMillions of usersCongestionCongestionMultimediaMultimediaReal time interactionReal time interaction
But only the Internet canBut only the Internet canAccommodate explosive growthAccommodate explosive growthEnable convergence of information Enable convergence of information work mass media and human work mass media and human collaborationcollaboration
Internet2 Project Develop and deploy advanced network Develop and deploy advanced network
applications and technologies accelerating applications and technologies accelerating the creation of tomorrowrsquos Internetthe creation of tomorrowrsquos Internet
GoalsGoals Enable new generation of applicationsEnable new generation of applications Re-create leading edge RampE network Re-create leading edge RampE network
capabilitycapability Transfer capability to the global Transfer capability to the global
production Internetproduction Internet 206 University Members Jan 2005206 University Members Jan 2005
Internet2 Focus Areas Advanced Network Infrastructure - AbileneAdvanced Network Infrastructure - Abilene
Backbones operate at 10 Gbps capacity - 100 Backbones operate at 10 Gbps capacity - 100 Gbps (2007)Gbps (2007)
Middleware Middleware A layer of software between the network and the A layer of software between the network and the
applications applications Authentication Identification Authorization Authentication Identification Authorization
Directories SecurityDirectories Security EngineeringEngineering
IPv6 Measurement Multicast QoS Routing IPv6 Measurement Multicast QoS Routing Security TopologySecurity Topology
Advanced ApplicationsAdvanced Applications Distributed computation Virtual laboratories Distributed computation Virtual laboratories
Digital libraries Distributed learning Digital video Digital libraries Distributed learning Digital video Tele-immersion All of the above in combinationTele-immersion All of the above in combination
Abilene Connections Apr-2000Abilene Connections July 2006
Abilene Connections Apr-2000Abilene International Peering 2006
Research andDevelopment
Commercialization
Partnerships
Privatization
Internet Development Spiral
Todayrsquos Internet
Internet2
University-led Federal agency-led
Developing education and research driven applications
Agency mission-driven and general purpose applications
Building out campus networks gigaPoPs and inter-gigapop
infrastructure
Funding research testbeds and agency research networks
Interconnecting and interoperating to provide advanced networking capabilities needed to support advanced
research and education applications
Internet2 and the Next Generation Internet Initiative
Internet2 NGI
Our Founding (Funding) Fable
Researchers invent new architectures Architectures are validated on a testbed IETF ISPs and router vendors collaborate to deploy new design
This is complete BS
Do Traditional Testbeds Really Test
Production-oriented testbeds Real traffic provides good validation But can test only very incremental changes
Research-oriented testbeds Can test radical architectures Lack of real traffic results in poor validation
Both are expensive (dedicated bandwidth)
What about Deployment Architectural change requires ISP consensus
- Hard to agree- No competitive advantage from architectural innovation
- All have huge sunk investment in the status quo
ISPs are unlikely candidates for architectural change
Architecture isnrsquot just static its decaying Ad hoc workarounds muddy the architectural waters
We are at an Impasse
We canrsquot test new architectures- Despite sizable investments in testbeds
We canrsquot deploy new architectures- And things are getting worse not better
Yet there are pressing requirements for which the current architecture is not well suited
The Communityrsquos Response Focus on areas where we can have impact
Empirical studies Incremental changes (subject to current constraints)
Small stream of architectural proposals Paper designs without hope of deployment
More science fiction than engineering Have largely abandoned hope of effecting fundamental architectural change
Living with rather than overcoming the impasse
Overcoming the Impasse
Must be able to test new architectures Wide range of architectures Real traffic from willing individuals Low overhead for individual researchers
Meet the grand challenge of reinventing the Internet
Empirical incremental research is great but not enough
If someone put us in charge what would we do
What about deployment Several options none good but no excuse to not have an answer to the grand challenge
Testing Virtual Testbed
Overlay testbed (think RON etc) Host proxy directs packets to overlay
Proxy must architecturally neutral and flexible
Individuals (anywhere) opt-in by turning on proxy
Shared testing infrastructure (think Planetlab) Overlay nodes shared among experiments
Slicing on per-packet timescales Virtualized routers
These ideas have turned into the GENI program
Why GENI (Global Environment for Network Innovations) Future Internet Network (2005)
The original designing idea of current information networks is basically a specific network supports one major service
The limitation of the original designing idea can not support the multiple requirements for networks and services (such as Telecom network Internet)
The original design mode of Internet leads to itrsquos shortage in mobility security controllable and administrable
We urgently need redesign the framework of new generation Internet to overcome the serious shortage of current Internet
Providing pervasive and trusted services based on a specific network has became the key research directions of national informatization
GENI (Global Environment for Network Innovations) - NSF 2005 (1)
What is GENIWhat is GENIGENI is GENI is a facility concepta facility concept being explored by being explored by the US computing community the US computing community
back to an NSF workshop in 2005back to an NSF workshop in 2005focus on focus on architecturalarchitectural research and research and provide the provide the experimentalexperimental infrastructure infrastructure needed to support that researchneeded to support that research
focus on the research agenda (and focus on the research agenda (and infrastructure needs) of the infrastructure needs) of the opticaloptical wirelesswireless sensorsensor network and network and distributeddistributed systems communitiessystems communities
GENI (Global Environment for Network Innovations) (2)
The goal of GENI The goal of GENI Goal a Future Internet that meets the Goal a Future Internet that meets the demands of 21st centurydemands of 21st century
to increase the to increase the qualityquality and and quantityquantity of of experimental experimental researchresearch outcomes in networking and distributed outcomes in networking and distributed systemssystems
to accelerate the to accelerate the transitiontransition of these outcomes into of these outcomes into products and servicesproducts and services
enhance economic competitiveness and secure enhance economic competitiveness and secure the Nations futurethe Nations future
Ultimately to lead to a Ultimately to lead to a transition of the transition of the InternetInternet
GENI Research Opportunities (3)
Two dichotomy thought (false or at least Two dichotomy thought (false or at least unnecessary)unnecessary)
a a clean slateclean slate reconceptualization of Internet reconceptualization of Internet architecture architecture
todays 30-year-old architecture that todays 30-year-old architecture that limit its limit its abilityability to cope with emerging threats and to cope with emerging threats and opportunitiesopportunities
bull eroding trust reduced innovation slowing eroding trust reduced innovation slowing updateupdate
future innovation will take the form of new future innovation will take the form of new services and applications running services and applications running on top of the on top of the InternetInternet
GENI Research Opportunities (4)
GENI discussion GENI discussion First we interpret Future Internet very broadly to First we interpret Future Internet very broadly to
include innovations at include innovations at any levelany level of the architecture of the architecture alternative protocols and architectures running alternative protocols and architectures running
inside the network (as overlays on top of inside the network (as overlays on top of todays network) todays network)
Second research should employ Second research should employ clean slate clean slate thinkingthinking but this does but this does not imply that an entirely not imply that an entirely newnew Internet will be necessary In other words Internet will be necessary In other words clean slate is a clean slate is a processprocess not a not a resultresult
Third opportunities Third opportunities betweenbetween two perspectives two perspectives exploring how todays architecture is best exploring how todays architecture is best
evolved to support emerging overlay services evolved to support emerging overlay services
GENI Facility Concept (5)
Facility ConceptFacility Concept experimental platforms for experimental platforms for bothboth research and research and
deploymentdeployment filling the filling the gapgap between small-scale exp and mature between small-scale exp and mature
tech tech GENI evaluate new network systems on large-GENI evaluate new network systems on large-
scalescale
Two levelsTwo levels Physical level Physical level GENI substrateGENI substrate will consist of a will consist of a
collection of links forwarders storage collection of links forwarders storage processors and wireless net processors and wireless net
On top of this substrate a On top of this substrate a software software management management frameworkframework will be overlay network experiments on will be overlay network experiments on
the substratethe substrate
GENI Facility Concept (6)
Four key ideasFour key ideas substrate components will be substrate components will be programmableprogrammable - -
possible to embed any network experiment including possible to embed any network experiment including clean-slate designs clean-slate designs
Substrate will be Substrate will be virtualizable virtualizable -- possible to embed possible to embed multiple slices in the substrate at the same time multiple slices in the substrate at the same time (allow experimental services and architectures to run (allow experimental services and architectures to run continuously) continuously)
GENI will include mechanisms that allow end-users GENI will include mechanisms that allow end-users to to seamlessly seamlessly opt-inopt-in to experimental services to experimental services
GENI will be GENI will be modularmodular ( (architecture and interfaces) - architecture and interfaces) - possible to extend GENI with new networking possible to extend GENI with new networking technologies GENI will not be a static artifact but technologies GENI will not be a static artifact but rather a rather a dynamic infrastructuredynamic infrastructure that is continually that is continually renewedrenewed
FIND (Future Internet Network Design) ndash NSF 2006 (1)
FIND asks two broad questionsFIND asks two broad questions What are the What are the requirementsrequirements for the global network for the global network
in 15 years in 15 years How How would we would we re-conceivere-conceive tomorrows global tomorrows global
network today if we could design it from scratch network today if we could design it from scratch FIND program solicits FIND program solicits clean slate processclean slate process research proposals in the broad area of research proposals in the broad area of network architecture principles and designnetwork architecture principles and design
FIND (Future Internet Network Design) (2)
FIND research might address wide questionsFIND research might address wide questions What will the What will the edgeedge of the network look like in 15 of the network look like in 15
years How might the network years How might the network architecturearchitecture of 15 of 15 years hence best accommodate sensors embedded years hence best accommodate sensors embedded systems and the like systems and the like
How might the network of 15 years from now How might the network of 15 years from now supportsupport what users really do (and care about) How what users really do (and care about) How might such functions as information access location might such functions as information access location management or identity management best fit into a management or identity management best fit into a new overall network architecture new overall network architecture
What will the What will the core core of the network look like in 15 of the network look like in 15 years How might the changing economics of years How might the changing economics of optical systems affect the overall design of the larger optical systems affect the overall design of the larger networknetwork
FIRE (Future Internet Research and Experimentation) ndash European 2007 (1)
Internet has Internet has growngrown to an unexpected reach to an unexpected reach as for the as for the numbernumber of users of users capacitycapacity of the of the links broadband penetration to the links broadband penetration to the homehome servicesservices
ProblemsProblems spam viruses denial of service spam viruses denial of service attacks complexity of managementattacks complexity of management
Internet drawbacks and Internet drawbacks and limitationslimitations ndash to ndash to scalabilityscalability suitabilitysuitability mobilitymobility transparencytransparency securitysecurity
require new radical approaches to require new radical approaches to fundamentally redesign its protocols and fundamentally redesign its protocols and architectures architectures
FIRE (2) FIRE is an FIRE is an experimentallyexperimentally-driven -driven longlong-term research initiative on -term research initiative on
Future Internet Future Internet conceptsconcepts protocolsprotocols and and architecturesarchitectures encompassing technological industrial and socio-economic encompassing technological industrial and socio-economic
aspects aspects acting as proof-of-concept of the newly proposed acting as proof-of-concept of the newly proposed
technologies and services technologies and services FIRE RESEARCHFIRE RESEARCH
Long term multidisciplinary research on future internet Long term multidisciplinary research on future internet paradigms paradigms
Open to Open to fresh bottom-upfresh bottom-up ideas with ideas with no backwards-no backwards-compatibilitycompatibility constraints constraints
Building on the FET SAC initiative ldquoSituated and Autonomic Building on the FET SAC initiative ldquoSituated and Autonomic Communicationsrdquo Communicationsrdquo
Considering at the Considering at the same timesame time technological economic and technological economic and socialpolicy aspects socialpolicy aspects
Build in from the outset and on all levels the right Build in from the outset and on all levels the right balancebalance between security accountability and privacybetween security accountability and privacy
FIRE (3)
FIRE EXPERIMENTATIONFIRE EXPERIMENTATION Large scale experimentationLarge scale experimentation of new paradigms and of new paradigms and
concepts for the future internet and related service concepts for the future internet and related service architectures architectures
Learning through broad experimentation Learning through broad experimentation Integrating and validating new conceptsIntegrating and validating new concepts
Federating and extending Federating and extending existing testbedsexisting testbeds and and research infrastructures research infrastructures
no backwards-compatibility constraints no backwards-compatibility constraints European approach and develop a European European approach and develop a European
identityidentity
- Slide 1
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- Slide 115
-
趋势 网络时代
网络制造 (1)
随着基于随着基于 InternetInternet 的全球化数字通信基础设的全球化数字通信基础设施的建立网络从单纯的信息工具变成rdquo施的建立网络从单纯的信息工具变成rdquo EE －－时代rdquo的关键资源时代rdquo的关键资源 全球经济一体化成为制造全球经济一体化成为制造业变革的最根本的推动力业变革的最根本的推动力
InternetInternet 向ldquo资源功能rdquo发展基于向ldquo资源功能rdquo发展基于InternetInternet 的网络化制造是适应时代的需要的网络化制造是适应时代的需要
网络制造的本质特性就是产品的制造过程更加网络制造的本质特性就是产品的制造过程更加分散化信息的传递网络化信息的流动伴随分散化信息的传递网络化信息的流动伴随着各项工作的并发进行而同时发生着各项工作的并发进行而同时发生
网络制造 (2)
基于基于 InternetInternet 的虚拟制造与虚拟装配的虚拟制造与虚拟装配 在相互联结的网络上建立在相互联结的网络上建立 2424 小时工作的协同小时工作的协同
工作组大大加快了设计进度及时获得所需工作组大大加快了设计进度及时获得所需要的零部件减少库存降低成本提高质量要的零部件减少库存降低成本提高质量
电子商务 信息技术和 Internet 引发的商务过程的变化 利用以 Internet 为核心的信息技术进行商
务活动和企业资源管理 CIMS 是企业实施电子商务的基础 企业实施电子商务是 CIMS 发展的主要标志和
主要内容
竞争环境改变 核心 产品竞争
电子商务产生背景
服务竞争
范围 单个企业 全球多企业
资源 人财物 信息知识
管理重心迁移 生产管理 供应 营销链管理
集中内部资源 整合外部资源
离散管理 集约管理
商务模式转化
bull文秘型管理bull关注后台（企业内部）bull关注业务记录（报表）bull地区性bull推销产品为中心bull（卖方市场）
bull自我服务型管理bull关注前端（客户关系）bull要求商业智能（分析）bull全球化bull客户为中心bull（买方市场）
传统商务 电子商务
客户
供应商
合作伙伴
网络智能
市场营销 产品 服务销售 产品制造
服务 支持
e 企业的业务体系结构
网络发展趋势 趋势趋势 融合融合 趋势趋势 泛在（泛在（ UbiquitousUbiquitous ）） 趋势趋势 信息爆炸信息爆炸 更多的网络业务流量更多的网络业务流量 数据流量 数据流量 gt gt 话声流量话声流量 更快的传输介质更快的传输介质 骨干网（骨干网（ BackboneBackbone ）） 更大的带宽（更大的带宽（ BandwidthBandwidth ）） 宽带无线网宽带无线网飞速增长飞速增长 (WLAN) (Wi-Fi)(WLAN) (Wi-Fi) Everything over IPEverything over IP
趋势 融合 新闻新闻 广告广告 -- 媒体媒体 --信息提供者信息提供者
数字媒体产品数字媒体产品 有线电视有线电视
视频传输视频传输 电话电话
声音传输声音传输 计算机计算机
数字媒体存储数字媒体存储 处理处理 信息提供者和信息传输者的结合信息提供者和信息传输者的结合 电话公司电话公司 有线公司有线公司 娱乐事业娱乐事业 和计算机公司和计算机公司
的结合的结合
Trend
趋势 更多的网络业务流量 互联网上的主机数正以超指数量级飞速增长互联网上的主机数正以超指数量级飞速增长 每个主机用户的业务量中也在增长每个主机用户的业务量中也在增长
局域网可达到 局域网可达到 1 1 GbpsGbps 有线电视调制解调器允许以有线电视调制解调器允许以 11到 到 10 10 MbpsMbps 的速的速
度访问主机度访问主机 应用应用 ADSLVDSLADSLVDSL 通过电话线可达到通过电话线可达到 6-6-
2727MbpsMbps 的速度的速度 宽带无线网宽带无线网 (Wi-Fi)(Wi-Fi)可达到可达到 11-54Mbps11-54Mbps 的速的速
度度 带宽需求每四个月增加一倍带宽需求每四个月增加一倍 数据流量 数据流量 gt gt 话声流量话声流量
Trend of Internet hosts 1980-2000
Trend Data gt Voice
趋势 更快的传输介质 局局域域网网 1 Gbps over 4-pair UTP-5 up to 100 m 1 Gbps over 4-pair UTP-5 up to 100 m
10Gbps being discussed10Gbps being discussed Was 1 Mbps (1Base-5) in 1984Was 1 Mbps (1Base-5) in 1984
骨干网光纤骨干网光纤 DWDMDWDM (( Dense Wavelength Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing)Division Multiplexing) OC-768 = 40 Gbps over a to 65 km OC-768 = 40 Gbps over a to 65 km
1600 Gbps - 10 Tbps1600 Gbps - 10 Tbps Was 100 Mbps (FDDI) in 1993Was 100 Mbps (FDDI) in 1993
无线网无线网 54 100 Mbps(100-2km) wireless 54 100 Mbps(100-2km) wireless networks 25 Gbps to 5km using light networks 25 Gbps to 5km using light Was 1 Mbps (IEEE 80211) in 1998Was 1 Mbps (IEEE 80211) in 1998
Trend Bandwidth
Why Optical Networks DWDM optoelectricl metro network
Trend Wireless Mobile (1)
Trend宽带无线网 (Wi-Fi)飞速增长
Trend宽带无线网 (Wi-Fi)飞速增长
Trend宽带无线网 (Wi-Fi)飞速增长
Trend宽带无线网 (Wi-Fi)飞速增长
Integration of 3G and WLAN- offer possibility of achieving anywhere anytime
high speed and low expense Internet access
3G3G WLANWLAN
Wide areaWide area Local areaLocal area
Low bit rate Low bit rate
(2M when stand (2M when stand still)still)
High bit rateHigh bit rate
(11M to 54M)(11M to 54M)
DataVoice serviceDataVoice service
((QoS supportQoS support))
Data serviceData service
High expenseHigh expense Low expenseLow expense
High mobilityHigh mobility Low mobilityLow mobility
Trend Everything over IP
Data over IP =gt IP needs Traffic Data over IP =gt IP needs Traffic engineeringengineering
Voice over IP =gt Quality of Service and Voice over IP =gt Quality of Service and SignalingSignaling
Backbone -- Optic networksBackbone -- Optic networks IP over ATM IP over ATM （（异步传输模式）异步传输模式） IP over SONET -- POS (Packet over SDH) IP over SONET -- POS (Packet over SDH)
(( 同步同步 )) IP over DWDMIP over DWDM
Asynchronous Transfer Mode ATM
1990rsquos00 standard for high-speed (155Mbps to 1990rsquos00 standard for high-speed (155Mbps to 622 Mbps and higher) 622 Mbps and higher) Broadband Integrated Broadband Integrated Service Digital NetworkService Digital Network architecture architecture
GoalGoal integrated end-end transport of carry integrated end-end transport of carry voice video datavoice video data meeting timingQoS requirements of voice meeting timingQoS requirements of voice
video (versus Internet best-effort model)video (versus Internet best-effort model) ldquoldquonext generationrdquo telephony technical roots next generationrdquo telephony technical roots
in telephone worldin telephone world packet-switching (fixed length packets packet-switching (fixed length packets
called ldquocellsrdquo) using called ldquocellsrdquo) using virtual circuitsvirtual circuits
ATM reference model
How far along are we
Standardization bodies - ATM Forum ITU-T Standardization bodies - ATM Forum ITU-T We may never see end-to-end ATM (1997)We may never see end-to-end ATM (1997)
ATM - too complex - too expansive ltIPgtATM - too complex - too expansive ltIPgt Backbone - 1995 vBNS (ATM) Backbone - 1995 vBNS (ATM)
- 1998 Abilene (SONET) - 2000 IP over - 1998 Abilene (SONET) - 2000 IP over DWDMDWDM
Internet technology + ATM philosophyInternet technology + ATM philosophy but ATM ideas continue to powerfully but ATM ideas continue to powerfully
influence design of next-generation influence design of next-generation InternetInternet
ex ex MPLSMPLS admission ctl resource admission ctl resource reservation hellipreservation hellip
Best of Both Worlds
Multiprotocol label switching (Multiprotocol label switching (MPLSMPLS)) MPLS + IP form a middle ground that MPLS + IP form a middle ground that
combines the best of IP and the best of combines the best of IP and the best of virtual virtual circuit switching technologiescircuit switching technologies
ATM and Frame Relay cannot easily come to ATM and Frame Relay cannot easily come to the middle so IP hasthe middle so IP has
Label Encapsulation
MPLS Encapsulation is specified over MPLS Encapsulation is specified over various media types Top labels may use various media types Top labels may use existing format lower label(s) use a new existing format lower label(s) use a new ldquoshimrdquo label formatldquoshimrdquo label format
Label Substitution Have a friend go to B ahead of you using one of the Have a friend go to B ahead of you using one of the
previous two techniques At every road they reserve previous two techniques At every road they reserve a lane just for you At every intersection they post a a lane just for you At every intersection they post a big sign that says for a given lane which way to turn big sign that says for a given lane which way to turn and what new lane to takeand what new lane to take
Future Internet Research and Experimentation
Todayrsquos Internet Millions of usersMillions of users Web email low-quality audio amp videoWeb email low-quality audio amp video Interconnect personal computers and serversInterconnect personal computers and servers Applications adapt to underlying technologyApplications adapt to underlying technology Todayrsquos Internet DoesnrsquotTodayrsquos Internet Doesnrsquot
Provide reliable end-to-end performanceProvide reliable end-to-end performanceEncourage cooperation on new capabilitiesEncourage cooperation on new capabilitiesAllow testing of new technologiesAllow testing of new technologiesSupport development of revolutionary Support development of revolutionary applicationsapplications
Tomorrowrsquos Internet
Billions of users and devicesBillions of users and devices Convergence of todayrsquos applications Convergence of todayrsquos applications with multimedia (telephony video-with multimedia (telephony video-conference HDTV)conference HDTV)
Interconnect personal computers Interconnect personal computers servers and embedded computersservers and embedded computers
New technologies enable unanticipated New technologies enable unanticipated applications (and create new challenges)applications (and create new challenges)
Vint Cerf Open Challenges
My primary disappointment has been the slow pace of high speed access for residential customers hellip
The second area of disappointment is the slow uptake of version 6 of the Internet protocol (IPv6)
Perhaps the third area is the continuing difficulty caused by viruses worms and distributed denial of service attacksrdquo
How to make the Internet better Addressing current problems
Security1048766 Privacy1048766 Self-diagnosis amp self-healing networks1048766 Cheap connectivity for poor area and third world countries1048766
Wireless mesh networks1048766 sensors1048766 Mobility1048766
New cool apps1048766 What is after IPTV VoIP BitTorrent
Why Internet2 (1996)
The Internet was not designed forThe Internet was not designed forMillions of usersMillions of usersCongestionCongestionMultimediaMultimediaReal time interactionReal time interaction
But only the Internet canBut only the Internet canAccommodate explosive growthAccommodate explosive growthEnable convergence of information Enable convergence of information work mass media and human work mass media and human collaborationcollaboration
Internet2 Project Develop and deploy advanced network Develop and deploy advanced network
applications and technologies accelerating applications and technologies accelerating the creation of tomorrowrsquos Internetthe creation of tomorrowrsquos Internet
GoalsGoals Enable new generation of applicationsEnable new generation of applications Re-create leading edge RampE network Re-create leading edge RampE network
capabilitycapability Transfer capability to the global Transfer capability to the global
production Internetproduction Internet 206 University Members Jan 2005206 University Members Jan 2005
Internet2 Focus Areas Advanced Network Infrastructure - AbileneAdvanced Network Infrastructure - Abilene
Backbones operate at 10 Gbps capacity - 100 Backbones operate at 10 Gbps capacity - 100 Gbps (2007)Gbps (2007)
Middleware Middleware A layer of software between the network and the A layer of software between the network and the
applications applications Authentication Identification Authorization Authentication Identification Authorization
Directories SecurityDirectories Security EngineeringEngineering
IPv6 Measurement Multicast QoS Routing IPv6 Measurement Multicast QoS Routing Security TopologySecurity Topology
Advanced ApplicationsAdvanced Applications Distributed computation Virtual laboratories Distributed computation Virtual laboratories
Digital libraries Distributed learning Digital video Digital libraries Distributed learning Digital video Tele-immersion All of the above in combinationTele-immersion All of the above in combination
Abilene Connections Apr-2000Abilene Connections July 2006
Abilene Connections Apr-2000Abilene International Peering 2006
Research andDevelopment
Commercialization
Partnerships
Privatization
Internet Development Spiral
Todayrsquos Internet
Internet2
University-led Federal agency-led
Developing education and research driven applications
Agency mission-driven and general purpose applications
Building out campus networks gigaPoPs and inter-gigapop
infrastructure
Funding research testbeds and agency research networks
Interconnecting and interoperating to provide advanced networking capabilities needed to support advanced
research and education applications
Internet2 and the Next Generation Internet Initiative
Internet2 NGI
Our Founding (Funding) Fable
Researchers invent new architectures Architectures are validated on a testbed IETF ISPs and router vendors collaborate to deploy new design
This is complete BS
Do Traditional Testbeds Really Test
Production-oriented testbeds Real traffic provides good validation But can test only very incremental changes
Research-oriented testbeds Can test radical architectures Lack of real traffic results in poor validation
Both are expensive (dedicated bandwidth)
What about Deployment Architectural change requires ISP consensus
- Hard to agree- No competitive advantage from architectural innovation
- All have huge sunk investment in the status quo
ISPs are unlikely candidates for architectural change
Architecture isnrsquot just static its decaying Ad hoc workarounds muddy the architectural waters
We are at an Impasse
We canrsquot test new architectures- Despite sizable investments in testbeds
We canrsquot deploy new architectures- And things are getting worse not better
Yet there are pressing requirements for which the current architecture is not well suited
The Communityrsquos Response Focus on areas where we can have impact
Empirical studies Incremental changes (subject to current constraints)
Small stream of architectural proposals Paper designs without hope of deployment
More science fiction than engineering Have largely abandoned hope of effecting fundamental architectural change
Living with rather than overcoming the impasse
Overcoming the Impasse
Must be able to test new architectures Wide range of architectures Real traffic from willing individuals Low overhead for individual researchers
Meet the grand challenge of reinventing the Internet
Empirical incremental research is great but not enough
If someone put us in charge what would we do
What about deployment Several options none good but no excuse to not have an answer to the grand challenge
Testing Virtual Testbed
Overlay testbed (think RON etc) Host proxy directs packets to overlay
Proxy must architecturally neutral and flexible
Individuals (anywhere) opt-in by turning on proxy
Shared testing infrastructure (think Planetlab) Overlay nodes shared among experiments
Slicing on per-packet timescales Virtualized routers
These ideas have turned into the GENI program
Why GENI (Global Environment for Network Innovations) Future Internet Network (2005)
The original designing idea of current information networks is basically a specific network supports one major service
The limitation of the original designing idea can not support the multiple requirements for networks and services (such as Telecom network Internet)
The original design mode of Internet leads to itrsquos shortage in mobility security controllable and administrable
We urgently need redesign the framework of new generation Internet to overcome the serious shortage of current Internet
Providing pervasive and trusted services based on a specific network has became the key research directions of national informatization
GENI (Global Environment for Network Innovations) - NSF 2005 (1)
What is GENIWhat is GENIGENI is GENI is a facility concepta facility concept being explored by being explored by the US computing community the US computing community
back to an NSF workshop in 2005back to an NSF workshop in 2005focus on focus on architecturalarchitectural research and research and provide the provide the experimentalexperimental infrastructure infrastructure needed to support that researchneeded to support that research
focus on the research agenda (and focus on the research agenda (and infrastructure needs) of the infrastructure needs) of the opticaloptical wirelesswireless sensorsensor network and network and distributeddistributed systems communitiessystems communities
GENI (Global Environment for Network Innovations) (2)
The goal of GENI The goal of GENI Goal a Future Internet that meets the Goal a Future Internet that meets the demands of 21st centurydemands of 21st century
to increase the to increase the qualityquality and and quantityquantity of of experimental experimental researchresearch outcomes in networking and distributed outcomes in networking and distributed systemssystems
to accelerate the to accelerate the transitiontransition of these outcomes into of these outcomes into products and servicesproducts and services
enhance economic competitiveness and secure enhance economic competitiveness and secure the Nations futurethe Nations future
Ultimately to lead to a Ultimately to lead to a transition of the transition of the InternetInternet
GENI Research Opportunities (3)
Two dichotomy thought (false or at least Two dichotomy thought (false or at least unnecessary)unnecessary)
a a clean slateclean slate reconceptualization of Internet reconceptualization of Internet architecture architecture
todays 30-year-old architecture that todays 30-year-old architecture that limit its limit its abilityability to cope with emerging threats and to cope with emerging threats and opportunitiesopportunities
bull eroding trust reduced innovation slowing eroding trust reduced innovation slowing updateupdate
future innovation will take the form of new future innovation will take the form of new services and applications running services and applications running on top of the on top of the InternetInternet
GENI Research Opportunities (4)
GENI discussion GENI discussion First we interpret Future Internet very broadly to First we interpret Future Internet very broadly to
include innovations at include innovations at any levelany level of the architecture of the architecture alternative protocols and architectures running alternative protocols and architectures running
inside the network (as overlays on top of inside the network (as overlays on top of todays network) todays network)
Second research should employ Second research should employ clean slate clean slate thinkingthinking but this does but this does not imply that an entirely not imply that an entirely newnew Internet will be necessary In other words Internet will be necessary In other words clean slate is a clean slate is a processprocess not a not a resultresult
Third opportunities Third opportunities betweenbetween two perspectives two perspectives exploring how todays architecture is best exploring how todays architecture is best
evolved to support emerging overlay services evolved to support emerging overlay services
GENI Facility Concept (5)
Facility ConceptFacility Concept experimental platforms for experimental platforms for bothboth research and research and
deploymentdeployment filling the filling the gapgap between small-scale exp and mature between small-scale exp and mature
tech tech GENI evaluate new network systems on large-GENI evaluate new network systems on large-
scalescale
Two levelsTwo levels Physical level Physical level GENI substrateGENI substrate will consist of a will consist of a
collection of links forwarders storage collection of links forwarders storage processors and wireless net processors and wireless net
On top of this substrate a On top of this substrate a software software management management frameworkframework will be overlay network experiments on will be overlay network experiments on
the substratethe substrate
GENI Facility Concept (6)
Four key ideasFour key ideas substrate components will be substrate components will be programmableprogrammable - -
possible to embed any network experiment including possible to embed any network experiment including clean-slate designs clean-slate designs
Substrate will be Substrate will be virtualizable virtualizable -- possible to embed possible to embed multiple slices in the substrate at the same time multiple slices in the substrate at the same time (allow experimental services and architectures to run (allow experimental services and architectures to run continuously) continuously)
GENI will include mechanisms that allow end-users GENI will include mechanisms that allow end-users to to seamlessly seamlessly opt-inopt-in to experimental services to experimental services
GENI will be GENI will be modularmodular ( (architecture and interfaces) - architecture and interfaces) - possible to extend GENI with new networking possible to extend GENI with new networking technologies GENI will not be a static artifact but technologies GENI will not be a static artifact but rather a rather a dynamic infrastructuredynamic infrastructure that is continually that is continually renewedrenewed
FIND (Future Internet Network Design) ndash NSF 2006 (1)
FIND asks two broad questionsFIND asks two broad questions What are the What are the requirementsrequirements for the global network for the global network
in 15 years in 15 years How How would we would we re-conceivere-conceive tomorrows global tomorrows global
network today if we could design it from scratch network today if we could design it from scratch FIND program solicits FIND program solicits clean slate processclean slate process research proposals in the broad area of research proposals in the broad area of network architecture principles and designnetwork architecture principles and design
FIND (Future Internet Network Design) (2)
FIND research might address wide questionsFIND research might address wide questions What will the What will the edgeedge of the network look like in 15 of the network look like in 15
years How might the network years How might the network architecturearchitecture of 15 of 15 years hence best accommodate sensors embedded years hence best accommodate sensors embedded systems and the like systems and the like
How might the network of 15 years from now How might the network of 15 years from now supportsupport what users really do (and care about) How what users really do (and care about) How might such functions as information access location might such functions as information access location management or identity management best fit into a management or identity management best fit into a new overall network architecture new overall network architecture
What will the What will the core core of the network look like in 15 of the network look like in 15 years How might the changing economics of years How might the changing economics of optical systems affect the overall design of the larger optical systems affect the overall design of the larger networknetwork
FIRE (Future Internet Research and Experimentation) ndash European 2007 (1)
Internet has Internet has growngrown to an unexpected reach to an unexpected reach as for the as for the numbernumber of users of users capacitycapacity of the of the links broadband penetration to the links broadband penetration to the homehome servicesservices
ProblemsProblems spam viruses denial of service spam viruses denial of service attacks complexity of managementattacks complexity of management
Internet drawbacks and Internet drawbacks and limitationslimitations ndash to ndash to scalabilityscalability suitabilitysuitability mobilitymobility transparencytransparency securitysecurity
require new radical approaches to require new radical approaches to fundamentally redesign its protocols and fundamentally redesign its protocols and architectures architectures
FIRE (2) FIRE is an FIRE is an experimentallyexperimentally-driven -driven longlong-term research initiative on -term research initiative on
Future Internet Future Internet conceptsconcepts protocolsprotocols and and architecturesarchitectures encompassing technological industrial and socio-economic encompassing technological industrial and socio-economic
aspects aspects acting as proof-of-concept of the newly proposed acting as proof-of-concept of the newly proposed
technologies and services technologies and services FIRE RESEARCHFIRE RESEARCH
Long term multidisciplinary research on future internet Long term multidisciplinary research on future internet paradigms paradigms
Open to Open to fresh bottom-upfresh bottom-up ideas with ideas with no backwards-no backwards-compatibilitycompatibility constraints constraints
Building on the FET SAC initiative ldquoSituated and Autonomic Building on the FET SAC initiative ldquoSituated and Autonomic Communicationsrdquo Communicationsrdquo
Considering at the Considering at the same timesame time technological economic and technological economic and socialpolicy aspects socialpolicy aspects
Build in from the outset and on all levels the right Build in from the outset and on all levels the right balancebalance between security accountability and privacybetween security accountability and privacy
FIRE (3)
FIRE EXPERIMENTATIONFIRE EXPERIMENTATION Large scale experimentationLarge scale experimentation of new paradigms and of new paradigms and
concepts for the future internet and related service concepts for the future internet and related service architectures architectures
Learning through broad experimentation Learning through broad experimentation Integrating and validating new conceptsIntegrating and validating new concepts
Federating and extending Federating and extending existing testbedsexisting testbeds and and research infrastructures research infrastructures
no backwards-compatibility constraints no backwards-compatibility constraints European approach and develop a European European approach and develop a European
identityidentity
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-
网络制造 (1)
随着基于随着基于 InternetInternet 的全球化数字通信基础设的全球化数字通信基础设施的建立网络从单纯的信息工具变成rdquo施的建立网络从单纯的信息工具变成rdquo EE －－时代rdquo的关键资源时代rdquo的关键资源 全球经济一体化成为制造全球经济一体化成为制造业变革的最根本的推动力业变革的最根本的推动力
InternetInternet 向ldquo资源功能rdquo发展基于向ldquo资源功能rdquo发展基于InternetInternet 的网络化制造是适应时代的需要的网络化制造是适应时代的需要
网络制造的本质特性就是产品的制造过程更加网络制造的本质特性就是产品的制造过程更加分散化信息的传递网络化信息的流动伴随分散化信息的传递网络化信息的流动伴随着各项工作的并发进行而同时发生着各项工作的并发进行而同时发生
网络制造 (2)
基于基于 InternetInternet 的虚拟制造与虚拟装配的虚拟制造与虚拟装配 在相互联结的网络上建立在相互联结的网络上建立 2424 小时工作的协同小时工作的协同
工作组大大加快了设计进度及时获得所需工作组大大加快了设计进度及时获得所需要的零部件减少库存降低成本提高质量要的零部件减少库存降低成本提高质量
电子商务 信息技术和 Internet 引发的商务过程的变化 利用以 Internet 为核心的信息技术进行商
务活动和企业资源管理 CIMS 是企业实施电子商务的基础 企业实施电子商务是 CIMS 发展的主要标志和
主要内容
竞争环境改变 核心 产品竞争
电子商务产生背景
服务竞争
范围 单个企业 全球多企业
资源 人财物 信息知识
管理重心迁移 生产管理 供应 营销链管理
集中内部资源 整合外部资源
离散管理 集约管理
商务模式转化
bull文秘型管理bull关注后台（企业内部）bull关注业务记录（报表）bull地区性bull推销产品为中心bull（卖方市场）
bull自我服务型管理bull关注前端（客户关系）bull要求商业智能（分析）bull全球化bull客户为中心bull（买方市场）
传统商务 电子商务
客户
供应商
合作伙伴
网络智能
市场营销 产品 服务销售 产品制造
服务 支持
e 企业的业务体系结构
网络发展趋势 趋势趋势 融合融合 趋势趋势 泛在（泛在（ UbiquitousUbiquitous ）） 趋势趋势 信息爆炸信息爆炸 更多的网络业务流量更多的网络业务流量 数据流量 数据流量 gt gt 话声流量话声流量 更快的传输介质更快的传输介质 骨干网（骨干网（ BackboneBackbone ）） 更大的带宽（更大的带宽（ BandwidthBandwidth ）） 宽带无线网宽带无线网飞速增长飞速增长 (WLAN) (Wi-Fi)(WLAN) (Wi-Fi) Everything over IPEverything over IP
趋势 融合 新闻新闻 广告广告 -- 媒体媒体 --信息提供者信息提供者
数字媒体产品数字媒体产品 有线电视有线电视
视频传输视频传输 电话电话
声音传输声音传输 计算机计算机
数字媒体存储数字媒体存储 处理处理 信息提供者和信息传输者的结合信息提供者和信息传输者的结合 电话公司电话公司 有线公司有线公司 娱乐事业娱乐事业 和计算机公司和计算机公司
的结合的结合
Trend
趋势 更多的网络业务流量 互联网上的主机数正以超指数量级飞速增长互联网上的主机数正以超指数量级飞速增长 每个主机用户的业务量中也在增长每个主机用户的业务量中也在增长
局域网可达到 局域网可达到 1 1 GbpsGbps 有线电视调制解调器允许以有线电视调制解调器允许以 11到 到 10 10 MbpsMbps 的速的速
度访问主机度访问主机 应用应用 ADSLVDSLADSLVDSL 通过电话线可达到通过电话线可达到 6-6-
2727MbpsMbps 的速度的速度 宽带无线网宽带无线网 (Wi-Fi)(Wi-Fi)可达到可达到 11-54Mbps11-54Mbps 的速的速
度度 带宽需求每四个月增加一倍带宽需求每四个月增加一倍 数据流量 数据流量 gt gt 话声流量话声流量
Trend of Internet hosts 1980-2000
Trend Data gt Voice
趋势 更快的传输介质 局局域域网网 1 Gbps over 4-pair UTP-5 up to 100 m 1 Gbps over 4-pair UTP-5 up to 100 m
10Gbps being discussed10Gbps being discussed Was 1 Mbps (1Base-5) in 1984Was 1 Mbps (1Base-5) in 1984
骨干网光纤骨干网光纤 DWDMDWDM (( Dense Wavelength Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing)Division Multiplexing) OC-768 = 40 Gbps over a to 65 km OC-768 = 40 Gbps over a to 65 km
1600 Gbps - 10 Tbps1600 Gbps - 10 Tbps Was 100 Mbps (FDDI) in 1993Was 100 Mbps (FDDI) in 1993
无线网无线网 54 100 Mbps(100-2km) wireless 54 100 Mbps(100-2km) wireless networks 25 Gbps to 5km using light networks 25 Gbps to 5km using light Was 1 Mbps (IEEE 80211) in 1998Was 1 Mbps (IEEE 80211) in 1998
Trend Bandwidth
Why Optical Networks DWDM optoelectricl metro network
Trend Wireless Mobile (1)
Trend宽带无线网 (Wi-Fi)飞速增长
Trend宽带无线网 (Wi-Fi)飞速增长
Trend宽带无线网 (Wi-Fi)飞速增长
Trend宽带无线网 (Wi-Fi)飞速增长
Integration of 3G and WLAN- offer possibility of achieving anywhere anytime
high speed and low expense Internet access
3G3G WLANWLAN
Wide areaWide area Local areaLocal area
Low bit rate Low bit rate
(2M when stand (2M when stand still)still)
High bit rateHigh bit rate
(11M to 54M)(11M to 54M)
DataVoice serviceDataVoice service
((QoS supportQoS support))
Data serviceData service
High expenseHigh expense Low expenseLow expense
High mobilityHigh mobility Low mobilityLow mobility
Trend Everything over IP
Data over IP =gt IP needs Traffic Data over IP =gt IP needs Traffic engineeringengineering
Voice over IP =gt Quality of Service and Voice over IP =gt Quality of Service and SignalingSignaling
Backbone -- Optic networksBackbone -- Optic networks IP over ATM IP over ATM （（异步传输模式）异步传输模式） IP over SONET -- POS (Packet over SDH) IP over SONET -- POS (Packet over SDH)
(( 同步同步 )) IP over DWDMIP over DWDM
Asynchronous Transfer Mode ATM
1990rsquos00 standard for high-speed (155Mbps to 1990rsquos00 standard for high-speed (155Mbps to 622 Mbps and higher) 622 Mbps and higher) Broadband Integrated Broadband Integrated Service Digital NetworkService Digital Network architecture architecture
GoalGoal integrated end-end transport of carry integrated end-end transport of carry voice video datavoice video data meeting timingQoS requirements of voice meeting timingQoS requirements of voice
video (versus Internet best-effort model)video (versus Internet best-effort model) ldquoldquonext generationrdquo telephony technical roots next generationrdquo telephony technical roots
in telephone worldin telephone world packet-switching (fixed length packets packet-switching (fixed length packets
called ldquocellsrdquo) using called ldquocellsrdquo) using virtual circuitsvirtual circuits
ATM reference model
How far along are we
Standardization bodies - ATM Forum ITU-T Standardization bodies - ATM Forum ITU-T We may never see end-to-end ATM (1997)We may never see end-to-end ATM (1997)
ATM - too complex - too expansive ltIPgtATM - too complex - too expansive ltIPgt Backbone - 1995 vBNS (ATM) Backbone - 1995 vBNS (ATM)
- 1998 Abilene (SONET) - 2000 IP over - 1998 Abilene (SONET) - 2000 IP over DWDMDWDM
Internet technology + ATM philosophyInternet technology + ATM philosophy but ATM ideas continue to powerfully but ATM ideas continue to powerfully
influence design of next-generation influence design of next-generation InternetInternet
ex ex MPLSMPLS admission ctl resource admission ctl resource reservation hellipreservation hellip
Best of Both Worlds
Multiprotocol label switching (Multiprotocol label switching (MPLSMPLS)) MPLS + IP form a middle ground that MPLS + IP form a middle ground that
combines the best of IP and the best of combines the best of IP and the best of virtual virtual circuit switching technologiescircuit switching technologies
ATM and Frame Relay cannot easily come to ATM and Frame Relay cannot easily come to the middle so IP hasthe middle so IP has
Label Encapsulation
MPLS Encapsulation is specified over MPLS Encapsulation is specified over various media types Top labels may use various media types Top labels may use existing format lower label(s) use a new existing format lower label(s) use a new ldquoshimrdquo label formatldquoshimrdquo label format
Label Substitution Have a friend go to B ahead of you using one of the Have a friend go to B ahead of you using one of the
previous two techniques At every road they reserve previous two techniques At every road they reserve a lane just for you At every intersection they post a a lane just for you At every intersection they post a big sign that says for a given lane which way to turn big sign that says for a given lane which way to turn and what new lane to takeand what new lane to take
Future Internet Research and Experimentation
Todayrsquos Internet Millions of usersMillions of users Web email low-quality audio amp videoWeb email low-quality audio amp video Interconnect personal computers and serversInterconnect personal computers and servers Applications adapt to underlying technologyApplications adapt to underlying technology Todayrsquos Internet DoesnrsquotTodayrsquos Internet Doesnrsquot
Provide reliable end-to-end performanceProvide reliable end-to-end performanceEncourage cooperation on new capabilitiesEncourage cooperation on new capabilitiesAllow testing of new technologiesAllow testing of new technologiesSupport development of revolutionary Support development of revolutionary applicationsapplications
Tomorrowrsquos Internet
Billions of users and devicesBillions of users and devices Convergence of todayrsquos applications Convergence of todayrsquos applications with multimedia (telephony video-with multimedia (telephony video-conference HDTV)conference HDTV)
Interconnect personal computers Interconnect personal computers servers and embedded computersservers and embedded computers
New technologies enable unanticipated New technologies enable unanticipated applications (and create new challenges)applications (and create new challenges)
Vint Cerf Open Challenges
My primary disappointment has been the slow pace of high speed access for residential customers hellip
The second area of disappointment is the slow uptake of version 6 of the Internet protocol (IPv6)
Perhaps the third area is the continuing difficulty caused by viruses worms and distributed denial of service attacksrdquo
How to make the Internet better Addressing current problems
Security1048766 Privacy1048766 Self-diagnosis amp self-healing networks1048766 Cheap connectivity for poor area and third world countries1048766
Wireless mesh networks1048766 sensors1048766 Mobility1048766
New cool apps1048766 What is after IPTV VoIP BitTorrent
Why Internet2 (1996)
The Internet was not designed forThe Internet was not designed forMillions of usersMillions of usersCongestionCongestionMultimediaMultimediaReal time interactionReal time interaction
But only the Internet canBut only the Internet canAccommodate explosive growthAccommodate explosive growthEnable convergence of information Enable convergence of information work mass media and human work mass media and human collaborationcollaboration
Internet2 Project Develop and deploy advanced network Develop and deploy advanced network
applications and technologies accelerating applications and technologies accelerating the creation of tomorrowrsquos Internetthe creation of tomorrowrsquos Internet
GoalsGoals Enable new generation of applicationsEnable new generation of applications Re-create leading edge RampE network Re-create leading edge RampE network
capabilitycapability Transfer capability to the global Transfer capability to the global
production Internetproduction Internet 206 University Members Jan 2005206 University Members Jan 2005
Internet2 Focus Areas Advanced Network Infrastructure - AbileneAdvanced Network Infrastructure - Abilene
Backbones operate at 10 Gbps capacity - 100 Backbones operate at 10 Gbps capacity - 100 Gbps (2007)Gbps (2007)
Middleware Middleware A layer of software between the network and the A layer of software between the network and the
applications applications Authentication Identification Authorization Authentication Identification Authorization
Directories SecurityDirectories Security EngineeringEngineering
IPv6 Measurement Multicast QoS Routing IPv6 Measurement Multicast QoS Routing Security TopologySecurity Topology
Advanced ApplicationsAdvanced Applications Distributed computation Virtual laboratories Distributed computation Virtual laboratories
Digital libraries Distributed learning Digital video Digital libraries Distributed learning Digital video Tele-immersion All of the above in combinationTele-immersion All of the above in combination
Abilene Connections Apr-2000Abilene Connections July 2006
Abilene Connections Apr-2000Abilene International Peering 2006
Research andDevelopment
Commercialization
Partnerships
Privatization
Internet Development Spiral
Todayrsquos Internet
Internet2
University-led Federal agency-led
Developing education and research driven applications
Agency mission-driven and general purpose applications
Building out campus networks gigaPoPs and inter-gigapop
infrastructure
Funding research testbeds and agency research networks
Interconnecting and interoperating to provide advanced networking capabilities needed to support advanced
research and education applications
Internet2 and the Next Generation Internet Initiative
Internet2 NGI
Our Founding (Funding) Fable
Researchers invent new architectures Architectures are validated on a testbed IETF ISPs and router vendors collaborate to deploy new design
This is complete BS
Do Traditional Testbeds Really Test
Production-oriented testbeds Real traffic provides good validation But can test only very incremental changes
Research-oriented testbeds Can test radical architectures Lack of real traffic results in poor validation
Both are expensive (dedicated bandwidth)
What about Deployment Architectural change requires ISP consensus
- Hard to agree- No competitive advantage from architectural innovation
- All have huge sunk investment in the status quo
ISPs are unlikely candidates for architectural change
Architecture isnrsquot just static its decaying Ad hoc workarounds muddy the architectural waters
We are at an Impasse
We canrsquot test new architectures- Despite sizable investments in testbeds
We canrsquot deploy new architectures- And things are getting worse not better
Yet there are pressing requirements for which the current architecture is not well suited
The Communityrsquos Response Focus on areas where we can have impact
Empirical studies Incremental changes (subject to current constraints)
Small stream of architectural proposals Paper designs without hope of deployment
More science fiction than engineering Have largely abandoned hope of effecting fundamental architectural change
Living with rather than overcoming the impasse
Overcoming the Impasse
Must be able to test new architectures Wide range of architectures Real traffic from willing individuals Low overhead for individual researchers
Meet the grand challenge of reinventing the Internet
Empirical incremental research is great but not enough
If someone put us in charge what would we do
What about deployment Several options none good but no excuse to not have an answer to the grand challenge
Testing Virtual Testbed
Overlay testbed (think RON etc) Host proxy directs packets to overlay
Proxy must architecturally neutral and flexible
Individuals (anywhere) opt-in by turning on proxy
Shared testing infrastructure (think Planetlab) Overlay nodes shared among experiments
Slicing on per-packet timescales Virtualized routers
These ideas have turned into the GENI program
Why GENI (Global Environment for Network Innovations) Future Internet Network (2005)
The original designing idea of current information networks is basically a specific network supports one major service
The limitation of the original designing idea can not support the multiple requirements for networks and services (such as Telecom network Internet)
The original design mode of Internet leads to itrsquos shortage in mobility security controllable and administrable
We urgently need redesign the framework of new generation Internet to overcome the serious shortage of current Internet
Providing pervasive and trusted services based on a specific network has became the key research directions of national informatization
GENI (Global Environment for Network Innovations) - NSF 2005 (1)
What is GENIWhat is GENIGENI is GENI is a facility concepta facility concept being explored by being explored by the US computing community the US computing community
back to an NSF workshop in 2005back to an NSF workshop in 2005focus on focus on architecturalarchitectural research and research and provide the provide the experimentalexperimental infrastructure infrastructure needed to support that researchneeded to support that research
focus on the research agenda (and focus on the research agenda (and infrastructure needs) of the infrastructure needs) of the opticaloptical wirelesswireless sensorsensor network and network and distributeddistributed systems communitiessystems communities
GENI (Global Environment for Network Innovations) (2)
The goal of GENI The goal of GENI Goal a Future Internet that meets the Goal a Future Internet that meets the demands of 21st centurydemands of 21st century
to increase the to increase the qualityquality and and quantityquantity of of experimental experimental researchresearch outcomes in networking and distributed outcomes in networking and distributed systemssystems
to accelerate the to accelerate the transitiontransition of these outcomes into of these outcomes into products and servicesproducts and services
enhance economic competitiveness and secure enhance economic competitiveness and secure the Nations futurethe Nations future
Ultimately to lead to a Ultimately to lead to a transition of the transition of the InternetInternet
GENI Research Opportunities (3)
Two dichotomy thought (false or at least Two dichotomy thought (false or at least unnecessary)unnecessary)
a a clean slateclean slate reconceptualization of Internet reconceptualization of Internet architecture architecture
todays 30-year-old architecture that todays 30-year-old architecture that limit its limit its abilityability to cope with emerging threats and to cope with emerging threats and opportunitiesopportunities
bull eroding trust reduced innovation slowing eroding trust reduced innovation slowing updateupdate
future innovation will take the form of new future innovation will take the form of new services and applications running services and applications running on top of the on top of the InternetInternet
GENI Research Opportunities (4)
GENI discussion GENI discussion First we interpret Future Internet very broadly to First we interpret Future Internet very broadly to
include innovations at include innovations at any levelany level of the architecture of the architecture alternative protocols and architectures running alternative protocols and architectures running
inside the network (as overlays on top of inside the network (as overlays on top of todays network) todays network)
Second research should employ Second research should employ clean slate clean slate thinkingthinking but this does but this does not imply that an entirely not imply that an entirely newnew Internet will be necessary In other words Internet will be necessary In other words clean slate is a clean slate is a processprocess not a not a resultresult
Third opportunities Third opportunities betweenbetween two perspectives two perspectives exploring how todays architecture is best exploring how todays architecture is best
evolved to support emerging overlay services evolved to support emerging overlay services
GENI Facility Concept (5)
Facility ConceptFacility Concept experimental platforms for experimental platforms for bothboth research and research and
deploymentdeployment filling the filling the gapgap between small-scale exp and mature between small-scale exp and mature
tech tech GENI evaluate new network systems on large-GENI evaluate new network systems on large-
scalescale
Two levelsTwo levels Physical level Physical level GENI substrateGENI substrate will consist of a will consist of a
collection of links forwarders storage collection of links forwarders storage processors and wireless net processors and wireless net
On top of this substrate a On top of this substrate a software software management management frameworkframework will be overlay network experiments on will be overlay network experiments on
the substratethe substrate
GENI Facility Concept (6)
Four key ideasFour key ideas substrate components will be substrate components will be programmableprogrammable - -
possible to embed any network experiment including possible to embed any network experiment including clean-slate designs clean-slate designs
Substrate will be Substrate will be virtualizable virtualizable -- possible to embed possible to embed multiple slices in the substrate at the same time multiple slices in the substrate at the same time (allow experimental services and architectures to run (allow experimental services and architectures to run continuously) continuously)
GENI will include mechanisms that allow end-users GENI will include mechanisms that allow end-users to to seamlessly seamlessly opt-inopt-in to experimental services to experimental services
GENI will be GENI will be modularmodular ( (architecture and interfaces) - architecture and interfaces) - possible to extend GENI with new networking possible to extend GENI with new networking technologies GENI will not be a static artifact but technologies GENI will not be a static artifact but rather a rather a dynamic infrastructuredynamic infrastructure that is continually that is continually renewedrenewed
FIND (Future Internet Network Design) ndash NSF 2006 (1)
FIND asks two broad questionsFIND asks two broad questions What are the What are the requirementsrequirements for the global network for the global network
in 15 years in 15 years How How would we would we re-conceivere-conceive tomorrows global tomorrows global
network today if we could design it from scratch network today if we could design it from scratch FIND program solicits FIND program solicits clean slate processclean slate process research proposals in the broad area of research proposals in the broad area of network architecture principles and designnetwork architecture principles and design
FIND (Future Internet Network Design) (2)
FIND research might address wide questionsFIND research might address wide questions What will the What will the edgeedge of the network look like in 15 of the network look like in 15
years How might the network years How might the network architecturearchitecture of 15 of 15 years hence best accommodate sensors embedded years hence best accommodate sensors embedded systems and the like systems and the like
How might the network of 15 years from now How might the network of 15 years from now supportsupport what users really do (and care about) How what users really do (and care about) How might such functions as information access location might such functions as information access location management or identity management best fit into a management or identity management best fit into a new overall network architecture new overall network architecture
What will the What will the core core of the network look like in 15 of the network look like in 15 years How might the changing economics of years How might the changing economics of optical systems affect the overall design of the larger optical systems affect the overall design of the larger networknetwork
FIRE (Future Internet Research and Experimentation) ndash European 2007 (1)
Internet has Internet has growngrown to an unexpected reach to an unexpected reach as for the as for the numbernumber of users of users capacitycapacity of the of the links broadband penetration to the links broadband penetration to the homehome servicesservices
ProblemsProblems spam viruses denial of service spam viruses denial of service attacks complexity of managementattacks complexity of management
Internet drawbacks and Internet drawbacks and limitationslimitations ndash to ndash to scalabilityscalability suitabilitysuitability mobilitymobility transparencytransparency securitysecurity
require new radical approaches to require new radical approaches to fundamentally redesign its protocols and fundamentally redesign its protocols and architectures architectures
FIRE (2) FIRE is an FIRE is an experimentallyexperimentally-driven -driven longlong-term research initiative on -term research initiative on
Future Internet Future Internet conceptsconcepts protocolsprotocols and and architecturesarchitectures encompassing technological industrial and socio-economic encompassing technological industrial and socio-economic
aspects aspects acting as proof-of-concept of the newly proposed acting as proof-of-concept of the newly proposed
technologies and services technologies and services FIRE RESEARCHFIRE RESEARCH
Long term multidisciplinary research on future internet Long term multidisciplinary research on future internet paradigms paradigms
Open to Open to fresh bottom-upfresh bottom-up ideas with ideas with no backwards-no backwards-compatibilitycompatibility constraints constraints
Building on the FET SAC initiative ldquoSituated and Autonomic Building on the FET SAC initiative ldquoSituated and Autonomic Communicationsrdquo Communicationsrdquo
Considering at the Considering at the same timesame time technological economic and technological economic and socialpolicy aspects socialpolicy aspects
Build in from the outset and on all levels the right Build in from the outset and on all levels the right balancebalance between security accountability and privacybetween security accountability and privacy
FIRE (3)
FIRE EXPERIMENTATIONFIRE EXPERIMENTATION Large scale experimentationLarge scale experimentation of new paradigms and of new paradigms and
concepts for the future internet and related service concepts for the future internet and related service architectures architectures
Learning through broad experimentation Learning through broad experimentation Integrating and validating new conceptsIntegrating and validating new concepts
Federating and extending Federating and extending existing testbedsexisting testbeds and and research infrastructures research infrastructures
no backwards-compatibility constraints no backwards-compatibility constraints European approach and develop a European European approach and develop a European
identityidentity
- Slide 1
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-
网络制造 (2)
基于基于 InternetInternet 的虚拟制造与虚拟装配的虚拟制造与虚拟装配 在相互联结的网络上建立在相互联结的网络上建立 2424 小时工作的协同小时工作的协同
工作组大大加快了设计进度及时获得所需工作组大大加快了设计进度及时获得所需要的零部件减少库存降低成本提高质量要的零部件减少库存降低成本提高质量
电子商务 信息技术和 Internet 引发的商务过程的变化 利用以 Internet 为核心的信息技术进行商
务活动和企业资源管理 CIMS 是企业实施电子商务的基础 企业实施电子商务是 CIMS 发展的主要标志和
主要内容
竞争环境改变 核心 产品竞争
电子商务产生背景
服务竞争
范围 单个企业 全球多企业
资源 人财物 信息知识
管理重心迁移 生产管理 供应 营销链管理
集中内部资源 整合外部资源
离散管理 集约管理
商务模式转化
bull文秘型管理bull关注后台（企业内部）bull关注业务记录（报表）bull地区性bull推销产品为中心bull（卖方市场）
bull自我服务型管理bull关注前端（客户关系）bull要求商业智能（分析）bull全球化bull客户为中心bull（买方市场）
传统商务 电子商务
客户
供应商
合作伙伴
网络智能
市场营销 产品 服务销售 产品制造
服务 支持
e 企业的业务体系结构
网络发展趋势 趋势趋势 融合融合 趋势趋势 泛在（泛在（ UbiquitousUbiquitous ）） 趋势趋势 信息爆炸信息爆炸 更多的网络业务流量更多的网络业务流量 数据流量 数据流量 gt gt 话声流量话声流量 更快的传输介质更快的传输介质 骨干网（骨干网（ BackboneBackbone ）） 更大的带宽（更大的带宽（ BandwidthBandwidth ）） 宽带无线网宽带无线网飞速增长飞速增长 (WLAN) (Wi-Fi)(WLAN) (Wi-Fi) Everything over IPEverything over IP
趋势 融合 新闻新闻 广告广告 -- 媒体媒体 --信息提供者信息提供者
数字媒体产品数字媒体产品 有线电视有线电视
视频传输视频传输 电话电话
声音传输声音传输 计算机计算机
数字媒体存储数字媒体存储 处理处理 信息提供者和信息传输者的结合信息提供者和信息传输者的结合 电话公司电话公司 有线公司有线公司 娱乐事业娱乐事业 和计算机公司和计算机公司
的结合的结合
Trend
趋势 更多的网络业务流量 互联网上的主机数正以超指数量级飞速增长互联网上的主机数正以超指数量级飞速增长 每个主机用户的业务量中也在增长每个主机用户的业务量中也在增长
局域网可达到 局域网可达到 1 1 GbpsGbps 有线电视调制解调器允许以有线电视调制解调器允许以 11到 到 10 10 MbpsMbps 的速的速
度访问主机度访问主机 应用应用 ADSLVDSLADSLVDSL 通过电话线可达到通过电话线可达到 6-6-
2727MbpsMbps 的速度的速度 宽带无线网宽带无线网 (Wi-Fi)(Wi-Fi)可达到可达到 11-54Mbps11-54Mbps 的速的速
度度 带宽需求每四个月增加一倍带宽需求每四个月增加一倍 数据流量 数据流量 gt gt 话声流量话声流量
Trend of Internet hosts 1980-2000
Trend Data gt Voice
趋势 更快的传输介质 局局域域网网 1 Gbps over 4-pair UTP-5 up to 100 m 1 Gbps over 4-pair UTP-5 up to 100 m
10Gbps being discussed10Gbps being discussed Was 1 Mbps (1Base-5) in 1984Was 1 Mbps (1Base-5) in 1984
骨干网光纤骨干网光纤 DWDMDWDM (( Dense Wavelength Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing)Division Multiplexing) OC-768 = 40 Gbps over a to 65 km OC-768 = 40 Gbps over a to 65 km
1600 Gbps - 10 Tbps1600 Gbps - 10 Tbps Was 100 Mbps (FDDI) in 1993Was 100 Mbps (FDDI) in 1993
无线网无线网 54 100 Mbps(100-2km) wireless 54 100 Mbps(100-2km) wireless networks 25 Gbps to 5km using light networks 25 Gbps to 5km using light Was 1 Mbps (IEEE 80211) in 1998Was 1 Mbps (IEEE 80211) in 1998
Trend Bandwidth
Why Optical Networks DWDM optoelectricl metro network
Trend Wireless Mobile (1)
Trend宽带无线网 (Wi-Fi)飞速增长
Trend宽带无线网 (Wi-Fi)飞速增长
Trend宽带无线网 (Wi-Fi)飞速增长
Trend宽带无线网 (Wi-Fi)飞速增长
Integration of 3G and WLAN- offer possibility of achieving anywhere anytime
high speed and low expense Internet access
3G3G WLANWLAN
Wide areaWide area Local areaLocal area
Low bit rate Low bit rate
(2M when stand (2M when stand still)still)
High bit rateHigh bit rate
(11M to 54M)(11M to 54M)
DataVoice serviceDataVoice service
((QoS supportQoS support))
Data serviceData service
High expenseHigh expense Low expenseLow expense
High mobilityHigh mobility Low mobilityLow mobility
Trend Everything over IP
Data over IP =gt IP needs Traffic Data over IP =gt IP needs Traffic engineeringengineering
Voice over IP =gt Quality of Service and Voice over IP =gt Quality of Service and SignalingSignaling
Backbone -- Optic networksBackbone -- Optic networks IP over ATM IP over ATM （（异步传输模式）异步传输模式） IP over SONET -- POS (Packet over SDH) IP over SONET -- POS (Packet over SDH)
(( 同步同步 )) IP over DWDMIP over DWDM
Asynchronous Transfer Mode ATM
1990rsquos00 standard for high-speed (155Mbps to 1990rsquos00 standard for high-speed (155Mbps to 622 Mbps and higher) 622 Mbps and higher) Broadband Integrated Broadband Integrated Service Digital NetworkService Digital Network architecture architecture
GoalGoal integrated end-end transport of carry integrated end-end transport of carry voice video datavoice video data meeting timingQoS requirements of voice meeting timingQoS requirements of voice
video (versus Internet best-effort model)video (versus Internet best-effort model) ldquoldquonext generationrdquo telephony technical roots next generationrdquo telephony technical roots
in telephone worldin telephone world packet-switching (fixed length packets packet-switching (fixed length packets
called ldquocellsrdquo) using called ldquocellsrdquo) using virtual circuitsvirtual circuits
ATM reference model
How far along are we
Standardization bodies - ATM Forum ITU-T Standardization bodies - ATM Forum ITU-T We may never see end-to-end ATM (1997)We may never see end-to-end ATM (1997)
ATM - too complex - too expansive ltIPgtATM - too complex - too expansive ltIPgt Backbone - 1995 vBNS (ATM) Backbone - 1995 vBNS (ATM)
- 1998 Abilene (SONET) - 2000 IP over - 1998 Abilene (SONET) - 2000 IP over DWDMDWDM
Internet technology + ATM philosophyInternet technology + ATM philosophy but ATM ideas continue to powerfully but ATM ideas continue to powerfully
influence design of next-generation influence design of next-generation InternetInternet
ex ex MPLSMPLS admission ctl resource admission ctl resource reservation hellipreservation hellip
Best of Both Worlds
Multiprotocol label switching (Multiprotocol label switching (MPLSMPLS)) MPLS + IP form a middle ground that MPLS + IP form a middle ground that
combines the best of IP and the best of combines the best of IP and the best of virtual virtual circuit switching technologiescircuit switching technologies
ATM and Frame Relay cannot easily come to ATM and Frame Relay cannot easily come to the middle so IP hasthe middle so IP has
Label Encapsulation
MPLS Encapsulation is specified over MPLS Encapsulation is specified over various media types Top labels may use various media types Top labels may use existing format lower label(s) use a new existing format lower label(s) use a new ldquoshimrdquo label formatldquoshimrdquo label format
Label Substitution Have a friend go to B ahead of you using one of the Have a friend go to B ahead of you using one of the
previous two techniques At every road they reserve previous two techniques At every road they reserve a lane just for you At every intersection they post a a lane just for you At every intersection they post a big sign that says for a given lane which way to turn big sign that says for a given lane which way to turn and what new lane to takeand what new lane to take
Future Internet Research and Experimentation
Todayrsquos Internet Millions of usersMillions of users Web email low-quality audio amp videoWeb email low-quality audio amp video Interconnect personal computers and serversInterconnect personal computers and servers Applications adapt to underlying technologyApplications adapt to underlying technology Todayrsquos Internet DoesnrsquotTodayrsquos Internet Doesnrsquot
Provide reliable end-to-end performanceProvide reliable end-to-end performanceEncourage cooperation on new capabilitiesEncourage cooperation on new capabilitiesAllow testing of new technologiesAllow testing of new technologiesSupport development of revolutionary Support development of revolutionary applicationsapplications
Tomorrowrsquos Internet
Billions of users and devicesBillions of users and devices Convergence of todayrsquos applications Convergence of todayrsquos applications with multimedia (telephony video-with multimedia (telephony video-conference HDTV)conference HDTV)
Interconnect personal computers Interconnect personal computers servers and embedded computersservers and embedded computers
New technologies enable unanticipated New technologies enable unanticipated applications (and create new challenges)applications (and create new challenges)
Vint Cerf Open Challenges
My primary disappointment has been the slow pace of high speed access for residential customers hellip
The second area of disappointment is the slow uptake of version 6 of the Internet protocol (IPv6)
Perhaps the third area is the continuing difficulty caused by viruses worms and distributed denial of service attacksrdquo
How to make the Internet better Addressing current problems
Security1048766 Privacy1048766 Self-diagnosis amp self-healing networks1048766 Cheap connectivity for poor area and third world countries1048766
Wireless mesh networks1048766 sensors1048766 Mobility1048766
New cool apps1048766 What is after IPTV VoIP BitTorrent
Why Internet2 (1996)
The Internet was not designed forThe Internet was not designed forMillions of usersMillions of usersCongestionCongestionMultimediaMultimediaReal time interactionReal time interaction
But only the Internet canBut only the Internet canAccommodate explosive growthAccommodate explosive growthEnable convergence of information Enable convergence of information work mass media and human work mass media and human collaborationcollaboration
Internet2 Project Develop and deploy advanced network Develop and deploy advanced network
applications and technologies accelerating applications and technologies accelerating the creation of tomorrowrsquos Internetthe creation of tomorrowrsquos Internet
GoalsGoals Enable new generation of applicationsEnable new generation of applications Re-create leading edge RampE network Re-create leading edge RampE network
capabilitycapability Transfer capability to the global Transfer capability to the global
production Internetproduction Internet 206 University Members Jan 2005206 University Members Jan 2005
Internet2 Focus Areas Advanced Network Infrastructure - AbileneAdvanced Network Infrastructure - Abilene
Backbones operate at 10 Gbps capacity - 100 Backbones operate at 10 Gbps capacity - 100 Gbps (2007)Gbps (2007)
Middleware Middleware A layer of software between the network and the A layer of software between the network and the
applications applications Authentication Identification Authorization Authentication Identification Authorization
Directories SecurityDirectories Security EngineeringEngineering
IPv6 Measurement Multicast QoS Routing IPv6 Measurement Multicast QoS Routing Security TopologySecurity Topology
Advanced ApplicationsAdvanced Applications Distributed computation Virtual laboratories Distributed computation Virtual laboratories
Digital libraries Distributed learning Digital video Digital libraries Distributed learning Digital video Tele-immersion All of the above in combinationTele-immersion All of the above in combination
Abilene Connections Apr-2000Abilene Connections July 2006
Abilene Connections Apr-2000Abilene International Peering 2006
Research andDevelopment
Commercialization
Partnerships
Privatization
Internet Development Spiral
Todayrsquos Internet
Internet2
University-led Federal agency-led
Developing education and research driven applications
Agency mission-driven and general purpose applications
Building out campus networks gigaPoPs and inter-gigapop
infrastructure
Funding research testbeds and agency research networks
Interconnecting and interoperating to provide advanced networking capabilities needed to support advanced
research and education applications
Internet2 and the Next Generation Internet Initiative
Internet2 NGI
Our Founding (Funding) Fable
Researchers invent new architectures Architectures are validated on a testbed IETF ISPs and router vendors collaborate to deploy new design
This is complete BS
Do Traditional Testbeds Really Test
Production-oriented testbeds Real traffic provides good validation But can test only very incremental changes
Research-oriented testbeds Can test radical architectures Lack of real traffic results in poor validation
Both are expensive (dedicated bandwidth)
What about Deployment Architectural change requires ISP consensus
- Hard to agree- No competitive advantage from architectural innovation
- All have huge sunk investment in the status quo
ISPs are unlikely candidates for architectural change
Architecture isnrsquot just static its decaying Ad hoc workarounds muddy the architectural waters
We are at an Impasse
We canrsquot test new architectures- Despite sizable investments in testbeds
We canrsquot deploy new architectures- And things are getting worse not better
Yet there are pressing requirements for which the current architecture is not well suited
The Communityrsquos Response Focus on areas where we can have impact
Empirical studies Incremental changes (subject to current constraints)
Small stream of architectural proposals Paper designs without hope of deployment
More science fiction than engineering Have largely abandoned hope of effecting fundamental architectural change
Living with rather than overcoming the impasse
Overcoming the Impasse
Must be able to test new architectures Wide range of architectures Real traffic from willing individuals Low overhead for individual researchers
Meet the grand challenge of reinventing the Internet
Empirical incremental research is great but not enough
If someone put us in charge what would we do
What about deployment Several options none good but no excuse to not have an answer to the grand challenge
Testing Virtual Testbed
Overlay testbed (think RON etc) Host proxy directs packets to overlay
Proxy must architecturally neutral and flexible
Individuals (anywhere) opt-in by turning on proxy
Shared testing infrastructure (think Planetlab) Overlay nodes shared among experiments
Slicing on per-packet timescales Virtualized routers
These ideas have turned into the GENI program
Why GENI (Global Environment for Network Innovations) Future Internet Network (2005)
The original designing idea of current information networks is basically a specific network supports one major service
The limitation of the original designing idea can not support the multiple requirements for networks and services (such as Telecom network Internet)
The original design mode of Internet leads to itrsquos shortage in mobility security controllable and administrable
We urgently need redesign the framework of new generation Internet to overcome the serious shortage of current Internet
Providing pervasive and trusted services based on a specific network has became the key research directions of national informatization
GENI (Global Environment for Network Innovations) - NSF 2005 (1)
What is GENIWhat is GENIGENI is GENI is a facility concepta facility concept being explored by being explored by the US computing community the US computing community
back to an NSF workshop in 2005back to an NSF workshop in 2005focus on focus on architecturalarchitectural research and research and provide the provide the experimentalexperimental infrastructure infrastructure needed to support that researchneeded to support that research
focus on the research agenda (and focus on the research agenda (and infrastructure needs) of the infrastructure needs) of the opticaloptical wirelesswireless sensorsensor network and network and distributeddistributed systems communitiessystems communities
GENI (Global Environment for Network Innovations) (2)
The goal of GENI The goal of GENI Goal a Future Internet that meets the Goal a Future Internet that meets the demands of 21st centurydemands of 21st century
to increase the to increase the qualityquality and and quantityquantity of of experimental experimental researchresearch outcomes in networking and distributed outcomes in networking and distributed systemssystems
to accelerate the to accelerate the transitiontransition of these outcomes into of these outcomes into products and servicesproducts and services
enhance economic competitiveness and secure enhance economic competitiveness and secure the Nations futurethe Nations future
Ultimately to lead to a Ultimately to lead to a transition of the transition of the InternetInternet
GENI Research Opportunities (3)
Two dichotomy thought (false or at least Two dichotomy thought (false or at least unnecessary)unnecessary)
a a clean slateclean slate reconceptualization of Internet reconceptualization of Internet architecture architecture
todays 30-year-old architecture that todays 30-year-old architecture that limit its limit its abilityability to cope with emerging threats and to cope with emerging threats and opportunitiesopportunities
bull eroding trust reduced innovation slowing eroding trust reduced innovation slowing updateupdate
future innovation will take the form of new future innovation will take the form of new services and applications running services and applications running on top of the on top of the InternetInternet
GENI Research Opportunities (4)
GENI discussion GENI discussion First we interpret Future Internet very broadly to First we interpret Future Internet very broadly to
include innovations at include innovations at any levelany level of the architecture of the architecture alternative protocols and architectures running alternative protocols and architectures running
inside the network (as overlays on top of inside the network (as overlays on top of todays network) todays network)
Second research should employ Second research should employ clean slate clean slate thinkingthinking but this does but this does not imply that an entirely not imply that an entirely newnew Internet will be necessary In other words Internet will be necessary In other words clean slate is a clean slate is a processprocess not a not a resultresult
Third opportunities Third opportunities betweenbetween two perspectives two perspectives exploring how todays architecture is best exploring how todays architecture is best
evolved to support emerging overlay services evolved to support emerging overlay services
GENI Facility Concept (5)
Facility ConceptFacility Concept experimental platforms for experimental platforms for bothboth research and research and
deploymentdeployment filling the filling the gapgap between small-scale exp and mature between small-scale exp and mature
tech tech GENI evaluate new network systems on large-GENI evaluate new network systems on large-
scalescale
Two levelsTwo levels Physical level Physical level GENI substrateGENI substrate will consist of a will consist of a
collection of links forwarders storage collection of links forwarders storage processors and wireless net processors and wireless net
On top of this substrate a On top of this substrate a software software management management frameworkframework will be overlay network experiments on will be overlay network experiments on
the substratethe substrate
GENI Facility Concept (6)
Four key ideasFour key ideas substrate components will be substrate components will be programmableprogrammable - -
possible to embed any network experiment including possible to embed any network experiment including clean-slate designs clean-slate designs
Substrate will be Substrate will be virtualizable virtualizable -- possible to embed possible to embed multiple slices in the substrate at the same time multiple slices in the substrate at the same time (allow experimental services and architectures to run (allow experimental services and architectures to run continuously) continuously)
GENI will include mechanisms that allow end-users GENI will include mechanisms that allow end-users to to seamlessly seamlessly opt-inopt-in to experimental services to experimental services
GENI will be GENI will be modularmodular ( (architecture and interfaces) - architecture and interfaces) - possible to extend GENI with new networking possible to extend GENI with new networking technologies GENI will not be a static artifact but technologies GENI will not be a static artifact but rather a rather a dynamic infrastructuredynamic infrastructure that is continually that is continually renewedrenewed
FIND (Future Internet Network Design) ndash NSF 2006 (1)
FIND asks two broad questionsFIND asks two broad questions What are the What are the requirementsrequirements for the global network for the global network
in 15 years in 15 years How How would we would we re-conceivere-conceive tomorrows global tomorrows global
network today if we could design it from scratch network today if we could design it from scratch FIND program solicits FIND program solicits clean slate processclean slate process research proposals in the broad area of research proposals in the broad area of network architecture principles and designnetwork architecture principles and design
FIND (Future Internet Network Design) (2)
FIND research might address wide questionsFIND research might address wide questions What will the What will the edgeedge of the network look like in 15 of the network look like in 15
years How might the network years How might the network architecturearchitecture of 15 of 15 years hence best accommodate sensors embedded years hence best accommodate sensors embedded systems and the like systems and the like
How might the network of 15 years from now How might the network of 15 years from now supportsupport what users really do (and care about) How what users really do (and care about) How might such functions as information access location might such functions as information access location management or identity management best fit into a management or identity management best fit into a new overall network architecture new overall network architecture
What will the What will the core core of the network look like in 15 of the network look like in 15 years How might the changing economics of years How might the changing economics of optical systems affect the overall design of the larger optical systems affect the overall design of the larger networknetwork
FIRE (Future Internet Research and Experimentation) ndash European 2007 (1)
Internet has Internet has growngrown to an unexpected reach to an unexpected reach as for the as for the numbernumber of users of users capacitycapacity of the of the links broadband penetration to the links broadband penetration to the homehome servicesservices
ProblemsProblems spam viruses denial of service spam viruses denial of service attacks complexity of managementattacks complexity of management
Internet drawbacks and Internet drawbacks and limitationslimitations ndash to ndash to scalabilityscalability suitabilitysuitability mobilitymobility transparencytransparency securitysecurity
require new radical approaches to require new radical approaches to fundamentally redesign its protocols and fundamentally redesign its protocols and architectures architectures
FIRE (2) FIRE is an FIRE is an experimentallyexperimentally-driven -driven longlong-term research initiative on -term research initiative on
Future Internet Future Internet conceptsconcepts protocolsprotocols and and architecturesarchitectures encompassing technological industrial and socio-economic encompassing technological industrial and socio-economic
aspects aspects acting as proof-of-concept of the newly proposed acting as proof-of-concept of the newly proposed
technologies and services technologies and services FIRE RESEARCHFIRE RESEARCH
Long term multidisciplinary research on future internet Long term multidisciplinary research on future internet paradigms paradigms
Open to Open to fresh bottom-upfresh bottom-up ideas with ideas with no backwards-no backwards-compatibilitycompatibility constraints constraints
Building on the FET SAC initiative ldquoSituated and Autonomic Building on the FET SAC initiative ldquoSituated and Autonomic Communicationsrdquo Communicationsrdquo
Considering at the Considering at the same timesame time technological economic and technological economic and socialpolicy aspects socialpolicy aspects
Build in from the outset and on all levels the right Build in from the outset and on all levels the right balancebalance between security accountability and privacybetween security accountability and privacy
FIRE (3)
FIRE EXPERIMENTATIONFIRE EXPERIMENTATION Large scale experimentationLarge scale experimentation of new paradigms and of new paradigms and
concepts for the future internet and related service concepts for the future internet and related service architectures architectures
Learning through broad experimentation Learning through broad experimentation Integrating and validating new conceptsIntegrating and validating new concepts
Federating and extending Federating and extending existing testbedsexisting testbeds and and research infrastructures research infrastructures
no backwards-compatibility constraints no backwards-compatibility constraints European approach and develop a European European approach and develop a European
identityidentity
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-
电子商务 信息技术和 Internet 引发的商务过程的变化 利用以 Internet 为核心的信息技术进行商
务活动和企业资源管理 CIMS 是企业实施电子商务的基础 企业实施电子商务是 CIMS 发展的主要标志和
主要内容
竞争环境改变 核心 产品竞争
电子商务产生背景
服务竞争
范围 单个企业 全球多企业
资源 人财物 信息知识
管理重心迁移 生产管理 供应 营销链管理
集中内部资源 整合外部资源
离散管理 集约管理
商务模式转化
bull文秘型管理bull关注后台（企业内部）bull关注业务记录（报表）bull地区性bull推销产品为中心bull（卖方市场）
bull自我服务型管理bull关注前端（客户关系）bull要求商业智能（分析）bull全球化bull客户为中心bull（买方市场）
传统商务 电子商务
客户
供应商
合作伙伴
网络智能
市场营销 产品 服务销售 产品制造
服务 支持
e 企业的业务体系结构
网络发展趋势 趋势趋势 融合融合 趋势趋势 泛在（泛在（ UbiquitousUbiquitous ）） 趋势趋势 信息爆炸信息爆炸 更多的网络业务流量更多的网络业务流量 数据流量 数据流量 gt gt 话声流量话声流量 更快的传输介质更快的传输介质 骨干网（骨干网（ BackboneBackbone ）） 更大的带宽（更大的带宽（ BandwidthBandwidth ）） 宽带无线网宽带无线网飞速增长飞速增长 (WLAN) (Wi-Fi)(WLAN) (Wi-Fi) Everything over IPEverything over IP
趋势 融合 新闻新闻 广告广告 -- 媒体媒体 --信息提供者信息提供者
数字媒体产品数字媒体产品 有线电视有线电视
视频传输视频传输 电话电话
声音传输声音传输 计算机计算机
数字媒体存储数字媒体存储 处理处理 信息提供者和信息传输者的结合信息提供者和信息传输者的结合 电话公司电话公司 有线公司有线公司 娱乐事业娱乐事业 和计算机公司和计算机公司
的结合的结合
Trend
趋势 更多的网络业务流量 互联网上的主机数正以超指数量级飞速增长互联网上的主机数正以超指数量级飞速增长 每个主机用户的业务量中也在增长每个主机用户的业务量中也在增长
局域网可达到 局域网可达到 1 1 GbpsGbps 有线电视调制解调器允许以有线电视调制解调器允许以 11到 到 10 10 MbpsMbps 的速的速
度访问主机度访问主机 应用应用 ADSLVDSLADSLVDSL 通过电话线可达到通过电话线可达到 6-6-
2727MbpsMbps 的速度的速度 宽带无线网宽带无线网 (Wi-Fi)(Wi-Fi)可达到可达到 11-54Mbps11-54Mbps 的速的速
度度 带宽需求每四个月增加一倍带宽需求每四个月增加一倍 数据流量 数据流量 gt gt 话声流量话声流量
Trend of Internet hosts 1980-2000
Trend Data gt Voice
趋势 更快的传输介质 局局域域网网 1 Gbps over 4-pair UTP-5 up to 100 m 1 Gbps over 4-pair UTP-5 up to 100 m
10Gbps being discussed10Gbps being discussed Was 1 Mbps (1Base-5) in 1984Was 1 Mbps (1Base-5) in 1984
骨干网光纤骨干网光纤 DWDMDWDM (( Dense Wavelength Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing)Division Multiplexing) OC-768 = 40 Gbps over a to 65 km OC-768 = 40 Gbps over a to 65 km
1600 Gbps - 10 Tbps1600 Gbps - 10 Tbps Was 100 Mbps (FDDI) in 1993Was 100 Mbps (FDDI) in 1993
无线网无线网 54 100 Mbps(100-2km) wireless 54 100 Mbps(100-2km) wireless networks 25 Gbps to 5km using light networks 25 Gbps to 5km using light Was 1 Mbps (IEEE 80211) in 1998Was 1 Mbps (IEEE 80211) in 1998
Trend Bandwidth
Why Optical Networks DWDM optoelectricl metro network
Trend Wireless Mobile (1)
Trend宽带无线网 (Wi-Fi)飞速增长
Trend宽带无线网 (Wi-Fi)飞速增长
Trend宽带无线网 (Wi-Fi)飞速增长
Trend宽带无线网 (Wi-Fi)飞速增长
Integration of 3G and WLAN- offer possibility of achieving anywhere anytime
high speed and low expense Internet access
3G3G WLANWLAN
Wide areaWide area Local areaLocal area
Low bit rate Low bit rate
(2M when stand (2M when stand still)still)
High bit rateHigh bit rate
(11M to 54M)(11M to 54M)
DataVoice serviceDataVoice service
((QoS supportQoS support))
Data serviceData service
High expenseHigh expense Low expenseLow expense
High mobilityHigh mobility Low mobilityLow mobility
Trend Everything over IP
Data over IP =gt IP needs Traffic Data over IP =gt IP needs Traffic engineeringengineering
Voice over IP =gt Quality of Service and Voice over IP =gt Quality of Service and SignalingSignaling
Backbone -- Optic networksBackbone -- Optic networks IP over ATM IP over ATM （（异步传输模式）异步传输模式） IP over SONET -- POS (Packet over SDH) IP over SONET -- POS (Packet over SDH)
(( 同步同步 )) IP over DWDMIP over DWDM
Asynchronous Transfer Mode ATM
1990rsquos00 standard for high-speed (155Mbps to 1990rsquos00 standard for high-speed (155Mbps to 622 Mbps and higher) 622 Mbps and higher) Broadband Integrated Broadband Integrated Service Digital NetworkService Digital Network architecture architecture
GoalGoal integrated end-end transport of carry integrated end-end transport of carry voice video datavoice video data meeting timingQoS requirements of voice meeting timingQoS requirements of voice
video (versus Internet best-effort model)video (versus Internet best-effort model) ldquoldquonext generationrdquo telephony technical roots next generationrdquo telephony technical roots
in telephone worldin telephone world packet-switching (fixed length packets packet-switching (fixed length packets
called ldquocellsrdquo) using called ldquocellsrdquo) using virtual circuitsvirtual circuits
ATM reference model
How far along are we
Standardization bodies - ATM Forum ITU-T Standardization bodies - ATM Forum ITU-T We may never see end-to-end ATM (1997)We may never see end-to-end ATM (1997)
ATM - too complex - too expansive ltIPgtATM - too complex - too expansive ltIPgt Backbone - 1995 vBNS (ATM) Backbone - 1995 vBNS (ATM)
- 1998 Abilene (SONET) - 2000 IP over - 1998 Abilene (SONET) - 2000 IP over DWDMDWDM
Internet technology + ATM philosophyInternet technology + ATM philosophy but ATM ideas continue to powerfully but ATM ideas continue to powerfully
influence design of next-generation influence design of next-generation InternetInternet
ex ex MPLSMPLS admission ctl resource admission ctl resource reservation hellipreservation hellip
Best of Both Worlds
Multiprotocol label switching (Multiprotocol label switching (MPLSMPLS)) MPLS + IP form a middle ground that MPLS + IP form a middle ground that
combines the best of IP and the best of combines the best of IP and the best of virtual virtual circuit switching technologiescircuit switching technologies
ATM and Frame Relay cannot easily come to ATM and Frame Relay cannot easily come to the middle so IP hasthe middle so IP has
Label Encapsulation
MPLS Encapsulation is specified over MPLS Encapsulation is specified over various media types Top labels may use various media types Top labels may use existing format lower label(s) use a new existing format lower label(s) use a new ldquoshimrdquo label formatldquoshimrdquo label format
Label Substitution Have a friend go to B ahead of you using one of the Have a friend go to B ahead of you using one of the
previous two techniques At every road they reserve previous two techniques At every road they reserve a lane just for you At every intersection they post a a lane just for you At every intersection they post a big sign that says for a given lane which way to turn big sign that says for a given lane which way to turn and what new lane to takeand what new lane to take
Future Internet Research and Experimentation
Todayrsquos Internet Millions of usersMillions of users Web email low-quality audio amp videoWeb email low-quality audio amp video Interconnect personal computers and serversInterconnect personal computers and servers Applications adapt to underlying technologyApplications adapt to underlying technology Todayrsquos Internet DoesnrsquotTodayrsquos Internet Doesnrsquot
Provide reliable end-to-end performanceProvide reliable end-to-end performanceEncourage cooperation on new capabilitiesEncourage cooperation on new capabilitiesAllow testing of new technologiesAllow testing of new technologiesSupport development of revolutionary Support development of revolutionary applicationsapplications
Tomorrowrsquos Internet
Billions of users and devicesBillions of users and devices Convergence of todayrsquos applications Convergence of todayrsquos applications with multimedia (telephony video-with multimedia (telephony video-conference HDTV)conference HDTV)
Interconnect personal computers Interconnect personal computers servers and embedded computersservers and embedded computers
New technologies enable unanticipated New technologies enable unanticipated applications (and create new challenges)applications (and create new challenges)
Vint Cerf Open Challenges
My primary disappointment has been the slow pace of high speed access for residential customers hellip
The second area of disappointment is the slow uptake of version 6 of the Internet protocol (IPv6)
Perhaps the third area is the continuing difficulty caused by viruses worms and distributed denial of service attacksrdquo
How to make the Internet better Addressing current problems
Security1048766 Privacy1048766 Self-diagnosis amp self-healing networks1048766 Cheap connectivity for poor area and third world countries1048766
Wireless mesh networks1048766 sensors1048766 Mobility1048766
New cool apps1048766 What is after IPTV VoIP BitTorrent
Why Internet2 (1996)
The Internet was not designed forThe Internet was not designed forMillions of usersMillions of usersCongestionCongestionMultimediaMultimediaReal time interactionReal time interaction
But only the Internet canBut only the Internet canAccommodate explosive growthAccommodate explosive growthEnable convergence of information Enable convergence of information work mass media and human work mass media and human collaborationcollaboration
Internet2 Project Develop and deploy advanced network Develop and deploy advanced network
applications and technologies accelerating applications and technologies accelerating the creation of tomorrowrsquos Internetthe creation of tomorrowrsquos Internet
GoalsGoals Enable new generation of applicationsEnable new generation of applications Re-create leading edge RampE network Re-create leading edge RampE network
capabilitycapability Transfer capability to the global Transfer capability to the global
production Internetproduction Internet 206 University Members Jan 2005206 University Members Jan 2005
Internet2 Focus Areas Advanced Network Infrastructure - AbileneAdvanced Network Infrastructure - Abilene
Backbones operate at 10 Gbps capacity - 100 Backbones operate at 10 Gbps capacity - 100 Gbps (2007)Gbps (2007)
Middleware Middleware A layer of software between the network and the A layer of software between the network and the
applications applications Authentication Identification Authorization Authentication Identification Authorization
Directories SecurityDirectories Security EngineeringEngineering
IPv6 Measurement Multicast QoS Routing IPv6 Measurement Multicast QoS Routing Security TopologySecurity Topology
Advanced ApplicationsAdvanced Applications Distributed computation Virtual laboratories Distributed computation Virtual laboratories
Digital libraries Distributed learning Digital video Digital libraries Distributed learning Digital video Tele-immersion All of the above in combinationTele-immersion All of the above in combination
Abilene Connections Apr-2000Abilene Connections July 2006
Abilene Connections Apr-2000Abilene International Peering 2006
Research andDevelopment
Commercialization
Partnerships
Privatization
Internet Development Spiral
Todayrsquos Internet
Internet2
University-led Federal agency-led
Developing education and research driven applications
Agency mission-driven and general purpose applications
Building out campus networks gigaPoPs and inter-gigapop
infrastructure
Funding research testbeds and agency research networks
Interconnecting and interoperating to provide advanced networking capabilities needed to support advanced
research and education applications
Internet2 and the Next Generation Internet Initiative
Internet2 NGI
Our Founding (Funding) Fable
Researchers invent new architectures Architectures are validated on a testbed IETF ISPs and router vendors collaborate to deploy new design
This is complete BS
Do Traditional Testbeds Really Test
Production-oriented testbeds Real traffic provides good validation But can test only very incremental changes
Research-oriented testbeds Can test radical architectures Lack of real traffic results in poor validation
Both are expensive (dedicated bandwidth)
What about Deployment Architectural change requires ISP consensus
- Hard to agree- No competitive advantage from architectural innovation
- All have huge sunk investment in the status quo
ISPs are unlikely candidates for architectural change
Architecture isnrsquot just static its decaying Ad hoc workarounds muddy the architectural waters
We are at an Impasse
We canrsquot test new architectures- Despite sizable investments in testbeds
We canrsquot deploy new architectures- And things are getting worse not better
Yet there are pressing requirements for which the current architecture is not well suited
The Communityrsquos Response Focus on areas where we can have impact
Empirical studies Incremental changes (subject to current constraints)
Small stream of architectural proposals Paper designs without hope of deployment
More science fiction than engineering Have largely abandoned hope of effecting fundamental architectural change
Living with rather than overcoming the impasse
Overcoming the Impasse
Must be able to test new architectures Wide range of architectures Real traffic from willing individuals Low overhead for individual researchers
Meet the grand challenge of reinventing the Internet
Empirical incremental research is great but not enough
If someone put us in charge what would we do
What about deployment Several options none good but no excuse to not have an answer to the grand challenge
Testing Virtual Testbed
Overlay testbed (think RON etc) Host proxy directs packets to overlay
Proxy must architecturally neutral and flexible
Individuals (anywhere) opt-in by turning on proxy
Shared testing infrastructure (think Planetlab) Overlay nodes shared among experiments
Slicing on per-packet timescales Virtualized routers
These ideas have turned into the GENI program
Why GENI (Global Environment for Network Innovations) Future Internet Network (2005)
The original designing idea of current information networks is basically a specific network supports one major service
The limitation of the original designing idea can not support the multiple requirements for networks and services (such as Telecom network Internet)
The original design mode of Internet leads to itrsquos shortage in mobility security controllable and administrable
We urgently need redesign the framework of new generation Internet to overcome the serious shortage of current Internet
Providing pervasive and trusted services based on a specific network has became the key research directions of national informatization
GENI (Global Environment for Network Innovations) - NSF 2005 (1)
What is GENIWhat is GENIGENI is GENI is a facility concepta facility concept being explored by being explored by the US computing community the US computing community
back to an NSF workshop in 2005back to an NSF workshop in 2005focus on focus on architecturalarchitectural research and research and provide the provide the experimentalexperimental infrastructure infrastructure needed to support that researchneeded to support that research
focus on the research agenda (and focus on the research agenda (and infrastructure needs) of the infrastructure needs) of the opticaloptical wirelesswireless sensorsensor network and network and distributeddistributed systems communitiessystems communities
GENI (Global Environment for Network Innovations) (2)
The goal of GENI The goal of GENI Goal a Future Internet that meets the Goal a Future Internet that meets the demands of 21st centurydemands of 21st century
to increase the to increase the qualityquality and and quantityquantity of of experimental experimental researchresearch outcomes in networking and distributed outcomes in networking and distributed systemssystems
to accelerate the to accelerate the transitiontransition of these outcomes into of these outcomes into products and servicesproducts and services
enhance economic competitiveness and secure enhance economic competitiveness and secure the Nations futurethe Nations future
Ultimately to lead to a Ultimately to lead to a transition of the transition of the InternetInternet
GENI Research Opportunities (3)
Two dichotomy thought (false or at least Two dichotomy thought (false or at least unnecessary)unnecessary)
a a clean slateclean slate reconceptualization of Internet reconceptualization of Internet architecture architecture
todays 30-year-old architecture that todays 30-year-old architecture that limit its limit its abilityability to cope with emerging threats and to cope with emerging threats and opportunitiesopportunities
bull eroding trust reduced innovation slowing eroding trust reduced innovation slowing updateupdate
future innovation will take the form of new future innovation will take the form of new services and applications running services and applications running on top of the on top of the InternetInternet
GENI Research Opportunities (4)
GENI discussion GENI discussion First we interpret Future Internet very broadly to First we interpret Future Internet very broadly to
include innovations at include innovations at any levelany level of the architecture of the architecture alternative protocols and architectures running alternative protocols and architectures running
inside the network (as overlays on top of inside the network (as overlays on top of todays network) todays network)
Second research should employ Second research should employ clean slate clean slate thinkingthinking but this does but this does not imply that an entirely not imply that an entirely newnew Internet will be necessary In other words Internet will be necessary In other words clean slate is a clean slate is a processprocess not a not a resultresult
Third opportunities Third opportunities betweenbetween two perspectives two perspectives exploring how todays architecture is best exploring how todays architecture is best
evolved to support emerging overlay services evolved to support emerging overlay services
GENI Facility Concept (5)
Facility ConceptFacility Concept experimental platforms for experimental platforms for bothboth research and research and
deploymentdeployment filling the filling the gapgap between small-scale exp and mature between small-scale exp and mature
tech tech GENI evaluate new network systems on large-GENI evaluate new network systems on large-
scalescale
Two levelsTwo levels Physical level Physical level GENI substrateGENI substrate will consist of a will consist of a
collection of links forwarders storage collection of links forwarders storage processors and wireless net processors and wireless net
On top of this substrate a On top of this substrate a software software management management frameworkframework will be overlay network experiments on will be overlay network experiments on
the substratethe substrate
GENI Facility Concept (6)
Four key ideasFour key ideas substrate components will be substrate components will be programmableprogrammable - -
possible to embed any network experiment including possible to embed any network experiment including clean-slate designs clean-slate designs
Substrate will be Substrate will be virtualizable virtualizable -- possible to embed possible to embed multiple slices in the substrate at the same time multiple slices in the substrate at the same time (allow experimental services and architectures to run (allow experimental services and architectures to run continuously) continuously)
GENI will include mechanisms that allow end-users GENI will include mechanisms that allow end-users to to seamlessly seamlessly opt-inopt-in to experimental services to experimental services
GENI will be GENI will be modularmodular ( (architecture and interfaces) - architecture and interfaces) - possible to extend GENI with new networking possible to extend GENI with new networking technologies GENI will not be a static artifact but technologies GENI will not be a static artifact but rather a rather a dynamic infrastructuredynamic infrastructure that is continually that is continually renewedrenewed
FIND (Future Internet Network Design) ndash NSF 2006 (1)
FIND asks two broad questionsFIND asks two broad questions What are the What are the requirementsrequirements for the global network for the global network
in 15 years in 15 years How How would we would we re-conceivere-conceive tomorrows global tomorrows global
network today if we could design it from scratch network today if we could design it from scratch FIND program solicits FIND program solicits clean slate processclean slate process research proposals in the broad area of research proposals in the broad area of network architecture principles and designnetwork architecture principles and design
FIND (Future Internet Network Design) (2)
FIND research might address wide questionsFIND research might address wide questions What will the What will the edgeedge of the network look like in 15 of the network look like in 15
years How might the network years How might the network architecturearchitecture of 15 of 15 years hence best accommodate sensors embedded years hence best accommodate sensors embedded systems and the like systems and the like
How might the network of 15 years from now How might the network of 15 years from now supportsupport what users really do (and care about) How what users really do (and care about) How might such functions as information access location might such functions as information access location management or identity management best fit into a management or identity management best fit into a new overall network architecture new overall network architecture
What will the What will the core core of the network look like in 15 of the network look like in 15 years How might the changing economics of years How might the changing economics of optical systems affect the overall design of the larger optical systems affect the overall design of the larger networknetwork
FIRE (Future Internet Research and Experimentation) ndash European 2007 (1)
Internet has Internet has growngrown to an unexpected reach to an unexpected reach as for the as for the numbernumber of users of users capacitycapacity of the of the links broadband penetration to the links broadband penetration to the homehome servicesservices
ProblemsProblems spam viruses denial of service spam viruses denial of service attacks complexity of managementattacks complexity of management
Internet drawbacks and Internet drawbacks and limitationslimitations ndash to ndash to scalabilityscalability suitabilitysuitability mobilitymobility transparencytransparency securitysecurity
require new radical approaches to require new radical approaches to fundamentally redesign its protocols and fundamentally redesign its protocols and architectures architectures
FIRE (2) FIRE is an FIRE is an experimentallyexperimentally-driven -driven longlong-term research initiative on -term research initiative on
Future Internet Future Internet conceptsconcepts protocolsprotocols and and architecturesarchitectures encompassing technological industrial and socio-economic encompassing technological industrial and socio-economic
aspects aspects acting as proof-of-concept of the newly proposed acting as proof-of-concept of the newly proposed
technologies and services technologies and services FIRE RESEARCHFIRE RESEARCH
Long term multidisciplinary research on future internet Long term multidisciplinary research on future internet paradigms paradigms
Open to Open to fresh bottom-upfresh bottom-up ideas with ideas with no backwards-no backwards-compatibilitycompatibility constraints constraints
Building on the FET SAC initiative ldquoSituated and Autonomic Building on the FET SAC initiative ldquoSituated and Autonomic Communicationsrdquo Communicationsrdquo
Considering at the Considering at the same timesame time technological economic and technological economic and socialpolicy aspects socialpolicy aspects
Build in from the outset and on all levels the right Build in from the outset and on all levels the right balancebalance between security accountability and privacybetween security accountability and privacy
FIRE (3)
FIRE EXPERIMENTATIONFIRE EXPERIMENTATION Large scale experimentationLarge scale experimentation of new paradigms and of new paradigms and
concepts for the future internet and related service concepts for the future internet and related service architectures architectures
Learning through broad experimentation Learning through broad experimentation Integrating and validating new conceptsIntegrating and validating new concepts
Federating and extending Federating and extending existing testbedsexisting testbeds and and research infrastructures research infrastructures
no backwards-compatibility constraints no backwards-compatibility constraints European approach and develop a European European approach and develop a European
identityidentity
- Slide 1
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-
竞争环境改变 核心 产品竞争
电子商务产生背景
服务竞争
范围 单个企业 全球多企业
资源 人财物 信息知识
管理重心迁移 生产管理 供应 营销链管理
集中内部资源 整合外部资源
离散管理 集约管理
商务模式转化
bull文秘型管理bull关注后台（企业内部）bull关注业务记录（报表）bull地区性bull推销产品为中心bull（卖方市场）
bull自我服务型管理bull关注前端（客户关系）bull要求商业智能（分析）bull全球化bull客户为中心bull（买方市场）
传统商务 电子商务
客户
供应商
合作伙伴
网络智能
市场营销 产品 服务销售 产品制造
服务 支持
e 企业的业务体系结构
网络发展趋势 趋势趋势 融合融合 趋势趋势 泛在（泛在（ UbiquitousUbiquitous ）） 趋势趋势 信息爆炸信息爆炸 更多的网络业务流量更多的网络业务流量 数据流量 数据流量 gt gt 话声流量话声流量 更快的传输介质更快的传输介质 骨干网（骨干网（ BackboneBackbone ）） 更大的带宽（更大的带宽（ BandwidthBandwidth ）） 宽带无线网宽带无线网飞速增长飞速增长 (WLAN) (Wi-Fi)(WLAN) (Wi-Fi) Everything over IPEverything over IP
趋势 融合 新闻新闻 广告广告 -- 媒体媒体 --信息提供者信息提供者
数字媒体产品数字媒体产品 有线电视有线电视
视频传输视频传输 电话电话
声音传输声音传输 计算机计算机
数字媒体存储数字媒体存储 处理处理 信息提供者和信息传输者的结合信息提供者和信息传输者的结合 电话公司电话公司 有线公司有线公司 娱乐事业娱乐事业 和计算机公司和计算机公司
的结合的结合
Trend
趋势 更多的网络业务流量 互联网上的主机数正以超指数量级飞速增长互联网上的主机数正以超指数量级飞速增长 每个主机用户的业务量中也在增长每个主机用户的业务量中也在增长
局域网可达到 局域网可达到 1 1 GbpsGbps 有线电视调制解调器允许以有线电视调制解调器允许以 11到 到 10 10 MbpsMbps 的速的速
度访问主机度访问主机 应用应用 ADSLVDSLADSLVDSL 通过电话线可达到通过电话线可达到 6-6-
2727MbpsMbps 的速度的速度 宽带无线网宽带无线网 (Wi-Fi)(Wi-Fi)可达到可达到 11-54Mbps11-54Mbps 的速的速
度度 带宽需求每四个月增加一倍带宽需求每四个月增加一倍 数据流量 数据流量 gt gt 话声流量话声流量
Trend of Internet hosts 1980-2000
Trend Data gt Voice
趋势 更快的传输介质 局局域域网网 1 Gbps over 4-pair UTP-5 up to 100 m 1 Gbps over 4-pair UTP-5 up to 100 m
10Gbps being discussed10Gbps being discussed Was 1 Mbps (1Base-5) in 1984Was 1 Mbps (1Base-5) in 1984
骨干网光纤骨干网光纤 DWDMDWDM (( Dense Wavelength Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing)Division Multiplexing) OC-768 = 40 Gbps over a to 65 km OC-768 = 40 Gbps over a to 65 km
1600 Gbps - 10 Tbps1600 Gbps - 10 Tbps Was 100 Mbps (FDDI) in 1993Was 100 Mbps (FDDI) in 1993
无线网无线网 54 100 Mbps(100-2km) wireless 54 100 Mbps(100-2km) wireless networks 25 Gbps to 5km using light networks 25 Gbps to 5km using light Was 1 Mbps (IEEE 80211) in 1998Was 1 Mbps (IEEE 80211) in 1998
Trend Bandwidth
Why Optical Networks DWDM optoelectricl metro network
Trend Wireless Mobile (1)
Trend宽带无线网 (Wi-Fi)飞速增长
Trend宽带无线网 (Wi-Fi)飞速增长
Trend宽带无线网 (Wi-Fi)飞速增长
Trend宽带无线网 (Wi-Fi)飞速增长
Integration of 3G and WLAN- offer possibility of achieving anywhere anytime
high speed and low expense Internet access
3G3G WLANWLAN
Wide areaWide area Local areaLocal area
Low bit rate Low bit rate
(2M when stand (2M when stand still)still)
High bit rateHigh bit rate
(11M to 54M)(11M to 54M)
DataVoice serviceDataVoice service
((QoS supportQoS support))
Data serviceData service
High expenseHigh expense Low expenseLow expense
High mobilityHigh mobility Low mobilityLow mobility
Trend Everything over IP
Data over IP =gt IP needs Traffic Data over IP =gt IP needs Traffic engineeringengineering
Voice over IP =gt Quality of Service and Voice over IP =gt Quality of Service and SignalingSignaling
Backbone -- Optic networksBackbone -- Optic networks IP over ATM IP over ATM （（异步传输模式）异步传输模式） IP over SONET -- POS (Packet over SDH) IP over SONET -- POS (Packet over SDH)
(( 同步同步 )) IP over DWDMIP over DWDM
Asynchronous Transfer Mode ATM
1990rsquos00 standard for high-speed (155Mbps to 1990rsquos00 standard for high-speed (155Mbps to 622 Mbps and higher) 622 Mbps and higher) Broadband Integrated Broadband Integrated Service Digital NetworkService Digital Network architecture architecture
GoalGoal integrated end-end transport of carry integrated end-end transport of carry voice video datavoice video data meeting timingQoS requirements of voice meeting timingQoS requirements of voice
video (versus Internet best-effort model)video (versus Internet best-effort model) ldquoldquonext generationrdquo telephony technical roots next generationrdquo telephony technical roots
in telephone worldin telephone world packet-switching (fixed length packets packet-switching (fixed length packets
called ldquocellsrdquo) using called ldquocellsrdquo) using virtual circuitsvirtual circuits
ATM reference model
How far along are we
Standardization bodies - ATM Forum ITU-T Standardization bodies - ATM Forum ITU-T We may never see end-to-end ATM (1997)We may never see end-to-end ATM (1997)
ATM - too complex - too expansive ltIPgtATM - too complex - too expansive ltIPgt Backbone - 1995 vBNS (ATM) Backbone - 1995 vBNS (ATM)
- 1998 Abilene (SONET) - 2000 IP over - 1998 Abilene (SONET) - 2000 IP over DWDMDWDM
Internet technology + ATM philosophyInternet technology + ATM philosophy but ATM ideas continue to powerfully but ATM ideas continue to powerfully
influence design of next-generation influence design of next-generation InternetInternet
ex ex MPLSMPLS admission ctl resource admission ctl resource reservation hellipreservation hellip
Best of Both Worlds
Multiprotocol label switching (Multiprotocol label switching (MPLSMPLS)) MPLS + IP form a middle ground that MPLS + IP form a middle ground that
combines the best of IP and the best of combines the best of IP and the best of virtual virtual circuit switching technologiescircuit switching technologies
ATM and Frame Relay cannot easily come to ATM and Frame Relay cannot easily come to the middle so IP hasthe middle so IP has
Label Encapsulation
MPLS Encapsulation is specified over MPLS Encapsulation is specified over various media types Top labels may use various media types Top labels may use existing format lower label(s) use a new existing format lower label(s) use a new ldquoshimrdquo label formatldquoshimrdquo label format
Label Substitution Have a friend go to B ahead of you using one of the Have a friend go to B ahead of you using one of the
previous two techniques At every road they reserve previous two techniques At every road they reserve a lane just for you At every intersection they post a a lane just for you At every intersection they post a big sign that says for a given lane which way to turn big sign that says for a given lane which way to turn and what new lane to takeand what new lane to take
Future Internet Research and Experimentation
Todayrsquos Internet Millions of usersMillions of users Web email low-quality audio amp videoWeb email low-quality audio amp video Interconnect personal computers and serversInterconnect personal computers and servers Applications adapt to underlying technologyApplications adapt to underlying technology Todayrsquos Internet DoesnrsquotTodayrsquos Internet Doesnrsquot
Provide reliable end-to-end performanceProvide reliable end-to-end performanceEncourage cooperation on new capabilitiesEncourage cooperation on new capabilitiesAllow testing of new technologiesAllow testing of new technologiesSupport development of revolutionary Support development of revolutionary applicationsapplications
Tomorrowrsquos Internet
Billions of users and devicesBillions of users and devices Convergence of todayrsquos applications Convergence of todayrsquos applications with multimedia (telephony video-with multimedia (telephony video-conference HDTV)conference HDTV)
Interconnect personal computers Interconnect personal computers servers and embedded computersservers and embedded computers
New technologies enable unanticipated New technologies enable unanticipated applications (and create new challenges)applications (and create new challenges)
Vint Cerf Open Challenges
My primary disappointment has been the slow pace of high speed access for residential customers hellip
The second area of disappointment is the slow uptake of version 6 of the Internet protocol (IPv6)
Perhaps the third area is the continuing difficulty caused by viruses worms and distributed denial of service attacksrdquo
How to make the Internet better Addressing current problems
Security1048766 Privacy1048766 Self-diagnosis amp self-healing networks1048766 Cheap connectivity for poor area and third world countries1048766
Wireless mesh networks1048766 sensors1048766 Mobility1048766
New cool apps1048766 What is after IPTV VoIP BitTorrent
Why Internet2 (1996)
The Internet was not designed forThe Internet was not designed forMillions of usersMillions of usersCongestionCongestionMultimediaMultimediaReal time interactionReal time interaction
But only the Internet canBut only the Internet canAccommodate explosive growthAccommodate explosive growthEnable convergence of information Enable convergence of information work mass media and human work mass media and human collaborationcollaboration
Internet2 Project Develop and deploy advanced network Develop and deploy advanced network
applications and technologies accelerating applications and technologies accelerating the creation of tomorrowrsquos Internetthe creation of tomorrowrsquos Internet
GoalsGoals Enable new generation of applicationsEnable new generation of applications Re-create leading edge RampE network Re-create leading edge RampE network
capabilitycapability Transfer capability to the global Transfer capability to the global
production Internetproduction Internet 206 University Members Jan 2005206 University Members Jan 2005
Internet2 Focus Areas Advanced Network Infrastructure - AbileneAdvanced Network Infrastructure - Abilene
Backbones operate at 10 Gbps capacity - 100 Backbones operate at 10 Gbps capacity - 100 Gbps (2007)Gbps (2007)
Middleware Middleware A layer of software between the network and the A layer of software between the network and the
applications applications Authentication Identification Authorization Authentication Identification Authorization
Directories SecurityDirectories Security EngineeringEngineering
IPv6 Measurement Multicast QoS Routing IPv6 Measurement Multicast QoS Routing Security TopologySecurity Topology
Advanced ApplicationsAdvanced Applications Distributed computation Virtual laboratories Distributed computation Virtual laboratories
Digital libraries Distributed learning Digital video Digital libraries Distributed learning Digital video Tele-immersion All of the above in combinationTele-immersion All of the above in combination
Abilene Connections Apr-2000Abilene Connections July 2006
Abilene Connections Apr-2000Abilene International Peering 2006
Research andDevelopment
Commercialization
Partnerships
Privatization
Internet Development Spiral
Todayrsquos Internet
Internet2
University-led Federal agency-led
Developing education and research driven applications
Agency mission-driven and general purpose applications
Building out campus networks gigaPoPs and inter-gigapop
infrastructure
Funding research testbeds and agency research networks
Interconnecting and interoperating to provide advanced networking capabilities needed to support advanced
research and education applications
Internet2 and the Next Generation Internet Initiative
Internet2 NGI
Our Founding (Funding) Fable
Researchers invent new architectures Architectures are validated on a testbed IETF ISPs and router vendors collaborate to deploy new design
This is complete BS
Do Traditional Testbeds Really Test
Production-oriented testbeds Real traffic provides good validation But can test only very incremental changes
Research-oriented testbeds Can test radical architectures Lack of real traffic results in poor validation
Both are expensive (dedicated bandwidth)
What about Deployment Architectural change requires ISP consensus
- Hard to agree- No competitive advantage from architectural innovation
- All have huge sunk investment in the status quo
ISPs are unlikely candidates for architectural change
Architecture isnrsquot just static its decaying Ad hoc workarounds muddy the architectural waters
We are at an Impasse
We canrsquot test new architectures- Despite sizable investments in testbeds
We canrsquot deploy new architectures- And things are getting worse not better
Yet there are pressing requirements for which the current architecture is not well suited
The Communityrsquos Response Focus on areas where we can have impact
Empirical studies Incremental changes (subject to current constraints)
Small stream of architectural proposals Paper designs without hope of deployment
More science fiction than engineering Have largely abandoned hope of effecting fundamental architectural change
Living with rather than overcoming the impasse
Overcoming the Impasse
Must be able to test new architectures Wide range of architectures Real traffic from willing individuals Low overhead for individual researchers
Meet the grand challenge of reinventing the Internet
Empirical incremental research is great but not enough
If someone put us in charge what would we do
What about deployment Several options none good but no excuse to not have an answer to the grand challenge
Testing Virtual Testbed
Overlay testbed (think RON etc) Host proxy directs packets to overlay
Proxy must architecturally neutral and flexible
Individuals (anywhere) opt-in by turning on proxy
Shared testing infrastructure (think Planetlab) Overlay nodes shared among experiments
Slicing on per-packet timescales Virtualized routers
These ideas have turned into the GENI program
Why GENI (Global Environment for Network Innovations) Future Internet Network (2005)
The original designing idea of current information networks is basically a specific network supports one major service
The limitation of the original designing idea can not support the multiple requirements for networks and services (such as Telecom network Internet)
The original design mode of Internet leads to itrsquos shortage in mobility security controllable and administrable
We urgently need redesign the framework of new generation Internet to overcome the serious shortage of current Internet
Providing pervasive and trusted services based on a specific network has became the key research directions of national informatization
GENI (Global Environment for Network Innovations) - NSF 2005 (1)
What is GENIWhat is GENIGENI is GENI is a facility concepta facility concept being explored by being explored by the US computing community the US computing community
back to an NSF workshop in 2005back to an NSF workshop in 2005focus on focus on architecturalarchitectural research and research and provide the provide the experimentalexperimental infrastructure infrastructure needed to support that researchneeded to support that research
focus on the research agenda (and focus on the research agenda (and infrastructure needs) of the infrastructure needs) of the opticaloptical wirelesswireless sensorsensor network and network and distributeddistributed systems communitiessystems communities
GENI (Global Environment for Network Innovations) (2)
The goal of GENI The goal of GENI Goal a Future Internet that meets the Goal a Future Internet that meets the demands of 21st centurydemands of 21st century
to increase the to increase the qualityquality and and quantityquantity of of experimental experimental researchresearch outcomes in networking and distributed outcomes in networking and distributed systemssystems
to accelerate the to accelerate the transitiontransition of these outcomes into of these outcomes into products and servicesproducts and services
enhance economic competitiveness and secure enhance economic competitiveness and secure the Nations futurethe Nations future
Ultimately to lead to a Ultimately to lead to a transition of the transition of the InternetInternet
GENI Research Opportunities (3)
Two dichotomy thought (false or at least Two dichotomy thought (false or at least unnecessary)unnecessary)
a a clean slateclean slate reconceptualization of Internet reconceptualization of Internet architecture architecture
todays 30-year-old architecture that todays 30-year-old architecture that limit its limit its abilityability to cope with emerging threats and to cope with emerging threats and opportunitiesopportunities
bull eroding trust reduced innovation slowing eroding trust reduced innovation slowing updateupdate
future innovation will take the form of new future innovation will take the form of new services and applications running services and applications running on top of the on top of the InternetInternet
GENI Research Opportunities (4)
GENI discussion GENI discussion First we interpret Future Internet very broadly to First we interpret Future Internet very broadly to
include innovations at include innovations at any levelany level of the architecture of the architecture alternative protocols and architectures running alternative protocols and architectures running
inside the network (as overlays on top of inside the network (as overlays on top of todays network) todays network)
Second research should employ Second research should employ clean slate clean slate thinkingthinking but this does but this does not imply that an entirely not imply that an entirely newnew Internet will be necessary In other words Internet will be necessary In other words clean slate is a clean slate is a processprocess not a not a resultresult
Third opportunities Third opportunities betweenbetween two perspectives two perspectives exploring how todays architecture is best exploring how todays architecture is best
evolved to support emerging overlay services evolved to support emerging overlay services
GENI Facility Concept (5)
Facility ConceptFacility Concept experimental platforms for experimental platforms for bothboth research and research and
deploymentdeployment filling the filling the gapgap between small-scale exp and mature between small-scale exp and mature
tech tech GENI evaluate new network systems on large-GENI evaluate new network systems on large-
scalescale
Two levelsTwo levels Physical level Physical level GENI substrateGENI substrate will consist of a will consist of a
collection of links forwarders storage collection of links forwarders storage processors and wireless net processors and wireless net
On top of this substrate a On top of this substrate a software software management management frameworkframework will be overlay network experiments on will be overlay network experiments on
the substratethe substrate
GENI Facility Concept (6)
Four key ideasFour key ideas substrate components will be substrate components will be programmableprogrammable - -
possible to embed any network experiment including possible to embed any network experiment including clean-slate designs clean-slate designs
Substrate will be Substrate will be virtualizable virtualizable -- possible to embed possible to embed multiple slices in the substrate at the same time multiple slices in the substrate at the same time (allow experimental services and architectures to run (allow experimental services and architectures to run continuously) continuously)
GENI will include mechanisms that allow end-users GENI will include mechanisms that allow end-users to to seamlessly seamlessly opt-inopt-in to experimental services to experimental services
GENI will be GENI will be modularmodular ( (architecture and interfaces) - architecture and interfaces) - possible to extend GENI with new networking possible to extend GENI with new networking technologies GENI will not be a static artifact but technologies GENI will not be a static artifact but rather a rather a dynamic infrastructuredynamic infrastructure that is continually that is continually renewedrenewed
FIND (Future Internet Network Design) ndash NSF 2006 (1)
FIND asks two broad questionsFIND asks two broad questions What are the What are the requirementsrequirements for the global network for the global network
in 15 years in 15 years How How would we would we re-conceivere-conceive tomorrows global tomorrows global
network today if we could design it from scratch network today if we could design it from scratch FIND program solicits FIND program solicits clean slate processclean slate process research proposals in the broad area of research proposals in the broad area of network architecture principles and designnetwork architecture principles and design
FIND (Future Internet Network Design) (2)
FIND research might address wide questionsFIND research might address wide questions What will the What will the edgeedge of the network look like in 15 of the network look like in 15
years How might the network years How might the network architecturearchitecture of 15 of 15 years hence best accommodate sensors embedded years hence best accommodate sensors embedded systems and the like systems and the like
How might the network of 15 years from now How might the network of 15 years from now supportsupport what users really do (and care about) How what users really do (and care about) How might such functions as information access location might such functions as information access location management or identity management best fit into a management or identity management best fit into a new overall network architecture new overall network architecture
What will the What will the core core of the network look like in 15 of the network look like in 15 years How might the changing economics of years How might the changing economics of optical systems affect the overall design of the larger optical systems affect the overall design of the larger networknetwork
FIRE (Future Internet Research and Experimentation) ndash European 2007 (1)
Internet has Internet has growngrown to an unexpected reach to an unexpected reach as for the as for the numbernumber of users of users capacitycapacity of the of the links broadband penetration to the links broadband penetration to the homehome servicesservices
ProblemsProblems spam viruses denial of service spam viruses denial of service attacks complexity of managementattacks complexity of management
Internet drawbacks and Internet drawbacks and limitationslimitations ndash to ndash to scalabilityscalability suitabilitysuitability mobilitymobility transparencytransparency securitysecurity
require new radical approaches to require new radical approaches to fundamentally redesign its protocols and fundamentally redesign its protocols and architectures architectures
FIRE (2) FIRE is an FIRE is an experimentallyexperimentally-driven -driven longlong-term research initiative on -term research initiative on
Future Internet Future Internet conceptsconcepts protocolsprotocols and and architecturesarchitectures encompassing technological industrial and socio-economic encompassing technological industrial and socio-economic
aspects aspects acting as proof-of-concept of the newly proposed acting as proof-of-concept of the newly proposed
technologies and services technologies and services FIRE RESEARCHFIRE RESEARCH
Long term multidisciplinary research on future internet Long term multidisciplinary research on future internet paradigms paradigms
Open to Open to fresh bottom-upfresh bottom-up ideas with ideas with no backwards-no backwards-compatibilitycompatibility constraints constraints
Building on the FET SAC initiative ldquoSituated and Autonomic Building on the FET SAC initiative ldquoSituated and Autonomic Communicationsrdquo Communicationsrdquo
Considering at the Considering at the same timesame time technological economic and technological economic and socialpolicy aspects socialpolicy aspects
Build in from the outset and on all levels the right Build in from the outset and on all levels the right balancebalance between security accountability and privacybetween security accountability and privacy
FIRE (3)
FIRE EXPERIMENTATIONFIRE EXPERIMENTATION Large scale experimentationLarge scale experimentation of new paradigms and of new paradigms and
concepts for the future internet and related service concepts for the future internet and related service architectures architectures
Learning through broad experimentation Learning through broad experimentation Integrating and validating new conceptsIntegrating and validating new concepts
Federating and extending Federating and extending existing testbedsexisting testbeds and and research infrastructures research infrastructures
no backwards-compatibility constraints no backwards-compatibility constraints European approach and develop a European European approach and develop a European
identityidentity
- Slide 1
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- Slide 115
-
商务模式转化
bull文秘型管理bull关注后台（企业内部）bull关注业务记录（报表）bull地区性bull推销产品为中心bull（卖方市场）
bull自我服务型管理bull关注前端（客户关系）bull要求商业智能（分析）bull全球化bull客户为中心bull（买方市场）
传统商务 电子商务
客户
供应商
合作伙伴
网络智能
市场营销 产品 服务销售 产品制造
服务 支持
e 企业的业务体系结构
网络发展趋势 趋势趋势 融合融合 趋势趋势 泛在（泛在（ UbiquitousUbiquitous ）） 趋势趋势 信息爆炸信息爆炸 更多的网络业务流量更多的网络业务流量 数据流量 数据流量 gt gt 话声流量话声流量 更快的传输介质更快的传输介质 骨干网（骨干网（ BackboneBackbone ）） 更大的带宽（更大的带宽（ BandwidthBandwidth ）） 宽带无线网宽带无线网飞速增长飞速增长 (WLAN) (Wi-Fi)(WLAN) (Wi-Fi) Everything over IPEverything over IP
趋势 融合 新闻新闻 广告广告 -- 媒体媒体 --信息提供者信息提供者
数字媒体产品数字媒体产品 有线电视有线电视
视频传输视频传输 电话电话
声音传输声音传输 计算机计算机
数字媒体存储数字媒体存储 处理处理 信息提供者和信息传输者的结合信息提供者和信息传输者的结合 电话公司电话公司 有线公司有线公司 娱乐事业娱乐事业 和计算机公司和计算机公司
的结合的结合
Trend
趋势 更多的网络业务流量 互联网上的主机数正以超指数量级飞速增长互联网上的主机数正以超指数量级飞速增长 每个主机用户的业务量中也在增长每个主机用户的业务量中也在增长
局域网可达到 局域网可达到 1 1 GbpsGbps 有线电视调制解调器允许以有线电视调制解调器允许以 11到 到 10 10 MbpsMbps 的速的速
度访问主机度访问主机 应用应用 ADSLVDSLADSLVDSL 通过电话线可达到通过电话线可达到 6-6-
2727MbpsMbps 的速度的速度 宽带无线网宽带无线网 (Wi-Fi)(Wi-Fi)可达到可达到 11-54Mbps11-54Mbps 的速的速
度度 带宽需求每四个月增加一倍带宽需求每四个月增加一倍 数据流量 数据流量 gt gt 话声流量话声流量
Trend of Internet hosts 1980-2000
Trend Data gt Voice
趋势 更快的传输介质 局局域域网网 1 Gbps over 4-pair UTP-5 up to 100 m 1 Gbps over 4-pair UTP-5 up to 100 m
10Gbps being discussed10Gbps being discussed Was 1 Mbps (1Base-5) in 1984Was 1 Mbps (1Base-5) in 1984
骨干网光纤骨干网光纤 DWDMDWDM (( Dense Wavelength Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing)Division Multiplexing) OC-768 = 40 Gbps over a to 65 km OC-768 = 40 Gbps over a to 65 km
1600 Gbps - 10 Tbps1600 Gbps - 10 Tbps Was 100 Mbps (FDDI) in 1993Was 100 Mbps (FDDI) in 1993
无线网无线网 54 100 Mbps(100-2km) wireless 54 100 Mbps(100-2km) wireless networks 25 Gbps to 5km using light networks 25 Gbps to 5km using light Was 1 Mbps (IEEE 80211) in 1998Was 1 Mbps (IEEE 80211) in 1998
Trend Bandwidth
Why Optical Networks DWDM optoelectricl metro network
Trend Wireless Mobile (1)
Trend宽带无线网 (Wi-Fi)飞速增长
Trend宽带无线网 (Wi-Fi)飞速增长
Trend宽带无线网 (Wi-Fi)飞速增长
Trend宽带无线网 (Wi-Fi)飞速增长
Integration of 3G and WLAN- offer possibility of achieving anywhere anytime
high speed and low expense Internet access
3G3G WLANWLAN
Wide areaWide area Local areaLocal area
Low bit rate Low bit rate
(2M when stand (2M when stand still)still)
High bit rateHigh bit rate
(11M to 54M)(11M to 54M)
DataVoice serviceDataVoice service
((QoS supportQoS support))
Data serviceData service
High expenseHigh expense Low expenseLow expense
High mobilityHigh mobility Low mobilityLow mobility
Trend Everything over IP
Data over IP =gt IP needs Traffic Data over IP =gt IP needs Traffic engineeringengineering
Voice over IP =gt Quality of Service and Voice over IP =gt Quality of Service and SignalingSignaling
Backbone -- Optic networksBackbone -- Optic networks IP over ATM IP over ATM （（异步传输模式）异步传输模式） IP over SONET -- POS (Packet over SDH) IP over SONET -- POS (Packet over SDH)
(( 同步同步 )) IP over DWDMIP over DWDM
Asynchronous Transfer Mode ATM
1990rsquos00 standard for high-speed (155Mbps to 1990rsquos00 standard for high-speed (155Mbps to 622 Mbps and higher) 622 Mbps and higher) Broadband Integrated Broadband Integrated Service Digital NetworkService Digital Network architecture architecture
GoalGoal integrated end-end transport of carry integrated end-end transport of carry voice video datavoice video data meeting timingQoS requirements of voice meeting timingQoS requirements of voice
video (versus Internet best-effort model)video (versus Internet best-effort model) ldquoldquonext generationrdquo telephony technical roots next generationrdquo telephony technical roots
in telephone worldin telephone world packet-switching (fixed length packets packet-switching (fixed length packets
called ldquocellsrdquo) using called ldquocellsrdquo) using virtual circuitsvirtual circuits
ATM reference model
How far along are we
Standardization bodies - ATM Forum ITU-T Standardization bodies - ATM Forum ITU-T We may never see end-to-end ATM (1997)We may never see end-to-end ATM (1997)
ATM - too complex - too expansive ltIPgtATM - too complex - too expansive ltIPgt Backbone - 1995 vBNS (ATM) Backbone - 1995 vBNS (ATM)
- 1998 Abilene (SONET) - 2000 IP over - 1998 Abilene (SONET) - 2000 IP over DWDMDWDM
Internet technology + ATM philosophyInternet technology + ATM philosophy but ATM ideas continue to powerfully but ATM ideas continue to powerfully
influence design of next-generation influence design of next-generation InternetInternet
ex ex MPLSMPLS admission ctl resource admission ctl resource reservation hellipreservation hellip
Best of Both Worlds
Multiprotocol label switching (Multiprotocol label switching (MPLSMPLS)) MPLS + IP form a middle ground that MPLS + IP form a middle ground that
combines the best of IP and the best of combines the best of IP and the best of virtual virtual circuit switching technologiescircuit switching technologies
ATM and Frame Relay cannot easily come to ATM and Frame Relay cannot easily come to the middle so IP hasthe middle so IP has
Label Encapsulation
MPLS Encapsulation is specified over MPLS Encapsulation is specified over various media types Top labels may use various media types Top labels may use existing format lower label(s) use a new existing format lower label(s) use a new ldquoshimrdquo label formatldquoshimrdquo label format
Label Substitution Have a friend go to B ahead of you using one of the Have a friend go to B ahead of you using one of the
previous two techniques At every road they reserve previous two techniques At every road they reserve a lane just for you At every intersection they post a a lane just for you At every intersection they post a big sign that says for a given lane which way to turn big sign that says for a given lane which way to turn and what new lane to takeand what new lane to take
Future Internet Research and Experimentation
Todayrsquos Internet Millions of usersMillions of users Web email low-quality audio amp videoWeb email low-quality audio amp video Interconnect personal computers and serversInterconnect personal computers and servers Applications adapt to underlying technologyApplications adapt to underlying technology Todayrsquos Internet DoesnrsquotTodayrsquos Internet Doesnrsquot
Provide reliable end-to-end performanceProvide reliable end-to-end performanceEncourage cooperation on new capabilitiesEncourage cooperation on new capabilitiesAllow testing of new technologiesAllow testing of new technologiesSupport development of revolutionary Support development of revolutionary applicationsapplications
Tomorrowrsquos Internet
Billions of users and devicesBillions of users and devices Convergence of todayrsquos applications Convergence of todayrsquos applications with multimedia (telephony video-with multimedia (telephony video-conference HDTV)conference HDTV)
Interconnect personal computers Interconnect personal computers servers and embedded computersservers and embedded computers
New technologies enable unanticipated New technologies enable unanticipated applications (and create new challenges)applications (and create new challenges)
Vint Cerf Open Challenges
My primary disappointment has been the slow pace of high speed access for residential customers hellip
The second area of disappointment is the slow uptake of version 6 of the Internet protocol (IPv6)
Perhaps the third area is the continuing difficulty caused by viruses worms and distributed denial of service attacksrdquo
How to make the Internet better Addressing current problems
Security1048766 Privacy1048766 Self-diagnosis amp self-healing networks1048766 Cheap connectivity for poor area and third world countries1048766
Wireless mesh networks1048766 sensors1048766 Mobility1048766
New cool apps1048766 What is after IPTV VoIP BitTorrent
Why Internet2 (1996)
The Internet was not designed forThe Internet was not designed forMillions of usersMillions of usersCongestionCongestionMultimediaMultimediaReal time interactionReal time interaction
But only the Internet canBut only the Internet canAccommodate explosive growthAccommodate explosive growthEnable convergence of information Enable convergence of information work mass media and human work mass media and human collaborationcollaboration
Internet2 Project Develop and deploy advanced network Develop and deploy advanced network
applications and technologies accelerating applications and technologies accelerating the creation of tomorrowrsquos Internetthe creation of tomorrowrsquos Internet
GoalsGoals Enable new generation of applicationsEnable new generation of applications Re-create leading edge RampE network Re-create leading edge RampE network
capabilitycapability Transfer capability to the global Transfer capability to the global
production Internetproduction Internet 206 University Members Jan 2005206 University Members Jan 2005
Internet2 Focus Areas Advanced Network Infrastructure - AbileneAdvanced Network Infrastructure - Abilene
Backbones operate at 10 Gbps capacity - 100 Backbones operate at 10 Gbps capacity - 100 Gbps (2007)Gbps (2007)
Middleware Middleware A layer of software between the network and the A layer of software between the network and the
applications applications Authentication Identification Authorization Authentication Identification Authorization
Directories SecurityDirectories Security EngineeringEngineering
IPv6 Measurement Multicast QoS Routing IPv6 Measurement Multicast QoS Routing Security TopologySecurity Topology
Advanced ApplicationsAdvanced Applications Distributed computation Virtual laboratories Distributed computation Virtual laboratories
Digital libraries Distributed learning Digital video Digital libraries Distributed learning Digital video Tele-immersion All of the above in combinationTele-immersion All of the above in combination
Abilene Connections Apr-2000Abilene Connections July 2006
Abilene Connections Apr-2000Abilene International Peering 2006
Research andDevelopment
Commercialization
Partnerships
Privatization
Internet Development Spiral
Todayrsquos Internet
Internet2
University-led Federal agency-led
Developing education and research driven applications
Agency mission-driven and general purpose applications
Building out campus networks gigaPoPs and inter-gigapop
infrastructure
Funding research testbeds and agency research networks
Interconnecting and interoperating to provide advanced networking capabilities needed to support advanced
research and education applications
Internet2 and the Next Generation Internet Initiative
Internet2 NGI
Our Founding (Funding) Fable
Researchers invent new architectures Architectures are validated on a testbed IETF ISPs and router vendors collaborate to deploy new design
This is complete BS
Do Traditional Testbeds Really Test
Production-oriented testbeds Real traffic provides good validation But can test only very incremental changes
Research-oriented testbeds Can test radical architectures Lack of real traffic results in poor validation
Both are expensive (dedicated bandwidth)
What about Deployment Architectural change requires ISP consensus
- Hard to agree- No competitive advantage from architectural innovation
- All have huge sunk investment in the status quo
ISPs are unlikely candidates for architectural change
Architecture isnrsquot just static its decaying Ad hoc workarounds muddy the architectural waters
We are at an Impasse
We canrsquot test new architectures- Despite sizable investments in testbeds
We canrsquot deploy new architectures- And things are getting worse not better
Yet there are pressing requirements for which the current architecture is not well suited
The Communityrsquos Response Focus on areas where we can have impact
Empirical studies Incremental changes (subject to current constraints)
Small stream of architectural proposals Paper designs without hope of deployment
More science fiction than engineering Have largely abandoned hope of effecting fundamental architectural change
Living with rather than overcoming the impasse
Overcoming the Impasse
Must be able to test new architectures Wide range of architectures Real traffic from willing individuals Low overhead for individual researchers
Meet the grand challenge of reinventing the Internet
Empirical incremental research is great but not enough
If someone put us in charge what would we do
What about deployment Several options none good but no excuse to not have an answer to the grand challenge
Testing Virtual Testbed
Overlay testbed (think RON etc) Host proxy directs packets to overlay
Proxy must architecturally neutral and flexible
Individuals (anywhere) opt-in by turning on proxy
Shared testing infrastructure (think Planetlab) Overlay nodes shared among experiments
Slicing on per-packet timescales Virtualized routers
These ideas have turned into the GENI program
Why GENI (Global Environment for Network Innovations) Future Internet Network (2005)
The original designing idea of current information networks is basically a specific network supports one major service
The limitation of the original designing idea can not support the multiple requirements for networks and services (such as Telecom network Internet)
The original design mode of Internet leads to itrsquos shortage in mobility security controllable and administrable
We urgently need redesign the framework of new generation Internet to overcome the serious shortage of current Internet
Providing pervasive and trusted services based on a specific network has became the key research directions of national informatization
GENI (Global Environment for Network Innovations) - NSF 2005 (1)
What is GENIWhat is GENIGENI is GENI is a facility concepta facility concept being explored by being explored by the US computing community the US computing community
back to an NSF workshop in 2005back to an NSF workshop in 2005focus on focus on architecturalarchitectural research and research and provide the provide the experimentalexperimental infrastructure infrastructure needed to support that researchneeded to support that research
focus on the research agenda (and focus on the research agenda (and infrastructure needs) of the infrastructure needs) of the opticaloptical wirelesswireless sensorsensor network and network and distributeddistributed systems communitiessystems communities
GENI (Global Environment for Network Innovations) (2)
The goal of GENI The goal of GENI Goal a Future Internet that meets the Goal a Future Internet that meets the demands of 21st centurydemands of 21st century
to increase the to increase the qualityquality and and quantityquantity of of experimental experimental researchresearch outcomes in networking and distributed outcomes in networking and distributed systemssystems
to accelerate the to accelerate the transitiontransition of these outcomes into of these outcomes into products and servicesproducts and services
enhance economic competitiveness and secure enhance economic competitiveness and secure the Nations futurethe Nations future
Ultimately to lead to a Ultimately to lead to a transition of the transition of the InternetInternet
GENI Research Opportunities (3)
Two dichotomy thought (false or at least Two dichotomy thought (false or at least unnecessary)unnecessary)
a a clean slateclean slate reconceptualization of Internet reconceptualization of Internet architecture architecture
todays 30-year-old architecture that todays 30-year-old architecture that limit its limit its abilityability to cope with emerging threats and to cope with emerging threats and opportunitiesopportunities
bull eroding trust reduced innovation slowing eroding trust reduced innovation slowing updateupdate
future innovation will take the form of new future innovation will take the form of new services and applications running services and applications running on top of the on top of the InternetInternet
GENI Research Opportunities (4)
GENI discussion GENI discussion First we interpret Future Internet very broadly to First we interpret Future Internet very broadly to
include innovations at include innovations at any levelany level of the architecture of the architecture alternative protocols and architectures running alternative protocols and architectures running
inside the network (as overlays on top of inside the network (as overlays on top of todays network) todays network)
Second research should employ Second research should employ clean slate clean slate thinkingthinking but this does but this does not imply that an entirely not imply that an entirely newnew Internet will be necessary In other words Internet will be necessary In other words clean slate is a clean slate is a processprocess not a not a resultresult
Third opportunities Third opportunities betweenbetween two perspectives two perspectives exploring how todays architecture is best exploring how todays architecture is best
evolved to support emerging overlay services evolved to support emerging overlay services
GENI Facility Concept (5)
Facility ConceptFacility Concept experimental platforms for experimental platforms for bothboth research and research and
deploymentdeployment filling the filling the gapgap between small-scale exp and mature between small-scale exp and mature
tech tech GENI evaluate new network systems on large-GENI evaluate new network systems on large-
scalescale
Two levelsTwo levels Physical level Physical level GENI substrateGENI substrate will consist of a will consist of a
collection of links forwarders storage collection of links forwarders storage processors and wireless net processors and wireless net
On top of this substrate a On top of this substrate a software software management management frameworkframework will be overlay network experiments on will be overlay network experiments on
the substratethe substrate
GENI Facility Concept (6)
Four key ideasFour key ideas substrate components will be substrate components will be programmableprogrammable - -
possible to embed any network experiment including possible to embed any network experiment including clean-slate designs clean-slate designs
Substrate will be Substrate will be virtualizable virtualizable -- possible to embed possible to embed multiple slices in the substrate at the same time multiple slices in the substrate at the same time (allow experimental services and architectures to run (allow experimental services and architectures to run continuously) continuously)
GENI will include mechanisms that allow end-users GENI will include mechanisms that allow end-users to to seamlessly seamlessly opt-inopt-in to experimental services to experimental services
GENI will be GENI will be modularmodular ( (architecture and interfaces) - architecture and interfaces) - possible to extend GENI with new networking possible to extend GENI with new networking technologies GENI will not be a static artifact but technologies GENI will not be a static artifact but rather a rather a dynamic infrastructuredynamic infrastructure that is continually that is continually renewedrenewed
FIND (Future Internet Network Design) ndash NSF 2006 (1)
FIND asks two broad questionsFIND asks two broad questions What are the What are the requirementsrequirements for the global network for the global network
in 15 years in 15 years How How would we would we re-conceivere-conceive tomorrows global tomorrows global
network today if we could design it from scratch network today if we could design it from scratch FIND program solicits FIND program solicits clean slate processclean slate process research proposals in the broad area of research proposals in the broad area of network architecture principles and designnetwork architecture principles and design
FIND (Future Internet Network Design) (2)
FIND research might address wide questionsFIND research might address wide questions What will the What will the edgeedge of the network look like in 15 of the network look like in 15
years How might the network years How might the network architecturearchitecture of 15 of 15 years hence best accommodate sensors embedded years hence best accommodate sensors embedded systems and the like systems and the like
How might the network of 15 years from now How might the network of 15 years from now supportsupport what users really do (and care about) How what users really do (and care about) How might such functions as information access location might such functions as information access location management or identity management best fit into a management or identity management best fit into a new overall network architecture new overall network architecture
What will the What will the core core of the network look like in 15 of the network look like in 15 years How might the changing economics of years How might the changing economics of optical systems affect the overall design of the larger optical systems affect the overall design of the larger networknetwork
FIRE (Future Internet Research and Experimentation) ndash European 2007 (1)
Internet has Internet has growngrown to an unexpected reach to an unexpected reach as for the as for the numbernumber of users of users capacitycapacity of the of the links broadband penetration to the links broadband penetration to the homehome servicesservices
ProblemsProblems spam viruses denial of service spam viruses denial of service attacks complexity of managementattacks complexity of management
Internet drawbacks and Internet drawbacks and limitationslimitations ndash to ndash to scalabilityscalability suitabilitysuitability mobilitymobility transparencytransparency securitysecurity
require new radical approaches to require new radical approaches to fundamentally redesign its protocols and fundamentally redesign its protocols and architectures architectures
FIRE (2) FIRE is an FIRE is an experimentallyexperimentally-driven -driven longlong-term research initiative on -term research initiative on
Future Internet Future Internet conceptsconcepts protocolsprotocols and and architecturesarchitectures encompassing technological industrial and socio-economic encompassing technological industrial and socio-economic
aspects aspects acting as proof-of-concept of the newly proposed acting as proof-of-concept of the newly proposed
technologies and services technologies and services FIRE RESEARCHFIRE RESEARCH
Long term multidisciplinary research on future internet Long term multidisciplinary research on future internet paradigms paradigms
Open to Open to fresh bottom-upfresh bottom-up ideas with ideas with no backwards-no backwards-compatibilitycompatibility constraints constraints
Building on the FET SAC initiative ldquoSituated and Autonomic Building on the FET SAC initiative ldquoSituated and Autonomic Communicationsrdquo Communicationsrdquo
Considering at the Considering at the same timesame time technological economic and technological economic and socialpolicy aspects socialpolicy aspects
Build in from the outset and on all levels the right Build in from the outset and on all levels the right balancebalance between security accountability and privacybetween security accountability and privacy
FIRE (3)
FIRE EXPERIMENTATIONFIRE EXPERIMENTATION Large scale experimentationLarge scale experimentation of new paradigms and of new paradigms and
concepts for the future internet and related service concepts for the future internet and related service architectures architectures
Learning through broad experimentation Learning through broad experimentation Integrating and validating new conceptsIntegrating and validating new concepts
Federating and extending Federating and extending existing testbedsexisting testbeds and and research infrastructures research infrastructures
no backwards-compatibility constraints no backwards-compatibility constraints European approach and develop a European European approach and develop a European
identityidentity
- Slide 1
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-
客户
供应商
合作伙伴
网络智能
市场营销 产品 服务销售 产品制造
服务 支持
e 企业的业务体系结构
网络发展趋势 趋势趋势 融合融合 趋势趋势 泛在（泛在（ UbiquitousUbiquitous ）） 趋势趋势 信息爆炸信息爆炸 更多的网络业务流量更多的网络业务流量 数据流量 数据流量 gt gt 话声流量话声流量 更快的传输介质更快的传输介质 骨干网（骨干网（ BackboneBackbone ）） 更大的带宽（更大的带宽（ BandwidthBandwidth ）） 宽带无线网宽带无线网飞速增长飞速增长 (WLAN) (Wi-Fi)(WLAN) (Wi-Fi) Everything over IPEverything over IP
趋势 融合 新闻新闻 广告广告 -- 媒体媒体 --信息提供者信息提供者
数字媒体产品数字媒体产品 有线电视有线电视
视频传输视频传输 电话电话
声音传输声音传输 计算机计算机
数字媒体存储数字媒体存储 处理处理 信息提供者和信息传输者的结合信息提供者和信息传输者的结合 电话公司电话公司 有线公司有线公司 娱乐事业娱乐事业 和计算机公司和计算机公司
的结合的结合
Trend
趋势 更多的网络业务流量 互联网上的主机数正以超指数量级飞速增长互联网上的主机数正以超指数量级飞速增长 每个主机用户的业务量中也在增长每个主机用户的业务量中也在增长
局域网可达到 局域网可达到 1 1 GbpsGbps 有线电视调制解调器允许以有线电视调制解调器允许以 11到 到 10 10 MbpsMbps 的速的速
度访问主机度访问主机 应用应用 ADSLVDSLADSLVDSL 通过电话线可达到通过电话线可达到 6-6-
2727MbpsMbps 的速度的速度 宽带无线网宽带无线网 (Wi-Fi)(Wi-Fi)可达到可达到 11-54Mbps11-54Mbps 的速的速
度度 带宽需求每四个月增加一倍带宽需求每四个月增加一倍 数据流量 数据流量 gt gt 话声流量话声流量
Trend of Internet hosts 1980-2000
Trend Data gt Voice
趋势 更快的传输介质 局局域域网网 1 Gbps over 4-pair UTP-5 up to 100 m 1 Gbps over 4-pair UTP-5 up to 100 m
10Gbps being discussed10Gbps being discussed Was 1 Mbps (1Base-5) in 1984Was 1 Mbps (1Base-5) in 1984
骨干网光纤骨干网光纤 DWDMDWDM (( Dense Wavelength Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing)Division Multiplexing) OC-768 = 40 Gbps over a to 65 km OC-768 = 40 Gbps over a to 65 km
1600 Gbps - 10 Tbps1600 Gbps - 10 Tbps Was 100 Mbps (FDDI) in 1993Was 100 Mbps (FDDI) in 1993
无线网无线网 54 100 Mbps(100-2km) wireless 54 100 Mbps(100-2km) wireless networks 25 Gbps to 5km using light networks 25 Gbps to 5km using light Was 1 Mbps (IEEE 80211) in 1998Was 1 Mbps (IEEE 80211) in 1998
Trend Bandwidth
Why Optical Networks DWDM optoelectricl metro network
Trend Wireless Mobile (1)
Trend宽带无线网 (Wi-Fi)飞速增长
Trend宽带无线网 (Wi-Fi)飞速增长
Trend宽带无线网 (Wi-Fi)飞速增长
Trend宽带无线网 (Wi-Fi)飞速增长
Integration of 3G and WLAN- offer possibility of achieving anywhere anytime
high speed and low expense Internet access
3G3G WLANWLAN
Wide areaWide area Local areaLocal area
Low bit rate Low bit rate
(2M when stand (2M when stand still)still)
High bit rateHigh bit rate
(11M to 54M)(11M to 54M)
DataVoice serviceDataVoice service
((QoS supportQoS support))
Data serviceData service
High expenseHigh expense Low expenseLow expense
High mobilityHigh mobility Low mobilityLow mobility
Trend Everything over IP
Data over IP =gt IP needs Traffic Data over IP =gt IP needs Traffic engineeringengineering
Voice over IP =gt Quality of Service and Voice over IP =gt Quality of Service and SignalingSignaling
Backbone -- Optic networksBackbone -- Optic networks IP over ATM IP over ATM （（异步传输模式）异步传输模式） IP over SONET -- POS (Packet over SDH) IP over SONET -- POS (Packet over SDH)
(( 同步同步 )) IP over DWDMIP over DWDM
Asynchronous Transfer Mode ATM
1990rsquos00 standard for high-speed (155Mbps to 1990rsquos00 standard for high-speed (155Mbps to 622 Mbps and higher) 622 Mbps and higher) Broadband Integrated Broadband Integrated Service Digital NetworkService Digital Network architecture architecture
GoalGoal integrated end-end transport of carry integrated end-end transport of carry voice video datavoice video data meeting timingQoS requirements of voice meeting timingQoS requirements of voice
video (versus Internet best-effort model)video (versus Internet best-effort model) ldquoldquonext generationrdquo telephony technical roots next generationrdquo telephony technical roots
in telephone worldin telephone world packet-switching (fixed length packets packet-switching (fixed length packets
called ldquocellsrdquo) using called ldquocellsrdquo) using virtual circuitsvirtual circuits
ATM reference model
How far along are we
Standardization bodies - ATM Forum ITU-T Standardization bodies - ATM Forum ITU-T We may never see end-to-end ATM (1997)We may never see end-to-end ATM (1997)
ATM - too complex - too expansive ltIPgtATM - too complex - too expansive ltIPgt Backbone - 1995 vBNS (ATM) Backbone - 1995 vBNS (ATM)
- 1998 Abilene (SONET) - 2000 IP over - 1998 Abilene (SONET) - 2000 IP over DWDMDWDM
Internet technology + ATM philosophyInternet technology + ATM philosophy but ATM ideas continue to powerfully but ATM ideas continue to powerfully
influence design of next-generation influence design of next-generation InternetInternet
ex ex MPLSMPLS admission ctl resource admission ctl resource reservation hellipreservation hellip
Best of Both Worlds
Multiprotocol label switching (Multiprotocol label switching (MPLSMPLS)) MPLS + IP form a middle ground that MPLS + IP form a middle ground that
combines the best of IP and the best of combines the best of IP and the best of virtual virtual circuit switching technologiescircuit switching technologies
ATM and Frame Relay cannot easily come to ATM and Frame Relay cannot easily come to the middle so IP hasthe middle so IP has
Label Encapsulation
MPLS Encapsulation is specified over MPLS Encapsulation is specified over various media types Top labels may use various media types Top labels may use existing format lower label(s) use a new existing format lower label(s) use a new ldquoshimrdquo label formatldquoshimrdquo label format
Label Substitution Have a friend go to B ahead of you using one of the Have a friend go to B ahead of you using one of the
previous two techniques At every road they reserve previous two techniques At every road they reserve a lane just for you At every intersection they post a a lane just for you At every intersection they post a big sign that says for a given lane which way to turn big sign that says for a given lane which way to turn and what new lane to takeand what new lane to take
Future Internet Research and Experimentation
Todayrsquos Internet Millions of usersMillions of users Web email low-quality audio amp videoWeb email low-quality audio amp video Interconnect personal computers and serversInterconnect personal computers and servers Applications adapt to underlying technologyApplications adapt to underlying technology Todayrsquos Internet DoesnrsquotTodayrsquos Internet Doesnrsquot
Provide reliable end-to-end performanceProvide reliable end-to-end performanceEncourage cooperation on new capabilitiesEncourage cooperation on new capabilitiesAllow testing of new technologiesAllow testing of new technologiesSupport development of revolutionary Support development of revolutionary applicationsapplications
Tomorrowrsquos Internet
Billions of users and devicesBillions of users and devices Convergence of todayrsquos applications Convergence of todayrsquos applications with multimedia (telephony video-with multimedia (telephony video-conference HDTV)conference HDTV)
Interconnect personal computers Interconnect personal computers servers and embedded computersservers and embedded computers
New technologies enable unanticipated New technologies enable unanticipated applications (and create new challenges)applications (and create new challenges)
Vint Cerf Open Challenges
My primary disappointment has been the slow pace of high speed access for residential customers hellip
The second area of disappointment is the slow uptake of version 6 of the Internet protocol (IPv6)
Perhaps the third area is the continuing difficulty caused by viruses worms and distributed denial of service attacksrdquo
How to make the Internet better Addressing current problems
Security1048766 Privacy1048766 Self-diagnosis amp self-healing networks1048766 Cheap connectivity for poor area and third world countries1048766
Wireless mesh networks1048766 sensors1048766 Mobility1048766
New cool apps1048766 What is after IPTV VoIP BitTorrent
Why Internet2 (1996)
The Internet was not designed forThe Internet was not designed forMillions of usersMillions of usersCongestionCongestionMultimediaMultimediaReal time interactionReal time interaction
But only the Internet canBut only the Internet canAccommodate explosive growthAccommodate explosive growthEnable convergence of information Enable convergence of information work mass media and human work mass media and human collaborationcollaboration
Internet2 Project Develop and deploy advanced network Develop and deploy advanced network
applications and technologies accelerating applications and technologies accelerating the creation of tomorrowrsquos Internetthe creation of tomorrowrsquos Internet
GoalsGoals Enable new generation of applicationsEnable new generation of applications Re-create leading edge RampE network Re-create leading edge RampE network
capabilitycapability Transfer capability to the global Transfer capability to the global
production Internetproduction Internet 206 University Members Jan 2005206 University Members Jan 2005
Internet2 Focus Areas Advanced Network Infrastructure - AbileneAdvanced Network Infrastructure - Abilene
Backbones operate at 10 Gbps capacity - 100 Backbones operate at 10 Gbps capacity - 100 Gbps (2007)Gbps (2007)
Middleware Middleware A layer of software between the network and the A layer of software between the network and the
applications applications Authentication Identification Authorization Authentication Identification Authorization
Directories SecurityDirectories Security EngineeringEngineering
IPv6 Measurement Multicast QoS Routing IPv6 Measurement Multicast QoS Routing Security TopologySecurity Topology
Advanced ApplicationsAdvanced Applications Distributed computation Virtual laboratories Distributed computation Virtual laboratories
Digital libraries Distributed learning Digital video Digital libraries Distributed learning Digital video Tele-immersion All of the above in combinationTele-immersion All of the above in combination
Abilene Connections Apr-2000Abilene Connections July 2006
Abilene Connections Apr-2000Abilene International Peering 2006
Research andDevelopment
Commercialization
Partnerships
Privatization
Internet Development Spiral
Todayrsquos Internet
Internet2
University-led Federal agency-led
Developing education and research driven applications
Agency mission-driven and general purpose applications
Building out campus networks gigaPoPs and inter-gigapop
infrastructure
Funding research testbeds and agency research networks
Interconnecting and interoperating to provide advanced networking capabilities needed to support advanced
research and education applications
Internet2 and the Next Generation Internet Initiative
Internet2 NGI
Our Founding (Funding) Fable
Researchers invent new architectures Architectures are validated on a testbed IETF ISPs and router vendors collaborate to deploy new design
This is complete BS
Do Traditional Testbeds Really Test
Production-oriented testbeds Real traffic provides good validation But can test only very incremental changes
Research-oriented testbeds Can test radical architectures Lack of real traffic results in poor validation
Both are expensive (dedicated bandwidth)
What about Deployment Architectural change requires ISP consensus
- Hard to agree- No competitive advantage from architectural innovation
- All have huge sunk investment in the status quo
ISPs are unlikely candidates for architectural change
Architecture isnrsquot just static its decaying Ad hoc workarounds muddy the architectural waters
We are at an Impasse
We canrsquot test new architectures- Despite sizable investments in testbeds
We canrsquot deploy new architectures- And things are getting worse not better
Yet there are pressing requirements for which the current architecture is not well suited
The Communityrsquos Response Focus on areas where we can have impact
Empirical studies Incremental changes (subject to current constraints)
Small stream of architectural proposals Paper designs without hope of deployment
More science fiction than engineering Have largely abandoned hope of effecting fundamental architectural change
Living with rather than overcoming the impasse
Overcoming the Impasse
Must be able to test new architectures Wide range of architectures Real traffic from willing individuals Low overhead for individual researchers
Meet the grand challenge of reinventing the Internet
Empirical incremental research is great but not enough
If someone put us in charge what would we do
What about deployment Several options none good but no excuse to not have an answer to the grand challenge
Testing Virtual Testbed
Overlay testbed (think RON etc) Host proxy directs packets to overlay
Proxy must architecturally neutral and flexible
Individuals (anywhere) opt-in by turning on proxy
Shared testing infrastructure (think Planetlab) Overlay nodes shared among experiments
Slicing on per-packet timescales Virtualized routers
These ideas have turned into the GENI program
Why GENI (Global Environment for Network Innovations) Future Internet Network (2005)
The original designing idea of current information networks is basically a specific network supports one major service
The limitation of the original designing idea can not support the multiple requirements for networks and services (such as Telecom network Internet)
The original design mode of Internet leads to itrsquos shortage in mobility security controllable and administrable
We urgently need redesign the framework of new generation Internet to overcome the serious shortage of current Internet
Providing pervasive and trusted services based on a specific network has became the key research directions of national informatization
GENI (Global Environment for Network Innovations) - NSF 2005 (1)
What is GENIWhat is GENIGENI is GENI is a facility concepta facility concept being explored by being explored by the US computing community the US computing community
back to an NSF workshop in 2005back to an NSF workshop in 2005focus on focus on architecturalarchitectural research and research and provide the provide the experimentalexperimental infrastructure infrastructure needed to support that researchneeded to support that research
focus on the research agenda (and focus on the research agenda (and infrastructure needs) of the infrastructure needs) of the opticaloptical wirelesswireless sensorsensor network and network and distributeddistributed systems communitiessystems communities
GENI (Global Environment for Network Innovations) (2)
The goal of GENI The goal of GENI Goal a Future Internet that meets the Goal a Future Internet that meets the demands of 21st centurydemands of 21st century
to increase the to increase the qualityquality and and quantityquantity of of experimental experimental researchresearch outcomes in networking and distributed outcomes in networking and distributed systemssystems
to accelerate the to accelerate the transitiontransition of these outcomes into of these outcomes into products and servicesproducts and services
enhance economic competitiveness and secure enhance economic competitiveness and secure the Nations futurethe Nations future
Ultimately to lead to a Ultimately to lead to a transition of the transition of the InternetInternet
GENI Research Opportunities (3)
Two dichotomy thought (false or at least Two dichotomy thought (false or at least unnecessary)unnecessary)
a a clean slateclean slate reconceptualization of Internet reconceptualization of Internet architecture architecture
todays 30-year-old architecture that todays 30-year-old architecture that limit its limit its abilityability to cope with emerging threats and to cope with emerging threats and opportunitiesopportunities
bull eroding trust reduced innovation slowing eroding trust reduced innovation slowing updateupdate
future innovation will take the form of new future innovation will take the form of new services and applications running services and applications running on top of the on top of the InternetInternet
GENI Research Opportunities (4)
GENI discussion GENI discussion First we interpret Future Internet very broadly to First we interpret Future Internet very broadly to
include innovations at include innovations at any levelany level of the architecture of the architecture alternative protocols and architectures running alternative protocols and architectures running
inside the network (as overlays on top of inside the network (as overlays on top of todays network) todays network)
Second research should employ Second research should employ clean slate clean slate thinkingthinking but this does but this does not imply that an entirely not imply that an entirely newnew Internet will be necessary In other words Internet will be necessary In other words clean slate is a clean slate is a processprocess not a not a resultresult
Third opportunities Third opportunities betweenbetween two perspectives two perspectives exploring how todays architecture is best exploring how todays architecture is best
evolved to support emerging overlay services evolved to support emerging overlay services
GENI Facility Concept (5)
Facility ConceptFacility Concept experimental platforms for experimental platforms for bothboth research and research and
deploymentdeployment filling the filling the gapgap between small-scale exp and mature between small-scale exp and mature
tech tech GENI evaluate new network systems on large-GENI evaluate new network systems on large-
scalescale
Two levelsTwo levels Physical level Physical level GENI substrateGENI substrate will consist of a will consist of a
collection of links forwarders storage collection of links forwarders storage processors and wireless net processors and wireless net
On top of this substrate a On top of this substrate a software software management management frameworkframework will be overlay network experiments on will be overlay network experiments on
the substratethe substrate
GENI Facility Concept (6)
Four key ideasFour key ideas substrate components will be substrate components will be programmableprogrammable - -
possible to embed any network experiment including possible to embed any network experiment including clean-slate designs clean-slate designs
Substrate will be Substrate will be virtualizable virtualizable -- possible to embed possible to embed multiple slices in the substrate at the same time multiple slices in the substrate at the same time (allow experimental services and architectures to run (allow experimental services and architectures to run continuously) continuously)
GENI will include mechanisms that allow end-users GENI will include mechanisms that allow end-users to to seamlessly seamlessly opt-inopt-in to experimental services to experimental services
GENI will be GENI will be modularmodular ( (architecture and interfaces) - architecture and interfaces) - possible to extend GENI with new networking possible to extend GENI with new networking technologies GENI will not be a static artifact but technologies GENI will not be a static artifact but rather a rather a dynamic infrastructuredynamic infrastructure that is continually that is continually renewedrenewed
FIND (Future Internet Network Design) ndash NSF 2006 (1)
FIND asks two broad questionsFIND asks two broad questions What are the What are the requirementsrequirements for the global network for the global network
in 15 years in 15 years How How would we would we re-conceivere-conceive tomorrows global tomorrows global
network today if we could design it from scratch network today if we could design it from scratch FIND program solicits FIND program solicits clean slate processclean slate process research proposals in the broad area of research proposals in the broad area of network architecture principles and designnetwork architecture principles and design
FIND (Future Internet Network Design) (2)
FIND research might address wide questionsFIND research might address wide questions What will the What will the edgeedge of the network look like in 15 of the network look like in 15
years How might the network years How might the network architecturearchitecture of 15 of 15 years hence best accommodate sensors embedded years hence best accommodate sensors embedded systems and the like systems and the like
How might the network of 15 years from now How might the network of 15 years from now supportsupport what users really do (and care about) How what users really do (and care about) How might such functions as information access location might such functions as information access location management or identity management best fit into a management or identity management best fit into a new overall network architecture new overall network architecture
What will the What will the core core of the network look like in 15 of the network look like in 15 years How might the changing economics of years How might the changing economics of optical systems affect the overall design of the larger optical systems affect the overall design of the larger networknetwork
FIRE (Future Internet Research and Experimentation) ndash European 2007 (1)
Internet has Internet has growngrown to an unexpected reach to an unexpected reach as for the as for the numbernumber of users of users capacitycapacity of the of the links broadband penetration to the links broadband penetration to the homehome servicesservices
ProblemsProblems spam viruses denial of service spam viruses denial of service attacks complexity of managementattacks complexity of management
Internet drawbacks and Internet drawbacks and limitationslimitations ndash to ndash to scalabilityscalability suitabilitysuitability mobilitymobility transparencytransparency securitysecurity
require new radical approaches to require new radical approaches to fundamentally redesign its protocols and fundamentally redesign its protocols and architectures architectures
FIRE (2) FIRE is an FIRE is an experimentallyexperimentally-driven -driven longlong-term research initiative on -term research initiative on
Future Internet Future Internet conceptsconcepts protocolsprotocols and and architecturesarchitectures encompassing technological industrial and socio-economic encompassing technological industrial and socio-economic
aspects aspects acting as proof-of-concept of the newly proposed acting as proof-of-concept of the newly proposed
technologies and services technologies and services FIRE RESEARCHFIRE RESEARCH
Long term multidisciplinary research on future internet Long term multidisciplinary research on future internet paradigms paradigms
Open to Open to fresh bottom-upfresh bottom-up ideas with ideas with no backwards-no backwards-compatibilitycompatibility constraints constraints
Building on the FET SAC initiative ldquoSituated and Autonomic Building on the FET SAC initiative ldquoSituated and Autonomic Communicationsrdquo Communicationsrdquo
Considering at the Considering at the same timesame time technological economic and technological economic and socialpolicy aspects socialpolicy aspects
Build in from the outset and on all levels the right Build in from the outset and on all levels the right balancebalance between security accountability and privacybetween security accountability and privacy
FIRE (3)
FIRE EXPERIMENTATIONFIRE EXPERIMENTATION Large scale experimentationLarge scale experimentation of new paradigms and of new paradigms and
concepts for the future internet and related service concepts for the future internet and related service architectures architectures
Learning through broad experimentation Learning through broad experimentation Integrating and validating new conceptsIntegrating and validating new concepts
Federating and extending Federating and extending existing testbedsexisting testbeds and and research infrastructures research infrastructures
no backwards-compatibility constraints no backwards-compatibility constraints European approach and develop a European European approach and develop a European
identityidentity
- Slide 1
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
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-
网络发展趋势 趋势趋势 融合融合 趋势趋势 泛在（泛在（ UbiquitousUbiquitous ）） 趋势趋势 信息爆炸信息爆炸 更多的网络业务流量更多的网络业务流量 数据流量 数据流量 gt gt 话声流量话声流量 更快的传输介质更快的传输介质 骨干网（骨干网（ BackboneBackbone ）） 更大的带宽（更大的带宽（ BandwidthBandwidth ）） 宽带无线网宽带无线网飞速增长飞速增长 (WLAN) (Wi-Fi)(WLAN) (Wi-Fi) Everything over IPEverything over IP
趋势 融合 新闻新闻 广告广告 -- 媒体媒体 --信息提供者信息提供者
数字媒体产品数字媒体产品 有线电视有线电视
视频传输视频传输 电话电话
声音传输声音传输 计算机计算机
数字媒体存储数字媒体存储 处理处理 信息提供者和信息传输者的结合信息提供者和信息传输者的结合 电话公司电话公司 有线公司有线公司 娱乐事业娱乐事业 和计算机公司和计算机公司
的结合的结合
Trend
趋势 更多的网络业务流量 互联网上的主机数正以超指数量级飞速增长互联网上的主机数正以超指数量级飞速增长 每个主机用户的业务量中也在增长每个主机用户的业务量中也在增长
局域网可达到 局域网可达到 1 1 GbpsGbps 有线电视调制解调器允许以有线电视调制解调器允许以 11到 到 10 10 MbpsMbps 的速的速
度访问主机度访问主机 应用应用 ADSLVDSLADSLVDSL 通过电话线可达到通过电话线可达到 6-6-
2727MbpsMbps 的速度的速度 宽带无线网宽带无线网 (Wi-Fi)(Wi-Fi)可达到可达到 11-54Mbps11-54Mbps 的速的速
度度 带宽需求每四个月增加一倍带宽需求每四个月增加一倍 数据流量 数据流量 gt gt 话声流量话声流量
Trend of Internet hosts 1980-2000
Trend Data gt Voice
趋势 更快的传输介质 局局域域网网 1 Gbps over 4-pair UTP-5 up to 100 m 1 Gbps over 4-pair UTP-5 up to 100 m
10Gbps being discussed10Gbps being discussed Was 1 Mbps (1Base-5) in 1984Was 1 Mbps (1Base-5) in 1984
骨干网光纤骨干网光纤 DWDMDWDM (( Dense Wavelength Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing)Division Multiplexing) OC-768 = 40 Gbps over a to 65 km OC-768 = 40 Gbps over a to 65 km
1600 Gbps - 10 Tbps1600 Gbps - 10 Tbps Was 100 Mbps (FDDI) in 1993Was 100 Mbps (FDDI) in 1993
无线网无线网 54 100 Mbps(100-2km) wireless 54 100 Mbps(100-2km) wireless networks 25 Gbps to 5km using light networks 25 Gbps to 5km using light Was 1 Mbps (IEEE 80211) in 1998Was 1 Mbps (IEEE 80211) in 1998
Trend Bandwidth
Why Optical Networks DWDM optoelectricl metro network
Trend Wireless Mobile (1)
Trend宽带无线网 (Wi-Fi)飞速增长
Trend宽带无线网 (Wi-Fi)飞速增长
Trend宽带无线网 (Wi-Fi)飞速增长
Trend宽带无线网 (Wi-Fi)飞速增长
Integration of 3G and WLAN- offer possibility of achieving anywhere anytime
high speed and low expense Internet access
3G3G WLANWLAN
Wide areaWide area Local areaLocal area
Low bit rate Low bit rate
(2M when stand (2M when stand still)still)
High bit rateHigh bit rate
(11M to 54M)(11M to 54M)
DataVoice serviceDataVoice service
((QoS supportQoS support))
Data serviceData service
High expenseHigh expense Low expenseLow expense
High mobilityHigh mobility Low mobilityLow mobility
Trend Everything over IP
Data over IP =gt IP needs Traffic Data over IP =gt IP needs Traffic engineeringengineering
Voice over IP =gt Quality of Service and Voice over IP =gt Quality of Service and SignalingSignaling
Backbone -- Optic networksBackbone -- Optic networks IP over ATM IP over ATM （（异步传输模式）异步传输模式） IP over SONET -- POS (Packet over SDH) IP over SONET -- POS (Packet over SDH)
(( 同步同步 )) IP over DWDMIP over DWDM
Asynchronous Transfer Mode ATM
1990rsquos00 standard for high-speed (155Mbps to 1990rsquos00 standard for high-speed (155Mbps to 622 Mbps and higher) 622 Mbps and higher) Broadband Integrated Broadband Integrated Service Digital NetworkService Digital Network architecture architecture
GoalGoal integrated end-end transport of carry integrated end-end transport of carry voice video datavoice video data meeting timingQoS requirements of voice meeting timingQoS requirements of voice
video (versus Internet best-effort model)video (versus Internet best-effort model) ldquoldquonext generationrdquo telephony technical roots next generationrdquo telephony technical roots
in telephone worldin telephone world packet-switching (fixed length packets packet-switching (fixed length packets
called ldquocellsrdquo) using called ldquocellsrdquo) using virtual circuitsvirtual circuits
ATM reference model
How far along are we
Standardization bodies - ATM Forum ITU-T Standardization bodies - ATM Forum ITU-T We may never see end-to-end ATM (1997)We may never see end-to-end ATM (1997)
ATM - too complex - too expansive ltIPgtATM - too complex - too expansive ltIPgt Backbone - 1995 vBNS (ATM) Backbone - 1995 vBNS (ATM)
- 1998 Abilene (SONET) - 2000 IP over - 1998 Abilene (SONET) - 2000 IP over DWDMDWDM
Internet technology + ATM philosophyInternet technology + ATM philosophy but ATM ideas continue to powerfully but ATM ideas continue to powerfully
influence design of next-generation influence design of next-generation InternetInternet
ex ex MPLSMPLS admission ctl resource admission ctl resource reservation hellipreservation hellip
Best of Both Worlds
Multiprotocol label switching (Multiprotocol label switching (MPLSMPLS)) MPLS + IP form a middle ground that MPLS + IP form a middle ground that
combines the best of IP and the best of combines the best of IP and the best of virtual virtual circuit switching technologiescircuit switching technologies
ATM and Frame Relay cannot easily come to ATM and Frame Relay cannot easily come to the middle so IP hasthe middle so IP has
Label Encapsulation
MPLS Encapsulation is specified over MPLS Encapsulation is specified over various media types Top labels may use various media types Top labels may use existing format lower label(s) use a new existing format lower label(s) use a new ldquoshimrdquo label formatldquoshimrdquo label format
Label Substitution Have a friend go to B ahead of you using one of the Have a friend go to B ahead of you using one of the
previous two techniques At every road they reserve previous two techniques At every road they reserve a lane just for you At every intersection they post a a lane just for you At every intersection they post a big sign that says for a given lane which way to turn big sign that says for a given lane which way to turn and what new lane to takeand what new lane to take
Future Internet Research and Experimentation
Todayrsquos Internet Millions of usersMillions of users Web email low-quality audio amp videoWeb email low-quality audio amp video Interconnect personal computers and serversInterconnect personal computers and servers Applications adapt to underlying technologyApplications adapt to underlying technology Todayrsquos Internet DoesnrsquotTodayrsquos Internet Doesnrsquot
Provide reliable end-to-end performanceProvide reliable end-to-end performanceEncourage cooperation on new capabilitiesEncourage cooperation on new capabilitiesAllow testing of new technologiesAllow testing of new technologiesSupport development of revolutionary Support development of revolutionary applicationsapplications
Tomorrowrsquos Internet
Billions of users and devicesBillions of users and devices Convergence of todayrsquos applications Convergence of todayrsquos applications with multimedia (telephony video-with multimedia (telephony video-conference HDTV)conference HDTV)
Interconnect personal computers Interconnect personal computers servers and embedded computersservers and embedded computers
New technologies enable unanticipated New technologies enable unanticipated applications (and create new challenges)applications (and create new challenges)
Vint Cerf Open Challenges
My primary disappointment has been the slow pace of high speed access for residential customers hellip
The second area of disappointment is the slow uptake of version 6 of the Internet protocol (IPv6)
Perhaps the third area is the continuing difficulty caused by viruses worms and distributed denial of service attacksrdquo
How to make the Internet better Addressing current problems
Security1048766 Privacy1048766 Self-diagnosis amp self-healing networks1048766 Cheap connectivity for poor area and third world countries1048766
Wireless mesh networks1048766 sensors1048766 Mobility1048766
New cool apps1048766 What is after IPTV VoIP BitTorrent
Why Internet2 (1996)
The Internet was not designed forThe Internet was not designed forMillions of usersMillions of usersCongestionCongestionMultimediaMultimediaReal time interactionReal time interaction
But only the Internet canBut only the Internet canAccommodate explosive growthAccommodate explosive growthEnable convergence of information Enable convergence of information work mass media and human work mass media and human collaborationcollaboration
Internet2 Project Develop and deploy advanced network Develop and deploy advanced network
applications and technologies accelerating applications and technologies accelerating the creation of tomorrowrsquos Internetthe creation of tomorrowrsquos Internet
GoalsGoals Enable new generation of applicationsEnable new generation of applications Re-create leading edge RampE network Re-create leading edge RampE network
capabilitycapability Transfer capability to the global Transfer capability to the global
production Internetproduction Internet 206 University Members Jan 2005206 University Members Jan 2005
Internet2 Focus Areas Advanced Network Infrastructure - AbileneAdvanced Network Infrastructure - Abilene
Backbones operate at 10 Gbps capacity - 100 Backbones operate at 10 Gbps capacity - 100 Gbps (2007)Gbps (2007)
Middleware Middleware A layer of software between the network and the A layer of software between the network and the
applications applications Authentication Identification Authorization Authentication Identification Authorization
Directories SecurityDirectories Security EngineeringEngineering
IPv6 Measurement Multicast QoS Routing IPv6 Measurement Multicast QoS Routing Security TopologySecurity Topology
Advanced ApplicationsAdvanced Applications Distributed computation Virtual laboratories Distributed computation Virtual laboratories
Digital libraries Distributed learning Digital video Digital libraries Distributed learning Digital video Tele-immersion All of the above in combinationTele-immersion All of the above in combination
Abilene Connections Apr-2000Abilene Connections July 2006
Abilene Connections Apr-2000Abilene International Peering 2006
Research andDevelopment
Commercialization
Partnerships
Privatization
Internet Development Spiral
Todayrsquos Internet
Internet2
University-led Federal agency-led
Developing education and research driven applications
Agency mission-driven and general purpose applications
Building out campus networks gigaPoPs and inter-gigapop
infrastructure
Funding research testbeds and agency research networks
Interconnecting and interoperating to provide advanced networking capabilities needed to support advanced
research and education applications
Internet2 and the Next Generation Internet Initiative
Internet2 NGI
Our Founding (Funding) Fable
Researchers invent new architectures Architectures are validated on a testbed IETF ISPs and router vendors collaborate to deploy new design
This is complete BS
Do Traditional Testbeds Really Test
Production-oriented testbeds Real traffic provides good validation But can test only very incremental changes
Research-oriented testbeds Can test radical architectures Lack of real traffic results in poor validation
Both are expensive (dedicated bandwidth)
What about Deployment Architectural change requires ISP consensus
- Hard to agree- No competitive advantage from architectural innovation
- All have huge sunk investment in the status quo
ISPs are unlikely candidates for architectural change
Architecture isnrsquot just static its decaying Ad hoc workarounds muddy the architectural waters
We are at an Impasse
We canrsquot test new architectures- Despite sizable investments in testbeds
We canrsquot deploy new architectures- And things are getting worse not better
Yet there are pressing requirements for which the current architecture is not well suited
The Communityrsquos Response Focus on areas where we can have impact
Empirical studies Incremental changes (subject to current constraints)
Small stream of architectural proposals Paper designs without hope of deployment
More science fiction than engineering Have largely abandoned hope of effecting fundamental architectural change
Living with rather than overcoming the impasse
Overcoming the Impasse
Must be able to test new architectures Wide range of architectures Real traffic from willing individuals Low overhead for individual researchers
Meet the grand challenge of reinventing the Internet
Empirical incremental research is great but not enough
If someone put us in charge what would we do
What about deployment Several options none good but no excuse to not have an answer to the grand challenge
Testing Virtual Testbed
Overlay testbed (think RON etc) Host proxy directs packets to overlay
Proxy must architecturally neutral and flexible
Individuals (anywhere) opt-in by turning on proxy
Shared testing infrastructure (think Planetlab) Overlay nodes shared among experiments
Slicing on per-packet timescales Virtualized routers
These ideas have turned into the GENI program
Why GENI (Global Environment for Network Innovations) Future Internet Network (2005)
The original designing idea of current information networks is basically a specific network supports one major service
The limitation of the original designing idea can not support the multiple requirements for networks and services (such as Telecom network Internet)
The original design mode of Internet leads to itrsquos shortage in mobility security controllable and administrable
We urgently need redesign the framework of new generation Internet to overcome the serious shortage of current Internet
Providing pervasive and trusted services based on a specific network has became the key research directions of national informatization
GENI (Global Environment for Network Innovations) - NSF 2005 (1)
What is GENIWhat is GENIGENI is GENI is a facility concepta facility concept being explored by being explored by the US computing community the US computing community
back to an NSF workshop in 2005back to an NSF workshop in 2005focus on focus on architecturalarchitectural research and research and provide the provide the experimentalexperimental infrastructure infrastructure needed to support that researchneeded to support that research
focus on the research agenda (and focus on the research agenda (and infrastructure needs) of the infrastructure needs) of the opticaloptical wirelesswireless sensorsensor network and network and distributeddistributed systems communitiessystems communities
GENI (Global Environment for Network Innovations) (2)
The goal of GENI The goal of GENI Goal a Future Internet that meets the Goal a Future Internet that meets the demands of 21st centurydemands of 21st century
to increase the to increase the qualityquality and and quantityquantity of of experimental experimental researchresearch outcomes in networking and distributed outcomes in networking and distributed systemssystems
to accelerate the to accelerate the transitiontransition of these outcomes into of these outcomes into products and servicesproducts and services
enhance economic competitiveness and secure enhance economic competitiveness and secure the Nations futurethe Nations future
Ultimately to lead to a Ultimately to lead to a transition of the transition of the InternetInternet
GENI Research Opportunities (3)
Two dichotomy thought (false or at least Two dichotomy thought (false or at least unnecessary)unnecessary)
a a clean slateclean slate reconceptualization of Internet reconceptualization of Internet architecture architecture
todays 30-year-old architecture that todays 30-year-old architecture that limit its limit its abilityability to cope with emerging threats and to cope with emerging threats and opportunitiesopportunities
bull eroding trust reduced innovation slowing eroding trust reduced innovation slowing updateupdate
future innovation will take the form of new future innovation will take the form of new services and applications running services and applications running on top of the on top of the InternetInternet
GENI Research Opportunities (4)
GENI discussion GENI discussion First we interpret Future Internet very broadly to First we interpret Future Internet very broadly to
include innovations at include innovations at any levelany level of the architecture of the architecture alternative protocols and architectures running alternative protocols and architectures running
inside the network (as overlays on top of inside the network (as overlays on top of todays network) todays network)
Second research should employ Second research should employ clean slate clean slate thinkingthinking but this does but this does not imply that an entirely not imply that an entirely newnew Internet will be necessary In other words Internet will be necessary In other words clean slate is a clean slate is a processprocess not a not a resultresult
Third opportunities Third opportunities betweenbetween two perspectives two perspectives exploring how todays architecture is best exploring how todays architecture is best
evolved to support emerging overlay services evolved to support emerging overlay services
GENI Facility Concept (5)
Facility ConceptFacility Concept experimental platforms for experimental platforms for bothboth research and research and
deploymentdeployment filling the filling the gapgap between small-scale exp and mature between small-scale exp and mature
tech tech GENI evaluate new network systems on large-GENI evaluate new network systems on large-
scalescale
Two levelsTwo levels Physical level Physical level GENI substrateGENI substrate will consist of a will consist of a
collection of links forwarders storage collection of links forwarders storage processors and wireless net processors and wireless net
On top of this substrate a On top of this substrate a software software management management frameworkframework will be overlay network experiments on will be overlay network experiments on
the substratethe substrate
GENI Facility Concept (6)
Four key ideasFour key ideas substrate components will be substrate components will be programmableprogrammable - -
possible to embed any network experiment including possible to embed any network experiment including clean-slate designs clean-slate designs
Substrate will be Substrate will be virtualizable virtualizable -- possible to embed possible to embed multiple slices in the substrate at the same time multiple slices in the substrate at the same time (allow experimental services and architectures to run (allow experimental services and architectures to run continuously) continuously)
GENI will include mechanisms that allow end-users GENI will include mechanisms that allow end-users to to seamlessly seamlessly opt-inopt-in to experimental services to experimental services
GENI will be GENI will be modularmodular ( (architecture and interfaces) - architecture and interfaces) - possible to extend GENI with new networking possible to extend GENI with new networking technologies GENI will not be a static artifact but technologies GENI will not be a static artifact but rather a rather a dynamic infrastructuredynamic infrastructure that is continually that is continually renewedrenewed
FIND (Future Internet Network Design) ndash NSF 2006 (1)
FIND asks two broad questionsFIND asks two broad questions What are the What are the requirementsrequirements for the global network for the global network
in 15 years in 15 years How How would we would we re-conceivere-conceive tomorrows global tomorrows global
network today if we could design it from scratch network today if we could design it from scratch FIND program solicits FIND program solicits clean slate processclean slate process research proposals in the broad area of research proposals in the broad area of network architecture principles and designnetwork architecture principles and design
FIND (Future Internet Network Design) (2)
FIND research might address wide questionsFIND research might address wide questions What will the What will the edgeedge of the network look like in 15 of the network look like in 15
years How might the network years How might the network architecturearchitecture of 15 of 15 years hence best accommodate sensors embedded years hence best accommodate sensors embedded systems and the like systems and the like
How might the network of 15 years from now How might the network of 15 years from now supportsupport what users really do (and care about) How what users really do (and care about) How might such functions as information access location might such functions as information access location management or identity management best fit into a management or identity management best fit into a new overall network architecture new overall network architecture
What will the What will the core core of the network look like in 15 of the network look like in 15 years How might the changing economics of years How might the changing economics of optical systems affect the overall design of the larger optical systems affect the overall design of the larger networknetwork
FIRE (Future Internet Research and Experimentation) ndash European 2007 (1)
Internet has Internet has growngrown to an unexpected reach to an unexpected reach as for the as for the numbernumber of users of users capacitycapacity of the of the links broadband penetration to the links broadband penetration to the homehome servicesservices
ProblemsProblems spam viruses denial of service spam viruses denial of service attacks complexity of managementattacks complexity of management
Internet drawbacks and Internet drawbacks and limitationslimitations ndash to ndash to scalabilityscalability suitabilitysuitability mobilitymobility transparencytransparency securitysecurity
require new radical approaches to require new radical approaches to fundamentally redesign its protocols and fundamentally redesign its protocols and architectures architectures
FIRE (2) FIRE is an FIRE is an experimentallyexperimentally-driven -driven longlong-term research initiative on -term research initiative on
Future Internet Future Internet conceptsconcepts protocolsprotocols and and architecturesarchitectures encompassing technological industrial and socio-economic encompassing technological industrial and socio-economic
aspects aspects acting as proof-of-concept of the newly proposed acting as proof-of-concept of the newly proposed
technologies and services technologies and services FIRE RESEARCHFIRE RESEARCH
Long term multidisciplinary research on future internet Long term multidisciplinary research on future internet paradigms paradigms
Open to Open to fresh bottom-upfresh bottom-up ideas with ideas with no backwards-no backwards-compatibilitycompatibility constraints constraints
Building on the FET SAC initiative ldquoSituated and Autonomic Building on the FET SAC initiative ldquoSituated and Autonomic Communicationsrdquo Communicationsrdquo
Considering at the Considering at the same timesame time technological economic and technological economic and socialpolicy aspects socialpolicy aspects
Build in from the outset and on all levels the right Build in from the outset and on all levels the right balancebalance between security accountability and privacybetween security accountability and privacy
FIRE (3)
FIRE EXPERIMENTATIONFIRE EXPERIMENTATION Large scale experimentationLarge scale experimentation of new paradigms and of new paradigms and
concepts for the future internet and related service concepts for the future internet and related service architectures architectures
Learning through broad experimentation Learning through broad experimentation Integrating and validating new conceptsIntegrating and validating new concepts
Federating and extending Federating and extending existing testbedsexisting testbeds and and research infrastructures research infrastructures
no backwards-compatibility constraints no backwards-compatibility constraints European approach and develop a European European approach and develop a European
identityidentity
- Slide 1
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
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- Slide 115
-
趋势 融合 新闻新闻 广告广告 -- 媒体媒体 --信息提供者信息提供者
数字媒体产品数字媒体产品 有线电视有线电视
视频传输视频传输 电话电话
声音传输声音传输 计算机计算机
数字媒体存储数字媒体存储 处理处理 信息提供者和信息传输者的结合信息提供者和信息传输者的结合 电话公司电话公司 有线公司有线公司 娱乐事业娱乐事业 和计算机公司和计算机公司
的结合的结合
Trend
趋势 更多的网络业务流量 互联网上的主机数正以超指数量级飞速增长互联网上的主机数正以超指数量级飞速增长 每个主机用户的业务量中也在增长每个主机用户的业务量中也在增长
局域网可达到 局域网可达到 1 1 GbpsGbps 有线电视调制解调器允许以有线电视调制解调器允许以 11到 到 10 10 MbpsMbps 的速的速
度访问主机度访问主机 应用应用 ADSLVDSLADSLVDSL 通过电话线可达到通过电话线可达到 6-6-
2727MbpsMbps 的速度的速度 宽带无线网宽带无线网 (Wi-Fi)(Wi-Fi)可达到可达到 11-54Mbps11-54Mbps 的速的速
度度 带宽需求每四个月增加一倍带宽需求每四个月增加一倍 数据流量 数据流量 gt gt 话声流量话声流量
Trend of Internet hosts 1980-2000
Trend Data gt Voice
趋势 更快的传输介质 局局域域网网 1 Gbps over 4-pair UTP-5 up to 100 m 1 Gbps over 4-pair UTP-5 up to 100 m
10Gbps being discussed10Gbps being discussed Was 1 Mbps (1Base-5) in 1984Was 1 Mbps (1Base-5) in 1984
骨干网光纤骨干网光纤 DWDMDWDM (( Dense Wavelength Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing)Division Multiplexing) OC-768 = 40 Gbps over a to 65 km OC-768 = 40 Gbps over a to 65 km
1600 Gbps - 10 Tbps1600 Gbps - 10 Tbps Was 100 Mbps (FDDI) in 1993Was 100 Mbps (FDDI) in 1993
无线网无线网 54 100 Mbps(100-2km) wireless 54 100 Mbps(100-2km) wireless networks 25 Gbps to 5km using light networks 25 Gbps to 5km using light Was 1 Mbps (IEEE 80211) in 1998Was 1 Mbps (IEEE 80211) in 1998
Trend Bandwidth
Why Optical Networks DWDM optoelectricl metro network
Trend Wireless Mobile (1)
Trend宽带无线网 (Wi-Fi)飞速增长
Trend宽带无线网 (Wi-Fi)飞速增长
Trend宽带无线网 (Wi-Fi)飞速增长
Trend宽带无线网 (Wi-Fi)飞速增长
Integration of 3G and WLAN- offer possibility of achieving anywhere anytime
high speed and low expense Internet access
3G3G WLANWLAN
Wide areaWide area Local areaLocal area
Low bit rate Low bit rate
(2M when stand (2M when stand still)still)
High bit rateHigh bit rate
(11M to 54M)(11M to 54M)
DataVoice serviceDataVoice service
((QoS supportQoS support))
Data serviceData service
High expenseHigh expense Low expenseLow expense
High mobilityHigh mobility Low mobilityLow mobility
Trend Everything over IP
Data over IP =gt IP needs Traffic Data over IP =gt IP needs Traffic engineeringengineering
Voice over IP =gt Quality of Service and Voice over IP =gt Quality of Service and SignalingSignaling
Backbone -- Optic networksBackbone -- Optic networks IP over ATM IP over ATM （（异步传输模式）异步传输模式） IP over SONET -- POS (Packet over SDH) IP over SONET -- POS (Packet over SDH)
(( 同步同步 )) IP over DWDMIP over DWDM
Asynchronous Transfer Mode ATM
1990rsquos00 standard for high-speed (155Mbps to 1990rsquos00 standard for high-speed (155Mbps to 622 Mbps and higher) 622 Mbps and higher) Broadband Integrated Broadband Integrated Service Digital NetworkService Digital Network architecture architecture
GoalGoal integrated end-end transport of carry integrated end-end transport of carry voice video datavoice video data meeting timingQoS requirements of voice meeting timingQoS requirements of voice
video (versus Internet best-effort model)video (versus Internet best-effort model) ldquoldquonext generationrdquo telephony technical roots next generationrdquo telephony technical roots
in telephone worldin telephone world packet-switching (fixed length packets packet-switching (fixed length packets
called ldquocellsrdquo) using called ldquocellsrdquo) using virtual circuitsvirtual circuits
ATM reference model
How far along are we
Standardization bodies - ATM Forum ITU-T Standardization bodies - ATM Forum ITU-T We may never see end-to-end ATM (1997)We may never see end-to-end ATM (1997)
ATM - too complex - too expansive ltIPgtATM - too complex - too expansive ltIPgt Backbone - 1995 vBNS (ATM) Backbone - 1995 vBNS (ATM)
- 1998 Abilene (SONET) - 2000 IP over - 1998 Abilene (SONET) - 2000 IP over DWDMDWDM
Internet technology + ATM philosophyInternet technology + ATM philosophy but ATM ideas continue to powerfully but ATM ideas continue to powerfully
influence design of next-generation influence design of next-generation InternetInternet
ex ex MPLSMPLS admission ctl resource admission ctl resource reservation hellipreservation hellip
Best of Both Worlds
Multiprotocol label switching (Multiprotocol label switching (MPLSMPLS)) MPLS + IP form a middle ground that MPLS + IP form a middle ground that
combines the best of IP and the best of combines the best of IP and the best of virtual virtual circuit switching technologiescircuit switching technologies
ATM and Frame Relay cannot easily come to ATM and Frame Relay cannot easily come to the middle so IP hasthe middle so IP has
Label Encapsulation
MPLS Encapsulation is specified over MPLS Encapsulation is specified over various media types Top labels may use various media types Top labels may use existing format lower label(s) use a new existing format lower label(s) use a new ldquoshimrdquo label formatldquoshimrdquo label format
Label Substitution Have a friend go to B ahead of you using one of the Have a friend go to B ahead of you using one of the
previous two techniques At every road they reserve previous two techniques At every road they reserve a lane just for you At every intersection they post a a lane just for you At every intersection they post a big sign that says for a given lane which way to turn big sign that says for a given lane which way to turn and what new lane to takeand what new lane to take
Future Internet Research and Experimentation
Todayrsquos Internet Millions of usersMillions of users Web email low-quality audio amp videoWeb email low-quality audio amp video Interconnect personal computers and serversInterconnect personal computers and servers Applications adapt to underlying technologyApplications adapt to underlying technology Todayrsquos Internet DoesnrsquotTodayrsquos Internet Doesnrsquot
Provide reliable end-to-end performanceProvide reliable end-to-end performanceEncourage cooperation on new capabilitiesEncourage cooperation on new capabilitiesAllow testing of new technologiesAllow testing of new technologiesSupport development of revolutionary Support development of revolutionary applicationsapplications
Tomorrowrsquos Internet
Billions of users and devicesBillions of users and devices Convergence of todayrsquos applications Convergence of todayrsquos applications with multimedia (telephony video-with multimedia (telephony video-conference HDTV)conference HDTV)
Interconnect personal computers Interconnect personal computers servers and embedded computersservers and embedded computers
New technologies enable unanticipated New technologies enable unanticipated applications (and create new challenges)applications (and create new challenges)
Vint Cerf Open Challenges
My primary disappointment has been the slow pace of high speed access for residential customers hellip
The second area of disappointment is the slow uptake of version 6 of the Internet protocol (IPv6)
Perhaps the third area is the continuing difficulty caused by viruses worms and distributed denial of service attacksrdquo
How to make the Internet better Addressing current problems
Security1048766 Privacy1048766 Self-diagnosis amp self-healing networks1048766 Cheap connectivity for poor area and third world countries1048766
Wireless mesh networks1048766 sensors1048766 Mobility1048766
New cool apps1048766 What is after IPTV VoIP BitTorrent
Why Internet2 (1996)
The Internet was not designed forThe Internet was not designed forMillions of usersMillions of usersCongestionCongestionMultimediaMultimediaReal time interactionReal time interaction
But only the Internet canBut only the Internet canAccommodate explosive growthAccommodate explosive growthEnable convergence of information Enable convergence of information work mass media and human work mass media and human collaborationcollaboration
Internet2 Project Develop and deploy advanced network Develop and deploy advanced network
applications and technologies accelerating applications and technologies accelerating the creation of tomorrowrsquos Internetthe creation of tomorrowrsquos Internet
GoalsGoals Enable new generation of applicationsEnable new generation of applications Re-create leading edge RampE network Re-create leading edge RampE network
capabilitycapability Transfer capability to the global Transfer capability to the global
production Internetproduction Internet 206 University Members Jan 2005206 University Members Jan 2005
Internet2 Focus Areas Advanced Network Infrastructure - AbileneAdvanced Network Infrastructure - Abilene
Backbones operate at 10 Gbps capacity - 100 Backbones operate at 10 Gbps capacity - 100 Gbps (2007)Gbps (2007)
Middleware Middleware A layer of software between the network and the A layer of software between the network and the
applications applications Authentication Identification Authorization Authentication Identification Authorization
Directories SecurityDirectories Security EngineeringEngineering
IPv6 Measurement Multicast QoS Routing IPv6 Measurement Multicast QoS Routing Security TopologySecurity Topology
Advanced ApplicationsAdvanced Applications Distributed computation Virtual laboratories Distributed computation Virtual laboratories
Digital libraries Distributed learning Digital video Digital libraries Distributed learning Digital video Tele-immersion All of the above in combinationTele-immersion All of the above in combination
Abilene Connections Apr-2000Abilene Connections July 2006
Abilene Connections Apr-2000Abilene International Peering 2006
Research andDevelopment
Commercialization
Partnerships
Privatization
Internet Development Spiral
Todayrsquos Internet
Internet2
University-led Federal agency-led
Developing education and research driven applications
Agency mission-driven and general purpose applications
Building out campus networks gigaPoPs and inter-gigapop
infrastructure
Funding research testbeds and agency research networks
Interconnecting and interoperating to provide advanced networking capabilities needed to support advanced
research and education applications
Internet2 and the Next Generation Internet Initiative
Internet2 NGI
Our Founding (Funding) Fable
Researchers invent new architectures Architectures are validated on a testbed IETF ISPs and router vendors collaborate to deploy new design
This is complete BS
Do Traditional Testbeds Really Test
Production-oriented testbeds Real traffic provides good validation But can test only very incremental changes
Research-oriented testbeds Can test radical architectures Lack of real traffic results in poor validation
Both are expensive (dedicated bandwidth)
What about Deployment Architectural change requires ISP consensus
- Hard to agree- No competitive advantage from architectural innovation
- All have huge sunk investment in the status quo
ISPs are unlikely candidates for architectural change
Architecture isnrsquot just static its decaying Ad hoc workarounds muddy the architectural waters
We are at an Impasse
We canrsquot test new architectures- Despite sizable investments in testbeds
We canrsquot deploy new architectures- And things are getting worse not better
Yet there are pressing requirements for which the current architecture is not well suited
The Communityrsquos Response Focus on areas where we can have impact
Empirical studies Incremental changes (subject to current constraints)
Small stream of architectural proposals Paper designs without hope of deployment
More science fiction than engineering Have largely abandoned hope of effecting fundamental architectural change
Living with rather than overcoming the impasse
Overcoming the Impasse
Must be able to test new architectures Wide range of architectures Real traffic from willing individuals Low overhead for individual researchers
Meet the grand challenge of reinventing the Internet
Empirical incremental research is great but not enough
If someone put us in charge what would we do
What about deployment Several options none good but no excuse to not have an answer to the grand challenge
Testing Virtual Testbed
Overlay testbed (think RON etc) Host proxy directs packets to overlay
Proxy must architecturally neutral and flexible
Individuals (anywhere) opt-in by turning on proxy
Shared testing infrastructure (think Planetlab) Overlay nodes shared among experiments
Slicing on per-packet timescales Virtualized routers
These ideas have turned into the GENI program
Why GENI (Global Environment for Network Innovations) Future Internet Network (2005)
The original designing idea of current information networks is basically a specific network supports one major service
The limitation of the original designing idea can not support the multiple requirements for networks and services (such as Telecom network Internet)
The original design mode of Internet leads to itrsquos shortage in mobility security controllable and administrable
We urgently need redesign the framework of new generation Internet to overcome the serious shortage of current Internet
Providing pervasive and trusted services based on a specific network has became the key research directions of national informatization
GENI (Global Environment for Network Innovations) - NSF 2005 (1)
What is GENIWhat is GENIGENI is GENI is a facility concepta facility concept being explored by being explored by the US computing community the US computing community
back to an NSF workshop in 2005back to an NSF workshop in 2005focus on focus on architecturalarchitectural research and research and provide the provide the experimentalexperimental infrastructure infrastructure needed to support that researchneeded to support that research
focus on the research agenda (and focus on the research agenda (and infrastructure needs) of the infrastructure needs) of the opticaloptical wirelesswireless sensorsensor network and network and distributeddistributed systems communitiessystems communities
GENI (Global Environment for Network Innovations) (2)
The goal of GENI The goal of GENI Goal a Future Internet that meets the Goal a Future Internet that meets the demands of 21st centurydemands of 21st century
to increase the to increase the qualityquality and and quantityquantity of of experimental experimental researchresearch outcomes in networking and distributed outcomes in networking and distributed systemssystems
to accelerate the to accelerate the transitiontransition of these outcomes into of these outcomes into products and servicesproducts and services
enhance economic competitiveness and secure enhance economic competitiveness and secure the Nations futurethe Nations future
Ultimately to lead to a Ultimately to lead to a transition of the transition of the InternetInternet
GENI Research Opportunities (3)
Two dichotomy thought (false or at least Two dichotomy thought (false or at least unnecessary)unnecessary)
a a clean slateclean slate reconceptualization of Internet reconceptualization of Internet architecture architecture
todays 30-year-old architecture that todays 30-year-old architecture that limit its limit its abilityability to cope with emerging threats and to cope with emerging threats and opportunitiesopportunities
bull eroding trust reduced innovation slowing eroding trust reduced innovation slowing updateupdate
future innovation will take the form of new future innovation will take the form of new services and applications running services and applications running on top of the on top of the InternetInternet
GENI Research Opportunities (4)
GENI discussion GENI discussion First we interpret Future Internet very broadly to First we interpret Future Internet very broadly to
include innovations at include innovations at any levelany level of the architecture of the architecture alternative protocols and architectures running alternative protocols and architectures running
inside the network (as overlays on top of inside the network (as overlays on top of todays network) todays network)
Second research should employ Second research should employ clean slate clean slate thinkingthinking but this does but this does not imply that an entirely not imply that an entirely newnew Internet will be necessary In other words Internet will be necessary In other words clean slate is a clean slate is a processprocess not a not a resultresult
Third opportunities Third opportunities betweenbetween two perspectives two perspectives exploring how todays architecture is best exploring how todays architecture is best
evolved to support emerging overlay services evolved to support emerging overlay services
GENI Facility Concept (5)
Facility ConceptFacility Concept experimental platforms for experimental platforms for bothboth research and research and
deploymentdeployment filling the filling the gapgap between small-scale exp and mature between small-scale exp and mature
tech tech GENI evaluate new network systems on large-GENI evaluate new network systems on large-
scalescale
Two levelsTwo levels Physical level Physical level GENI substrateGENI substrate will consist of a will consist of a
collection of links forwarders storage collection of links forwarders storage processors and wireless net processors and wireless net
On top of this substrate a On top of this substrate a software software management management frameworkframework will be overlay network experiments on will be overlay network experiments on
the substratethe substrate
GENI Facility Concept (6)
Four key ideasFour key ideas substrate components will be substrate components will be programmableprogrammable - -
possible to embed any network experiment including possible to embed any network experiment including clean-slate designs clean-slate designs
Substrate will be Substrate will be virtualizable virtualizable -- possible to embed possible to embed multiple slices in the substrate at the same time multiple slices in the substrate at the same time (allow experimental services and architectures to run (allow experimental services and architectures to run continuously) continuously)
GENI will include mechanisms that allow end-users GENI will include mechanisms that allow end-users to to seamlessly seamlessly opt-inopt-in to experimental services to experimental services
GENI will be GENI will be modularmodular ( (architecture and interfaces) - architecture and interfaces) - possible to extend GENI with new networking possible to extend GENI with new networking technologies GENI will not be a static artifact but technologies GENI will not be a static artifact but rather a rather a dynamic infrastructuredynamic infrastructure that is continually that is continually renewedrenewed
FIND (Future Internet Network Design) ndash NSF 2006 (1)
FIND asks two broad questionsFIND asks two broad questions What are the What are the requirementsrequirements for the global network for the global network
in 15 years in 15 years How How would we would we re-conceivere-conceive tomorrows global tomorrows global
network today if we could design it from scratch network today if we could design it from scratch FIND program solicits FIND program solicits clean slate processclean slate process research proposals in the broad area of research proposals in the broad area of network architecture principles and designnetwork architecture principles and design
FIND (Future Internet Network Design) (2)
FIND research might address wide questionsFIND research might address wide questions What will the What will the edgeedge of the network look like in 15 of the network look like in 15
years How might the network years How might the network architecturearchitecture of 15 of 15 years hence best accommodate sensors embedded years hence best accommodate sensors embedded systems and the like systems and the like
How might the network of 15 years from now How might the network of 15 years from now supportsupport what users really do (and care about) How what users really do (and care about) How might such functions as information access location might such functions as information access location management or identity management best fit into a management or identity management best fit into a new overall network architecture new overall network architecture
What will the What will the core core of the network look like in 15 of the network look like in 15 years How might the changing economics of years How might the changing economics of optical systems affect the overall design of the larger optical systems affect the overall design of the larger networknetwork
FIRE (Future Internet Research and Experimentation) ndash European 2007 (1)
Internet has Internet has growngrown to an unexpected reach to an unexpected reach as for the as for the numbernumber of users of users capacitycapacity of the of the links broadband penetration to the links broadband penetration to the homehome servicesservices
ProblemsProblems spam viruses denial of service spam viruses denial of service attacks complexity of managementattacks complexity of management
Internet drawbacks and Internet drawbacks and limitationslimitations ndash to ndash to scalabilityscalability suitabilitysuitability mobilitymobility transparencytransparency securitysecurity
require new radical approaches to require new radical approaches to fundamentally redesign its protocols and fundamentally redesign its protocols and architectures architectures
FIRE (2) FIRE is an FIRE is an experimentallyexperimentally-driven -driven longlong-term research initiative on -term research initiative on
Future Internet Future Internet conceptsconcepts protocolsprotocols and and architecturesarchitectures encompassing technological industrial and socio-economic encompassing technological industrial and socio-economic
aspects aspects acting as proof-of-concept of the newly proposed acting as proof-of-concept of the newly proposed
technologies and services technologies and services FIRE RESEARCHFIRE RESEARCH
Long term multidisciplinary research on future internet Long term multidisciplinary research on future internet paradigms paradigms
Open to Open to fresh bottom-upfresh bottom-up ideas with ideas with no backwards-no backwards-compatibilitycompatibility constraints constraints
Building on the FET SAC initiative ldquoSituated and Autonomic Building on the FET SAC initiative ldquoSituated and Autonomic Communicationsrdquo Communicationsrdquo
Considering at the Considering at the same timesame time technological economic and technological economic and socialpolicy aspects socialpolicy aspects
Build in from the outset and on all levels the right Build in from the outset and on all levels the right balancebalance between security accountability and privacybetween security accountability and privacy
FIRE (3)
FIRE EXPERIMENTATIONFIRE EXPERIMENTATION Large scale experimentationLarge scale experimentation of new paradigms and of new paradigms and
concepts for the future internet and related service concepts for the future internet and related service architectures architectures
Learning through broad experimentation Learning through broad experimentation Integrating and validating new conceptsIntegrating and validating new concepts
Federating and extending Federating and extending existing testbedsexisting testbeds and and research infrastructures research infrastructures
no backwards-compatibility constraints no backwards-compatibility constraints European approach and develop a European European approach and develop a European
identityidentity
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-
Trend
趋势 更多的网络业务流量 互联网上的主机数正以超指数量级飞速增长互联网上的主机数正以超指数量级飞速增长 每个主机用户的业务量中也在增长每个主机用户的业务量中也在增长
局域网可达到 局域网可达到 1 1 GbpsGbps 有线电视调制解调器允许以有线电视调制解调器允许以 11到 到 10 10 MbpsMbps 的速的速
度访问主机度访问主机 应用应用 ADSLVDSLADSLVDSL 通过电话线可达到通过电话线可达到 6-6-
2727MbpsMbps 的速度的速度 宽带无线网宽带无线网 (Wi-Fi)(Wi-Fi)可达到可达到 11-54Mbps11-54Mbps 的速的速
度度 带宽需求每四个月增加一倍带宽需求每四个月增加一倍 数据流量 数据流量 gt gt 话声流量话声流量
Trend of Internet hosts 1980-2000
Trend Data gt Voice
趋势 更快的传输介质 局局域域网网 1 Gbps over 4-pair UTP-5 up to 100 m 1 Gbps over 4-pair UTP-5 up to 100 m
10Gbps being discussed10Gbps being discussed Was 1 Mbps (1Base-5) in 1984Was 1 Mbps (1Base-5) in 1984
骨干网光纤骨干网光纤 DWDMDWDM (( Dense Wavelength Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing)Division Multiplexing) OC-768 = 40 Gbps over a to 65 km OC-768 = 40 Gbps over a to 65 km
1600 Gbps - 10 Tbps1600 Gbps - 10 Tbps Was 100 Mbps (FDDI) in 1993Was 100 Mbps (FDDI) in 1993
无线网无线网 54 100 Mbps(100-2km) wireless 54 100 Mbps(100-2km) wireless networks 25 Gbps to 5km using light networks 25 Gbps to 5km using light Was 1 Mbps (IEEE 80211) in 1998Was 1 Mbps (IEEE 80211) in 1998
Trend Bandwidth
Why Optical Networks DWDM optoelectricl metro network
Trend Wireless Mobile (1)
Trend宽带无线网 (Wi-Fi)飞速增长
Trend宽带无线网 (Wi-Fi)飞速增长
Trend宽带无线网 (Wi-Fi)飞速增长
Trend宽带无线网 (Wi-Fi)飞速增长
Integration of 3G and WLAN- offer possibility of achieving anywhere anytime
high speed and low expense Internet access
3G3G WLANWLAN
Wide areaWide area Local areaLocal area
Low bit rate Low bit rate
(2M when stand (2M when stand still)still)
High bit rateHigh bit rate
(11M to 54M)(11M to 54M)
DataVoice serviceDataVoice service
((QoS supportQoS support))
Data serviceData service
High expenseHigh expense Low expenseLow expense
High mobilityHigh mobility Low mobilityLow mobility
Trend Everything over IP
Data over IP =gt IP needs Traffic Data over IP =gt IP needs Traffic engineeringengineering
Voice over IP =gt Quality of Service and Voice over IP =gt Quality of Service and SignalingSignaling
Backbone -- Optic networksBackbone -- Optic networks IP over ATM IP over ATM （（异步传输模式）异步传输模式） IP over SONET -- POS (Packet over SDH) IP over SONET -- POS (Packet over SDH)
(( 同步同步 )) IP over DWDMIP over DWDM
Asynchronous Transfer Mode ATM
1990rsquos00 standard for high-speed (155Mbps to 1990rsquos00 standard for high-speed (155Mbps to 622 Mbps and higher) 622 Mbps and higher) Broadband Integrated Broadband Integrated Service Digital NetworkService Digital Network architecture architecture
GoalGoal integrated end-end transport of carry integrated end-end transport of carry voice video datavoice video data meeting timingQoS requirements of voice meeting timingQoS requirements of voice
video (versus Internet best-effort model)video (versus Internet best-effort model) ldquoldquonext generationrdquo telephony technical roots next generationrdquo telephony technical roots
in telephone worldin telephone world packet-switching (fixed length packets packet-switching (fixed length packets
called ldquocellsrdquo) using called ldquocellsrdquo) using virtual circuitsvirtual circuits
ATM reference model
How far along are we
Standardization bodies - ATM Forum ITU-T Standardization bodies - ATM Forum ITU-T We may never see end-to-end ATM (1997)We may never see end-to-end ATM (1997)
ATM - too complex - too expansive ltIPgtATM - too complex - too expansive ltIPgt Backbone - 1995 vBNS (ATM) Backbone - 1995 vBNS (ATM)
- 1998 Abilene (SONET) - 2000 IP over - 1998 Abilene (SONET) - 2000 IP over DWDMDWDM
Internet technology + ATM philosophyInternet technology + ATM philosophy but ATM ideas continue to powerfully but ATM ideas continue to powerfully
influence design of next-generation influence design of next-generation InternetInternet
ex ex MPLSMPLS admission ctl resource admission ctl resource reservation hellipreservation hellip
Best of Both Worlds
Multiprotocol label switching (Multiprotocol label switching (MPLSMPLS)) MPLS + IP form a middle ground that MPLS + IP form a middle ground that
combines the best of IP and the best of combines the best of IP and the best of virtual virtual circuit switching technologiescircuit switching technologies
ATM and Frame Relay cannot easily come to ATM and Frame Relay cannot easily come to the middle so IP hasthe middle so IP has
Label Encapsulation
MPLS Encapsulation is specified over MPLS Encapsulation is specified over various media types Top labels may use various media types Top labels may use existing format lower label(s) use a new existing format lower label(s) use a new ldquoshimrdquo label formatldquoshimrdquo label format
Label Substitution Have a friend go to B ahead of you using one of the Have a friend go to B ahead of you using one of the
previous two techniques At every road they reserve previous two techniques At every road they reserve a lane just for you At every intersection they post a a lane just for you At every intersection they post a big sign that says for a given lane which way to turn big sign that says for a given lane which way to turn and what new lane to takeand what new lane to take
Future Internet Research and Experimentation
Todayrsquos Internet Millions of usersMillions of users Web email low-quality audio amp videoWeb email low-quality audio amp video Interconnect personal computers and serversInterconnect personal computers and servers Applications adapt to underlying technologyApplications adapt to underlying technology Todayrsquos Internet DoesnrsquotTodayrsquos Internet Doesnrsquot
Provide reliable end-to-end performanceProvide reliable end-to-end performanceEncourage cooperation on new capabilitiesEncourage cooperation on new capabilitiesAllow testing of new technologiesAllow testing of new technologiesSupport development of revolutionary Support development of revolutionary applicationsapplications
Tomorrowrsquos Internet
Billions of users and devicesBillions of users and devices Convergence of todayrsquos applications Convergence of todayrsquos applications with multimedia (telephony video-with multimedia (telephony video-conference HDTV)conference HDTV)
Interconnect personal computers Interconnect personal computers servers and embedded computersservers and embedded computers
New technologies enable unanticipated New technologies enable unanticipated applications (and create new challenges)applications (and create new challenges)
Vint Cerf Open Challenges
My primary disappointment has been the slow pace of high speed access for residential customers hellip
The second area of disappointment is the slow uptake of version 6 of the Internet protocol (IPv6)
Perhaps the third area is the continuing difficulty caused by viruses worms and distributed denial of service attacksrdquo
How to make the Internet better Addressing current problems
Security1048766 Privacy1048766 Self-diagnosis amp self-healing networks1048766 Cheap connectivity for poor area and third world countries1048766
Wireless mesh networks1048766 sensors1048766 Mobility1048766
New cool apps1048766 What is after IPTV VoIP BitTorrent
Why Internet2 (1996)
The Internet was not designed forThe Internet was not designed forMillions of usersMillions of usersCongestionCongestionMultimediaMultimediaReal time interactionReal time interaction
But only the Internet canBut only the Internet canAccommodate explosive growthAccommodate explosive growthEnable convergence of information Enable convergence of information work mass media and human work mass media and human collaborationcollaboration
Internet2 Project Develop and deploy advanced network Develop and deploy advanced network
applications and technologies accelerating applications and technologies accelerating the creation of tomorrowrsquos Internetthe creation of tomorrowrsquos Internet
GoalsGoals Enable new generation of applicationsEnable new generation of applications Re-create leading edge RampE network Re-create leading edge RampE network
capabilitycapability Transfer capability to the global Transfer capability to the global
production Internetproduction Internet 206 University Members Jan 2005206 University Members Jan 2005
Internet2 Focus Areas Advanced Network Infrastructure - AbileneAdvanced Network Infrastructure - Abilene
Backbones operate at 10 Gbps capacity - 100 Backbones operate at 10 Gbps capacity - 100 Gbps (2007)Gbps (2007)
Middleware Middleware A layer of software between the network and the A layer of software between the network and the
applications applications Authentication Identification Authorization Authentication Identification Authorization
Directories SecurityDirectories Security EngineeringEngineering
IPv6 Measurement Multicast QoS Routing IPv6 Measurement Multicast QoS Routing Security TopologySecurity Topology
Advanced ApplicationsAdvanced Applications Distributed computation Virtual laboratories Distributed computation Virtual laboratories
Digital libraries Distributed learning Digital video Digital libraries Distributed learning Digital video Tele-immersion All of the above in combinationTele-immersion All of the above in combination
Abilene Connections Apr-2000Abilene Connections July 2006
Abilene Connections Apr-2000Abilene International Peering 2006
Research andDevelopment
Commercialization
Partnerships
Privatization
Internet Development Spiral
Todayrsquos Internet
Internet2
University-led Federal agency-led
Developing education and research driven applications
Agency mission-driven and general purpose applications
Building out campus networks gigaPoPs and inter-gigapop
infrastructure
Funding research testbeds and agency research networks
Interconnecting and interoperating to provide advanced networking capabilities needed to support advanced
research and education applications
Internet2 and the Next Generation Internet Initiative
Internet2 NGI
Our Founding (Funding) Fable
Researchers invent new architectures Architectures are validated on a testbed IETF ISPs and router vendors collaborate to deploy new design
This is complete BS
Do Traditional Testbeds Really Test
Production-oriented testbeds Real traffic provides good validation But can test only very incremental changes
Research-oriented testbeds Can test radical architectures Lack of real traffic results in poor validation
Both are expensive (dedicated bandwidth)
What about Deployment Architectural change requires ISP consensus
- Hard to agree- No competitive advantage from architectural innovation
- All have huge sunk investment in the status quo
ISPs are unlikely candidates for architectural change
Architecture isnrsquot just static its decaying Ad hoc workarounds muddy the architectural waters
We are at an Impasse
We canrsquot test new architectures- Despite sizable investments in testbeds
We canrsquot deploy new architectures- And things are getting worse not better
Yet there are pressing requirements for which the current architecture is not well suited
The Communityrsquos Response Focus on areas where we can have impact
Empirical studies Incremental changes (subject to current constraints)
Small stream of architectural proposals Paper designs without hope of deployment
More science fiction than engineering Have largely abandoned hope of effecting fundamental architectural change
Living with rather than overcoming the impasse
Overcoming the Impasse
Must be able to test new architectures Wide range of architectures Real traffic from willing individuals Low overhead for individual researchers
Meet the grand challenge of reinventing the Internet
Empirical incremental research is great but not enough
If someone put us in charge what would we do
What about deployment Several options none good but no excuse to not have an answer to the grand challenge
Testing Virtual Testbed
Overlay testbed (think RON etc) Host proxy directs packets to overlay
Proxy must architecturally neutral and flexible
Individuals (anywhere) opt-in by turning on proxy
Shared testing infrastructure (think Planetlab) Overlay nodes shared among experiments
Slicing on per-packet timescales Virtualized routers
These ideas have turned into the GENI program
Why GENI (Global Environment for Network Innovations) Future Internet Network (2005)
The original designing idea of current information networks is basically a specific network supports one major service
The limitation of the original designing idea can not support the multiple requirements for networks and services (such as Telecom network Internet)
The original design mode of Internet leads to itrsquos shortage in mobility security controllable and administrable
We urgently need redesign the framework of new generation Internet to overcome the serious shortage of current Internet
Providing pervasive and trusted services based on a specific network has became the key research directions of national informatization
GENI (Global Environment for Network Innovations) - NSF 2005 (1)
What is GENIWhat is GENIGENI is GENI is a facility concepta facility concept being explored by being explored by the US computing community the US computing community
back to an NSF workshop in 2005back to an NSF workshop in 2005focus on focus on architecturalarchitectural research and research and provide the provide the experimentalexperimental infrastructure infrastructure needed to support that researchneeded to support that research
focus on the research agenda (and focus on the research agenda (and infrastructure needs) of the infrastructure needs) of the opticaloptical wirelesswireless sensorsensor network and network and distributeddistributed systems communitiessystems communities
GENI (Global Environment for Network Innovations) (2)
The goal of GENI The goal of GENI Goal a Future Internet that meets the Goal a Future Internet that meets the demands of 21st centurydemands of 21st century
to increase the to increase the qualityquality and and quantityquantity of of experimental experimental researchresearch outcomes in networking and distributed outcomes in networking and distributed systemssystems
to accelerate the to accelerate the transitiontransition of these outcomes into of these outcomes into products and servicesproducts and services
enhance economic competitiveness and secure enhance economic competitiveness and secure the Nations futurethe Nations future
Ultimately to lead to a Ultimately to lead to a transition of the transition of the InternetInternet
GENI Research Opportunities (3)
Two dichotomy thought (false or at least Two dichotomy thought (false or at least unnecessary)unnecessary)
a a clean slateclean slate reconceptualization of Internet reconceptualization of Internet architecture architecture
todays 30-year-old architecture that todays 30-year-old architecture that limit its limit its abilityability to cope with emerging threats and to cope with emerging threats and opportunitiesopportunities
bull eroding trust reduced innovation slowing eroding trust reduced innovation slowing updateupdate
future innovation will take the form of new future innovation will take the form of new services and applications running services and applications running on top of the on top of the InternetInternet
GENI Research Opportunities (4)
GENI discussion GENI discussion First we interpret Future Internet very broadly to First we interpret Future Internet very broadly to
include innovations at include innovations at any levelany level of the architecture of the architecture alternative protocols and architectures running alternative protocols and architectures running
inside the network (as overlays on top of inside the network (as overlays on top of todays network) todays network)
Second research should employ Second research should employ clean slate clean slate thinkingthinking but this does but this does not imply that an entirely not imply that an entirely newnew Internet will be necessary In other words Internet will be necessary In other words clean slate is a clean slate is a processprocess not a not a resultresult
Third opportunities Third opportunities betweenbetween two perspectives two perspectives exploring how todays architecture is best exploring how todays architecture is best
evolved to support emerging overlay services evolved to support emerging overlay services
GENI Facility Concept (5)
Facility ConceptFacility Concept experimental platforms for experimental platforms for bothboth research and research and
deploymentdeployment filling the filling the gapgap between small-scale exp and mature between small-scale exp and mature
tech tech GENI evaluate new network systems on large-GENI evaluate new network systems on large-
scalescale
Two levelsTwo levels Physical level Physical level GENI substrateGENI substrate will consist of a will consist of a
collection of links forwarders storage collection of links forwarders storage processors and wireless net processors and wireless net
On top of this substrate a On top of this substrate a software software management management frameworkframework will be overlay network experiments on will be overlay network experiments on
the substratethe substrate
GENI Facility Concept (6)
Four key ideasFour key ideas substrate components will be substrate components will be programmableprogrammable - -
possible to embed any network experiment including possible to embed any network experiment including clean-slate designs clean-slate designs
Substrate will be Substrate will be virtualizable virtualizable -- possible to embed possible to embed multiple slices in the substrate at the same time multiple slices in the substrate at the same time (allow experimental services and architectures to run (allow experimental services and architectures to run continuously) continuously)
GENI will include mechanisms that allow end-users GENI will include mechanisms that allow end-users to to seamlessly seamlessly opt-inopt-in to experimental services to experimental services
GENI will be GENI will be modularmodular ( (architecture and interfaces) - architecture and interfaces) - possible to extend GENI with new networking possible to extend GENI with new networking technologies GENI will not be a static artifact but technologies GENI will not be a static artifact but rather a rather a dynamic infrastructuredynamic infrastructure that is continually that is continually renewedrenewed
FIND (Future Internet Network Design) ndash NSF 2006 (1)
FIND asks two broad questionsFIND asks two broad questions What are the What are the requirementsrequirements for the global network for the global network
in 15 years in 15 years How How would we would we re-conceivere-conceive tomorrows global tomorrows global
network today if we could design it from scratch network today if we could design it from scratch FIND program solicits FIND program solicits clean slate processclean slate process research proposals in the broad area of research proposals in the broad area of network architecture principles and designnetwork architecture principles and design
FIND (Future Internet Network Design) (2)
FIND research might address wide questionsFIND research might address wide questions What will the What will the edgeedge of the network look like in 15 of the network look like in 15
years How might the network years How might the network architecturearchitecture of 15 of 15 years hence best accommodate sensors embedded years hence best accommodate sensors embedded systems and the like systems and the like
How might the network of 15 years from now How might the network of 15 years from now supportsupport what users really do (and care about) How what users really do (and care about) How might such functions as information access location might such functions as information access location management or identity management best fit into a management or identity management best fit into a new overall network architecture new overall network architecture
What will the What will the core core of the network look like in 15 of the network look like in 15 years How might the changing economics of years How might the changing economics of optical systems affect the overall design of the larger optical systems affect the overall design of the larger networknetwork
FIRE (Future Internet Research and Experimentation) ndash European 2007 (1)
Internet has Internet has growngrown to an unexpected reach to an unexpected reach as for the as for the numbernumber of users of users capacitycapacity of the of the links broadband penetration to the links broadband penetration to the homehome servicesservices
ProblemsProblems spam viruses denial of service spam viruses denial of service attacks complexity of managementattacks complexity of management
Internet drawbacks and Internet drawbacks and limitationslimitations ndash to ndash to scalabilityscalability suitabilitysuitability mobilitymobility transparencytransparency securitysecurity
require new radical approaches to require new radical approaches to fundamentally redesign its protocols and fundamentally redesign its protocols and architectures architectures
FIRE (2) FIRE is an FIRE is an experimentallyexperimentally-driven -driven longlong-term research initiative on -term research initiative on
Future Internet Future Internet conceptsconcepts protocolsprotocols and and architecturesarchitectures encompassing technological industrial and socio-economic encompassing technological industrial and socio-economic
aspects aspects acting as proof-of-concept of the newly proposed acting as proof-of-concept of the newly proposed
technologies and services technologies and services FIRE RESEARCHFIRE RESEARCH
Long term multidisciplinary research on future internet Long term multidisciplinary research on future internet paradigms paradigms
Open to Open to fresh bottom-upfresh bottom-up ideas with ideas with no backwards-no backwards-compatibilitycompatibility constraints constraints
Building on the FET SAC initiative ldquoSituated and Autonomic Building on the FET SAC initiative ldquoSituated and Autonomic Communicationsrdquo Communicationsrdquo
Considering at the Considering at the same timesame time technological economic and technological economic and socialpolicy aspects socialpolicy aspects
Build in from the outset and on all levels the right Build in from the outset and on all levels the right balancebalance between security accountability and privacybetween security accountability and privacy
FIRE (3)
FIRE EXPERIMENTATIONFIRE EXPERIMENTATION Large scale experimentationLarge scale experimentation of new paradigms and of new paradigms and
concepts for the future internet and related service concepts for the future internet and related service architectures architectures
Learning through broad experimentation Learning through broad experimentation Integrating and validating new conceptsIntegrating and validating new concepts
Federating and extending Federating and extending existing testbedsexisting testbeds and and research infrastructures research infrastructures
no backwards-compatibility constraints no backwards-compatibility constraints European approach and develop a European European approach and develop a European
identityidentity
- Slide 1
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- Slide 115
-
趋势 更多的网络业务流量 互联网上的主机数正以超指数量级飞速增长互联网上的主机数正以超指数量级飞速增长 每个主机用户的业务量中也在增长每个主机用户的业务量中也在增长
局域网可达到 局域网可达到 1 1 GbpsGbps 有线电视调制解调器允许以有线电视调制解调器允许以 11到 到 10 10 MbpsMbps 的速的速
度访问主机度访问主机 应用应用 ADSLVDSLADSLVDSL 通过电话线可达到通过电话线可达到 6-6-
2727MbpsMbps 的速度的速度 宽带无线网宽带无线网 (Wi-Fi)(Wi-Fi)可达到可达到 11-54Mbps11-54Mbps 的速的速
度度 带宽需求每四个月增加一倍带宽需求每四个月增加一倍 数据流量 数据流量 gt gt 话声流量话声流量
Trend of Internet hosts 1980-2000
Trend Data gt Voice
趋势 更快的传输介质 局局域域网网 1 Gbps over 4-pair UTP-5 up to 100 m 1 Gbps over 4-pair UTP-5 up to 100 m
10Gbps being discussed10Gbps being discussed Was 1 Mbps (1Base-5) in 1984Was 1 Mbps (1Base-5) in 1984
骨干网光纤骨干网光纤 DWDMDWDM (( Dense Wavelength Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing)Division Multiplexing) OC-768 = 40 Gbps over a to 65 km OC-768 = 40 Gbps over a to 65 km
1600 Gbps - 10 Tbps1600 Gbps - 10 Tbps Was 100 Mbps (FDDI) in 1993Was 100 Mbps (FDDI) in 1993
无线网无线网 54 100 Mbps(100-2km) wireless 54 100 Mbps(100-2km) wireless networks 25 Gbps to 5km using light networks 25 Gbps to 5km using light Was 1 Mbps (IEEE 80211) in 1998Was 1 Mbps (IEEE 80211) in 1998
Trend Bandwidth
Why Optical Networks DWDM optoelectricl metro network
Trend Wireless Mobile (1)
Trend宽带无线网 (Wi-Fi)飞速增长
Trend宽带无线网 (Wi-Fi)飞速增长
Trend宽带无线网 (Wi-Fi)飞速增长
Trend宽带无线网 (Wi-Fi)飞速增长
Integration of 3G and WLAN- offer possibility of achieving anywhere anytime
high speed and low expense Internet access
3G3G WLANWLAN
Wide areaWide area Local areaLocal area
Low bit rate Low bit rate
(2M when stand (2M when stand still)still)
High bit rateHigh bit rate
(11M to 54M)(11M to 54M)
DataVoice serviceDataVoice service
((QoS supportQoS support))
Data serviceData service
High expenseHigh expense Low expenseLow expense
High mobilityHigh mobility Low mobilityLow mobility
Trend Everything over IP
Data over IP =gt IP needs Traffic Data over IP =gt IP needs Traffic engineeringengineering
Voice over IP =gt Quality of Service and Voice over IP =gt Quality of Service and SignalingSignaling
Backbone -- Optic networksBackbone -- Optic networks IP over ATM IP over ATM （（异步传输模式）异步传输模式） IP over SONET -- POS (Packet over SDH) IP over SONET -- POS (Packet over SDH)
(( 同步同步 )) IP over DWDMIP over DWDM
Asynchronous Transfer Mode ATM
1990rsquos00 standard for high-speed (155Mbps to 1990rsquos00 standard for high-speed (155Mbps to 622 Mbps and higher) 622 Mbps and higher) Broadband Integrated Broadband Integrated Service Digital NetworkService Digital Network architecture architecture
GoalGoal integrated end-end transport of carry integrated end-end transport of carry voice video datavoice video data meeting timingQoS requirements of voice meeting timingQoS requirements of voice
video (versus Internet best-effort model)video (versus Internet best-effort model) ldquoldquonext generationrdquo telephony technical roots next generationrdquo telephony technical roots
in telephone worldin telephone world packet-switching (fixed length packets packet-switching (fixed length packets
called ldquocellsrdquo) using called ldquocellsrdquo) using virtual circuitsvirtual circuits
ATM reference model
How far along are we
Standardization bodies - ATM Forum ITU-T Standardization bodies - ATM Forum ITU-T We may never see end-to-end ATM (1997)We may never see end-to-end ATM (1997)
ATM - too complex - too expansive ltIPgtATM - too complex - too expansive ltIPgt Backbone - 1995 vBNS (ATM) Backbone - 1995 vBNS (ATM)
- 1998 Abilene (SONET) - 2000 IP over - 1998 Abilene (SONET) - 2000 IP over DWDMDWDM
Internet technology + ATM philosophyInternet technology + ATM philosophy but ATM ideas continue to powerfully but ATM ideas continue to powerfully
influence design of next-generation influence design of next-generation InternetInternet
ex ex MPLSMPLS admission ctl resource admission ctl resource reservation hellipreservation hellip
Best of Both Worlds
Multiprotocol label switching (Multiprotocol label switching (MPLSMPLS)) MPLS + IP form a middle ground that MPLS + IP form a middle ground that
combines the best of IP and the best of combines the best of IP and the best of virtual virtual circuit switching technologiescircuit switching technologies
ATM and Frame Relay cannot easily come to ATM and Frame Relay cannot easily come to the middle so IP hasthe middle so IP has
Label Encapsulation
MPLS Encapsulation is specified over MPLS Encapsulation is specified over various media types Top labels may use various media types Top labels may use existing format lower label(s) use a new existing format lower label(s) use a new ldquoshimrdquo label formatldquoshimrdquo label format
Label Substitution Have a friend go to B ahead of you using one of the Have a friend go to B ahead of you using one of the
previous two techniques At every road they reserve previous two techniques At every road they reserve a lane just for you At every intersection they post a a lane just for you At every intersection they post a big sign that says for a given lane which way to turn big sign that says for a given lane which way to turn and what new lane to takeand what new lane to take
Future Internet Research and Experimentation
Todayrsquos Internet Millions of usersMillions of users Web email low-quality audio amp videoWeb email low-quality audio amp video Interconnect personal computers and serversInterconnect personal computers and servers Applications adapt to underlying technologyApplications adapt to underlying technology Todayrsquos Internet DoesnrsquotTodayrsquos Internet Doesnrsquot
Provide reliable end-to-end performanceProvide reliable end-to-end performanceEncourage cooperation on new capabilitiesEncourage cooperation on new capabilitiesAllow testing of new technologiesAllow testing of new technologiesSupport development of revolutionary Support development of revolutionary applicationsapplications
Tomorrowrsquos Internet
Billions of users and devicesBillions of users and devices Convergence of todayrsquos applications Convergence of todayrsquos applications with multimedia (telephony video-with multimedia (telephony video-conference HDTV)conference HDTV)
Interconnect personal computers Interconnect personal computers servers and embedded computersservers and embedded computers
New technologies enable unanticipated New technologies enable unanticipated applications (and create new challenges)applications (and create new challenges)
Vint Cerf Open Challenges
My primary disappointment has been the slow pace of high speed access for residential customers hellip
The second area of disappointment is the slow uptake of version 6 of the Internet protocol (IPv6)
Perhaps the third area is the continuing difficulty caused by viruses worms and distributed denial of service attacksrdquo
How to make the Internet better Addressing current problems
Security1048766 Privacy1048766 Self-diagnosis amp self-healing networks1048766 Cheap connectivity for poor area and third world countries1048766
Wireless mesh networks1048766 sensors1048766 Mobility1048766
New cool apps1048766 What is after IPTV VoIP BitTorrent
Why Internet2 (1996)
The Internet was not designed forThe Internet was not designed forMillions of usersMillions of usersCongestionCongestionMultimediaMultimediaReal time interactionReal time interaction
But only the Internet canBut only the Internet canAccommodate explosive growthAccommodate explosive growthEnable convergence of information Enable convergence of information work mass media and human work mass media and human collaborationcollaboration
Internet2 Project Develop and deploy advanced network Develop and deploy advanced network
applications and technologies accelerating applications and technologies accelerating the creation of tomorrowrsquos Internetthe creation of tomorrowrsquos Internet
GoalsGoals Enable new generation of applicationsEnable new generation of applications Re-create leading edge RampE network Re-create leading edge RampE network
capabilitycapability Transfer capability to the global Transfer capability to the global
production Internetproduction Internet 206 University Members Jan 2005206 University Members Jan 2005
Internet2 Focus Areas Advanced Network Infrastructure - AbileneAdvanced Network Infrastructure - Abilene
Backbones operate at 10 Gbps capacity - 100 Backbones operate at 10 Gbps capacity - 100 Gbps (2007)Gbps (2007)
Middleware Middleware A layer of software between the network and the A layer of software between the network and the
applications applications Authentication Identification Authorization Authentication Identification Authorization
Directories SecurityDirectories Security EngineeringEngineering
IPv6 Measurement Multicast QoS Routing IPv6 Measurement Multicast QoS Routing Security TopologySecurity Topology
Advanced ApplicationsAdvanced Applications Distributed computation Virtual laboratories Distributed computation Virtual laboratories
Digital libraries Distributed learning Digital video Digital libraries Distributed learning Digital video Tele-immersion All of the above in combinationTele-immersion All of the above in combination
Abilene Connections Apr-2000Abilene Connections July 2006
Abilene Connections Apr-2000Abilene International Peering 2006
Research andDevelopment
Commercialization
Partnerships
Privatization
Internet Development Spiral
Todayrsquos Internet
Internet2
University-led Federal agency-led
Developing education and research driven applications
Agency mission-driven and general purpose applications
Building out campus networks gigaPoPs and inter-gigapop
infrastructure
Funding research testbeds and agency research networks
Interconnecting and interoperating to provide advanced networking capabilities needed to support advanced
research and education applications
Internet2 and the Next Generation Internet Initiative
Internet2 NGI
Our Founding (Funding) Fable
Researchers invent new architectures Architectures are validated on a testbed IETF ISPs and router vendors collaborate to deploy new design
This is complete BS
Do Traditional Testbeds Really Test
Production-oriented testbeds Real traffic provides good validation But can test only very incremental changes
Research-oriented testbeds Can test radical architectures Lack of real traffic results in poor validation
Both are expensive (dedicated bandwidth)
What about Deployment Architectural change requires ISP consensus
- Hard to agree- No competitive advantage from architectural innovation
- All have huge sunk investment in the status quo
ISPs are unlikely candidates for architectural change
Architecture isnrsquot just static its decaying Ad hoc workarounds muddy the architectural waters
We are at an Impasse
We canrsquot test new architectures- Despite sizable investments in testbeds
We canrsquot deploy new architectures- And things are getting worse not better
Yet there are pressing requirements for which the current architecture is not well suited
The Communityrsquos Response Focus on areas where we can have impact
Empirical studies Incremental changes (subject to current constraints)
Small stream of architectural proposals Paper designs without hope of deployment
More science fiction than engineering Have largely abandoned hope of effecting fundamental architectural change
Living with rather than overcoming the impasse
Overcoming the Impasse
Must be able to test new architectures Wide range of architectures Real traffic from willing individuals Low overhead for individual researchers
Meet the grand challenge of reinventing the Internet
Empirical incremental research is great but not enough
If someone put us in charge what would we do
What about deployment Several options none good but no excuse to not have an answer to the grand challenge
Testing Virtual Testbed
Overlay testbed (think RON etc) Host proxy directs packets to overlay
Proxy must architecturally neutral and flexible
Individuals (anywhere) opt-in by turning on proxy
Shared testing infrastructure (think Planetlab) Overlay nodes shared among experiments
Slicing on per-packet timescales Virtualized routers
These ideas have turned into the GENI program
Why GENI (Global Environment for Network Innovations) Future Internet Network (2005)
The original designing idea of current information networks is basically a specific network supports one major service
The limitation of the original designing idea can not support the multiple requirements for networks and services (such as Telecom network Internet)
The original design mode of Internet leads to itrsquos shortage in mobility security controllable and administrable
We urgently need redesign the framework of new generation Internet to overcome the serious shortage of current Internet
Providing pervasive and trusted services based on a specific network has became the key research directions of national informatization
GENI (Global Environment for Network Innovations) - NSF 2005 (1)
What is GENIWhat is GENIGENI is GENI is a facility concepta facility concept being explored by being explored by the US computing community the US computing community
back to an NSF workshop in 2005back to an NSF workshop in 2005focus on focus on architecturalarchitectural research and research and provide the provide the experimentalexperimental infrastructure infrastructure needed to support that researchneeded to support that research
focus on the research agenda (and focus on the research agenda (and infrastructure needs) of the infrastructure needs) of the opticaloptical wirelesswireless sensorsensor network and network and distributeddistributed systems communitiessystems communities
GENI (Global Environment for Network Innovations) (2)
The goal of GENI The goal of GENI Goal a Future Internet that meets the Goal a Future Internet that meets the demands of 21st centurydemands of 21st century
to increase the to increase the qualityquality and and quantityquantity of of experimental experimental researchresearch outcomes in networking and distributed outcomes in networking and distributed systemssystems
to accelerate the to accelerate the transitiontransition of these outcomes into of these outcomes into products and servicesproducts and services
enhance economic competitiveness and secure enhance economic competitiveness and secure the Nations futurethe Nations future
Ultimately to lead to a Ultimately to lead to a transition of the transition of the InternetInternet
GENI Research Opportunities (3)
Two dichotomy thought (false or at least Two dichotomy thought (false or at least unnecessary)unnecessary)
a a clean slateclean slate reconceptualization of Internet reconceptualization of Internet architecture architecture
todays 30-year-old architecture that todays 30-year-old architecture that limit its limit its abilityability to cope with emerging threats and to cope with emerging threats and opportunitiesopportunities
bull eroding trust reduced innovation slowing eroding trust reduced innovation slowing updateupdate
future innovation will take the form of new future innovation will take the form of new services and applications running services and applications running on top of the on top of the InternetInternet
GENI Research Opportunities (4)
GENI discussion GENI discussion First we interpret Future Internet very broadly to First we interpret Future Internet very broadly to
include innovations at include innovations at any levelany level of the architecture of the architecture alternative protocols and architectures running alternative protocols and architectures running
inside the network (as overlays on top of inside the network (as overlays on top of todays network) todays network)
Second research should employ Second research should employ clean slate clean slate thinkingthinking but this does but this does not imply that an entirely not imply that an entirely newnew Internet will be necessary In other words Internet will be necessary In other words clean slate is a clean slate is a processprocess not a not a resultresult
Third opportunities Third opportunities betweenbetween two perspectives two perspectives exploring how todays architecture is best exploring how todays architecture is best
evolved to support emerging overlay services evolved to support emerging overlay services
GENI Facility Concept (5)
Facility ConceptFacility Concept experimental platforms for experimental platforms for bothboth research and research and
deploymentdeployment filling the filling the gapgap between small-scale exp and mature between small-scale exp and mature
tech tech GENI evaluate new network systems on large-GENI evaluate new network systems on large-
scalescale
Two levelsTwo levels Physical level Physical level GENI substrateGENI substrate will consist of a will consist of a
collection of links forwarders storage collection of links forwarders storage processors and wireless net processors and wireless net
On top of this substrate a On top of this substrate a software software management management frameworkframework will be overlay network experiments on will be overlay network experiments on
the substratethe substrate
GENI Facility Concept (6)
Four key ideasFour key ideas substrate components will be substrate components will be programmableprogrammable - -
possible to embed any network experiment including possible to embed any network experiment including clean-slate designs clean-slate designs
Substrate will be Substrate will be virtualizable virtualizable -- possible to embed possible to embed multiple slices in the substrate at the same time multiple slices in the substrate at the same time (allow experimental services and architectures to run (allow experimental services and architectures to run continuously) continuously)
GENI will include mechanisms that allow end-users GENI will include mechanisms that allow end-users to to seamlessly seamlessly opt-inopt-in to experimental services to experimental services
GENI will be GENI will be modularmodular ( (architecture and interfaces) - architecture and interfaces) - possible to extend GENI with new networking possible to extend GENI with new networking technologies GENI will not be a static artifact but technologies GENI will not be a static artifact but rather a rather a dynamic infrastructuredynamic infrastructure that is continually that is continually renewedrenewed
FIND (Future Internet Network Design) ndash NSF 2006 (1)
FIND asks two broad questionsFIND asks two broad questions What are the What are the requirementsrequirements for the global network for the global network
in 15 years in 15 years How How would we would we re-conceivere-conceive tomorrows global tomorrows global
network today if we could design it from scratch network today if we could design it from scratch FIND program solicits FIND program solicits clean slate processclean slate process research proposals in the broad area of research proposals in the broad area of network architecture principles and designnetwork architecture principles and design
FIND (Future Internet Network Design) (2)
FIND research might address wide questionsFIND research might address wide questions What will the What will the edgeedge of the network look like in 15 of the network look like in 15
years How might the network years How might the network architecturearchitecture of 15 of 15 years hence best accommodate sensors embedded years hence best accommodate sensors embedded systems and the like systems and the like
How might the network of 15 years from now How might the network of 15 years from now supportsupport what users really do (and care about) How what users really do (and care about) How might such functions as information access location might such functions as information access location management or identity management best fit into a management or identity management best fit into a new overall network architecture new overall network architecture
What will the What will the core core of the network look like in 15 of the network look like in 15 years How might the changing economics of years How might the changing economics of optical systems affect the overall design of the larger optical systems affect the overall design of the larger networknetwork
FIRE (Future Internet Research and Experimentation) ndash European 2007 (1)
Internet has Internet has growngrown to an unexpected reach to an unexpected reach as for the as for the numbernumber of users of users capacitycapacity of the of the links broadband penetration to the links broadband penetration to the homehome servicesservices
ProblemsProblems spam viruses denial of service spam viruses denial of service attacks complexity of managementattacks complexity of management
Internet drawbacks and Internet drawbacks and limitationslimitations ndash to ndash to scalabilityscalability suitabilitysuitability mobilitymobility transparencytransparency securitysecurity
require new radical approaches to require new radical approaches to fundamentally redesign its protocols and fundamentally redesign its protocols and architectures architectures
FIRE (2) FIRE is an FIRE is an experimentallyexperimentally-driven -driven longlong-term research initiative on -term research initiative on
Future Internet Future Internet conceptsconcepts protocolsprotocols and and architecturesarchitectures encompassing technological industrial and socio-economic encompassing technological industrial and socio-economic
aspects aspects acting as proof-of-concept of the newly proposed acting as proof-of-concept of the newly proposed
technologies and services technologies and services FIRE RESEARCHFIRE RESEARCH
Long term multidisciplinary research on future internet Long term multidisciplinary research on future internet paradigms paradigms
Open to Open to fresh bottom-upfresh bottom-up ideas with ideas with no backwards-no backwards-compatibilitycompatibility constraints constraints
Building on the FET SAC initiative ldquoSituated and Autonomic Building on the FET SAC initiative ldquoSituated and Autonomic Communicationsrdquo Communicationsrdquo
Considering at the Considering at the same timesame time technological economic and technological economic and socialpolicy aspects socialpolicy aspects
Build in from the outset and on all levels the right Build in from the outset and on all levels the right balancebalance between security accountability and privacybetween security accountability and privacy
FIRE (3)
FIRE EXPERIMENTATIONFIRE EXPERIMENTATION Large scale experimentationLarge scale experimentation of new paradigms and of new paradigms and
concepts for the future internet and related service concepts for the future internet and related service architectures architectures
Learning through broad experimentation Learning through broad experimentation Integrating and validating new conceptsIntegrating and validating new concepts
Federating and extending Federating and extending existing testbedsexisting testbeds and and research infrastructures research infrastructures
no backwards-compatibility constraints no backwards-compatibility constraints European approach and develop a European European approach and develop a European
identityidentity
- Slide 1
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-
Trend of Internet hosts 1980-2000
Trend Data gt Voice
趋势 更快的传输介质 局局域域网网 1 Gbps over 4-pair UTP-5 up to 100 m 1 Gbps over 4-pair UTP-5 up to 100 m
10Gbps being discussed10Gbps being discussed Was 1 Mbps (1Base-5) in 1984Was 1 Mbps (1Base-5) in 1984
骨干网光纤骨干网光纤 DWDMDWDM (( Dense Wavelength Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing)Division Multiplexing) OC-768 = 40 Gbps over a to 65 km OC-768 = 40 Gbps over a to 65 km
1600 Gbps - 10 Tbps1600 Gbps - 10 Tbps Was 100 Mbps (FDDI) in 1993Was 100 Mbps (FDDI) in 1993
无线网无线网 54 100 Mbps(100-2km) wireless 54 100 Mbps(100-2km) wireless networks 25 Gbps to 5km using light networks 25 Gbps to 5km using light Was 1 Mbps (IEEE 80211) in 1998Was 1 Mbps (IEEE 80211) in 1998
Trend Bandwidth
Why Optical Networks DWDM optoelectricl metro network
Trend Wireless Mobile (1)
Trend宽带无线网 (Wi-Fi)飞速增长
Trend宽带无线网 (Wi-Fi)飞速增长
Trend宽带无线网 (Wi-Fi)飞速增长
Trend宽带无线网 (Wi-Fi)飞速增长
Integration of 3G and WLAN- offer possibility of achieving anywhere anytime
high speed and low expense Internet access
3G3G WLANWLAN
Wide areaWide area Local areaLocal area
Low bit rate Low bit rate
(2M when stand (2M when stand still)still)
High bit rateHigh bit rate
(11M to 54M)(11M to 54M)
DataVoice serviceDataVoice service
((QoS supportQoS support))
Data serviceData service
High expenseHigh expense Low expenseLow expense
High mobilityHigh mobility Low mobilityLow mobility
Trend Everything over IP
Data over IP =gt IP needs Traffic Data over IP =gt IP needs Traffic engineeringengineering
Voice over IP =gt Quality of Service and Voice over IP =gt Quality of Service and SignalingSignaling
Backbone -- Optic networksBackbone -- Optic networks IP over ATM IP over ATM （（异步传输模式）异步传输模式） IP over SONET -- POS (Packet over SDH) IP over SONET -- POS (Packet over SDH)
(( 同步同步 )) IP over DWDMIP over DWDM
Asynchronous Transfer Mode ATM
1990rsquos00 standard for high-speed (155Mbps to 1990rsquos00 standard for high-speed (155Mbps to 622 Mbps and higher) 622 Mbps and higher) Broadband Integrated Broadband Integrated Service Digital NetworkService Digital Network architecture architecture
GoalGoal integrated end-end transport of carry integrated end-end transport of carry voice video datavoice video data meeting timingQoS requirements of voice meeting timingQoS requirements of voice
video (versus Internet best-effort model)video (versus Internet best-effort model) ldquoldquonext generationrdquo telephony technical roots next generationrdquo telephony technical roots
in telephone worldin telephone world packet-switching (fixed length packets packet-switching (fixed length packets
called ldquocellsrdquo) using called ldquocellsrdquo) using virtual circuitsvirtual circuits
ATM reference model
How far along are we
Standardization bodies - ATM Forum ITU-T Standardization bodies - ATM Forum ITU-T We may never see end-to-end ATM (1997)We may never see end-to-end ATM (1997)
ATM - too complex - too expansive ltIPgtATM - too complex - too expansive ltIPgt Backbone - 1995 vBNS (ATM) Backbone - 1995 vBNS (ATM)
- 1998 Abilene (SONET) - 2000 IP over - 1998 Abilene (SONET) - 2000 IP over DWDMDWDM
Internet technology + ATM philosophyInternet technology + ATM philosophy but ATM ideas continue to powerfully but ATM ideas continue to powerfully
influence design of next-generation influence design of next-generation InternetInternet
ex ex MPLSMPLS admission ctl resource admission ctl resource reservation hellipreservation hellip
Best of Both Worlds
Multiprotocol label switching (Multiprotocol label switching (MPLSMPLS)) MPLS + IP form a middle ground that MPLS + IP form a middle ground that
combines the best of IP and the best of combines the best of IP and the best of virtual virtual circuit switching technologiescircuit switching technologies
ATM and Frame Relay cannot easily come to ATM and Frame Relay cannot easily come to the middle so IP hasthe middle so IP has
Label Encapsulation
MPLS Encapsulation is specified over MPLS Encapsulation is specified over various media types Top labels may use various media types Top labels may use existing format lower label(s) use a new existing format lower label(s) use a new ldquoshimrdquo label formatldquoshimrdquo label format
Label Substitution Have a friend go to B ahead of you using one of the Have a friend go to B ahead of you using one of the
previous two techniques At every road they reserve previous two techniques At every road they reserve a lane just for you At every intersection they post a a lane just for you At every intersection they post a big sign that says for a given lane which way to turn big sign that says for a given lane which way to turn and what new lane to takeand what new lane to take
Future Internet Research and Experimentation
Todayrsquos Internet Millions of usersMillions of users Web email low-quality audio amp videoWeb email low-quality audio amp video Interconnect personal computers and serversInterconnect personal computers and servers Applications adapt to underlying technologyApplications adapt to underlying technology Todayrsquos Internet DoesnrsquotTodayrsquos Internet Doesnrsquot
Provide reliable end-to-end performanceProvide reliable end-to-end performanceEncourage cooperation on new capabilitiesEncourage cooperation on new capabilitiesAllow testing of new technologiesAllow testing of new technologiesSupport development of revolutionary Support development of revolutionary applicationsapplications
Tomorrowrsquos Internet
Billions of users and devicesBillions of users and devices Convergence of todayrsquos applications Convergence of todayrsquos applications with multimedia (telephony video-with multimedia (telephony video-conference HDTV)conference HDTV)
Interconnect personal computers Interconnect personal computers servers and embedded computersservers and embedded computers
New technologies enable unanticipated New technologies enable unanticipated applications (and create new challenges)applications (and create new challenges)
Vint Cerf Open Challenges
My primary disappointment has been the slow pace of high speed access for residential customers hellip
The second area of disappointment is the slow uptake of version 6 of the Internet protocol (IPv6)
Perhaps the third area is the continuing difficulty caused by viruses worms and distributed denial of service attacksrdquo
How to make the Internet better Addressing current problems
Security1048766 Privacy1048766 Self-diagnosis amp self-healing networks1048766 Cheap connectivity for poor area and third world countries1048766
Wireless mesh networks1048766 sensors1048766 Mobility1048766
New cool apps1048766 What is after IPTV VoIP BitTorrent
Why Internet2 (1996)
The Internet was not designed forThe Internet was not designed forMillions of usersMillions of usersCongestionCongestionMultimediaMultimediaReal time interactionReal time interaction
But only the Internet canBut only the Internet canAccommodate explosive growthAccommodate explosive growthEnable convergence of information Enable convergence of information work mass media and human work mass media and human collaborationcollaboration
Internet2 Project Develop and deploy advanced network Develop and deploy advanced network
applications and technologies accelerating applications and technologies accelerating the creation of tomorrowrsquos Internetthe creation of tomorrowrsquos Internet
GoalsGoals Enable new generation of applicationsEnable new generation of applications Re-create leading edge RampE network Re-create leading edge RampE network
capabilitycapability Transfer capability to the global Transfer capability to the global
production Internetproduction Internet 206 University Members Jan 2005206 University Members Jan 2005
Internet2 Focus Areas Advanced Network Infrastructure - AbileneAdvanced Network Infrastructure - Abilene
Backbones operate at 10 Gbps capacity - 100 Backbones operate at 10 Gbps capacity - 100 Gbps (2007)Gbps (2007)
Middleware Middleware A layer of software between the network and the A layer of software between the network and the
applications applications Authentication Identification Authorization Authentication Identification Authorization
Directories SecurityDirectories Security EngineeringEngineering
IPv6 Measurement Multicast QoS Routing IPv6 Measurement Multicast QoS Routing Security TopologySecurity Topology
Advanced ApplicationsAdvanced Applications Distributed computation Virtual laboratories Distributed computation Virtual laboratories
Digital libraries Distributed learning Digital video Digital libraries Distributed learning Digital video Tele-immersion All of the above in combinationTele-immersion All of the above in combination
Abilene Connections Apr-2000Abilene Connections July 2006
Abilene Connections Apr-2000Abilene International Peering 2006
Research andDevelopment
Commercialization
Partnerships
Privatization
Internet Development Spiral
Todayrsquos Internet
Internet2
University-led Federal agency-led
Developing education and research driven applications
Agency mission-driven and general purpose applications
Building out campus networks gigaPoPs and inter-gigapop
infrastructure
Funding research testbeds and agency research networks
Interconnecting and interoperating to provide advanced networking capabilities needed to support advanced
research and education applications
Internet2 and the Next Generation Internet Initiative
Internet2 NGI
Our Founding (Funding) Fable
Researchers invent new architectures Architectures are validated on a testbed IETF ISPs and router vendors collaborate to deploy new design
This is complete BS
Do Traditional Testbeds Really Test
Production-oriented testbeds Real traffic provides good validation But can test only very incremental changes
Research-oriented testbeds Can test radical architectures Lack of real traffic results in poor validation
Both are expensive (dedicated bandwidth)
What about Deployment Architectural change requires ISP consensus
- Hard to agree- No competitive advantage from architectural innovation
- All have huge sunk investment in the status quo
ISPs are unlikely candidates for architectural change
Architecture isnrsquot just static its decaying Ad hoc workarounds muddy the architectural waters
We are at an Impasse
We canrsquot test new architectures- Despite sizable investments in testbeds
We canrsquot deploy new architectures- And things are getting worse not better
Yet there are pressing requirements for which the current architecture is not well suited
The Communityrsquos Response Focus on areas where we can have impact
Empirical studies Incremental changes (subject to current constraints)
Small stream of architectural proposals Paper designs without hope of deployment
More science fiction than engineering Have largely abandoned hope of effecting fundamental architectural change
Living with rather than overcoming the impasse
Overcoming the Impasse
Must be able to test new architectures Wide range of architectures Real traffic from willing individuals Low overhead for individual researchers
Meet the grand challenge of reinventing the Internet
Empirical incremental research is great but not enough
If someone put us in charge what would we do
What about deployment Several options none good but no excuse to not have an answer to the grand challenge
Testing Virtual Testbed
Overlay testbed (think RON etc) Host proxy directs packets to overlay
Proxy must architecturally neutral and flexible
Individuals (anywhere) opt-in by turning on proxy
Shared testing infrastructure (think Planetlab) Overlay nodes shared among experiments
Slicing on per-packet timescales Virtualized routers
These ideas have turned into the GENI program
Why GENI (Global Environment for Network Innovations) Future Internet Network (2005)
The original designing idea of current information networks is basically a specific network supports one major service
The limitation of the original designing idea can not support the multiple requirements for networks and services (such as Telecom network Internet)
The original design mode of Internet leads to itrsquos shortage in mobility security controllable and administrable
We urgently need redesign the framework of new generation Internet to overcome the serious shortage of current Internet
Providing pervasive and trusted services based on a specific network has became the key research directions of national informatization
GENI (Global Environment for Network Innovations) - NSF 2005 (1)
What is GENIWhat is GENIGENI is GENI is a facility concepta facility concept being explored by being explored by the US computing community the US computing community
back to an NSF workshop in 2005back to an NSF workshop in 2005focus on focus on architecturalarchitectural research and research and provide the provide the experimentalexperimental infrastructure infrastructure needed to support that researchneeded to support that research
focus on the research agenda (and focus on the research agenda (and infrastructure needs) of the infrastructure needs) of the opticaloptical wirelesswireless sensorsensor network and network and distributeddistributed systems communitiessystems communities
GENI (Global Environment for Network Innovations) (2)
The goal of GENI The goal of GENI Goal a Future Internet that meets the Goal a Future Internet that meets the demands of 21st centurydemands of 21st century
to increase the to increase the qualityquality and and quantityquantity of of experimental experimental researchresearch outcomes in networking and distributed outcomes in networking and distributed systemssystems
to accelerate the to accelerate the transitiontransition of these outcomes into of these outcomes into products and servicesproducts and services
enhance economic competitiveness and secure enhance economic competitiveness and secure the Nations futurethe Nations future
Ultimately to lead to a Ultimately to lead to a transition of the transition of the InternetInternet
GENI Research Opportunities (3)
Two dichotomy thought (false or at least Two dichotomy thought (false or at least unnecessary)unnecessary)
a a clean slateclean slate reconceptualization of Internet reconceptualization of Internet architecture architecture
todays 30-year-old architecture that todays 30-year-old architecture that limit its limit its abilityability to cope with emerging threats and to cope with emerging threats and opportunitiesopportunities
bull eroding trust reduced innovation slowing eroding trust reduced innovation slowing updateupdate
future innovation will take the form of new future innovation will take the form of new services and applications running services and applications running on top of the on top of the InternetInternet
GENI Research Opportunities (4)
GENI discussion GENI discussion First we interpret Future Internet very broadly to First we interpret Future Internet very broadly to
include innovations at include innovations at any levelany level of the architecture of the architecture alternative protocols and architectures running alternative protocols and architectures running
inside the network (as overlays on top of inside the network (as overlays on top of todays network) todays network)
Second research should employ Second research should employ clean slate clean slate thinkingthinking but this does but this does not imply that an entirely not imply that an entirely newnew Internet will be necessary In other words Internet will be necessary In other words clean slate is a clean slate is a processprocess not a not a resultresult
Third opportunities Third opportunities betweenbetween two perspectives two perspectives exploring how todays architecture is best exploring how todays architecture is best
evolved to support emerging overlay services evolved to support emerging overlay services
GENI Facility Concept (5)
Facility ConceptFacility Concept experimental platforms for experimental platforms for bothboth research and research and
deploymentdeployment filling the filling the gapgap between small-scale exp and mature between small-scale exp and mature
tech tech GENI evaluate new network systems on large-GENI evaluate new network systems on large-
scalescale
Two levelsTwo levels Physical level Physical level GENI substrateGENI substrate will consist of a will consist of a
collection of links forwarders storage collection of links forwarders storage processors and wireless net processors and wireless net
On top of this substrate a On top of this substrate a software software management management frameworkframework will be overlay network experiments on will be overlay network experiments on
the substratethe substrate
GENI Facility Concept (6)
Four key ideasFour key ideas substrate components will be substrate components will be programmableprogrammable - -
possible to embed any network experiment including possible to embed any network experiment including clean-slate designs clean-slate designs
Substrate will be Substrate will be virtualizable virtualizable -- possible to embed possible to embed multiple slices in the substrate at the same time multiple slices in the substrate at the same time (allow experimental services and architectures to run (allow experimental services and architectures to run continuously) continuously)
GENI will include mechanisms that allow end-users GENI will include mechanisms that allow end-users to to seamlessly seamlessly opt-inopt-in to experimental services to experimental services
GENI will be GENI will be modularmodular ( (architecture and interfaces) - architecture and interfaces) - possible to extend GENI with new networking possible to extend GENI with new networking technologies GENI will not be a static artifact but technologies GENI will not be a static artifact but rather a rather a dynamic infrastructuredynamic infrastructure that is continually that is continually renewedrenewed
FIND (Future Internet Network Design) ndash NSF 2006 (1)
FIND asks two broad questionsFIND asks two broad questions What are the What are the requirementsrequirements for the global network for the global network
in 15 years in 15 years How How would we would we re-conceivere-conceive tomorrows global tomorrows global
network today if we could design it from scratch network today if we could design it from scratch FIND program solicits FIND program solicits clean slate processclean slate process research proposals in the broad area of research proposals in the broad area of network architecture principles and designnetwork architecture principles and design
FIND (Future Internet Network Design) (2)
FIND research might address wide questionsFIND research might address wide questions What will the What will the edgeedge of the network look like in 15 of the network look like in 15
years How might the network years How might the network architecturearchitecture of 15 of 15 years hence best accommodate sensors embedded years hence best accommodate sensors embedded systems and the like systems and the like
How might the network of 15 years from now How might the network of 15 years from now supportsupport what users really do (and care about) How what users really do (and care about) How might such functions as information access location might such functions as information access location management or identity management best fit into a management or identity management best fit into a new overall network architecture new overall network architecture
What will the What will the core core of the network look like in 15 of the network look like in 15 years How might the changing economics of years How might the changing economics of optical systems affect the overall design of the larger optical systems affect the overall design of the larger networknetwork
FIRE (Future Internet Research and Experimentation) ndash European 2007 (1)
Internet has Internet has growngrown to an unexpected reach to an unexpected reach as for the as for the numbernumber of users of users capacitycapacity of the of the links broadband penetration to the links broadband penetration to the homehome servicesservices
ProblemsProblems spam viruses denial of service spam viruses denial of service attacks complexity of managementattacks complexity of management
Internet drawbacks and Internet drawbacks and limitationslimitations ndash to ndash to scalabilityscalability suitabilitysuitability mobilitymobility transparencytransparency securitysecurity
require new radical approaches to require new radical approaches to fundamentally redesign its protocols and fundamentally redesign its protocols and architectures architectures
FIRE (2) FIRE is an FIRE is an experimentallyexperimentally-driven -driven longlong-term research initiative on -term research initiative on
Future Internet Future Internet conceptsconcepts protocolsprotocols and and architecturesarchitectures encompassing technological industrial and socio-economic encompassing technological industrial and socio-economic
aspects aspects acting as proof-of-concept of the newly proposed acting as proof-of-concept of the newly proposed
technologies and services technologies and services FIRE RESEARCHFIRE RESEARCH
Long term multidisciplinary research on future internet Long term multidisciplinary research on future internet paradigms paradigms
Open to Open to fresh bottom-upfresh bottom-up ideas with ideas with no backwards-no backwards-compatibilitycompatibility constraints constraints
Building on the FET SAC initiative ldquoSituated and Autonomic Building on the FET SAC initiative ldquoSituated and Autonomic Communicationsrdquo Communicationsrdquo
Considering at the Considering at the same timesame time technological economic and technological economic and socialpolicy aspects socialpolicy aspects
Build in from the outset and on all levels the right Build in from the outset and on all levels the right balancebalance between security accountability and privacybetween security accountability and privacy
FIRE (3)
FIRE EXPERIMENTATIONFIRE EXPERIMENTATION Large scale experimentationLarge scale experimentation of new paradigms and of new paradigms and
concepts for the future internet and related service concepts for the future internet and related service architectures architectures
Learning through broad experimentation Learning through broad experimentation Integrating and validating new conceptsIntegrating and validating new concepts
Federating and extending Federating and extending existing testbedsexisting testbeds and and research infrastructures research infrastructures
no backwards-compatibility constraints no backwards-compatibility constraints European approach and develop a European European approach and develop a European
identityidentity
- Slide 1
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
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- Slide 14
- Slide 15
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- Slide 20
- Slide 21
- Slide 22
- Slide 23
- Slide 24
- Slide 25
- Slide 26
- Slide 27
- Slide 28
- Slide 29
- Slide 30
- Slide 31
- Slide 32
- Slide 33
- Slide 34
- Slide 35
- Slide 36
- Slide 37
- Slide 38
- Slide 39
- Slide 40
- Slide 41
- Slide 42
- Slide 43
- Slide 44
- Slide 45
- Slide 46
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- Slide 61
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- Slide 66
- Slide 67
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- Slide 86
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- Slide 88
- Slide 89
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- Slide 91
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- Slide 97
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- Slide 99
- Slide 100
- Slide 101
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- Slide 103
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- Slide 105
- Slide 106
- Slide 107
- Slide 108
- Slide 109
- Slide 110
- Slide 113
- Slide 114
- Slide 115
-
Trend Data gt Voice
趋势 更快的传输介质 局局域域网网 1 Gbps over 4-pair UTP-5 up to 100 m 1 Gbps over 4-pair UTP-5 up to 100 m
10Gbps being discussed10Gbps being discussed Was 1 Mbps (1Base-5) in 1984Was 1 Mbps (1Base-5) in 1984
骨干网光纤骨干网光纤 DWDMDWDM (( Dense Wavelength Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing)Division Multiplexing) OC-768 = 40 Gbps over a to 65 km OC-768 = 40 Gbps over a to 65 km
1600 Gbps - 10 Tbps1600 Gbps - 10 Tbps Was 100 Mbps (FDDI) in 1993Was 100 Mbps (FDDI) in 1993
无线网无线网 54 100 Mbps(100-2km) wireless 54 100 Mbps(100-2km) wireless networks 25 Gbps to 5km using light networks 25 Gbps to 5km using light Was 1 Mbps (IEEE 80211) in 1998Was 1 Mbps (IEEE 80211) in 1998
Trend Bandwidth
Why Optical Networks DWDM optoelectricl metro network
Trend Wireless Mobile (1)
Trend宽带无线网 (Wi-Fi)飞速增长
Trend宽带无线网 (Wi-Fi)飞速增长
Trend宽带无线网 (Wi-Fi)飞速增长
Trend宽带无线网 (Wi-Fi)飞速增长
Integration of 3G and WLAN- offer possibility of achieving anywhere anytime
high speed and low expense Internet access
3G3G WLANWLAN
Wide areaWide area Local areaLocal area
Low bit rate Low bit rate
(2M when stand (2M when stand still)still)
High bit rateHigh bit rate
(11M to 54M)(11M to 54M)
DataVoice serviceDataVoice service
((QoS supportQoS support))
Data serviceData service
High expenseHigh expense Low expenseLow expense
High mobilityHigh mobility Low mobilityLow mobility
Trend Everything over IP
Data over IP =gt IP needs Traffic Data over IP =gt IP needs Traffic engineeringengineering
Voice over IP =gt Quality of Service and Voice over IP =gt Quality of Service and SignalingSignaling
Backbone -- Optic networksBackbone -- Optic networks IP over ATM IP over ATM （（异步传输模式）异步传输模式） IP over SONET -- POS (Packet over SDH) IP over SONET -- POS (Packet over SDH)
(( 同步同步 )) IP over DWDMIP over DWDM
Asynchronous Transfer Mode ATM
1990rsquos00 standard for high-speed (155Mbps to 1990rsquos00 standard for high-speed (155Mbps to 622 Mbps and higher) 622 Mbps and higher) Broadband Integrated Broadband Integrated Service Digital NetworkService Digital Network architecture architecture
GoalGoal integrated end-end transport of carry integrated end-end transport of carry voice video datavoice video data meeting timingQoS requirements of voice meeting timingQoS requirements of voice
video (versus Internet best-effort model)video (versus Internet best-effort model) ldquoldquonext generationrdquo telephony technical roots next generationrdquo telephony technical roots
in telephone worldin telephone world packet-switching (fixed length packets packet-switching (fixed length packets
called ldquocellsrdquo) using called ldquocellsrdquo) using virtual circuitsvirtual circuits
ATM reference model
How far along are we
Standardization bodies - ATM Forum ITU-T Standardization bodies - ATM Forum ITU-T We may never see end-to-end ATM (1997)We may never see end-to-end ATM (1997)
ATM - too complex - too expansive ltIPgtATM - too complex - too expansive ltIPgt Backbone - 1995 vBNS (ATM) Backbone - 1995 vBNS (ATM)
- 1998 Abilene (SONET) - 2000 IP over - 1998 Abilene (SONET) - 2000 IP over DWDMDWDM
Internet technology + ATM philosophyInternet technology + ATM philosophy but ATM ideas continue to powerfully but ATM ideas continue to powerfully
influence design of next-generation influence design of next-generation InternetInternet
ex ex MPLSMPLS admission ctl resource admission ctl resource reservation hellipreservation hellip
Best of Both Worlds
Multiprotocol label switching (Multiprotocol label switching (MPLSMPLS)) MPLS + IP form a middle ground that MPLS + IP form a middle ground that
combines the best of IP and the best of combines the best of IP and the best of virtual virtual circuit switching technologiescircuit switching technologies
ATM and Frame Relay cannot easily come to ATM and Frame Relay cannot easily come to the middle so IP hasthe middle so IP has
Label Encapsulation
MPLS Encapsulation is specified over MPLS Encapsulation is specified over various media types Top labels may use various media types Top labels may use existing format lower label(s) use a new existing format lower label(s) use a new ldquoshimrdquo label formatldquoshimrdquo label format
Label Substitution Have a friend go to B ahead of you using one of the Have a friend go to B ahead of you using one of the
previous two techniques At every road they reserve previous two techniques At every road they reserve a lane just for you At every intersection they post a a lane just for you At every intersection they post a big sign that says for a given lane which way to turn big sign that says for a given lane which way to turn and what new lane to takeand what new lane to take
Future Internet Research and Experimentation
Todayrsquos Internet Millions of usersMillions of users Web email low-quality audio amp videoWeb email low-quality audio amp video Interconnect personal computers and serversInterconnect personal computers and servers Applications adapt to underlying technologyApplications adapt to underlying technology Todayrsquos Internet DoesnrsquotTodayrsquos Internet Doesnrsquot
Provide reliable end-to-end performanceProvide reliable end-to-end performanceEncourage cooperation on new capabilitiesEncourage cooperation on new capabilitiesAllow testing of new technologiesAllow testing of new technologiesSupport development of revolutionary Support development of revolutionary applicationsapplications
Tomorrowrsquos Internet
Billions of users and devicesBillions of users and devices Convergence of todayrsquos applications Convergence of todayrsquos applications with multimedia (telephony video-with multimedia (telephony video-conference HDTV)conference HDTV)
Interconnect personal computers Interconnect personal computers servers and embedded computersservers and embedded computers
New technologies enable unanticipated New technologies enable unanticipated applications (and create new challenges)applications (and create new challenges)
Vint Cerf Open Challenges
My primary disappointment has been the slow pace of high speed access for residential customers hellip
The second area of disappointment is the slow uptake of version 6 of the Internet protocol (IPv6)
Perhaps the third area is the continuing difficulty caused by viruses worms and distributed denial of service attacksrdquo
How to make the Internet better Addressing current problems
Security1048766 Privacy1048766 Self-diagnosis amp self-healing networks1048766 Cheap connectivity for poor area and third world countries1048766
Wireless mesh networks1048766 sensors1048766 Mobility1048766
New cool apps1048766 What is after IPTV VoIP BitTorrent
Why Internet2 (1996)
The Internet was not designed forThe Internet was not designed forMillions of usersMillions of usersCongestionCongestionMultimediaMultimediaReal time interactionReal time interaction
But only the Internet canBut only the Internet canAccommodate explosive growthAccommodate explosive growthEnable convergence of information Enable convergence of information work mass media and human work mass media and human collaborationcollaboration
Internet2 Project Develop and deploy advanced network Develop and deploy advanced network
applications and technologies accelerating applications and technologies accelerating the creation of tomorrowrsquos Internetthe creation of tomorrowrsquos Internet
GoalsGoals Enable new generation of applicationsEnable new generation of applications Re-create leading edge RampE network Re-create leading edge RampE network
capabilitycapability Transfer capability to the global Transfer capability to the global
production Internetproduction Internet 206 University Members Jan 2005206 University Members Jan 2005
Internet2 Focus Areas Advanced Network Infrastructure - AbileneAdvanced Network Infrastructure - Abilene
Backbones operate at 10 Gbps capacity - 100 Backbones operate at 10 Gbps capacity - 100 Gbps (2007)Gbps (2007)
Middleware Middleware A layer of software between the network and the A layer of software between the network and the
applications applications Authentication Identification Authorization Authentication Identification Authorization
Directories SecurityDirectories Security EngineeringEngineering
IPv6 Measurement Multicast QoS Routing IPv6 Measurement Multicast QoS Routing Security TopologySecurity Topology
Advanced ApplicationsAdvanced Applications Distributed computation Virtual laboratories Distributed computation Virtual laboratories
Digital libraries Distributed learning Digital video Digital libraries Distributed learning Digital video Tele-immersion All of the above in combinationTele-immersion All of the above in combination
Abilene Connections Apr-2000Abilene Connections July 2006
Abilene Connections Apr-2000Abilene International Peering 2006
Research andDevelopment
Commercialization
Partnerships
Privatization
Internet Development Spiral
Todayrsquos Internet
Internet2
University-led Federal agency-led
Developing education and research driven applications
Agency mission-driven and general purpose applications
Building out campus networks gigaPoPs and inter-gigapop
infrastructure
Funding research testbeds and agency research networks
Interconnecting and interoperating to provide advanced networking capabilities needed to support advanced
research and education applications
Internet2 and the Next Generation Internet Initiative
Internet2 NGI
Our Founding (Funding) Fable
Researchers invent new architectures Architectures are validated on a testbed IETF ISPs and router vendors collaborate to deploy new design
This is complete BS
Do Traditional Testbeds Really Test
Production-oriented testbeds Real traffic provides good validation But can test only very incremental changes
Research-oriented testbeds Can test radical architectures Lack of real traffic results in poor validation
Both are expensive (dedicated bandwidth)
What about Deployment Architectural change requires ISP consensus
- Hard to agree- No competitive advantage from architectural innovation
- All have huge sunk investment in the status quo
ISPs are unlikely candidates for architectural change
Architecture isnrsquot just static its decaying Ad hoc workarounds muddy the architectural waters
We are at an Impasse
We canrsquot test new architectures- Despite sizable investments in testbeds
We canrsquot deploy new architectures- And things are getting worse not better
Yet there are pressing requirements for which the current architecture is not well suited
The Communityrsquos Response Focus on areas where we can have impact
Empirical studies Incremental changes (subject to current constraints)
Small stream of architectural proposals Paper designs without hope of deployment
More science fiction than engineering Have largely abandoned hope of effecting fundamental architectural change
Living with rather than overcoming the impasse
Overcoming the Impasse
Must be able to test new architectures Wide range of architectures Real traffic from willing individuals Low overhead for individual researchers
Meet the grand challenge of reinventing the Internet
Empirical incremental research is great but not enough
If someone put us in charge what would we do
What about deployment Several options none good but no excuse to not have an answer to the grand challenge
Testing Virtual Testbed
Overlay testbed (think RON etc) Host proxy directs packets to overlay
Proxy must architecturally neutral and flexible
Individuals (anywhere) opt-in by turning on proxy
Shared testing infrastructure (think Planetlab) Overlay nodes shared among experiments
Slicing on per-packet timescales Virtualized routers
These ideas have turned into the GENI program
Why GENI (Global Environment for Network Innovations) Future Internet Network (2005)
The original designing idea of current information networks is basically a specific network supports one major service
The limitation of the original designing idea can not support the multiple requirements for networks and services (such as Telecom network Internet)
The original design mode of Internet leads to itrsquos shortage in mobility security controllable and administrable
We urgently need redesign the framework of new generation Internet to overcome the serious shortage of current Internet
Providing pervasive and trusted services based on a specific network has became the key research directions of national informatization
GENI (Global Environment for Network Innovations) - NSF 2005 (1)
What is GENIWhat is GENIGENI is GENI is a facility concepta facility concept being explored by being explored by the US computing community the US computing community
back to an NSF workshop in 2005back to an NSF workshop in 2005focus on focus on architecturalarchitectural research and research and provide the provide the experimentalexperimental infrastructure infrastructure needed to support that researchneeded to support that research
focus on the research agenda (and focus on the research agenda (and infrastructure needs) of the infrastructure needs) of the opticaloptical wirelesswireless sensorsensor network and network and distributeddistributed systems communitiessystems communities
GENI (Global Environment for Network Innovations) (2)
The goal of GENI The goal of GENI Goal a Future Internet that meets the Goal a Future Internet that meets the demands of 21st centurydemands of 21st century
to increase the to increase the qualityquality and and quantityquantity of of experimental experimental researchresearch outcomes in networking and distributed outcomes in networking and distributed systemssystems
to accelerate the to accelerate the transitiontransition of these outcomes into of these outcomes into products and servicesproducts and services
enhance economic competitiveness and secure enhance economic competitiveness and secure the Nations futurethe Nations future
Ultimately to lead to a Ultimately to lead to a transition of the transition of the InternetInternet
GENI Research Opportunities (3)
Two dichotomy thought (false or at least Two dichotomy thought (false or at least unnecessary)unnecessary)
a a clean slateclean slate reconceptualization of Internet reconceptualization of Internet architecture architecture
todays 30-year-old architecture that todays 30-year-old architecture that limit its limit its abilityability to cope with emerging threats and to cope with emerging threats and opportunitiesopportunities
bull eroding trust reduced innovation slowing eroding trust reduced innovation slowing updateupdate
future innovation will take the form of new future innovation will take the form of new services and applications running services and applications running on top of the on top of the InternetInternet
GENI Research Opportunities (4)
GENI discussion GENI discussion First we interpret Future Internet very broadly to First we interpret Future Internet very broadly to
include innovations at include innovations at any levelany level of the architecture of the architecture alternative protocols and architectures running alternative protocols and architectures running
inside the network (as overlays on top of inside the network (as overlays on top of todays network) todays network)
Second research should employ Second research should employ clean slate clean slate thinkingthinking but this does but this does not imply that an entirely not imply that an entirely newnew Internet will be necessary In other words Internet will be necessary In other words clean slate is a clean slate is a processprocess not a not a resultresult
Third opportunities Third opportunities betweenbetween two perspectives two perspectives exploring how todays architecture is best exploring how todays architecture is best
evolved to support emerging overlay services evolved to support emerging overlay services
GENI Facility Concept (5)
Facility ConceptFacility Concept experimental platforms for experimental platforms for bothboth research and research and
deploymentdeployment filling the filling the gapgap between small-scale exp and mature between small-scale exp and mature
tech tech GENI evaluate new network systems on large-GENI evaluate new network systems on large-
scalescale
Two levelsTwo levels Physical level Physical level GENI substrateGENI substrate will consist of a will consist of a
collection of links forwarders storage collection of links forwarders storage processors and wireless net processors and wireless net
On top of this substrate a On top of this substrate a software software management management frameworkframework will be overlay network experiments on will be overlay network experiments on
the substratethe substrate
GENI Facility Concept (6)
Four key ideasFour key ideas substrate components will be substrate components will be programmableprogrammable - -
possible to embed any network experiment including possible to embed any network experiment including clean-slate designs clean-slate designs
Substrate will be Substrate will be virtualizable virtualizable -- possible to embed possible to embed multiple slices in the substrate at the same time multiple slices in the substrate at the same time (allow experimental services and architectures to run (allow experimental services and architectures to run continuously) continuously)
GENI will include mechanisms that allow end-users GENI will include mechanisms that allow end-users to to seamlessly seamlessly opt-inopt-in to experimental services to experimental services
GENI will be GENI will be modularmodular ( (architecture and interfaces) - architecture and interfaces) - possible to extend GENI with new networking possible to extend GENI with new networking technologies GENI will not be a static artifact but technologies GENI will not be a static artifact but rather a rather a dynamic infrastructuredynamic infrastructure that is continually that is continually renewedrenewed
FIND (Future Internet Network Design) ndash NSF 2006 (1)
FIND asks two broad questionsFIND asks two broad questions What are the What are the requirementsrequirements for the global network for the global network
in 15 years in 15 years How How would we would we re-conceivere-conceive tomorrows global tomorrows global
network today if we could design it from scratch network today if we could design it from scratch FIND program solicits FIND program solicits clean slate processclean slate process research proposals in the broad area of research proposals in the broad area of network architecture principles and designnetwork architecture principles and design
FIND (Future Internet Network Design) (2)
FIND research might address wide questionsFIND research might address wide questions What will the What will the edgeedge of the network look like in 15 of the network look like in 15
years How might the network years How might the network architecturearchitecture of 15 of 15 years hence best accommodate sensors embedded years hence best accommodate sensors embedded systems and the like systems and the like
How might the network of 15 years from now How might the network of 15 years from now supportsupport what users really do (and care about) How what users really do (and care about) How might such functions as information access location might such functions as information access location management or identity management best fit into a management or identity management best fit into a new overall network architecture new overall network architecture
What will the What will the core core of the network look like in 15 of the network look like in 15 years How might the changing economics of years How might the changing economics of optical systems affect the overall design of the larger optical systems affect the overall design of the larger networknetwork
FIRE (Future Internet Research and Experimentation) ndash European 2007 (1)
Internet has Internet has growngrown to an unexpected reach to an unexpected reach as for the as for the numbernumber of users of users capacitycapacity of the of the links broadband penetration to the links broadband penetration to the homehome servicesservices
ProblemsProblems spam viruses denial of service spam viruses denial of service attacks complexity of managementattacks complexity of management
Internet drawbacks and Internet drawbacks and limitationslimitations ndash to ndash to scalabilityscalability suitabilitysuitability mobilitymobility transparencytransparency securitysecurity
require new radical approaches to require new radical approaches to fundamentally redesign its protocols and fundamentally redesign its protocols and architectures architectures
FIRE (2) FIRE is an FIRE is an experimentallyexperimentally-driven -driven longlong-term research initiative on -term research initiative on
Future Internet Future Internet conceptsconcepts protocolsprotocols and and architecturesarchitectures encompassing technological industrial and socio-economic encompassing technological industrial and socio-economic
aspects aspects acting as proof-of-concept of the newly proposed acting as proof-of-concept of the newly proposed
technologies and services technologies and services FIRE RESEARCHFIRE RESEARCH
Long term multidisciplinary research on future internet Long term multidisciplinary research on future internet paradigms paradigms
Open to Open to fresh bottom-upfresh bottom-up ideas with ideas with no backwards-no backwards-compatibilitycompatibility constraints constraints
Building on the FET SAC initiative ldquoSituated and Autonomic Building on the FET SAC initiative ldquoSituated and Autonomic Communicationsrdquo Communicationsrdquo
Considering at the Considering at the same timesame time technological economic and technological economic and socialpolicy aspects socialpolicy aspects
Build in from the outset and on all levels the right Build in from the outset and on all levels the right balancebalance between security accountability and privacybetween security accountability and privacy
FIRE (3)
FIRE EXPERIMENTATIONFIRE EXPERIMENTATION Large scale experimentationLarge scale experimentation of new paradigms and of new paradigms and
concepts for the future internet and related service concepts for the future internet and related service architectures architectures
Learning through broad experimentation Learning through broad experimentation Integrating and validating new conceptsIntegrating and validating new concepts
Federating and extending Federating and extending existing testbedsexisting testbeds and and research infrastructures research infrastructures
no backwards-compatibility constraints no backwards-compatibility constraints European approach and develop a European European approach and develop a European
identityidentity
- Slide 1
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- Slide 115
-
趋势 更快的传输介质 局局域域网网 1 Gbps over 4-pair UTP-5 up to 100 m 1 Gbps over 4-pair UTP-5 up to 100 m
10Gbps being discussed10Gbps being discussed Was 1 Mbps (1Base-5) in 1984Was 1 Mbps (1Base-5) in 1984
骨干网光纤骨干网光纤 DWDMDWDM (( Dense Wavelength Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing)Division Multiplexing) OC-768 = 40 Gbps over a to 65 km OC-768 = 40 Gbps over a to 65 km
1600 Gbps - 10 Tbps1600 Gbps - 10 Tbps Was 100 Mbps (FDDI) in 1993Was 100 Mbps (FDDI) in 1993
无线网无线网 54 100 Mbps(100-2km) wireless 54 100 Mbps(100-2km) wireless networks 25 Gbps to 5km using light networks 25 Gbps to 5km using light Was 1 Mbps (IEEE 80211) in 1998Was 1 Mbps (IEEE 80211) in 1998
Trend Bandwidth
Why Optical Networks DWDM optoelectricl metro network
Trend Wireless Mobile (1)
Trend宽带无线网 (Wi-Fi)飞速增长
Trend宽带无线网 (Wi-Fi)飞速增长
Trend宽带无线网 (Wi-Fi)飞速增长
Trend宽带无线网 (Wi-Fi)飞速增长
Integration of 3G and WLAN- offer possibility of achieving anywhere anytime
high speed and low expense Internet access
3G3G WLANWLAN
Wide areaWide area Local areaLocal area
Low bit rate Low bit rate
(2M when stand (2M when stand still)still)
High bit rateHigh bit rate
(11M to 54M)(11M to 54M)
DataVoice serviceDataVoice service
((QoS supportQoS support))
Data serviceData service
High expenseHigh expense Low expenseLow expense
High mobilityHigh mobility Low mobilityLow mobility
Trend Everything over IP
Data over IP =gt IP needs Traffic Data over IP =gt IP needs Traffic engineeringengineering
Voice over IP =gt Quality of Service and Voice over IP =gt Quality of Service and SignalingSignaling
Backbone -- Optic networksBackbone -- Optic networks IP over ATM IP over ATM （（异步传输模式）异步传输模式） IP over SONET -- POS (Packet over SDH) IP over SONET -- POS (Packet over SDH)
(( 同步同步 )) IP over DWDMIP over DWDM
Asynchronous Transfer Mode ATM
1990rsquos00 standard for high-speed (155Mbps to 1990rsquos00 standard for high-speed (155Mbps to 622 Mbps and higher) 622 Mbps and higher) Broadband Integrated Broadband Integrated Service Digital NetworkService Digital Network architecture architecture
GoalGoal integrated end-end transport of carry integrated end-end transport of carry voice video datavoice video data meeting timingQoS requirements of voice meeting timingQoS requirements of voice
video (versus Internet best-effort model)video (versus Internet best-effort model) ldquoldquonext generationrdquo telephony technical roots next generationrdquo telephony technical roots
in telephone worldin telephone world packet-switching (fixed length packets packet-switching (fixed length packets
called ldquocellsrdquo) using called ldquocellsrdquo) using virtual circuitsvirtual circuits
ATM reference model
How far along are we
Standardization bodies - ATM Forum ITU-T Standardization bodies - ATM Forum ITU-T We may never see end-to-end ATM (1997)We may never see end-to-end ATM (1997)
ATM - too complex - too expansive ltIPgtATM - too complex - too expansive ltIPgt Backbone - 1995 vBNS (ATM) Backbone - 1995 vBNS (ATM)
- 1998 Abilene (SONET) - 2000 IP over - 1998 Abilene (SONET) - 2000 IP over DWDMDWDM
Internet technology + ATM philosophyInternet technology + ATM philosophy but ATM ideas continue to powerfully but ATM ideas continue to powerfully
influence design of next-generation influence design of next-generation InternetInternet
ex ex MPLSMPLS admission ctl resource admission ctl resource reservation hellipreservation hellip
Best of Both Worlds
Multiprotocol label switching (Multiprotocol label switching (MPLSMPLS)) MPLS + IP form a middle ground that MPLS + IP form a middle ground that
combines the best of IP and the best of combines the best of IP and the best of virtual virtual circuit switching technologiescircuit switching technologies
ATM and Frame Relay cannot easily come to ATM and Frame Relay cannot easily come to the middle so IP hasthe middle so IP has
Label Encapsulation
MPLS Encapsulation is specified over MPLS Encapsulation is specified over various media types Top labels may use various media types Top labels may use existing format lower label(s) use a new existing format lower label(s) use a new ldquoshimrdquo label formatldquoshimrdquo label format
Label Substitution Have a friend go to B ahead of you using one of the Have a friend go to B ahead of you using one of the
previous two techniques At every road they reserve previous two techniques At every road they reserve a lane just for you At every intersection they post a a lane just for you At every intersection they post a big sign that says for a given lane which way to turn big sign that says for a given lane which way to turn and what new lane to takeand what new lane to take
Future Internet Research and Experimentation
Todayrsquos Internet Millions of usersMillions of users Web email low-quality audio amp videoWeb email low-quality audio amp video Interconnect personal computers and serversInterconnect personal computers and servers Applications adapt to underlying technologyApplications adapt to underlying technology Todayrsquos Internet DoesnrsquotTodayrsquos Internet Doesnrsquot
Provide reliable end-to-end performanceProvide reliable end-to-end performanceEncourage cooperation on new capabilitiesEncourage cooperation on new capabilitiesAllow testing of new technologiesAllow testing of new technologiesSupport development of revolutionary Support development of revolutionary applicationsapplications
Tomorrowrsquos Internet
Billions of users and devicesBillions of users and devices Convergence of todayrsquos applications Convergence of todayrsquos applications with multimedia (telephony video-with multimedia (telephony video-conference HDTV)conference HDTV)
Interconnect personal computers Interconnect personal computers servers and embedded computersservers and embedded computers
New technologies enable unanticipated New technologies enable unanticipated applications (and create new challenges)applications (and create new challenges)
Vint Cerf Open Challenges
My primary disappointment has been the slow pace of high speed access for residential customers hellip
The second area of disappointment is the slow uptake of version 6 of the Internet protocol (IPv6)
Perhaps the third area is the continuing difficulty caused by viruses worms and distributed denial of service attacksrdquo
How to make the Internet better Addressing current problems
Security1048766 Privacy1048766 Self-diagnosis amp self-healing networks1048766 Cheap connectivity for poor area and third world countries1048766
Wireless mesh networks1048766 sensors1048766 Mobility1048766
New cool apps1048766 What is after IPTV VoIP BitTorrent
Why Internet2 (1996)
The Internet was not designed forThe Internet was not designed forMillions of usersMillions of usersCongestionCongestionMultimediaMultimediaReal time interactionReal time interaction
But only the Internet canBut only the Internet canAccommodate explosive growthAccommodate explosive growthEnable convergence of information Enable convergence of information work mass media and human work mass media and human collaborationcollaboration
Internet2 Project Develop and deploy advanced network Develop and deploy advanced network
applications and technologies accelerating applications and technologies accelerating the creation of tomorrowrsquos Internetthe creation of tomorrowrsquos Internet
GoalsGoals Enable new generation of applicationsEnable new generation of applications Re-create leading edge RampE network Re-create leading edge RampE network
capabilitycapability Transfer capability to the global Transfer capability to the global
production Internetproduction Internet 206 University Members Jan 2005206 University Members Jan 2005
Internet2 Focus Areas Advanced Network Infrastructure - AbileneAdvanced Network Infrastructure - Abilene
Backbones operate at 10 Gbps capacity - 100 Backbones operate at 10 Gbps capacity - 100 Gbps (2007)Gbps (2007)
Middleware Middleware A layer of software between the network and the A layer of software between the network and the
applications applications Authentication Identification Authorization Authentication Identification Authorization
Directories SecurityDirectories Security EngineeringEngineering
IPv6 Measurement Multicast QoS Routing IPv6 Measurement Multicast QoS Routing Security TopologySecurity Topology
Advanced ApplicationsAdvanced Applications Distributed computation Virtual laboratories Distributed computation Virtual laboratories
Digital libraries Distributed learning Digital video Digital libraries Distributed learning Digital video Tele-immersion All of the above in combinationTele-immersion All of the above in combination
Abilene Connections Apr-2000Abilene Connections July 2006
Abilene Connections Apr-2000Abilene International Peering 2006
Research andDevelopment
Commercialization
Partnerships
Privatization
Internet Development Spiral
Todayrsquos Internet
Internet2
University-led Federal agency-led
Developing education and research driven applications
Agency mission-driven and general purpose applications
Building out campus networks gigaPoPs and inter-gigapop
infrastructure
Funding research testbeds and agency research networks
Interconnecting and interoperating to provide advanced networking capabilities needed to support advanced
research and education applications
Internet2 and the Next Generation Internet Initiative
Internet2 NGI
Our Founding (Funding) Fable
Researchers invent new architectures Architectures are validated on a testbed IETF ISPs and router vendors collaborate to deploy new design
This is complete BS
Do Traditional Testbeds Really Test
Production-oriented testbeds Real traffic provides good validation But can test only very incremental changes
Research-oriented testbeds Can test radical architectures Lack of real traffic results in poor validation
Both are expensive (dedicated bandwidth)
What about Deployment Architectural change requires ISP consensus
- Hard to agree- No competitive advantage from architectural innovation
- All have huge sunk investment in the status quo
ISPs are unlikely candidates for architectural change
Architecture isnrsquot just static its decaying Ad hoc workarounds muddy the architectural waters
We are at an Impasse
We canrsquot test new architectures- Despite sizable investments in testbeds
We canrsquot deploy new architectures- And things are getting worse not better
Yet there are pressing requirements for which the current architecture is not well suited
The Communityrsquos Response Focus on areas where we can have impact
Empirical studies Incremental changes (subject to current constraints)
Small stream of architectural proposals Paper designs without hope of deployment
More science fiction than engineering Have largely abandoned hope of effecting fundamental architectural change
Living with rather than overcoming the impasse
Overcoming the Impasse
Must be able to test new architectures Wide range of architectures Real traffic from willing individuals Low overhead for individual researchers
Meet the grand challenge of reinventing the Internet
Empirical incremental research is great but not enough
If someone put us in charge what would we do
What about deployment Several options none good but no excuse to not have an answer to the grand challenge
Testing Virtual Testbed
Overlay testbed (think RON etc) Host proxy directs packets to overlay
Proxy must architecturally neutral and flexible
Individuals (anywhere) opt-in by turning on proxy
Shared testing infrastructure (think Planetlab) Overlay nodes shared among experiments
Slicing on per-packet timescales Virtualized routers
These ideas have turned into the GENI program
Why GENI (Global Environment for Network Innovations) Future Internet Network (2005)
The original designing idea of current information networks is basically a specific network supports one major service
The limitation of the original designing idea can not support the multiple requirements for networks and services (such as Telecom network Internet)
The original design mode of Internet leads to itrsquos shortage in mobility security controllable and administrable
We urgently need redesign the framework of new generation Internet to overcome the serious shortage of current Internet
Providing pervasive and trusted services based on a specific network has became the key research directions of national informatization
GENI (Global Environment for Network Innovations) - NSF 2005 (1)
What is GENIWhat is GENIGENI is GENI is a facility concepta facility concept being explored by being explored by the US computing community the US computing community
back to an NSF workshop in 2005back to an NSF workshop in 2005focus on focus on architecturalarchitectural research and research and provide the provide the experimentalexperimental infrastructure infrastructure needed to support that researchneeded to support that research
focus on the research agenda (and focus on the research agenda (and infrastructure needs) of the infrastructure needs) of the opticaloptical wirelesswireless sensorsensor network and network and distributeddistributed systems communitiessystems communities
GENI (Global Environment for Network Innovations) (2)
The goal of GENI The goal of GENI Goal a Future Internet that meets the Goal a Future Internet that meets the demands of 21st centurydemands of 21st century
to increase the to increase the qualityquality and and quantityquantity of of experimental experimental researchresearch outcomes in networking and distributed outcomes in networking and distributed systemssystems
to accelerate the to accelerate the transitiontransition of these outcomes into of these outcomes into products and servicesproducts and services
enhance economic competitiveness and secure enhance economic competitiveness and secure the Nations futurethe Nations future
Ultimately to lead to a Ultimately to lead to a transition of the transition of the InternetInternet
GENI Research Opportunities (3)
Two dichotomy thought (false or at least Two dichotomy thought (false or at least unnecessary)unnecessary)
a a clean slateclean slate reconceptualization of Internet reconceptualization of Internet architecture architecture
todays 30-year-old architecture that todays 30-year-old architecture that limit its limit its abilityability to cope with emerging threats and to cope with emerging threats and opportunitiesopportunities
bull eroding trust reduced innovation slowing eroding trust reduced innovation slowing updateupdate
future innovation will take the form of new future innovation will take the form of new services and applications running services and applications running on top of the on top of the InternetInternet
GENI Research Opportunities (4)
GENI discussion GENI discussion First we interpret Future Internet very broadly to First we interpret Future Internet very broadly to
include innovations at include innovations at any levelany level of the architecture of the architecture alternative protocols and architectures running alternative protocols and architectures running
inside the network (as overlays on top of inside the network (as overlays on top of todays network) todays network)
Second research should employ Second research should employ clean slate clean slate thinkingthinking but this does but this does not imply that an entirely not imply that an entirely newnew Internet will be necessary In other words Internet will be necessary In other words clean slate is a clean slate is a processprocess not a not a resultresult
Third opportunities Third opportunities betweenbetween two perspectives two perspectives exploring how todays architecture is best exploring how todays architecture is best
evolved to support emerging overlay services evolved to support emerging overlay services
GENI Facility Concept (5)
Facility ConceptFacility Concept experimental platforms for experimental platforms for bothboth research and research and
deploymentdeployment filling the filling the gapgap between small-scale exp and mature between small-scale exp and mature
tech tech GENI evaluate new network systems on large-GENI evaluate new network systems on large-
scalescale
Two levelsTwo levels Physical level Physical level GENI substrateGENI substrate will consist of a will consist of a
collection of links forwarders storage collection of links forwarders storage processors and wireless net processors and wireless net
On top of this substrate a On top of this substrate a software software management management frameworkframework will be overlay network experiments on will be overlay network experiments on
the substratethe substrate
GENI Facility Concept (6)
Four key ideasFour key ideas substrate components will be substrate components will be programmableprogrammable - -
possible to embed any network experiment including possible to embed any network experiment including clean-slate designs clean-slate designs
Substrate will be Substrate will be virtualizable virtualizable -- possible to embed possible to embed multiple slices in the substrate at the same time multiple slices in the substrate at the same time (allow experimental services and architectures to run (allow experimental services and architectures to run continuously) continuously)
GENI will include mechanisms that allow end-users GENI will include mechanisms that allow end-users to to seamlessly seamlessly opt-inopt-in to experimental services to experimental services
GENI will be GENI will be modularmodular ( (architecture and interfaces) - architecture and interfaces) - possible to extend GENI with new networking possible to extend GENI with new networking technologies GENI will not be a static artifact but technologies GENI will not be a static artifact but rather a rather a dynamic infrastructuredynamic infrastructure that is continually that is continually renewedrenewed
FIND (Future Internet Network Design) ndash NSF 2006 (1)
FIND asks two broad questionsFIND asks two broad questions What are the What are the requirementsrequirements for the global network for the global network
in 15 years in 15 years How How would we would we re-conceivere-conceive tomorrows global tomorrows global
network today if we could design it from scratch network today if we could design it from scratch FIND program solicits FIND program solicits clean slate processclean slate process research proposals in the broad area of research proposals in the broad area of network architecture principles and designnetwork architecture principles and design
FIND (Future Internet Network Design) (2)
FIND research might address wide questionsFIND research might address wide questions What will the What will the edgeedge of the network look like in 15 of the network look like in 15
years How might the network years How might the network architecturearchitecture of 15 of 15 years hence best accommodate sensors embedded years hence best accommodate sensors embedded systems and the like systems and the like
How might the network of 15 years from now How might the network of 15 years from now supportsupport what users really do (and care about) How what users really do (and care about) How might such functions as information access location might such functions as information access location management or identity management best fit into a management or identity management best fit into a new overall network architecture new overall network architecture
What will the What will the core core of the network look like in 15 of the network look like in 15 years How might the changing economics of years How might the changing economics of optical systems affect the overall design of the larger optical systems affect the overall design of the larger networknetwork
FIRE (Future Internet Research and Experimentation) ndash European 2007 (1)
Internet has Internet has growngrown to an unexpected reach to an unexpected reach as for the as for the numbernumber of users of users capacitycapacity of the of the links broadband penetration to the links broadband penetration to the homehome servicesservices
ProblemsProblems spam viruses denial of service spam viruses denial of service attacks complexity of managementattacks complexity of management
Internet drawbacks and Internet drawbacks and limitationslimitations ndash to ndash to scalabilityscalability suitabilitysuitability mobilitymobility transparencytransparency securitysecurity
require new radical approaches to require new radical approaches to fundamentally redesign its protocols and fundamentally redesign its protocols and architectures architectures
FIRE (2) FIRE is an FIRE is an experimentallyexperimentally-driven -driven longlong-term research initiative on -term research initiative on
Future Internet Future Internet conceptsconcepts protocolsprotocols and and architecturesarchitectures encompassing technological industrial and socio-economic encompassing technological industrial and socio-economic
aspects aspects acting as proof-of-concept of the newly proposed acting as proof-of-concept of the newly proposed
technologies and services technologies and services FIRE RESEARCHFIRE RESEARCH
Long term multidisciplinary research on future internet Long term multidisciplinary research on future internet paradigms paradigms
Open to Open to fresh bottom-upfresh bottom-up ideas with ideas with no backwards-no backwards-compatibilitycompatibility constraints constraints
Building on the FET SAC initiative ldquoSituated and Autonomic Building on the FET SAC initiative ldquoSituated and Autonomic Communicationsrdquo Communicationsrdquo
Considering at the Considering at the same timesame time technological economic and technological economic and socialpolicy aspects socialpolicy aspects
Build in from the outset and on all levels the right Build in from the outset and on all levels the right balancebalance between security accountability and privacybetween security accountability and privacy
FIRE (3)
FIRE EXPERIMENTATIONFIRE EXPERIMENTATION Large scale experimentationLarge scale experimentation of new paradigms and of new paradigms and
concepts for the future internet and related service concepts for the future internet and related service architectures architectures
Learning through broad experimentation Learning through broad experimentation Integrating and validating new conceptsIntegrating and validating new concepts
Federating and extending Federating and extending existing testbedsexisting testbeds and and research infrastructures research infrastructures
no backwards-compatibility constraints no backwards-compatibility constraints European approach and develop a European European approach and develop a European
identityidentity
- Slide 1
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-
Trend Bandwidth
Why Optical Networks DWDM optoelectricl metro network
Trend Wireless Mobile (1)
Trend宽带无线网 (Wi-Fi)飞速增长
Trend宽带无线网 (Wi-Fi)飞速增长
Trend宽带无线网 (Wi-Fi)飞速增长
Trend宽带无线网 (Wi-Fi)飞速增长
Integration of 3G and WLAN- offer possibility of achieving anywhere anytime
high speed and low expense Internet access
3G3G WLANWLAN
Wide areaWide area Local areaLocal area
Low bit rate Low bit rate
(2M when stand (2M when stand still)still)
High bit rateHigh bit rate
(11M to 54M)(11M to 54M)
DataVoice serviceDataVoice service
((QoS supportQoS support))
Data serviceData service
High expenseHigh expense Low expenseLow expense
High mobilityHigh mobility Low mobilityLow mobility
Trend Everything over IP
Data over IP =gt IP needs Traffic Data over IP =gt IP needs Traffic engineeringengineering
Voice over IP =gt Quality of Service and Voice over IP =gt Quality of Service and SignalingSignaling
Backbone -- Optic networksBackbone -- Optic networks IP over ATM IP over ATM （（异步传输模式）异步传输模式） IP over SONET -- POS (Packet over SDH) IP over SONET -- POS (Packet over SDH)
(( 同步同步 )) IP over DWDMIP over DWDM
Asynchronous Transfer Mode ATM
1990rsquos00 standard for high-speed (155Mbps to 1990rsquos00 standard for high-speed (155Mbps to 622 Mbps and higher) 622 Mbps and higher) Broadband Integrated Broadband Integrated Service Digital NetworkService Digital Network architecture architecture
GoalGoal integrated end-end transport of carry integrated end-end transport of carry voice video datavoice video data meeting timingQoS requirements of voice meeting timingQoS requirements of voice
video (versus Internet best-effort model)video (versus Internet best-effort model) ldquoldquonext generationrdquo telephony technical roots next generationrdquo telephony technical roots
in telephone worldin telephone world packet-switching (fixed length packets packet-switching (fixed length packets
called ldquocellsrdquo) using called ldquocellsrdquo) using virtual circuitsvirtual circuits
ATM reference model
How far along are we
Standardization bodies - ATM Forum ITU-T Standardization bodies - ATM Forum ITU-T We may never see end-to-end ATM (1997)We may never see end-to-end ATM (1997)
ATM - too complex - too expansive ltIPgtATM - too complex - too expansive ltIPgt Backbone - 1995 vBNS (ATM) Backbone - 1995 vBNS (ATM)
- 1998 Abilene (SONET) - 2000 IP over - 1998 Abilene (SONET) - 2000 IP over DWDMDWDM
Internet technology + ATM philosophyInternet technology + ATM philosophy but ATM ideas continue to powerfully but ATM ideas continue to powerfully
influence design of next-generation influence design of next-generation InternetInternet
ex ex MPLSMPLS admission ctl resource admission ctl resource reservation hellipreservation hellip
Best of Both Worlds
Multiprotocol label switching (Multiprotocol label switching (MPLSMPLS)) MPLS + IP form a middle ground that MPLS + IP form a middle ground that
combines the best of IP and the best of combines the best of IP and the best of virtual virtual circuit switching technologiescircuit switching technologies
ATM and Frame Relay cannot easily come to ATM and Frame Relay cannot easily come to the middle so IP hasthe middle so IP has
Label Encapsulation
MPLS Encapsulation is specified over MPLS Encapsulation is specified over various media types Top labels may use various media types Top labels may use existing format lower label(s) use a new existing format lower label(s) use a new ldquoshimrdquo label formatldquoshimrdquo label format
Label Substitution Have a friend go to B ahead of you using one of the Have a friend go to B ahead of you using one of the
previous two techniques At every road they reserve previous two techniques At every road they reserve a lane just for you At every intersection they post a a lane just for you At every intersection they post a big sign that says for a given lane which way to turn big sign that says for a given lane which way to turn and what new lane to takeand what new lane to take
Future Internet Research and Experimentation
Todayrsquos Internet Millions of usersMillions of users Web email low-quality audio amp videoWeb email low-quality audio amp video Interconnect personal computers and serversInterconnect personal computers and servers Applications adapt to underlying technologyApplications adapt to underlying technology Todayrsquos Internet DoesnrsquotTodayrsquos Internet Doesnrsquot
Provide reliable end-to-end performanceProvide reliable end-to-end performanceEncourage cooperation on new capabilitiesEncourage cooperation on new capabilitiesAllow testing of new technologiesAllow testing of new technologiesSupport development of revolutionary Support development of revolutionary applicationsapplications
Tomorrowrsquos Internet
Billions of users and devicesBillions of users and devices Convergence of todayrsquos applications Convergence of todayrsquos applications with multimedia (telephony video-with multimedia (telephony video-conference HDTV)conference HDTV)
Interconnect personal computers Interconnect personal computers servers and embedded computersservers and embedded computers
New technologies enable unanticipated New technologies enable unanticipated applications (and create new challenges)applications (and create new challenges)
Vint Cerf Open Challenges
My primary disappointment has been the slow pace of high speed access for residential customers hellip
The second area of disappointment is the slow uptake of version 6 of the Internet protocol (IPv6)
Perhaps the third area is the continuing difficulty caused by viruses worms and distributed denial of service attacksrdquo
How to make the Internet better Addressing current problems
Security1048766 Privacy1048766 Self-diagnosis amp self-healing networks1048766 Cheap connectivity for poor area and third world countries1048766
Wireless mesh networks1048766 sensors1048766 Mobility1048766
New cool apps1048766 What is after IPTV VoIP BitTorrent
Why Internet2 (1996)
The Internet was not designed forThe Internet was not designed forMillions of usersMillions of usersCongestionCongestionMultimediaMultimediaReal time interactionReal time interaction
But only the Internet canBut only the Internet canAccommodate explosive growthAccommodate explosive growthEnable convergence of information Enable convergence of information work mass media and human work mass media and human collaborationcollaboration
Internet2 Project Develop and deploy advanced network Develop and deploy advanced network
applications and technologies accelerating applications and technologies accelerating the creation of tomorrowrsquos Internetthe creation of tomorrowrsquos Internet
GoalsGoals Enable new generation of applicationsEnable new generation of applications Re-create leading edge RampE network Re-create leading edge RampE network
capabilitycapability Transfer capability to the global Transfer capability to the global
production Internetproduction Internet 206 University Members Jan 2005206 University Members Jan 2005
Internet2 Focus Areas Advanced Network Infrastructure - AbileneAdvanced Network Infrastructure - Abilene
Backbones operate at 10 Gbps capacity - 100 Backbones operate at 10 Gbps capacity - 100 Gbps (2007)Gbps (2007)
Middleware Middleware A layer of software between the network and the A layer of software between the network and the
applications applications Authentication Identification Authorization Authentication Identification Authorization
Directories SecurityDirectories Security EngineeringEngineering
IPv6 Measurement Multicast QoS Routing IPv6 Measurement Multicast QoS Routing Security TopologySecurity Topology
Advanced ApplicationsAdvanced Applications Distributed computation Virtual laboratories Distributed computation Virtual laboratories
Digital libraries Distributed learning Digital video Digital libraries Distributed learning Digital video Tele-immersion All of the above in combinationTele-immersion All of the above in combination
Abilene Connections Apr-2000Abilene Connections July 2006
Abilene Connections Apr-2000Abilene International Peering 2006
Research andDevelopment
Commercialization
Partnerships
Privatization
Internet Development Spiral
Todayrsquos Internet
Internet2
University-led Federal agency-led
Developing education and research driven applications
Agency mission-driven and general purpose applications
Building out campus networks gigaPoPs and inter-gigapop
infrastructure
Funding research testbeds and agency research networks
Interconnecting and interoperating to provide advanced networking capabilities needed to support advanced
research and education applications
Internet2 and the Next Generation Internet Initiative
Internet2 NGI
Our Founding (Funding) Fable
Researchers invent new architectures Architectures are validated on a testbed IETF ISPs and router vendors collaborate to deploy new design
This is complete BS
Do Traditional Testbeds Really Test
Production-oriented testbeds Real traffic provides good validation But can test only very incremental changes
Research-oriented testbeds Can test radical architectures Lack of real traffic results in poor validation
Both are expensive (dedicated bandwidth)
What about Deployment Architectural change requires ISP consensus
- Hard to agree- No competitive advantage from architectural innovation
- All have huge sunk investment in the status quo
ISPs are unlikely candidates for architectural change
Architecture isnrsquot just static its decaying Ad hoc workarounds muddy the architectural waters
We are at an Impasse
We canrsquot test new architectures- Despite sizable investments in testbeds
We canrsquot deploy new architectures- And things are getting worse not better
Yet there are pressing requirements for which the current architecture is not well suited
The Communityrsquos Response Focus on areas where we can have impact
Empirical studies Incremental changes (subject to current constraints)
Small stream of architectural proposals Paper designs without hope of deployment
More science fiction than engineering Have largely abandoned hope of effecting fundamental architectural change
Living with rather than overcoming the impasse
Overcoming the Impasse
Must be able to test new architectures Wide range of architectures Real traffic from willing individuals Low overhead for individual researchers
Meet the grand challenge of reinventing the Internet
Empirical incremental research is great but not enough
If someone put us in charge what would we do
What about deployment Several options none good but no excuse to not have an answer to the grand challenge
Testing Virtual Testbed
Overlay testbed (think RON etc) Host proxy directs packets to overlay
Proxy must architecturally neutral and flexible
Individuals (anywhere) opt-in by turning on proxy
Shared testing infrastructure (think Planetlab) Overlay nodes shared among experiments
Slicing on per-packet timescales Virtualized routers
These ideas have turned into the GENI program
Why GENI (Global Environment for Network Innovations) Future Internet Network (2005)
The original designing idea of current information networks is basically a specific network supports one major service
The limitation of the original designing idea can not support the multiple requirements for networks and services (such as Telecom network Internet)
The original design mode of Internet leads to itrsquos shortage in mobility security controllable and administrable
We urgently need redesign the framework of new generation Internet to overcome the serious shortage of current Internet
Providing pervasive and trusted services based on a specific network has became the key research directions of national informatization
GENI (Global Environment for Network Innovations) - NSF 2005 (1)
What is GENIWhat is GENIGENI is GENI is a facility concepta facility concept being explored by being explored by the US computing community the US computing community
back to an NSF workshop in 2005back to an NSF workshop in 2005focus on focus on architecturalarchitectural research and research and provide the provide the experimentalexperimental infrastructure infrastructure needed to support that researchneeded to support that research
focus on the research agenda (and focus on the research agenda (and infrastructure needs) of the infrastructure needs) of the opticaloptical wirelesswireless sensorsensor network and network and distributeddistributed systems communitiessystems communities
GENI (Global Environment for Network Innovations) (2)
The goal of GENI The goal of GENI Goal a Future Internet that meets the Goal a Future Internet that meets the demands of 21st centurydemands of 21st century
to increase the to increase the qualityquality and and quantityquantity of of experimental experimental researchresearch outcomes in networking and distributed outcomes in networking and distributed systemssystems
to accelerate the to accelerate the transitiontransition of these outcomes into of these outcomes into products and servicesproducts and services
enhance economic competitiveness and secure enhance economic competitiveness and secure the Nations futurethe Nations future
Ultimately to lead to a Ultimately to lead to a transition of the transition of the InternetInternet
GENI Research Opportunities (3)
Two dichotomy thought (false or at least Two dichotomy thought (false or at least unnecessary)unnecessary)
a a clean slateclean slate reconceptualization of Internet reconceptualization of Internet architecture architecture
todays 30-year-old architecture that todays 30-year-old architecture that limit its limit its abilityability to cope with emerging threats and to cope with emerging threats and opportunitiesopportunities
bull eroding trust reduced innovation slowing eroding trust reduced innovation slowing updateupdate
future innovation will take the form of new future innovation will take the form of new services and applications running services and applications running on top of the on top of the InternetInternet
GENI Research Opportunities (4)
GENI discussion GENI discussion First we interpret Future Internet very broadly to First we interpret Future Internet very broadly to
include innovations at include innovations at any levelany level of the architecture of the architecture alternative protocols and architectures running alternative protocols and architectures running
inside the network (as overlays on top of inside the network (as overlays on top of todays network) todays network)
Second research should employ Second research should employ clean slate clean slate thinkingthinking but this does but this does not imply that an entirely not imply that an entirely newnew Internet will be necessary In other words Internet will be necessary In other words clean slate is a clean slate is a processprocess not a not a resultresult
Third opportunities Third opportunities betweenbetween two perspectives two perspectives exploring how todays architecture is best exploring how todays architecture is best
evolved to support emerging overlay services evolved to support emerging overlay services
GENI Facility Concept (5)
Facility ConceptFacility Concept experimental platforms for experimental platforms for bothboth research and research and
deploymentdeployment filling the filling the gapgap between small-scale exp and mature between small-scale exp and mature
tech tech GENI evaluate new network systems on large-GENI evaluate new network systems on large-
scalescale
Two levelsTwo levels Physical level Physical level GENI substrateGENI substrate will consist of a will consist of a
collection of links forwarders storage collection of links forwarders storage processors and wireless net processors and wireless net
On top of this substrate a On top of this substrate a software software management management frameworkframework will be overlay network experiments on will be overlay network experiments on
the substratethe substrate
GENI Facility Concept (6)
Four key ideasFour key ideas substrate components will be substrate components will be programmableprogrammable - -
possible to embed any network experiment including possible to embed any network experiment including clean-slate designs clean-slate designs
Substrate will be Substrate will be virtualizable virtualizable -- possible to embed possible to embed multiple slices in the substrate at the same time multiple slices in the substrate at the same time (allow experimental services and architectures to run (allow experimental services and architectures to run continuously) continuously)
GENI will include mechanisms that allow end-users GENI will include mechanisms that allow end-users to to seamlessly seamlessly opt-inopt-in to experimental services to experimental services
GENI will be GENI will be modularmodular ( (architecture and interfaces) - architecture and interfaces) - possible to extend GENI with new networking possible to extend GENI with new networking technologies GENI will not be a static artifact but technologies GENI will not be a static artifact but rather a rather a dynamic infrastructuredynamic infrastructure that is continually that is continually renewedrenewed
FIND (Future Internet Network Design) ndash NSF 2006 (1)
FIND asks two broad questionsFIND asks two broad questions What are the What are the requirementsrequirements for the global network for the global network
in 15 years in 15 years How How would we would we re-conceivere-conceive tomorrows global tomorrows global
network today if we could design it from scratch network today if we could design it from scratch FIND program solicits FIND program solicits clean slate processclean slate process research proposals in the broad area of research proposals in the broad area of network architecture principles and designnetwork architecture principles and design
FIND (Future Internet Network Design) (2)
FIND research might address wide questionsFIND research might address wide questions What will the What will the edgeedge of the network look like in 15 of the network look like in 15
years How might the network years How might the network architecturearchitecture of 15 of 15 years hence best accommodate sensors embedded years hence best accommodate sensors embedded systems and the like systems and the like
How might the network of 15 years from now How might the network of 15 years from now supportsupport what users really do (and care about) How what users really do (and care about) How might such functions as information access location might such functions as information access location management or identity management best fit into a management or identity management best fit into a new overall network architecture new overall network architecture
What will the What will the core core of the network look like in 15 of the network look like in 15 years How might the changing economics of years How might the changing economics of optical systems affect the overall design of the larger optical systems affect the overall design of the larger networknetwork
FIRE (Future Internet Research and Experimentation) ndash European 2007 (1)
Internet has Internet has growngrown to an unexpected reach to an unexpected reach as for the as for the numbernumber of users of users capacitycapacity of the of the links broadband penetration to the links broadband penetration to the homehome servicesservices
ProblemsProblems spam viruses denial of service spam viruses denial of service attacks complexity of managementattacks complexity of management
Internet drawbacks and Internet drawbacks and limitationslimitations ndash to ndash to scalabilityscalability suitabilitysuitability mobilitymobility transparencytransparency securitysecurity
require new radical approaches to require new radical approaches to fundamentally redesign its protocols and fundamentally redesign its protocols and architectures architectures
FIRE (2) FIRE is an FIRE is an experimentallyexperimentally-driven -driven longlong-term research initiative on -term research initiative on
Future Internet Future Internet conceptsconcepts protocolsprotocols and and architecturesarchitectures encompassing technological industrial and socio-economic encompassing technological industrial and socio-economic
aspects aspects acting as proof-of-concept of the newly proposed acting as proof-of-concept of the newly proposed
technologies and services technologies and services FIRE RESEARCHFIRE RESEARCH
Long term multidisciplinary research on future internet Long term multidisciplinary research on future internet paradigms paradigms
Open to Open to fresh bottom-upfresh bottom-up ideas with ideas with no backwards-no backwards-compatibilitycompatibility constraints constraints
Building on the FET SAC initiative ldquoSituated and Autonomic Building on the FET SAC initiative ldquoSituated and Autonomic Communicationsrdquo Communicationsrdquo
Considering at the Considering at the same timesame time technological economic and technological economic and socialpolicy aspects socialpolicy aspects
Build in from the outset and on all levels the right Build in from the outset and on all levels the right balancebalance between security accountability and privacybetween security accountability and privacy
FIRE (3)
FIRE EXPERIMENTATIONFIRE EXPERIMENTATION Large scale experimentationLarge scale experimentation of new paradigms and of new paradigms and
concepts for the future internet and related service concepts for the future internet and related service architectures architectures
Learning through broad experimentation Learning through broad experimentation Integrating and validating new conceptsIntegrating and validating new concepts
Federating and extending Federating and extending existing testbedsexisting testbeds and and research infrastructures research infrastructures
no backwards-compatibility constraints no backwards-compatibility constraints European approach and develop a European European approach and develop a European
identityidentity
- Slide 1
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
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- Slide 41
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- Slide 66
- Slide 67
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- Slide 71
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- Slide 73
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- Slide 77
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- Slide 79
- Slide 80
- Slide 81
- Slide 82
- Slide 83
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- Slide 85
- Slide 86
- Slide 87
- Slide 88
- Slide 89
- Slide 90
- Slide 91
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- Slide 97
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- Slide 113
- Slide 114
- Slide 115
-
Why Optical Networks DWDM optoelectricl metro network
Trend Wireless Mobile (1)
Trend宽带无线网 (Wi-Fi)飞速增长
Trend宽带无线网 (Wi-Fi)飞速增长
Trend宽带无线网 (Wi-Fi)飞速增长
Trend宽带无线网 (Wi-Fi)飞速增长
Integration of 3G and WLAN- offer possibility of achieving anywhere anytime
high speed and low expense Internet access
3G3G WLANWLAN
Wide areaWide area Local areaLocal area
Low bit rate Low bit rate
(2M when stand (2M when stand still)still)
High bit rateHigh bit rate
(11M to 54M)(11M to 54M)
DataVoice serviceDataVoice service
((QoS supportQoS support))
Data serviceData service
High expenseHigh expense Low expenseLow expense
High mobilityHigh mobility Low mobilityLow mobility
Trend Everything over IP
Data over IP =gt IP needs Traffic Data over IP =gt IP needs Traffic engineeringengineering
Voice over IP =gt Quality of Service and Voice over IP =gt Quality of Service and SignalingSignaling
Backbone -- Optic networksBackbone -- Optic networks IP over ATM IP over ATM （（异步传输模式）异步传输模式） IP over SONET -- POS (Packet over SDH) IP over SONET -- POS (Packet over SDH)
(( 同步同步 )) IP over DWDMIP over DWDM
Asynchronous Transfer Mode ATM
1990rsquos00 standard for high-speed (155Mbps to 1990rsquos00 standard for high-speed (155Mbps to 622 Mbps and higher) 622 Mbps and higher) Broadband Integrated Broadband Integrated Service Digital NetworkService Digital Network architecture architecture
GoalGoal integrated end-end transport of carry integrated end-end transport of carry voice video datavoice video data meeting timingQoS requirements of voice meeting timingQoS requirements of voice
video (versus Internet best-effort model)video (versus Internet best-effort model) ldquoldquonext generationrdquo telephony technical roots next generationrdquo telephony technical roots
in telephone worldin telephone world packet-switching (fixed length packets packet-switching (fixed length packets
called ldquocellsrdquo) using called ldquocellsrdquo) using virtual circuitsvirtual circuits
ATM reference model
How far along are we
Standardization bodies - ATM Forum ITU-T Standardization bodies - ATM Forum ITU-T We may never see end-to-end ATM (1997)We may never see end-to-end ATM (1997)
ATM - too complex - too expansive ltIPgtATM - too complex - too expansive ltIPgt Backbone - 1995 vBNS (ATM) Backbone - 1995 vBNS (ATM)
- 1998 Abilene (SONET) - 2000 IP over - 1998 Abilene (SONET) - 2000 IP over DWDMDWDM
Internet technology + ATM philosophyInternet technology + ATM philosophy but ATM ideas continue to powerfully but ATM ideas continue to powerfully
influence design of next-generation influence design of next-generation InternetInternet
ex ex MPLSMPLS admission ctl resource admission ctl resource reservation hellipreservation hellip
Best of Both Worlds
Multiprotocol label switching (Multiprotocol label switching (MPLSMPLS)) MPLS + IP form a middle ground that MPLS + IP form a middle ground that
combines the best of IP and the best of combines the best of IP and the best of virtual virtual circuit switching technologiescircuit switching technologies
ATM and Frame Relay cannot easily come to ATM and Frame Relay cannot easily come to the middle so IP hasthe middle so IP has
Label Encapsulation
MPLS Encapsulation is specified over MPLS Encapsulation is specified over various media types Top labels may use various media types Top labels may use existing format lower label(s) use a new existing format lower label(s) use a new ldquoshimrdquo label formatldquoshimrdquo label format
Label Substitution Have a friend go to B ahead of you using one of the Have a friend go to B ahead of you using one of the
previous two techniques At every road they reserve previous two techniques At every road they reserve a lane just for you At every intersection they post a a lane just for you At every intersection they post a big sign that says for a given lane which way to turn big sign that says for a given lane which way to turn and what new lane to takeand what new lane to take
Future Internet Research and Experimentation
Todayrsquos Internet Millions of usersMillions of users Web email low-quality audio amp videoWeb email low-quality audio amp video Interconnect personal computers and serversInterconnect personal computers and servers Applications adapt to underlying technologyApplications adapt to underlying technology Todayrsquos Internet DoesnrsquotTodayrsquos Internet Doesnrsquot
Provide reliable end-to-end performanceProvide reliable end-to-end performanceEncourage cooperation on new capabilitiesEncourage cooperation on new capabilitiesAllow testing of new technologiesAllow testing of new technologiesSupport development of revolutionary Support development of revolutionary applicationsapplications
Tomorrowrsquos Internet
Billions of users and devicesBillions of users and devices Convergence of todayrsquos applications Convergence of todayrsquos applications with multimedia (telephony video-with multimedia (telephony video-conference HDTV)conference HDTV)
Interconnect personal computers Interconnect personal computers servers and embedded computersservers and embedded computers
New technologies enable unanticipated New technologies enable unanticipated applications (and create new challenges)applications (and create new challenges)
Vint Cerf Open Challenges
My primary disappointment has been the slow pace of high speed access for residential customers hellip
The second area of disappointment is the slow uptake of version 6 of the Internet protocol (IPv6)
Perhaps the third area is the continuing difficulty caused by viruses worms and distributed denial of service attacksrdquo
How to make the Internet better Addressing current problems
Security1048766 Privacy1048766 Self-diagnosis amp self-healing networks1048766 Cheap connectivity for poor area and third world countries1048766
Wireless mesh networks1048766 sensors1048766 Mobility1048766
New cool apps1048766 What is after IPTV VoIP BitTorrent
Why Internet2 (1996)
The Internet was not designed forThe Internet was not designed forMillions of usersMillions of usersCongestionCongestionMultimediaMultimediaReal time interactionReal time interaction
But only the Internet canBut only the Internet canAccommodate explosive growthAccommodate explosive growthEnable convergence of information Enable convergence of information work mass media and human work mass media and human collaborationcollaboration
Internet2 Project Develop and deploy advanced network Develop and deploy advanced network
applications and technologies accelerating applications and technologies accelerating the creation of tomorrowrsquos Internetthe creation of tomorrowrsquos Internet
GoalsGoals Enable new generation of applicationsEnable new generation of applications Re-create leading edge RampE network Re-create leading edge RampE network
capabilitycapability Transfer capability to the global Transfer capability to the global
production Internetproduction Internet 206 University Members Jan 2005206 University Members Jan 2005
Internet2 Focus Areas Advanced Network Infrastructure - AbileneAdvanced Network Infrastructure - Abilene
Backbones operate at 10 Gbps capacity - 100 Backbones operate at 10 Gbps capacity - 100 Gbps (2007)Gbps (2007)
Middleware Middleware A layer of software between the network and the A layer of software between the network and the
applications applications Authentication Identification Authorization Authentication Identification Authorization
Directories SecurityDirectories Security EngineeringEngineering
IPv6 Measurement Multicast QoS Routing IPv6 Measurement Multicast QoS Routing Security TopologySecurity Topology
Advanced ApplicationsAdvanced Applications Distributed computation Virtual laboratories Distributed computation Virtual laboratories
Digital libraries Distributed learning Digital video Digital libraries Distributed learning Digital video Tele-immersion All of the above in combinationTele-immersion All of the above in combination
Abilene Connections Apr-2000Abilene Connections July 2006
Abilene Connections Apr-2000Abilene International Peering 2006
Research andDevelopment
Commercialization
Partnerships
Privatization
Internet Development Spiral
Todayrsquos Internet
Internet2
University-led Federal agency-led
Developing education and research driven applications
Agency mission-driven and general purpose applications
Building out campus networks gigaPoPs and inter-gigapop
infrastructure
Funding research testbeds and agency research networks
Interconnecting and interoperating to provide advanced networking capabilities needed to support advanced
research and education applications
Internet2 and the Next Generation Internet Initiative
Internet2 NGI
Our Founding (Funding) Fable
Researchers invent new architectures Architectures are validated on a testbed IETF ISPs and router vendors collaborate to deploy new design
This is complete BS
Do Traditional Testbeds Really Test
Production-oriented testbeds Real traffic provides good validation But can test only very incremental changes
Research-oriented testbeds Can test radical architectures Lack of real traffic results in poor validation
Both are expensive (dedicated bandwidth)
What about Deployment Architectural change requires ISP consensus
- Hard to agree- No competitive advantage from architectural innovation
- All have huge sunk investment in the status quo
ISPs are unlikely candidates for architectural change
Architecture isnrsquot just static its decaying Ad hoc workarounds muddy the architectural waters
We are at an Impasse
We canrsquot test new architectures- Despite sizable investments in testbeds
We canrsquot deploy new architectures- And things are getting worse not better
Yet there are pressing requirements for which the current architecture is not well suited
The Communityrsquos Response Focus on areas where we can have impact
Empirical studies Incremental changes (subject to current constraints)
Small stream of architectural proposals Paper designs without hope of deployment
More science fiction than engineering Have largely abandoned hope of effecting fundamental architectural change
Living with rather than overcoming the impasse
Overcoming the Impasse
Must be able to test new architectures Wide range of architectures Real traffic from willing individuals Low overhead for individual researchers
Meet the grand challenge of reinventing the Internet
Empirical incremental research is great but not enough
If someone put us in charge what would we do
What about deployment Several options none good but no excuse to not have an answer to the grand challenge
Testing Virtual Testbed
Overlay testbed (think RON etc) Host proxy directs packets to overlay
Proxy must architecturally neutral and flexible
Individuals (anywhere) opt-in by turning on proxy
Shared testing infrastructure (think Planetlab) Overlay nodes shared among experiments
Slicing on per-packet timescales Virtualized routers
These ideas have turned into the GENI program
Why GENI (Global Environment for Network Innovations) Future Internet Network (2005)
The original designing idea of current information networks is basically a specific network supports one major service
The limitation of the original designing idea can not support the multiple requirements for networks and services (such as Telecom network Internet)
The original design mode of Internet leads to itrsquos shortage in mobility security controllable and administrable
We urgently need redesign the framework of new generation Internet to overcome the serious shortage of current Internet
Providing pervasive and trusted services based on a specific network has became the key research directions of national informatization
GENI (Global Environment for Network Innovations) - NSF 2005 (1)
What is GENIWhat is GENIGENI is GENI is a facility concepta facility concept being explored by being explored by the US computing community the US computing community
back to an NSF workshop in 2005back to an NSF workshop in 2005focus on focus on architecturalarchitectural research and research and provide the provide the experimentalexperimental infrastructure infrastructure needed to support that researchneeded to support that research
focus on the research agenda (and focus on the research agenda (and infrastructure needs) of the infrastructure needs) of the opticaloptical wirelesswireless sensorsensor network and network and distributeddistributed systems communitiessystems communities
GENI (Global Environment for Network Innovations) (2)
The goal of GENI The goal of GENI Goal a Future Internet that meets the Goal a Future Internet that meets the demands of 21st centurydemands of 21st century
to increase the to increase the qualityquality and and quantityquantity of of experimental experimental researchresearch outcomes in networking and distributed outcomes in networking and distributed systemssystems
to accelerate the to accelerate the transitiontransition of these outcomes into of these outcomes into products and servicesproducts and services
enhance economic competitiveness and secure enhance economic competitiveness and secure the Nations futurethe Nations future
Ultimately to lead to a Ultimately to lead to a transition of the transition of the InternetInternet
GENI Research Opportunities (3)
Two dichotomy thought (false or at least Two dichotomy thought (false or at least unnecessary)unnecessary)
a a clean slateclean slate reconceptualization of Internet reconceptualization of Internet architecture architecture
todays 30-year-old architecture that todays 30-year-old architecture that limit its limit its abilityability to cope with emerging threats and to cope with emerging threats and opportunitiesopportunities
bull eroding trust reduced innovation slowing eroding trust reduced innovation slowing updateupdate
future innovation will take the form of new future innovation will take the form of new services and applications running services and applications running on top of the on top of the InternetInternet
GENI Research Opportunities (4)
GENI discussion GENI discussion First we interpret Future Internet very broadly to First we interpret Future Internet very broadly to
include innovations at include innovations at any levelany level of the architecture of the architecture alternative protocols and architectures running alternative protocols and architectures running
inside the network (as overlays on top of inside the network (as overlays on top of todays network) todays network)
Second research should employ Second research should employ clean slate clean slate thinkingthinking but this does but this does not imply that an entirely not imply that an entirely newnew Internet will be necessary In other words Internet will be necessary In other words clean slate is a clean slate is a processprocess not a not a resultresult
Third opportunities Third opportunities betweenbetween two perspectives two perspectives exploring how todays architecture is best exploring how todays architecture is best
evolved to support emerging overlay services evolved to support emerging overlay services
GENI Facility Concept (5)
Facility ConceptFacility Concept experimental platforms for experimental platforms for bothboth research and research and
deploymentdeployment filling the filling the gapgap between small-scale exp and mature between small-scale exp and mature
tech tech GENI evaluate new network systems on large-GENI evaluate new network systems on large-
scalescale
Two levelsTwo levels Physical level Physical level GENI substrateGENI substrate will consist of a will consist of a
collection of links forwarders storage collection of links forwarders storage processors and wireless net processors and wireless net
On top of this substrate a On top of this substrate a software software management management frameworkframework will be overlay network experiments on will be overlay network experiments on
the substratethe substrate
GENI Facility Concept (6)
Four key ideasFour key ideas substrate components will be substrate components will be programmableprogrammable - -
possible to embed any network experiment including possible to embed any network experiment including clean-slate designs clean-slate designs
Substrate will be Substrate will be virtualizable virtualizable -- possible to embed possible to embed multiple slices in the substrate at the same time multiple slices in the substrate at the same time (allow experimental services and architectures to run (allow experimental services and architectures to run continuously) continuously)
GENI will include mechanisms that allow end-users GENI will include mechanisms that allow end-users to to seamlessly seamlessly opt-inopt-in to experimental services to experimental services
GENI will be GENI will be modularmodular ( (architecture and interfaces) - architecture and interfaces) - possible to extend GENI with new networking possible to extend GENI with new networking technologies GENI will not be a static artifact but technologies GENI will not be a static artifact but rather a rather a dynamic infrastructuredynamic infrastructure that is continually that is continually renewedrenewed
FIND (Future Internet Network Design) ndash NSF 2006 (1)
FIND asks two broad questionsFIND asks two broad questions What are the What are the requirementsrequirements for the global network for the global network
in 15 years in 15 years How How would we would we re-conceivere-conceive tomorrows global tomorrows global
network today if we could design it from scratch network today if we could design it from scratch FIND program solicits FIND program solicits clean slate processclean slate process research proposals in the broad area of research proposals in the broad area of network architecture principles and designnetwork architecture principles and design
FIND (Future Internet Network Design) (2)
FIND research might address wide questionsFIND research might address wide questions What will the What will the edgeedge of the network look like in 15 of the network look like in 15
years How might the network years How might the network architecturearchitecture of 15 of 15 years hence best accommodate sensors embedded years hence best accommodate sensors embedded systems and the like systems and the like
How might the network of 15 years from now How might the network of 15 years from now supportsupport what users really do (and care about) How what users really do (and care about) How might such functions as information access location might such functions as information access location management or identity management best fit into a management or identity management best fit into a new overall network architecture new overall network architecture
What will the What will the core core of the network look like in 15 of the network look like in 15 years How might the changing economics of years How might the changing economics of optical systems affect the overall design of the larger optical systems affect the overall design of the larger networknetwork
FIRE (Future Internet Research and Experimentation) ndash European 2007 (1)
Internet has Internet has growngrown to an unexpected reach to an unexpected reach as for the as for the numbernumber of users of users capacitycapacity of the of the links broadband penetration to the links broadband penetration to the homehome servicesservices
ProblemsProblems spam viruses denial of service spam viruses denial of service attacks complexity of managementattacks complexity of management
Internet drawbacks and Internet drawbacks and limitationslimitations ndash to ndash to scalabilityscalability suitabilitysuitability mobilitymobility transparencytransparency securitysecurity
require new radical approaches to require new radical approaches to fundamentally redesign its protocols and fundamentally redesign its protocols and architectures architectures
FIRE (2) FIRE is an FIRE is an experimentallyexperimentally-driven -driven longlong-term research initiative on -term research initiative on
Future Internet Future Internet conceptsconcepts protocolsprotocols and and architecturesarchitectures encompassing technological industrial and socio-economic encompassing technological industrial and socio-economic
aspects aspects acting as proof-of-concept of the newly proposed acting as proof-of-concept of the newly proposed
technologies and services technologies and services FIRE RESEARCHFIRE RESEARCH
Long term multidisciplinary research on future internet Long term multidisciplinary research on future internet paradigms paradigms
Open to Open to fresh bottom-upfresh bottom-up ideas with ideas with no backwards-no backwards-compatibilitycompatibility constraints constraints
Building on the FET SAC initiative ldquoSituated and Autonomic Building on the FET SAC initiative ldquoSituated and Autonomic Communicationsrdquo Communicationsrdquo
Considering at the Considering at the same timesame time technological economic and technological economic and socialpolicy aspects socialpolicy aspects
Build in from the outset and on all levels the right Build in from the outset and on all levels the right balancebalance between security accountability and privacybetween security accountability and privacy
FIRE (3)
FIRE EXPERIMENTATIONFIRE EXPERIMENTATION Large scale experimentationLarge scale experimentation of new paradigms and of new paradigms and
concepts for the future internet and related service concepts for the future internet and related service architectures architectures
Learning through broad experimentation Learning through broad experimentation Integrating and validating new conceptsIntegrating and validating new concepts
Federating and extending Federating and extending existing testbedsexisting testbeds and and research infrastructures research infrastructures
no backwards-compatibility constraints no backwards-compatibility constraints European approach and develop a European European approach and develop a European
identityidentity
- Slide 1
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- Slide 115
-
Trend Wireless Mobile (1)
Trend宽带无线网 (Wi-Fi)飞速增长
Trend宽带无线网 (Wi-Fi)飞速增长
Trend宽带无线网 (Wi-Fi)飞速增长
Trend宽带无线网 (Wi-Fi)飞速增长
Integration of 3G and WLAN- offer possibility of achieving anywhere anytime
high speed and low expense Internet access
3G3G WLANWLAN
Wide areaWide area Local areaLocal area
Low bit rate Low bit rate
(2M when stand (2M when stand still)still)
High bit rateHigh bit rate
(11M to 54M)(11M to 54M)
DataVoice serviceDataVoice service
((QoS supportQoS support))
Data serviceData service
High expenseHigh expense Low expenseLow expense
High mobilityHigh mobility Low mobilityLow mobility
Trend Everything over IP
Data over IP =gt IP needs Traffic Data over IP =gt IP needs Traffic engineeringengineering
Voice over IP =gt Quality of Service and Voice over IP =gt Quality of Service and SignalingSignaling
Backbone -- Optic networksBackbone -- Optic networks IP over ATM IP over ATM （（异步传输模式）异步传输模式） IP over SONET -- POS (Packet over SDH) IP over SONET -- POS (Packet over SDH)
(( 同步同步 )) IP over DWDMIP over DWDM
Asynchronous Transfer Mode ATM
1990rsquos00 standard for high-speed (155Mbps to 1990rsquos00 standard for high-speed (155Mbps to 622 Mbps and higher) 622 Mbps and higher) Broadband Integrated Broadband Integrated Service Digital NetworkService Digital Network architecture architecture
GoalGoal integrated end-end transport of carry integrated end-end transport of carry voice video datavoice video data meeting timingQoS requirements of voice meeting timingQoS requirements of voice
video (versus Internet best-effort model)video (versus Internet best-effort model) ldquoldquonext generationrdquo telephony technical roots next generationrdquo telephony technical roots
in telephone worldin telephone world packet-switching (fixed length packets packet-switching (fixed length packets
called ldquocellsrdquo) using called ldquocellsrdquo) using virtual circuitsvirtual circuits
ATM reference model
How far along are we
Standardization bodies - ATM Forum ITU-T Standardization bodies - ATM Forum ITU-T We may never see end-to-end ATM (1997)We may never see end-to-end ATM (1997)
ATM - too complex - too expansive ltIPgtATM - too complex - too expansive ltIPgt Backbone - 1995 vBNS (ATM) Backbone - 1995 vBNS (ATM)
- 1998 Abilene (SONET) - 2000 IP over - 1998 Abilene (SONET) - 2000 IP over DWDMDWDM
Internet technology + ATM philosophyInternet technology + ATM philosophy but ATM ideas continue to powerfully but ATM ideas continue to powerfully
influence design of next-generation influence design of next-generation InternetInternet
ex ex MPLSMPLS admission ctl resource admission ctl resource reservation hellipreservation hellip
Best of Both Worlds
Multiprotocol label switching (Multiprotocol label switching (MPLSMPLS)) MPLS + IP form a middle ground that MPLS + IP form a middle ground that
combines the best of IP and the best of combines the best of IP and the best of virtual virtual circuit switching technologiescircuit switching technologies
ATM and Frame Relay cannot easily come to ATM and Frame Relay cannot easily come to the middle so IP hasthe middle so IP has
Label Encapsulation
MPLS Encapsulation is specified over MPLS Encapsulation is specified over various media types Top labels may use various media types Top labels may use existing format lower label(s) use a new existing format lower label(s) use a new ldquoshimrdquo label formatldquoshimrdquo label format
Label Substitution Have a friend go to B ahead of you using one of the Have a friend go to B ahead of you using one of the
previous two techniques At every road they reserve previous two techniques At every road they reserve a lane just for you At every intersection they post a a lane just for you At every intersection they post a big sign that says for a given lane which way to turn big sign that says for a given lane which way to turn and what new lane to takeand what new lane to take
Future Internet Research and Experimentation
Todayrsquos Internet Millions of usersMillions of users Web email low-quality audio amp videoWeb email low-quality audio amp video Interconnect personal computers and serversInterconnect personal computers and servers Applications adapt to underlying technologyApplications adapt to underlying technology Todayrsquos Internet DoesnrsquotTodayrsquos Internet Doesnrsquot
Provide reliable end-to-end performanceProvide reliable end-to-end performanceEncourage cooperation on new capabilitiesEncourage cooperation on new capabilitiesAllow testing of new technologiesAllow testing of new technologiesSupport development of revolutionary Support development of revolutionary applicationsapplications
Tomorrowrsquos Internet
Billions of users and devicesBillions of users and devices Convergence of todayrsquos applications Convergence of todayrsquos applications with multimedia (telephony video-with multimedia (telephony video-conference HDTV)conference HDTV)
Interconnect personal computers Interconnect personal computers servers and embedded computersservers and embedded computers
New technologies enable unanticipated New technologies enable unanticipated applications (and create new challenges)applications (and create new challenges)
Vint Cerf Open Challenges
My primary disappointment has been the slow pace of high speed access for residential customers hellip
The second area of disappointment is the slow uptake of version 6 of the Internet protocol (IPv6)
Perhaps the third area is the continuing difficulty caused by viruses worms and distributed denial of service attacksrdquo
How to make the Internet better Addressing current problems
Security1048766 Privacy1048766 Self-diagnosis amp self-healing networks1048766 Cheap connectivity for poor area and third world countries1048766
Wireless mesh networks1048766 sensors1048766 Mobility1048766
New cool apps1048766 What is after IPTV VoIP BitTorrent
Why Internet2 (1996)
The Internet was not designed forThe Internet was not designed forMillions of usersMillions of usersCongestionCongestionMultimediaMultimediaReal time interactionReal time interaction
But only the Internet canBut only the Internet canAccommodate explosive growthAccommodate explosive growthEnable convergence of information Enable convergence of information work mass media and human work mass media and human collaborationcollaboration
Internet2 Project Develop and deploy advanced network Develop and deploy advanced network
applications and technologies accelerating applications and technologies accelerating the creation of tomorrowrsquos Internetthe creation of tomorrowrsquos Internet
GoalsGoals Enable new generation of applicationsEnable new generation of applications Re-create leading edge RampE network Re-create leading edge RampE network
capabilitycapability Transfer capability to the global Transfer capability to the global
production Internetproduction Internet 206 University Members Jan 2005206 University Members Jan 2005
Internet2 Focus Areas Advanced Network Infrastructure - AbileneAdvanced Network Infrastructure - Abilene
Backbones operate at 10 Gbps capacity - 100 Backbones operate at 10 Gbps capacity - 100 Gbps (2007)Gbps (2007)
Middleware Middleware A layer of software between the network and the A layer of software between the network and the
applications applications Authentication Identification Authorization Authentication Identification Authorization
Directories SecurityDirectories Security EngineeringEngineering
IPv6 Measurement Multicast QoS Routing IPv6 Measurement Multicast QoS Routing Security TopologySecurity Topology
Advanced ApplicationsAdvanced Applications Distributed computation Virtual laboratories Distributed computation Virtual laboratories
Digital libraries Distributed learning Digital video Digital libraries Distributed learning Digital video Tele-immersion All of the above in combinationTele-immersion All of the above in combination
Abilene Connections Apr-2000Abilene Connections July 2006
Abilene Connections Apr-2000Abilene International Peering 2006
Research andDevelopment
Commercialization
Partnerships
Privatization
Internet Development Spiral
Todayrsquos Internet
Internet2
University-led Federal agency-led
Developing education and research driven applications
Agency mission-driven and general purpose applications
Building out campus networks gigaPoPs and inter-gigapop
infrastructure
Funding research testbeds and agency research networks
Interconnecting and interoperating to provide advanced networking capabilities needed to support advanced
research and education applications
Internet2 and the Next Generation Internet Initiative
Internet2 NGI
Our Founding (Funding) Fable
Researchers invent new architectures Architectures are validated on a testbed IETF ISPs and router vendors collaborate to deploy new design
This is complete BS
Do Traditional Testbeds Really Test
Production-oriented testbeds Real traffic provides good validation But can test only very incremental changes
Research-oriented testbeds Can test radical architectures Lack of real traffic results in poor validation
Both are expensive (dedicated bandwidth)
What about Deployment Architectural change requires ISP consensus
- Hard to agree- No competitive advantage from architectural innovation
- All have huge sunk investment in the status quo
ISPs are unlikely candidates for architectural change
Architecture isnrsquot just static its decaying Ad hoc workarounds muddy the architectural waters
We are at an Impasse
We canrsquot test new architectures- Despite sizable investments in testbeds
We canrsquot deploy new architectures- And things are getting worse not better
Yet there are pressing requirements for which the current architecture is not well suited
The Communityrsquos Response Focus on areas where we can have impact
Empirical studies Incremental changes (subject to current constraints)
Small stream of architectural proposals Paper designs without hope of deployment
More science fiction than engineering Have largely abandoned hope of effecting fundamental architectural change
Living with rather than overcoming the impasse
Overcoming the Impasse
Must be able to test new architectures Wide range of architectures Real traffic from willing individuals Low overhead for individual researchers
Meet the grand challenge of reinventing the Internet
Empirical incremental research is great but not enough
If someone put us in charge what would we do
What about deployment Several options none good but no excuse to not have an answer to the grand challenge
Testing Virtual Testbed
Overlay testbed (think RON etc) Host proxy directs packets to overlay
Proxy must architecturally neutral and flexible
Individuals (anywhere) opt-in by turning on proxy
Shared testing infrastructure (think Planetlab) Overlay nodes shared among experiments
Slicing on per-packet timescales Virtualized routers
These ideas have turned into the GENI program
Why GENI (Global Environment for Network Innovations) Future Internet Network (2005)
The original designing idea of current information networks is basically a specific network supports one major service
The limitation of the original designing idea can not support the multiple requirements for networks and services (such as Telecom network Internet)
The original design mode of Internet leads to itrsquos shortage in mobility security controllable and administrable
We urgently need redesign the framework of new generation Internet to overcome the serious shortage of current Internet
Providing pervasive and trusted services based on a specific network has became the key research directions of national informatization
GENI (Global Environment for Network Innovations) - NSF 2005 (1)
What is GENIWhat is GENIGENI is GENI is a facility concepta facility concept being explored by being explored by the US computing community the US computing community
back to an NSF workshop in 2005back to an NSF workshop in 2005focus on focus on architecturalarchitectural research and research and provide the provide the experimentalexperimental infrastructure infrastructure needed to support that researchneeded to support that research
focus on the research agenda (and focus on the research agenda (and infrastructure needs) of the infrastructure needs) of the opticaloptical wirelesswireless sensorsensor network and network and distributeddistributed systems communitiessystems communities
GENI (Global Environment for Network Innovations) (2)
The goal of GENI The goal of GENI Goal a Future Internet that meets the Goal a Future Internet that meets the demands of 21st centurydemands of 21st century
to increase the to increase the qualityquality and and quantityquantity of of experimental experimental researchresearch outcomes in networking and distributed outcomes in networking and distributed systemssystems
to accelerate the to accelerate the transitiontransition of these outcomes into of these outcomes into products and servicesproducts and services
enhance economic competitiveness and secure enhance economic competitiveness and secure the Nations futurethe Nations future
Ultimately to lead to a Ultimately to lead to a transition of the transition of the InternetInternet
GENI Research Opportunities (3)
Two dichotomy thought (false or at least Two dichotomy thought (false or at least unnecessary)unnecessary)
a a clean slateclean slate reconceptualization of Internet reconceptualization of Internet architecture architecture
todays 30-year-old architecture that todays 30-year-old architecture that limit its limit its abilityability to cope with emerging threats and to cope with emerging threats and opportunitiesopportunities
bull eroding trust reduced innovation slowing eroding trust reduced innovation slowing updateupdate
future innovation will take the form of new future innovation will take the form of new services and applications running services and applications running on top of the on top of the InternetInternet
GENI Research Opportunities (4)
GENI discussion GENI discussion First we interpret Future Internet very broadly to First we interpret Future Internet very broadly to
include innovations at include innovations at any levelany level of the architecture of the architecture alternative protocols and architectures running alternative protocols and architectures running
inside the network (as overlays on top of inside the network (as overlays on top of todays network) todays network)
Second research should employ Second research should employ clean slate clean slate thinkingthinking but this does but this does not imply that an entirely not imply that an entirely newnew Internet will be necessary In other words Internet will be necessary In other words clean slate is a clean slate is a processprocess not a not a resultresult
Third opportunities Third opportunities betweenbetween two perspectives two perspectives exploring how todays architecture is best exploring how todays architecture is best
evolved to support emerging overlay services evolved to support emerging overlay services
GENI Facility Concept (5)
Facility ConceptFacility Concept experimental platforms for experimental platforms for bothboth research and research and
deploymentdeployment filling the filling the gapgap between small-scale exp and mature between small-scale exp and mature
tech tech GENI evaluate new network systems on large-GENI evaluate new network systems on large-
scalescale
Two levelsTwo levels Physical level Physical level GENI substrateGENI substrate will consist of a will consist of a
collection of links forwarders storage collection of links forwarders storage processors and wireless net processors and wireless net
On top of this substrate a On top of this substrate a software software management management frameworkframework will be overlay network experiments on will be overlay network experiments on
the substratethe substrate
GENI Facility Concept (6)
Four key ideasFour key ideas substrate components will be substrate components will be programmableprogrammable - -
possible to embed any network experiment including possible to embed any network experiment including clean-slate designs clean-slate designs
Substrate will be Substrate will be virtualizable virtualizable -- possible to embed possible to embed multiple slices in the substrate at the same time multiple slices in the substrate at the same time (allow experimental services and architectures to run (allow experimental services and architectures to run continuously) continuously)
GENI will include mechanisms that allow end-users GENI will include mechanisms that allow end-users to to seamlessly seamlessly opt-inopt-in to experimental services to experimental services
GENI will be GENI will be modularmodular ( (architecture and interfaces) - architecture and interfaces) - possible to extend GENI with new networking possible to extend GENI with new networking technologies GENI will not be a static artifact but technologies GENI will not be a static artifact but rather a rather a dynamic infrastructuredynamic infrastructure that is continually that is continually renewedrenewed
FIND (Future Internet Network Design) ndash NSF 2006 (1)
FIND asks two broad questionsFIND asks two broad questions What are the What are the requirementsrequirements for the global network for the global network
in 15 years in 15 years How How would we would we re-conceivere-conceive tomorrows global tomorrows global
network today if we could design it from scratch network today if we could design it from scratch FIND program solicits FIND program solicits clean slate processclean slate process research proposals in the broad area of research proposals in the broad area of network architecture principles and designnetwork architecture principles and design
FIND (Future Internet Network Design) (2)
FIND research might address wide questionsFIND research might address wide questions What will the What will the edgeedge of the network look like in 15 of the network look like in 15
years How might the network years How might the network architecturearchitecture of 15 of 15 years hence best accommodate sensors embedded years hence best accommodate sensors embedded systems and the like systems and the like
How might the network of 15 years from now How might the network of 15 years from now supportsupport what users really do (and care about) How what users really do (and care about) How might such functions as information access location might such functions as information access location management or identity management best fit into a management or identity management best fit into a new overall network architecture new overall network architecture
What will the What will the core core of the network look like in 15 of the network look like in 15 years How might the changing economics of years How might the changing economics of optical systems affect the overall design of the larger optical systems affect the overall design of the larger networknetwork
FIRE (Future Internet Research and Experimentation) ndash European 2007 (1)
Internet has Internet has growngrown to an unexpected reach to an unexpected reach as for the as for the numbernumber of users of users capacitycapacity of the of the links broadband penetration to the links broadband penetration to the homehome servicesservices
ProblemsProblems spam viruses denial of service spam viruses denial of service attacks complexity of managementattacks complexity of management
Internet drawbacks and Internet drawbacks and limitationslimitations ndash to ndash to scalabilityscalability suitabilitysuitability mobilitymobility transparencytransparency securitysecurity
require new radical approaches to require new radical approaches to fundamentally redesign its protocols and fundamentally redesign its protocols and architectures architectures
FIRE (2) FIRE is an FIRE is an experimentallyexperimentally-driven -driven longlong-term research initiative on -term research initiative on
Future Internet Future Internet conceptsconcepts protocolsprotocols and and architecturesarchitectures encompassing technological industrial and socio-economic encompassing technological industrial and socio-economic
aspects aspects acting as proof-of-concept of the newly proposed acting as proof-of-concept of the newly proposed
technologies and services technologies and services FIRE RESEARCHFIRE RESEARCH
Long term multidisciplinary research on future internet Long term multidisciplinary research on future internet paradigms paradigms
Open to Open to fresh bottom-upfresh bottom-up ideas with ideas with no backwards-no backwards-compatibilitycompatibility constraints constraints
Building on the FET SAC initiative ldquoSituated and Autonomic Building on the FET SAC initiative ldquoSituated and Autonomic Communicationsrdquo Communicationsrdquo
Considering at the Considering at the same timesame time technological economic and technological economic and socialpolicy aspects socialpolicy aspects
Build in from the outset and on all levels the right Build in from the outset and on all levels the right balancebalance between security accountability and privacybetween security accountability and privacy
FIRE (3)
FIRE EXPERIMENTATIONFIRE EXPERIMENTATION Large scale experimentationLarge scale experimentation of new paradigms and of new paradigms and
concepts for the future internet and related service concepts for the future internet and related service architectures architectures
Learning through broad experimentation Learning through broad experimentation Integrating and validating new conceptsIntegrating and validating new concepts
Federating and extending Federating and extending existing testbedsexisting testbeds and and research infrastructures research infrastructures
no backwards-compatibility constraints no backwards-compatibility constraints European approach and develop a European European approach and develop a European
identityidentity
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-
Trend宽带无线网 (Wi-Fi)飞速增长
Trend宽带无线网 (Wi-Fi)飞速增长
Trend宽带无线网 (Wi-Fi)飞速增长
Trend宽带无线网 (Wi-Fi)飞速增长
Integration of 3G and WLAN- offer possibility of achieving anywhere anytime
high speed and low expense Internet access
3G3G WLANWLAN
Wide areaWide area Local areaLocal area
Low bit rate Low bit rate
(2M when stand (2M when stand still)still)
High bit rateHigh bit rate
(11M to 54M)(11M to 54M)
DataVoice serviceDataVoice service
((QoS supportQoS support))
Data serviceData service
High expenseHigh expense Low expenseLow expense
High mobilityHigh mobility Low mobilityLow mobility
Trend Everything over IP
Data over IP =gt IP needs Traffic Data over IP =gt IP needs Traffic engineeringengineering
Voice over IP =gt Quality of Service and Voice over IP =gt Quality of Service and SignalingSignaling
Backbone -- Optic networksBackbone -- Optic networks IP over ATM IP over ATM （（异步传输模式）异步传输模式） IP over SONET -- POS (Packet over SDH) IP over SONET -- POS (Packet over SDH)
(( 同步同步 )) IP over DWDMIP over DWDM
Asynchronous Transfer Mode ATM
1990rsquos00 standard for high-speed (155Mbps to 1990rsquos00 standard for high-speed (155Mbps to 622 Mbps and higher) 622 Mbps and higher) Broadband Integrated Broadband Integrated Service Digital NetworkService Digital Network architecture architecture
GoalGoal integrated end-end transport of carry integrated end-end transport of carry voice video datavoice video data meeting timingQoS requirements of voice meeting timingQoS requirements of voice
video (versus Internet best-effort model)video (versus Internet best-effort model) ldquoldquonext generationrdquo telephony technical roots next generationrdquo telephony technical roots
in telephone worldin telephone world packet-switching (fixed length packets packet-switching (fixed length packets
called ldquocellsrdquo) using called ldquocellsrdquo) using virtual circuitsvirtual circuits
ATM reference model
How far along are we
Standardization bodies - ATM Forum ITU-T Standardization bodies - ATM Forum ITU-T We may never see end-to-end ATM (1997)We may never see end-to-end ATM (1997)
ATM - too complex - too expansive ltIPgtATM - too complex - too expansive ltIPgt Backbone - 1995 vBNS (ATM) Backbone - 1995 vBNS (ATM)
- 1998 Abilene (SONET) - 2000 IP over - 1998 Abilene (SONET) - 2000 IP over DWDMDWDM
Internet technology + ATM philosophyInternet technology + ATM philosophy but ATM ideas continue to powerfully but ATM ideas continue to powerfully
influence design of next-generation influence design of next-generation InternetInternet
ex ex MPLSMPLS admission ctl resource admission ctl resource reservation hellipreservation hellip
Best of Both Worlds
Multiprotocol label switching (Multiprotocol label switching (MPLSMPLS)) MPLS + IP form a middle ground that MPLS + IP form a middle ground that
combines the best of IP and the best of combines the best of IP and the best of virtual virtual circuit switching technologiescircuit switching technologies
ATM and Frame Relay cannot easily come to ATM and Frame Relay cannot easily come to the middle so IP hasthe middle so IP has
Label Encapsulation
MPLS Encapsulation is specified over MPLS Encapsulation is specified over various media types Top labels may use various media types Top labels may use existing format lower label(s) use a new existing format lower label(s) use a new ldquoshimrdquo label formatldquoshimrdquo label format
Label Substitution Have a friend go to B ahead of you using one of the Have a friend go to B ahead of you using one of the
previous two techniques At every road they reserve previous two techniques At every road they reserve a lane just for you At every intersection they post a a lane just for you At every intersection they post a big sign that says for a given lane which way to turn big sign that says for a given lane which way to turn and what new lane to takeand what new lane to take
Future Internet Research and Experimentation
Todayrsquos Internet Millions of usersMillions of users Web email low-quality audio amp videoWeb email low-quality audio amp video Interconnect personal computers and serversInterconnect personal computers and servers Applications adapt to underlying technologyApplications adapt to underlying technology Todayrsquos Internet DoesnrsquotTodayrsquos Internet Doesnrsquot
Provide reliable end-to-end performanceProvide reliable end-to-end performanceEncourage cooperation on new capabilitiesEncourage cooperation on new capabilitiesAllow testing of new technologiesAllow testing of new technologiesSupport development of revolutionary Support development of revolutionary applicationsapplications
Tomorrowrsquos Internet
Billions of users and devicesBillions of users and devices Convergence of todayrsquos applications Convergence of todayrsquos applications with multimedia (telephony video-with multimedia (telephony video-conference HDTV)conference HDTV)
Interconnect personal computers Interconnect personal computers servers and embedded computersservers and embedded computers
New technologies enable unanticipated New technologies enable unanticipated applications (and create new challenges)applications (and create new challenges)
Vint Cerf Open Challenges
My primary disappointment has been the slow pace of high speed access for residential customers hellip
The second area of disappointment is the slow uptake of version 6 of the Internet protocol (IPv6)
Perhaps the third area is the continuing difficulty caused by viruses worms and distributed denial of service attacksrdquo
How to make the Internet better Addressing current problems
Security1048766 Privacy1048766 Self-diagnosis amp self-healing networks1048766 Cheap connectivity for poor area and third world countries1048766
Wireless mesh networks1048766 sensors1048766 Mobility1048766
New cool apps1048766 What is after IPTV VoIP BitTorrent
Why Internet2 (1996)
The Internet was not designed forThe Internet was not designed forMillions of usersMillions of usersCongestionCongestionMultimediaMultimediaReal time interactionReal time interaction
But only the Internet canBut only the Internet canAccommodate explosive growthAccommodate explosive growthEnable convergence of information Enable convergence of information work mass media and human work mass media and human collaborationcollaboration
Internet2 Project Develop and deploy advanced network Develop and deploy advanced network
applications and technologies accelerating applications and technologies accelerating the creation of tomorrowrsquos Internetthe creation of tomorrowrsquos Internet
GoalsGoals Enable new generation of applicationsEnable new generation of applications Re-create leading edge RampE network Re-create leading edge RampE network
capabilitycapability Transfer capability to the global Transfer capability to the global
production Internetproduction Internet 206 University Members Jan 2005206 University Members Jan 2005
Internet2 Focus Areas Advanced Network Infrastructure - AbileneAdvanced Network Infrastructure - Abilene
Backbones operate at 10 Gbps capacity - 100 Backbones operate at 10 Gbps capacity - 100 Gbps (2007)Gbps (2007)
Middleware Middleware A layer of software between the network and the A layer of software between the network and the
applications applications Authentication Identification Authorization Authentication Identification Authorization
Directories SecurityDirectories Security EngineeringEngineering
IPv6 Measurement Multicast QoS Routing IPv6 Measurement Multicast QoS Routing Security TopologySecurity Topology
Advanced ApplicationsAdvanced Applications Distributed computation Virtual laboratories Distributed computation Virtual laboratories
Digital libraries Distributed learning Digital video Digital libraries Distributed learning Digital video Tele-immersion All of the above in combinationTele-immersion All of the above in combination
Abilene Connections Apr-2000Abilene Connections July 2006
Abilene Connections Apr-2000Abilene International Peering 2006
Research andDevelopment
Commercialization
Partnerships
Privatization
Internet Development Spiral
Todayrsquos Internet
Internet2
University-led Federal agency-led
Developing education and research driven applications
Agency mission-driven and general purpose applications
Building out campus networks gigaPoPs and inter-gigapop
infrastructure
Funding research testbeds and agency research networks
Interconnecting and interoperating to provide advanced networking capabilities needed to support advanced
research and education applications
Internet2 and the Next Generation Internet Initiative
Internet2 NGI
Our Founding (Funding) Fable
Researchers invent new architectures Architectures are validated on a testbed IETF ISPs and router vendors collaborate to deploy new design
This is complete BS
Do Traditional Testbeds Really Test
Production-oriented testbeds Real traffic provides good validation But can test only very incremental changes
Research-oriented testbeds Can test radical architectures Lack of real traffic results in poor validation
Both are expensive (dedicated bandwidth)
What about Deployment Architectural change requires ISP consensus
- Hard to agree- No competitive advantage from architectural innovation
- All have huge sunk investment in the status quo
ISPs are unlikely candidates for architectural change
Architecture isnrsquot just static its decaying Ad hoc workarounds muddy the architectural waters
We are at an Impasse
We canrsquot test new architectures- Despite sizable investments in testbeds
We canrsquot deploy new architectures- And things are getting worse not better
Yet there are pressing requirements for which the current architecture is not well suited
The Communityrsquos Response Focus on areas where we can have impact
Empirical studies Incremental changes (subject to current constraints)
Small stream of architectural proposals Paper designs without hope of deployment
More science fiction than engineering Have largely abandoned hope of effecting fundamental architectural change
Living with rather than overcoming the impasse
Overcoming the Impasse
Must be able to test new architectures Wide range of architectures Real traffic from willing individuals Low overhead for individual researchers
Meet the grand challenge of reinventing the Internet
Empirical incremental research is great but not enough
If someone put us in charge what would we do
What about deployment Several options none good but no excuse to not have an answer to the grand challenge
Testing Virtual Testbed
Overlay testbed (think RON etc) Host proxy directs packets to overlay
Proxy must architecturally neutral and flexible
Individuals (anywhere) opt-in by turning on proxy
Shared testing infrastructure (think Planetlab) Overlay nodes shared among experiments
Slicing on per-packet timescales Virtualized routers
These ideas have turned into the GENI program
Why GENI (Global Environment for Network Innovations) Future Internet Network (2005)
The original designing idea of current information networks is basically a specific network supports one major service
The limitation of the original designing idea can not support the multiple requirements for networks and services (such as Telecom network Internet)
The original design mode of Internet leads to itrsquos shortage in mobility security controllable and administrable
We urgently need redesign the framework of new generation Internet to overcome the serious shortage of current Internet
Providing pervasive and trusted services based on a specific network has became the key research directions of national informatization
GENI (Global Environment for Network Innovations) - NSF 2005 (1)
What is GENIWhat is GENIGENI is GENI is a facility concepta facility concept being explored by being explored by the US computing community the US computing community
back to an NSF workshop in 2005back to an NSF workshop in 2005focus on focus on architecturalarchitectural research and research and provide the provide the experimentalexperimental infrastructure infrastructure needed to support that researchneeded to support that research
focus on the research agenda (and focus on the research agenda (and infrastructure needs) of the infrastructure needs) of the opticaloptical wirelesswireless sensorsensor network and network and distributeddistributed systems communitiessystems communities
GENI (Global Environment for Network Innovations) (2)
The goal of GENI The goal of GENI Goal a Future Internet that meets the Goal a Future Internet that meets the demands of 21st centurydemands of 21st century
to increase the to increase the qualityquality and and quantityquantity of of experimental experimental researchresearch outcomes in networking and distributed outcomes in networking and distributed systemssystems
to accelerate the to accelerate the transitiontransition of these outcomes into of these outcomes into products and servicesproducts and services
enhance economic competitiveness and secure enhance economic competitiveness and secure the Nations futurethe Nations future
Ultimately to lead to a Ultimately to lead to a transition of the transition of the InternetInternet
GENI Research Opportunities (3)
Two dichotomy thought (false or at least Two dichotomy thought (false or at least unnecessary)unnecessary)
a a clean slateclean slate reconceptualization of Internet reconceptualization of Internet architecture architecture
todays 30-year-old architecture that todays 30-year-old architecture that limit its limit its abilityability to cope with emerging threats and to cope with emerging threats and opportunitiesopportunities
bull eroding trust reduced innovation slowing eroding trust reduced innovation slowing updateupdate
future innovation will take the form of new future innovation will take the form of new services and applications running services and applications running on top of the on top of the InternetInternet
GENI Research Opportunities (4)
GENI discussion GENI discussion First we interpret Future Internet very broadly to First we interpret Future Internet very broadly to
include innovations at include innovations at any levelany level of the architecture of the architecture alternative protocols and architectures running alternative protocols and architectures running
inside the network (as overlays on top of inside the network (as overlays on top of todays network) todays network)
Second research should employ Second research should employ clean slate clean slate thinkingthinking but this does but this does not imply that an entirely not imply that an entirely newnew Internet will be necessary In other words Internet will be necessary In other words clean slate is a clean slate is a processprocess not a not a resultresult
Third opportunities Third opportunities betweenbetween two perspectives two perspectives exploring how todays architecture is best exploring how todays architecture is best
evolved to support emerging overlay services evolved to support emerging overlay services
GENI Facility Concept (5)
Facility ConceptFacility Concept experimental platforms for experimental platforms for bothboth research and research and
deploymentdeployment filling the filling the gapgap between small-scale exp and mature between small-scale exp and mature
tech tech GENI evaluate new network systems on large-GENI evaluate new network systems on large-
scalescale
Two levelsTwo levels Physical level Physical level GENI substrateGENI substrate will consist of a will consist of a
collection of links forwarders storage collection of links forwarders storage processors and wireless net processors and wireless net
On top of this substrate a On top of this substrate a software software management management frameworkframework will be overlay network experiments on will be overlay network experiments on
the substratethe substrate
GENI Facility Concept (6)
Four key ideasFour key ideas substrate components will be substrate components will be programmableprogrammable - -
possible to embed any network experiment including possible to embed any network experiment including clean-slate designs clean-slate designs
Substrate will be Substrate will be virtualizable virtualizable -- possible to embed possible to embed multiple slices in the substrate at the same time multiple slices in the substrate at the same time (allow experimental services and architectures to run (allow experimental services and architectures to run continuously) continuously)
GENI will include mechanisms that allow end-users GENI will include mechanisms that allow end-users to to seamlessly seamlessly opt-inopt-in to experimental services to experimental services
GENI will be GENI will be modularmodular ( (architecture and interfaces) - architecture and interfaces) - possible to extend GENI with new networking possible to extend GENI with new networking technologies GENI will not be a static artifact but technologies GENI will not be a static artifact but rather a rather a dynamic infrastructuredynamic infrastructure that is continually that is continually renewedrenewed
FIND (Future Internet Network Design) ndash NSF 2006 (1)
FIND asks two broad questionsFIND asks two broad questions What are the What are the requirementsrequirements for the global network for the global network
in 15 years in 15 years How How would we would we re-conceivere-conceive tomorrows global tomorrows global
network today if we could design it from scratch network today if we could design it from scratch FIND program solicits FIND program solicits clean slate processclean slate process research proposals in the broad area of research proposals in the broad area of network architecture principles and designnetwork architecture principles and design
FIND (Future Internet Network Design) (2)
FIND research might address wide questionsFIND research might address wide questions What will the What will the edgeedge of the network look like in 15 of the network look like in 15
years How might the network years How might the network architecturearchitecture of 15 of 15 years hence best accommodate sensors embedded years hence best accommodate sensors embedded systems and the like systems and the like
How might the network of 15 years from now How might the network of 15 years from now supportsupport what users really do (and care about) How what users really do (and care about) How might such functions as information access location might such functions as information access location management or identity management best fit into a management or identity management best fit into a new overall network architecture new overall network architecture
What will the What will the core core of the network look like in 15 of the network look like in 15 years How might the changing economics of years How might the changing economics of optical systems affect the overall design of the larger optical systems affect the overall design of the larger networknetwork
FIRE (Future Internet Research and Experimentation) ndash European 2007 (1)
Internet has Internet has growngrown to an unexpected reach to an unexpected reach as for the as for the numbernumber of users of users capacitycapacity of the of the links broadband penetration to the links broadband penetration to the homehome servicesservices
ProblemsProblems spam viruses denial of service spam viruses denial of service attacks complexity of managementattacks complexity of management
Internet drawbacks and Internet drawbacks and limitationslimitations ndash to ndash to scalabilityscalability suitabilitysuitability mobilitymobility transparencytransparency securitysecurity
require new radical approaches to require new radical approaches to fundamentally redesign its protocols and fundamentally redesign its protocols and architectures architectures
FIRE (2) FIRE is an FIRE is an experimentallyexperimentally-driven -driven longlong-term research initiative on -term research initiative on
Future Internet Future Internet conceptsconcepts protocolsprotocols and and architecturesarchitectures encompassing technological industrial and socio-economic encompassing technological industrial and socio-economic
aspects aspects acting as proof-of-concept of the newly proposed acting as proof-of-concept of the newly proposed
technologies and services technologies and services FIRE RESEARCHFIRE RESEARCH
Long term multidisciplinary research on future internet Long term multidisciplinary research on future internet paradigms paradigms
Open to Open to fresh bottom-upfresh bottom-up ideas with ideas with no backwards-no backwards-compatibilitycompatibility constraints constraints
Building on the FET SAC initiative ldquoSituated and Autonomic Building on the FET SAC initiative ldquoSituated and Autonomic Communicationsrdquo Communicationsrdquo
Considering at the Considering at the same timesame time technological economic and technological economic and socialpolicy aspects socialpolicy aspects
Build in from the outset and on all levels the right Build in from the outset and on all levels the right balancebalance between security accountability and privacybetween security accountability and privacy
FIRE (3)
FIRE EXPERIMENTATIONFIRE EXPERIMENTATION Large scale experimentationLarge scale experimentation of new paradigms and of new paradigms and
concepts for the future internet and related service concepts for the future internet and related service architectures architectures
Learning through broad experimentation Learning through broad experimentation Integrating and validating new conceptsIntegrating and validating new concepts
Federating and extending Federating and extending existing testbedsexisting testbeds and and research infrastructures research infrastructures
no backwards-compatibility constraints no backwards-compatibility constraints European approach and develop a European European approach and develop a European
identityidentity
- Slide 1
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
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- Slide 33
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- Slide 39
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- Slide 41
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- Slide 66
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- Slide 68
- Slide 70
- Slide 71
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- Slide 73
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- Slide 79
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- Slide 81
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- Slide 83
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- Slide 85
- Slide 86
- Slide 87
- Slide 88
- Slide 89
- Slide 90
- Slide 91
- Slide 92
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- Slide 96
- Slide 97
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- Slide 99
- Slide 100
- Slide 101
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- Slide 115
-
Trend宽带无线网 (Wi-Fi)飞速增长
Trend宽带无线网 (Wi-Fi)飞速增长
Trend宽带无线网 (Wi-Fi)飞速增长
Integration of 3G and WLAN- offer possibility of achieving anywhere anytime
high speed and low expense Internet access
3G3G WLANWLAN
Wide areaWide area Local areaLocal area
Low bit rate Low bit rate
(2M when stand (2M when stand still)still)
High bit rateHigh bit rate
(11M to 54M)(11M to 54M)
DataVoice serviceDataVoice service
((QoS supportQoS support))
Data serviceData service
High expenseHigh expense Low expenseLow expense
High mobilityHigh mobility Low mobilityLow mobility
Trend Everything over IP
Data over IP =gt IP needs Traffic Data over IP =gt IP needs Traffic engineeringengineering
Voice over IP =gt Quality of Service and Voice over IP =gt Quality of Service and SignalingSignaling
Backbone -- Optic networksBackbone -- Optic networks IP over ATM IP over ATM （（异步传输模式）异步传输模式） IP over SONET -- POS (Packet over SDH) IP over SONET -- POS (Packet over SDH)
(( 同步同步 )) IP over DWDMIP over DWDM
Asynchronous Transfer Mode ATM
1990rsquos00 standard for high-speed (155Mbps to 1990rsquos00 standard for high-speed (155Mbps to 622 Mbps and higher) 622 Mbps and higher) Broadband Integrated Broadband Integrated Service Digital NetworkService Digital Network architecture architecture
GoalGoal integrated end-end transport of carry integrated end-end transport of carry voice video datavoice video data meeting timingQoS requirements of voice meeting timingQoS requirements of voice
video (versus Internet best-effort model)video (versus Internet best-effort model) ldquoldquonext generationrdquo telephony technical roots next generationrdquo telephony technical roots
in telephone worldin telephone world packet-switching (fixed length packets packet-switching (fixed length packets
called ldquocellsrdquo) using called ldquocellsrdquo) using virtual circuitsvirtual circuits
ATM reference model
How far along are we
Standardization bodies - ATM Forum ITU-T Standardization bodies - ATM Forum ITU-T We may never see end-to-end ATM (1997)We may never see end-to-end ATM (1997)
ATM - too complex - too expansive ltIPgtATM - too complex - too expansive ltIPgt Backbone - 1995 vBNS (ATM) Backbone - 1995 vBNS (ATM)
- 1998 Abilene (SONET) - 2000 IP over - 1998 Abilene (SONET) - 2000 IP over DWDMDWDM
Internet technology + ATM philosophyInternet technology + ATM philosophy but ATM ideas continue to powerfully but ATM ideas continue to powerfully
influence design of next-generation influence design of next-generation InternetInternet
ex ex MPLSMPLS admission ctl resource admission ctl resource reservation hellipreservation hellip
Best of Both Worlds
Multiprotocol label switching (Multiprotocol label switching (MPLSMPLS)) MPLS + IP form a middle ground that MPLS + IP form a middle ground that
combines the best of IP and the best of combines the best of IP and the best of virtual virtual circuit switching technologiescircuit switching technologies
ATM and Frame Relay cannot easily come to ATM and Frame Relay cannot easily come to the middle so IP hasthe middle so IP has
Label Encapsulation
MPLS Encapsulation is specified over MPLS Encapsulation is specified over various media types Top labels may use various media types Top labels may use existing format lower label(s) use a new existing format lower label(s) use a new ldquoshimrdquo label formatldquoshimrdquo label format
Label Substitution Have a friend go to B ahead of you using one of the Have a friend go to B ahead of you using one of the
previous two techniques At every road they reserve previous two techniques At every road they reserve a lane just for you At every intersection they post a a lane just for you At every intersection they post a big sign that says for a given lane which way to turn big sign that says for a given lane which way to turn and what new lane to takeand what new lane to take
Future Internet Research and Experimentation
Todayrsquos Internet Millions of usersMillions of users Web email low-quality audio amp videoWeb email low-quality audio amp video Interconnect personal computers and serversInterconnect personal computers and servers Applications adapt to underlying technologyApplications adapt to underlying technology Todayrsquos Internet DoesnrsquotTodayrsquos Internet Doesnrsquot
Provide reliable end-to-end performanceProvide reliable end-to-end performanceEncourage cooperation on new capabilitiesEncourage cooperation on new capabilitiesAllow testing of new technologiesAllow testing of new technologiesSupport development of revolutionary Support development of revolutionary applicationsapplications
Tomorrowrsquos Internet
Billions of users and devicesBillions of users and devices Convergence of todayrsquos applications Convergence of todayrsquos applications with multimedia (telephony video-with multimedia (telephony video-conference HDTV)conference HDTV)
Interconnect personal computers Interconnect personal computers servers and embedded computersservers and embedded computers
New technologies enable unanticipated New technologies enable unanticipated applications (and create new challenges)applications (and create new challenges)
Vint Cerf Open Challenges
My primary disappointment has been the slow pace of high speed access for residential customers hellip
The second area of disappointment is the slow uptake of version 6 of the Internet protocol (IPv6)
Perhaps the third area is the continuing difficulty caused by viruses worms and distributed denial of service attacksrdquo
How to make the Internet better Addressing current problems
Security1048766 Privacy1048766 Self-diagnosis amp self-healing networks1048766 Cheap connectivity for poor area and third world countries1048766
Wireless mesh networks1048766 sensors1048766 Mobility1048766
New cool apps1048766 What is after IPTV VoIP BitTorrent
Why Internet2 (1996)
The Internet was not designed forThe Internet was not designed forMillions of usersMillions of usersCongestionCongestionMultimediaMultimediaReal time interactionReal time interaction
But only the Internet canBut only the Internet canAccommodate explosive growthAccommodate explosive growthEnable convergence of information Enable convergence of information work mass media and human work mass media and human collaborationcollaboration
Internet2 Project Develop and deploy advanced network Develop and deploy advanced network
applications and technologies accelerating applications and technologies accelerating the creation of tomorrowrsquos Internetthe creation of tomorrowrsquos Internet
GoalsGoals Enable new generation of applicationsEnable new generation of applications Re-create leading edge RampE network Re-create leading edge RampE network
capabilitycapability Transfer capability to the global Transfer capability to the global
production Internetproduction Internet 206 University Members Jan 2005206 University Members Jan 2005
Internet2 Focus Areas Advanced Network Infrastructure - AbileneAdvanced Network Infrastructure - Abilene
Backbones operate at 10 Gbps capacity - 100 Backbones operate at 10 Gbps capacity - 100 Gbps (2007)Gbps (2007)
Middleware Middleware A layer of software between the network and the A layer of software between the network and the
applications applications Authentication Identification Authorization Authentication Identification Authorization
Directories SecurityDirectories Security EngineeringEngineering
IPv6 Measurement Multicast QoS Routing IPv6 Measurement Multicast QoS Routing Security TopologySecurity Topology
Advanced ApplicationsAdvanced Applications Distributed computation Virtual laboratories Distributed computation Virtual laboratories
Digital libraries Distributed learning Digital video Digital libraries Distributed learning Digital video Tele-immersion All of the above in combinationTele-immersion All of the above in combination
Abilene Connections Apr-2000Abilene Connections July 2006
Abilene Connections Apr-2000Abilene International Peering 2006
Research andDevelopment
Commercialization
Partnerships
Privatization
Internet Development Spiral
Todayrsquos Internet
Internet2
University-led Federal agency-led
Developing education and research driven applications
Agency mission-driven and general purpose applications
Building out campus networks gigaPoPs and inter-gigapop
infrastructure
Funding research testbeds and agency research networks
Interconnecting and interoperating to provide advanced networking capabilities needed to support advanced
research and education applications
Internet2 and the Next Generation Internet Initiative
Internet2 NGI
Our Founding (Funding) Fable
Researchers invent new architectures Architectures are validated on a testbed IETF ISPs and router vendors collaborate to deploy new design
This is complete BS
Do Traditional Testbeds Really Test
Production-oriented testbeds Real traffic provides good validation But can test only very incremental changes
Research-oriented testbeds Can test radical architectures Lack of real traffic results in poor validation
Both are expensive (dedicated bandwidth)
What about Deployment Architectural change requires ISP consensus
- Hard to agree- No competitive advantage from architectural innovation
- All have huge sunk investment in the status quo
ISPs are unlikely candidates for architectural change
Architecture isnrsquot just static its decaying Ad hoc workarounds muddy the architectural waters
We are at an Impasse
We canrsquot test new architectures- Despite sizable investments in testbeds
We canrsquot deploy new architectures- And things are getting worse not better
Yet there are pressing requirements for which the current architecture is not well suited
The Communityrsquos Response Focus on areas where we can have impact
Empirical studies Incremental changes (subject to current constraints)
Small stream of architectural proposals Paper designs without hope of deployment
More science fiction than engineering Have largely abandoned hope of effecting fundamental architectural change
Living with rather than overcoming the impasse
Overcoming the Impasse
Must be able to test new architectures Wide range of architectures Real traffic from willing individuals Low overhead for individual researchers
Meet the grand challenge of reinventing the Internet
Empirical incremental research is great but not enough
If someone put us in charge what would we do
What about deployment Several options none good but no excuse to not have an answer to the grand challenge
Testing Virtual Testbed
Overlay testbed (think RON etc) Host proxy directs packets to overlay
Proxy must architecturally neutral and flexible
Individuals (anywhere) opt-in by turning on proxy
Shared testing infrastructure (think Planetlab) Overlay nodes shared among experiments
Slicing on per-packet timescales Virtualized routers
These ideas have turned into the GENI program
Why GENI (Global Environment for Network Innovations) Future Internet Network (2005)
The original designing idea of current information networks is basically a specific network supports one major service
The limitation of the original designing idea can not support the multiple requirements for networks and services (such as Telecom network Internet)
The original design mode of Internet leads to itrsquos shortage in mobility security controllable and administrable
We urgently need redesign the framework of new generation Internet to overcome the serious shortage of current Internet
Providing pervasive and trusted services based on a specific network has became the key research directions of national informatization
GENI (Global Environment for Network Innovations) - NSF 2005 (1)
What is GENIWhat is GENIGENI is GENI is a facility concepta facility concept being explored by being explored by the US computing community the US computing community
back to an NSF workshop in 2005back to an NSF workshop in 2005focus on focus on architecturalarchitectural research and research and provide the provide the experimentalexperimental infrastructure infrastructure needed to support that researchneeded to support that research
focus on the research agenda (and focus on the research agenda (and infrastructure needs) of the infrastructure needs) of the opticaloptical wirelesswireless sensorsensor network and network and distributeddistributed systems communitiessystems communities
GENI (Global Environment for Network Innovations) (2)
The goal of GENI The goal of GENI Goal a Future Internet that meets the Goal a Future Internet that meets the demands of 21st centurydemands of 21st century
to increase the to increase the qualityquality and and quantityquantity of of experimental experimental researchresearch outcomes in networking and distributed outcomes in networking and distributed systemssystems
to accelerate the to accelerate the transitiontransition of these outcomes into of these outcomes into products and servicesproducts and services
enhance economic competitiveness and secure enhance economic competitiveness and secure the Nations futurethe Nations future
Ultimately to lead to a Ultimately to lead to a transition of the transition of the InternetInternet
GENI Research Opportunities (3)
Two dichotomy thought (false or at least Two dichotomy thought (false or at least unnecessary)unnecessary)
a a clean slateclean slate reconceptualization of Internet reconceptualization of Internet architecture architecture
todays 30-year-old architecture that todays 30-year-old architecture that limit its limit its abilityability to cope with emerging threats and to cope with emerging threats and opportunitiesopportunities
bull eroding trust reduced innovation slowing eroding trust reduced innovation slowing updateupdate
future innovation will take the form of new future innovation will take the form of new services and applications running services and applications running on top of the on top of the InternetInternet
GENI Research Opportunities (4)
GENI discussion GENI discussion First we interpret Future Internet very broadly to First we interpret Future Internet very broadly to
include innovations at include innovations at any levelany level of the architecture of the architecture alternative protocols and architectures running alternative protocols and architectures running
inside the network (as overlays on top of inside the network (as overlays on top of todays network) todays network)
Second research should employ Second research should employ clean slate clean slate thinkingthinking but this does but this does not imply that an entirely not imply that an entirely newnew Internet will be necessary In other words Internet will be necessary In other words clean slate is a clean slate is a processprocess not a not a resultresult
Third opportunities Third opportunities betweenbetween two perspectives two perspectives exploring how todays architecture is best exploring how todays architecture is best
evolved to support emerging overlay services evolved to support emerging overlay services
GENI Facility Concept (5)
Facility ConceptFacility Concept experimental platforms for experimental platforms for bothboth research and research and
deploymentdeployment filling the filling the gapgap between small-scale exp and mature between small-scale exp and mature
tech tech GENI evaluate new network systems on large-GENI evaluate new network systems on large-
scalescale
Two levelsTwo levels Physical level Physical level GENI substrateGENI substrate will consist of a will consist of a
collection of links forwarders storage collection of links forwarders storage processors and wireless net processors and wireless net
On top of this substrate a On top of this substrate a software software management management frameworkframework will be overlay network experiments on will be overlay network experiments on
the substratethe substrate
GENI Facility Concept (6)
Four key ideasFour key ideas substrate components will be substrate components will be programmableprogrammable - -
possible to embed any network experiment including possible to embed any network experiment including clean-slate designs clean-slate designs
Substrate will be Substrate will be virtualizable virtualizable -- possible to embed possible to embed multiple slices in the substrate at the same time multiple slices in the substrate at the same time (allow experimental services and architectures to run (allow experimental services and architectures to run continuously) continuously)
GENI will include mechanisms that allow end-users GENI will include mechanisms that allow end-users to to seamlessly seamlessly opt-inopt-in to experimental services to experimental services
GENI will be GENI will be modularmodular ( (architecture and interfaces) - architecture and interfaces) - possible to extend GENI with new networking possible to extend GENI with new networking technologies GENI will not be a static artifact but technologies GENI will not be a static artifact but rather a rather a dynamic infrastructuredynamic infrastructure that is continually that is continually renewedrenewed
FIND (Future Internet Network Design) ndash NSF 2006 (1)
FIND asks two broad questionsFIND asks two broad questions What are the What are the requirementsrequirements for the global network for the global network
in 15 years in 15 years How How would we would we re-conceivere-conceive tomorrows global tomorrows global
network today if we could design it from scratch network today if we could design it from scratch FIND program solicits FIND program solicits clean slate processclean slate process research proposals in the broad area of research proposals in the broad area of network architecture principles and designnetwork architecture principles and design
FIND (Future Internet Network Design) (2)
FIND research might address wide questionsFIND research might address wide questions What will the What will the edgeedge of the network look like in 15 of the network look like in 15
years How might the network years How might the network architecturearchitecture of 15 of 15 years hence best accommodate sensors embedded years hence best accommodate sensors embedded systems and the like systems and the like
How might the network of 15 years from now How might the network of 15 years from now supportsupport what users really do (and care about) How what users really do (and care about) How might such functions as information access location might such functions as information access location management or identity management best fit into a management or identity management best fit into a new overall network architecture new overall network architecture
What will the What will the core core of the network look like in 15 of the network look like in 15 years How might the changing economics of years How might the changing economics of optical systems affect the overall design of the larger optical systems affect the overall design of the larger networknetwork
FIRE (Future Internet Research and Experimentation) ndash European 2007 (1)
Internet has Internet has growngrown to an unexpected reach to an unexpected reach as for the as for the numbernumber of users of users capacitycapacity of the of the links broadband penetration to the links broadband penetration to the homehome servicesservices
ProblemsProblems spam viruses denial of service spam viruses denial of service attacks complexity of managementattacks complexity of management
Internet drawbacks and Internet drawbacks and limitationslimitations ndash to ndash to scalabilityscalability suitabilitysuitability mobilitymobility transparencytransparency securitysecurity
require new radical approaches to require new radical approaches to fundamentally redesign its protocols and fundamentally redesign its protocols and architectures architectures
FIRE (2) FIRE is an FIRE is an experimentallyexperimentally-driven -driven longlong-term research initiative on -term research initiative on
Future Internet Future Internet conceptsconcepts protocolsprotocols and and architecturesarchitectures encompassing technological industrial and socio-economic encompassing technological industrial and socio-economic
aspects aspects acting as proof-of-concept of the newly proposed acting as proof-of-concept of the newly proposed
technologies and services technologies and services FIRE RESEARCHFIRE RESEARCH
Long term multidisciplinary research on future internet Long term multidisciplinary research on future internet paradigms paradigms
Open to Open to fresh bottom-upfresh bottom-up ideas with ideas with no backwards-no backwards-compatibilitycompatibility constraints constraints
Building on the FET SAC initiative ldquoSituated and Autonomic Building on the FET SAC initiative ldquoSituated and Autonomic Communicationsrdquo Communicationsrdquo
Considering at the Considering at the same timesame time technological economic and technological economic and socialpolicy aspects socialpolicy aspects
Build in from the outset and on all levels the right Build in from the outset and on all levels the right balancebalance between security accountability and privacybetween security accountability and privacy
FIRE (3)
FIRE EXPERIMENTATIONFIRE EXPERIMENTATION Large scale experimentationLarge scale experimentation of new paradigms and of new paradigms and
concepts for the future internet and related service concepts for the future internet and related service architectures architectures
Learning through broad experimentation Learning through broad experimentation Integrating and validating new conceptsIntegrating and validating new concepts
Federating and extending Federating and extending existing testbedsexisting testbeds and and research infrastructures research infrastructures
no backwards-compatibility constraints no backwards-compatibility constraints European approach and develop a European European approach and develop a European
identityidentity
- Slide 1
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- Slide 115
-
Trend宽带无线网 (Wi-Fi)飞速增长
Trend宽带无线网 (Wi-Fi)飞速增长
Integration of 3G and WLAN- offer possibility of achieving anywhere anytime
high speed and low expense Internet access
3G3G WLANWLAN
Wide areaWide area Local areaLocal area
Low bit rate Low bit rate
(2M when stand (2M when stand still)still)
High bit rateHigh bit rate
(11M to 54M)(11M to 54M)
DataVoice serviceDataVoice service
((QoS supportQoS support))
Data serviceData service
High expenseHigh expense Low expenseLow expense
High mobilityHigh mobility Low mobilityLow mobility
Trend Everything over IP
Data over IP =gt IP needs Traffic Data over IP =gt IP needs Traffic engineeringengineering
Voice over IP =gt Quality of Service and Voice over IP =gt Quality of Service and SignalingSignaling
Backbone -- Optic networksBackbone -- Optic networks IP over ATM IP over ATM （（异步传输模式）异步传输模式） IP over SONET -- POS (Packet over SDH) IP over SONET -- POS (Packet over SDH)
(( 同步同步 )) IP over DWDMIP over DWDM
Asynchronous Transfer Mode ATM
1990rsquos00 standard for high-speed (155Mbps to 1990rsquos00 standard for high-speed (155Mbps to 622 Mbps and higher) 622 Mbps and higher) Broadband Integrated Broadband Integrated Service Digital NetworkService Digital Network architecture architecture
GoalGoal integrated end-end transport of carry integrated end-end transport of carry voice video datavoice video data meeting timingQoS requirements of voice meeting timingQoS requirements of voice
video (versus Internet best-effort model)video (versus Internet best-effort model) ldquoldquonext generationrdquo telephony technical roots next generationrdquo telephony technical roots
in telephone worldin telephone world packet-switching (fixed length packets packet-switching (fixed length packets
called ldquocellsrdquo) using called ldquocellsrdquo) using virtual circuitsvirtual circuits
ATM reference model
How far along are we
Standardization bodies - ATM Forum ITU-T Standardization bodies - ATM Forum ITU-T We may never see end-to-end ATM (1997)We may never see end-to-end ATM (1997)
ATM - too complex - too expansive ltIPgtATM - too complex - too expansive ltIPgt Backbone - 1995 vBNS (ATM) Backbone - 1995 vBNS (ATM)
- 1998 Abilene (SONET) - 2000 IP over - 1998 Abilene (SONET) - 2000 IP over DWDMDWDM
Internet technology + ATM philosophyInternet technology + ATM philosophy but ATM ideas continue to powerfully but ATM ideas continue to powerfully
influence design of next-generation influence design of next-generation InternetInternet
ex ex MPLSMPLS admission ctl resource admission ctl resource reservation hellipreservation hellip
Best of Both Worlds
Multiprotocol label switching (Multiprotocol label switching (MPLSMPLS)) MPLS + IP form a middle ground that MPLS + IP form a middle ground that
combines the best of IP and the best of combines the best of IP and the best of virtual virtual circuit switching technologiescircuit switching technologies
ATM and Frame Relay cannot easily come to ATM and Frame Relay cannot easily come to the middle so IP hasthe middle so IP has
Label Encapsulation
MPLS Encapsulation is specified over MPLS Encapsulation is specified over various media types Top labels may use various media types Top labels may use existing format lower label(s) use a new existing format lower label(s) use a new ldquoshimrdquo label formatldquoshimrdquo label format
Label Substitution Have a friend go to B ahead of you using one of the Have a friend go to B ahead of you using one of the
previous two techniques At every road they reserve previous two techniques At every road they reserve a lane just for you At every intersection they post a a lane just for you At every intersection they post a big sign that says for a given lane which way to turn big sign that says for a given lane which way to turn and what new lane to takeand what new lane to take
Future Internet Research and Experimentation
Todayrsquos Internet Millions of usersMillions of users Web email low-quality audio amp videoWeb email low-quality audio amp video Interconnect personal computers and serversInterconnect personal computers and servers Applications adapt to underlying technologyApplications adapt to underlying technology Todayrsquos Internet DoesnrsquotTodayrsquos Internet Doesnrsquot
Provide reliable end-to-end performanceProvide reliable end-to-end performanceEncourage cooperation on new capabilitiesEncourage cooperation on new capabilitiesAllow testing of new technologiesAllow testing of new technologiesSupport development of revolutionary Support development of revolutionary applicationsapplications
Tomorrowrsquos Internet
Billions of users and devicesBillions of users and devices Convergence of todayrsquos applications Convergence of todayrsquos applications with multimedia (telephony video-with multimedia (telephony video-conference HDTV)conference HDTV)
Interconnect personal computers Interconnect personal computers servers and embedded computersservers and embedded computers
New technologies enable unanticipated New technologies enable unanticipated applications (and create new challenges)applications (and create new challenges)
Vint Cerf Open Challenges
My primary disappointment has been the slow pace of high speed access for residential customers hellip
The second area of disappointment is the slow uptake of version 6 of the Internet protocol (IPv6)
Perhaps the third area is the continuing difficulty caused by viruses worms and distributed denial of service attacksrdquo
How to make the Internet better Addressing current problems
Security1048766 Privacy1048766 Self-diagnosis amp self-healing networks1048766 Cheap connectivity for poor area and third world countries1048766
Wireless mesh networks1048766 sensors1048766 Mobility1048766
New cool apps1048766 What is after IPTV VoIP BitTorrent
Why Internet2 (1996)
The Internet was not designed forThe Internet was not designed forMillions of usersMillions of usersCongestionCongestionMultimediaMultimediaReal time interactionReal time interaction
But only the Internet canBut only the Internet canAccommodate explosive growthAccommodate explosive growthEnable convergence of information Enable convergence of information work mass media and human work mass media and human collaborationcollaboration
Internet2 Project Develop and deploy advanced network Develop and deploy advanced network
applications and technologies accelerating applications and technologies accelerating the creation of tomorrowrsquos Internetthe creation of tomorrowrsquos Internet
GoalsGoals Enable new generation of applicationsEnable new generation of applications Re-create leading edge RampE network Re-create leading edge RampE network
capabilitycapability Transfer capability to the global Transfer capability to the global
production Internetproduction Internet 206 University Members Jan 2005206 University Members Jan 2005
Internet2 Focus Areas Advanced Network Infrastructure - AbileneAdvanced Network Infrastructure - Abilene
Backbones operate at 10 Gbps capacity - 100 Backbones operate at 10 Gbps capacity - 100 Gbps (2007)Gbps (2007)
Middleware Middleware A layer of software between the network and the A layer of software between the network and the
applications applications Authentication Identification Authorization Authentication Identification Authorization
Directories SecurityDirectories Security EngineeringEngineering
IPv6 Measurement Multicast QoS Routing IPv6 Measurement Multicast QoS Routing Security TopologySecurity Topology
Advanced ApplicationsAdvanced Applications Distributed computation Virtual laboratories Distributed computation Virtual laboratories
Digital libraries Distributed learning Digital video Digital libraries Distributed learning Digital video Tele-immersion All of the above in combinationTele-immersion All of the above in combination
Abilene Connections Apr-2000Abilene Connections July 2006
Abilene Connections Apr-2000Abilene International Peering 2006
Research andDevelopment
Commercialization
Partnerships
Privatization
Internet Development Spiral
Todayrsquos Internet
Internet2
University-led Federal agency-led
Developing education and research driven applications
Agency mission-driven and general purpose applications
Building out campus networks gigaPoPs and inter-gigapop
infrastructure
Funding research testbeds and agency research networks
Interconnecting and interoperating to provide advanced networking capabilities needed to support advanced
research and education applications
Internet2 and the Next Generation Internet Initiative
Internet2 NGI
Our Founding (Funding) Fable
Researchers invent new architectures Architectures are validated on a testbed IETF ISPs and router vendors collaborate to deploy new design
This is complete BS
Do Traditional Testbeds Really Test
Production-oriented testbeds Real traffic provides good validation But can test only very incremental changes
Research-oriented testbeds Can test radical architectures Lack of real traffic results in poor validation
Both are expensive (dedicated bandwidth)
What about Deployment Architectural change requires ISP consensus
- Hard to agree- No competitive advantage from architectural innovation
- All have huge sunk investment in the status quo
ISPs are unlikely candidates for architectural change
Architecture isnrsquot just static its decaying Ad hoc workarounds muddy the architectural waters
We are at an Impasse
We canrsquot test new architectures- Despite sizable investments in testbeds
We canrsquot deploy new architectures- And things are getting worse not better
Yet there are pressing requirements for which the current architecture is not well suited
The Communityrsquos Response Focus on areas where we can have impact
Empirical studies Incremental changes (subject to current constraints)
Small stream of architectural proposals Paper designs without hope of deployment
More science fiction than engineering Have largely abandoned hope of effecting fundamental architectural change
Living with rather than overcoming the impasse
Overcoming the Impasse
Must be able to test new architectures Wide range of architectures Real traffic from willing individuals Low overhead for individual researchers
Meet the grand challenge of reinventing the Internet
Empirical incremental research is great but not enough
If someone put us in charge what would we do
What about deployment Several options none good but no excuse to not have an answer to the grand challenge
Testing Virtual Testbed
Overlay testbed (think RON etc) Host proxy directs packets to overlay
Proxy must architecturally neutral and flexible
Individuals (anywhere) opt-in by turning on proxy
Shared testing infrastructure (think Planetlab) Overlay nodes shared among experiments
Slicing on per-packet timescales Virtualized routers
These ideas have turned into the GENI program
Why GENI (Global Environment for Network Innovations) Future Internet Network (2005)
The original designing idea of current information networks is basically a specific network supports one major service
The limitation of the original designing idea can not support the multiple requirements for networks and services (such as Telecom network Internet)
The original design mode of Internet leads to itrsquos shortage in mobility security controllable and administrable
We urgently need redesign the framework of new generation Internet to overcome the serious shortage of current Internet
Providing pervasive and trusted services based on a specific network has became the key research directions of national informatization
GENI (Global Environment for Network Innovations) - NSF 2005 (1)
What is GENIWhat is GENIGENI is GENI is a facility concepta facility concept being explored by being explored by the US computing community the US computing community
back to an NSF workshop in 2005back to an NSF workshop in 2005focus on focus on architecturalarchitectural research and research and provide the provide the experimentalexperimental infrastructure infrastructure needed to support that researchneeded to support that research
focus on the research agenda (and focus on the research agenda (and infrastructure needs) of the infrastructure needs) of the opticaloptical wirelesswireless sensorsensor network and network and distributeddistributed systems communitiessystems communities
GENI (Global Environment for Network Innovations) (2)
The goal of GENI The goal of GENI Goal a Future Internet that meets the Goal a Future Internet that meets the demands of 21st centurydemands of 21st century
to increase the to increase the qualityquality and and quantityquantity of of experimental experimental researchresearch outcomes in networking and distributed outcomes in networking and distributed systemssystems
to accelerate the to accelerate the transitiontransition of these outcomes into of these outcomes into products and servicesproducts and services
enhance economic competitiveness and secure enhance economic competitiveness and secure the Nations futurethe Nations future
Ultimately to lead to a Ultimately to lead to a transition of the transition of the InternetInternet
GENI Research Opportunities (3)
Two dichotomy thought (false or at least Two dichotomy thought (false or at least unnecessary)unnecessary)
a a clean slateclean slate reconceptualization of Internet reconceptualization of Internet architecture architecture
todays 30-year-old architecture that todays 30-year-old architecture that limit its limit its abilityability to cope with emerging threats and to cope with emerging threats and opportunitiesopportunities
bull eroding trust reduced innovation slowing eroding trust reduced innovation slowing updateupdate
future innovation will take the form of new future innovation will take the form of new services and applications running services and applications running on top of the on top of the InternetInternet
GENI Research Opportunities (4)
GENI discussion GENI discussion First we interpret Future Internet very broadly to First we interpret Future Internet very broadly to
include innovations at include innovations at any levelany level of the architecture of the architecture alternative protocols and architectures running alternative protocols and architectures running
inside the network (as overlays on top of inside the network (as overlays on top of todays network) todays network)
Second research should employ Second research should employ clean slate clean slate thinkingthinking but this does but this does not imply that an entirely not imply that an entirely newnew Internet will be necessary In other words Internet will be necessary In other words clean slate is a clean slate is a processprocess not a not a resultresult
Third opportunities Third opportunities betweenbetween two perspectives two perspectives exploring how todays architecture is best exploring how todays architecture is best
evolved to support emerging overlay services evolved to support emerging overlay services
GENI Facility Concept (5)
Facility ConceptFacility Concept experimental platforms for experimental platforms for bothboth research and research and
deploymentdeployment filling the filling the gapgap between small-scale exp and mature between small-scale exp and mature
tech tech GENI evaluate new network systems on large-GENI evaluate new network systems on large-
scalescale
Two levelsTwo levels Physical level Physical level GENI substrateGENI substrate will consist of a will consist of a
collection of links forwarders storage collection of links forwarders storage processors and wireless net processors and wireless net
On top of this substrate a On top of this substrate a software software management management frameworkframework will be overlay network experiments on will be overlay network experiments on
the substratethe substrate
GENI Facility Concept (6)
Four key ideasFour key ideas substrate components will be substrate components will be programmableprogrammable - -
possible to embed any network experiment including possible to embed any network experiment including clean-slate designs clean-slate designs
Substrate will be Substrate will be virtualizable virtualizable -- possible to embed possible to embed multiple slices in the substrate at the same time multiple slices in the substrate at the same time (allow experimental services and architectures to run (allow experimental services and architectures to run continuously) continuously)
GENI will include mechanisms that allow end-users GENI will include mechanisms that allow end-users to to seamlessly seamlessly opt-inopt-in to experimental services to experimental services
GENI will be GENI will be modularmodular ( (architecture and interfaces) - architecture and interfaces) - possible to extend GENI with new networking possible to extend GENI with new networking technologies GENI will not be a static artifact but technologies GENI will not be a static artifact but rather a rather a dynamic infrastructuredynamic infrastructure that is continually that is continually renewedrenewed
FIND (Future Internet Network Design) ndash NSF 2006 (1)
FIND asks two broad questionsFIND asks two broad questions What are the What are the requirementsrequirements for the global network for the global network
in 15 years in 15 years How How would we would we re-conceivere-conceive tomorrows global tomorrows global
network today if we could design it from scratch network today if we could design it from scratch FIND program solicits FIND program solicits clean slate processclean slate process research proposals in the broad area of research proposals in the broad area of network architecture principles and designnetwork architecture principles and design
FIND (Future Internet Network Design) (2)
FIND research might address wide questionsFIND research might address wide questions What will the What will the edgeedge of the network look like in 15 of the network look like in 15
years How might the network years How might the network architecturearchitecture of 15 of 15 years hence best accommodate sensors embedded years hence best accommodate sensors embedded systems and the like systems and the like
How might the network of 15 years from now How might the network of 15 years from now supportsupport what users really do (and care about) How what users really do (and care about) How might such functions as information access location might such functions as information access location management or identity management best fit into a management or identity management best fit into a new overall network architecture new overall network architecture
What will the What will the core core of the network look like in 15 of the network look like in 15 years How might the changing economics of years How might the changing economics of optical systems affect the overall design of the larger optical systems affect the overall design of the larger networknetwork
FIRE (Future Internet Research and Experimentation) ndash European 2007 (1)
Internet has Internet has growngrown to an unexpected reach to an unexpected reach as for the as for the numbernumber of users of users capacitycapacity of the of the links broadband penetration to the links broadband penetration to the homehome servicesservices
ProblemsProblems spam viruses denial of service spam viruses denial of service attacks complexity of managementattacks complexity of management
Internet drawbacks and Internet drawbacks and limitationslimitations ndash to ndash to scalabilityscalability suitabilitysuitability mobilitymobility transparencytransparency securitysecurity
require new radical approaches to require new radical approaches to fundamentally redesign its protocols and fundamentally redesign its protocols and architectures architectures
FIRE (2) FIRE is an FIRE is an experimentallyexperimentally-driven -driven longlong-term research initiative on -term research initiative on
Future Internet Future Internet conceptsconcepts protocolsprotocols and and architecturesarchitectures encompassing technological industrial and socio-economic encompassing technological industrial and socio-economic
aspects aspects acting as proof-of-concept of the newly proposed acting as proof-of-concept of the newly proposed
technologies and services technologies and services FIRE RESEARCHFIRE RESEARCH
Long term multidisciplinary research on future internet Long term multidisciplinary research on future internet paradigms paradigms
Open to Open to fresh bottom-upfresh bottom-up ideas with ideas with no backwards-no backwards-compatibilitycompatibility constraints constraints
Building on the FET SAC initiative ldquoSituated and Autonomic Building on the FET SAC initiative ldquoSituated and Autonomic Communicationsrdquo Communicationsrdquo
Considering at the Considering at the same timesame time technological economic and technological economic and socialpolicy aspects socialpolicy aspects
Build in from the outset and on all levels the right Build in from the outset and on all levels the right balancebalance between security accountability and privacybetween security accountability and privacy
FIRE (3)
FIRE EXPERIMENTATIONFIRE EXPERIMENTATION Large scale experimentationLarge scale experimentation of new paradigms and of new paradigms and
concepts for the future internet and related service concepts for the future internet and related service architectures architectures
Learning through broad experimentation Learning through broad experimentation Integrating and validating new conceptsIntegrating and validating new concepts
Federating and extending Federating and extending existing testbedsexisting testbeds and and research infrastructures research infrastructures
no backwards-compatibility constraints no backwards-compatibility constraints European approach and develop a European European approach and develop a European
identityidentity
- Slide 1
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
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- Slide 115
-
Trend宽带无线网 (Wi-Fi)飞速增长
Integration of 3G and WLAN- offer possibility of achieving anywhere anytime
high speed and low expense Internet access
3G3G WLANWLAN
Wide areaWide area Local areaLocal area
Low bit rate Low bit rate
(2M when stand (2M when stand still)still)
High bit rateHigh bit rate
(11M to 54M)(11M to 54M)
DataVoice serviceDataVoice service
((QoS supportQoS support))
Data serviceData service
High expenseHigh expense Low expenseLow expense
High mobilityHigh mobility Low mobilityLow mobility
Trend Everything over IP
Data over IP =gt IP needs Traffic Data over IP =gt IP needs Traffic engineeringengineering
Voice over IP =gt Quality of Service and Voice over IP =gt Quality of Service and SignalingSignaling
Backbone -- Optic networksBackbone -- Optic networks IP over ATM IP over ATM （（异步传输模式）异步传输模式） IP over SONET -- POS (Packet over SDH) IP over SONET -- POS (Packet over SDH)
(( 同步同步 )) IP over DWDMIP over DWDM
Asynchronous Transfer Mode ATM
1990rsquos00 standard for high-speed (155Mbps to 1990rsquos00 standard for high-speed (155Mbps to 622 Mbps and higher) 622 Mbps and higher) Broadband Integrated Broadband Integrated Service Digital NetworkService Digital Network architecture architecture
GoalGoal integrated end-end transport of carry integrated end-end transport of carry voice video datavoice video data meeting timingQoS requirements of voice meeting timingQoS requirements of voice
video (versus Internet best-effort model)video (versus Internet best-effort model) ldquoldquonext generationrdquo telephony technical roots next generationrdquo telephony technical roots
in telephone worldin telephone world packet-switching (fixed length packets packet-switching (fixed length packets
called ldquocellsrdquo) using called ldquocellsrdquo) using virtual circuitsvirtual circuits
ATM reference model
How far along are we
Standardization bodies - ATM Forum ITU-T Standardization bodies - ATM Forum ITU-T We may never see end-to-end ATM (1997)We may never see end-to-end ATM (1997)
ATM - too complex - too expansive ltIPgtATM - too complex - too expansive ltIPgt Backbone - 1995 vBNS (ATM) Backbone - 1995 vBNS (ATM)
- 1998 Abilene (SONET) - 2000 IP over - 1998 Abilene (SONET) - 2000 IP over DWDMDWDM
Internet technology + ATM philosophyInternet technology + ATM philosophy but ATM ideas continue to powerfully but ATM ideas continue to powerfully
influence design of next-generation influence design of next-generation InternetInternet
ex ex MPLSMPLS admission ctl resource admission ctl resource reservation hellipreservation hellip
Best of Both Worlds
Multiprotocol label switching (Multiprotocol label switching (MPLSMPLS)) MPLS + IP form a middle ground that MPLS + IP form a middle ground that
combines the best of IP and the best of combines the best of IP and the best of virtual virtual circuit switching technologiescircuit switching technologies
ATM and Frame Relay cannot easily come to ATM and Frame Relay cannot easily come to the middle so IP hasthe middle so IP has
Label Encapsulation
MPLS Encapsulation is specified over MPLS Encapsulation is specified over various media types Top labels may use various media types Top labels may use existing format lower label(s) use a new existing format lower label(s) use a new ldquoshimrdquo label formatldquoshimrdquo label format
Label Substitution Have a friend go to B ahead of you using one of the Have a friend go to B ahead of you using one of the
previous two techniques At every road they reserve previous two techniques At every road they reserve a lane just for you At every intersection they post a a lane just for you At every intersection they post a big sign that says for a given lane which way to turn big sign that says for a given lane which way to turn and what new lane to takeand what new lane to take
Future Internet Research and Experimentation
Todayrsquos Internet Millions of usersMillions of users Web email low-quality audio amp videoWeb email low-quality audio amp video Interconnect personal computers and serversInterconnect personal computers and servers Applications adapt to underlying technologyApplications adapt to underlying technology Todayrsquos Internet DoesnrsquotTodayrsquos Internet Doesnrsquot
Provide reliable end-to-end performanceProvide reliable end-to-end performanceEncourage cooperation on new capabilitiesEncourage cooperation on new capabilitiesAllow testing of new technologiesAllow testing of new technologiesSupport development of revolutionary Support development of revolutionary applicationsapplications
Tomorrowrsquos Internet
Billions of users and devicesBillions of users and devices Convergence of todayrsquos applications Convergence of todayrsquos applications with multimedia (telephony video-with multimedia (telephony video-conference HDTV)conference HDTV)
Interconnect personal computers Interconnect personal computers servers and embedded computersservers and embedded computers
New technologies enable unanticipated New technologies enable unanticipated applications (and create new challenges)applications (and create new challenges)
Vint Cerf Open Challenges
My primary disappointment has been the slow pace of high speed access for residential customers hellip
The second area of disappointment is the slow uptake of version 6 of the Internet protocol (IPv6)
Perhaps the third area is the continuing difficulty caused by viruses worms and distributed denial of service attacksrdquo
How to make the Internet better Addressing current problems
Security1048766 Privacy1048766 Self-diagnosis amp self-healing networks1048766 Cheap connectivity for poor area and third world countries1048766
Wireless mesh networks1048766 sensors1048766 Mobility1048766
New cool apps1048766 What is after IPTV VoIP BitTorrent
Why Internet2 (1996)
The Internet was not designed forThe Internet was not designed forMillions of usersMillions of usersCongestionCongestionMultimediaMultimediaReal time interactionReal time interaction
But only the Internet canBut only the Internet canAccommodate explosive growthAccommodate explosive growthEnable convergence of information Enable convergence of information work mass media and human work mass media and human collaborationcollaboration
Internet2 Project Develop and deploy advanced network Develop and deploy advanced network
applications and technologies accelerating applications and technologies accelerating the creation of tomorrowrsquos Internetthe creation of tomorrowrsquos Internet
GoalsGoals Enable new generation of applicationsEnable new generation of applications Re-create leading edge RampE network Re-create leading edge RampE network
capabilitycapability Transfer capability to the global Transfer capability to the global
production Internetproduction Internet 206 University Members Jan 2005206 University Members Jan 2005
Internet2 Focus Areas Advanced Network Infrastructure - AbileneAdvanced Network Infrastructure - Abilene
Backbones operate at 10 Gbps capacity - 100 Backbones operate at 10 Gbps capacity - 100 Gbps (2007)Gbps (2007)
Middleware Middleware A layer of software between the network and the A layer of software between the network and the
applications applications Authentication Identification Authorization Authentication Identification Authorization
Directories SecurityDirectories Security EngineeringEngineering
IPv6 Measurement Multicast QoS Routing IPv6 Measurement Multicast QoS Routing Security TopologySecurity Topology
Advanced ApplicationsAdvanced Applications Distributed computation Virtual laboratories Distributed computation Virtual laboratories
Digital libraries Distributed learning Digital video Digital libraries Distributed learning Digital video Tele-immersion All of the above in combinationTele-immersion All of the above in combination
Abilene Connections Apr-2000Abilene Connections July 2006
Abilene Connections Apr-2000Abilene International Peering 2006
Research andDevelopment
Commercialization
Partnerships
Privatization
Internet Development Spiral
Todayrsquos Internet
Internet2
University-led Federal agency-led
Developing education and research driven applications
Agency mission-driven and general purpose applications
Building out campus networks gigaPoPs and inter-gigapop
infrastructure
Funding research testbeds and agency research networks
Interconnecting and interoperating to provide advanced networking capabilities needed to support advanced
research and education applications
Internet2 and the Next Generation Internet Initiative
Internet2 NGI
Our Founding (Funding) Fable
Researchers invent new architectures Architectures are validated on a testbed IETF ISPs and router vendors collaborate to deploy new design
This is complete BS
Do Traditional Testbeds Really Test
Production-oriented testbeds Real traffic provides good validation But can test only very incremental changes
Research-oriented testbeds Can test radical architectures Lack of real traffic results in poor validation
Both are expensive (dedicated bandwidth)
What about Deployment Architectural change requires ISP consensus
- Hard to agree- No competitive advantage from architectural innovation
- All have huge sunk investment in the status quo
ISPs are unlikely candidates for architectural change
Architecture isnrsquot just static its decaying Ad hoc workarounds muddy the architectural waters
We are at an Impasse
We canrsquot test new architectures- Despite sizable investments in testbeds
We canrsquot deploy new architectures- And things are getting worse not better
Yet there are pressing requirements for which the current architecture is not well suited
The Communityrsquos Response Focus on areas where we can have impact
Empirical studies Incremental changes (subject to current constraints)
Small stream of architectural proposals Paper designs without hope of deployment
More science fiction than engineering Have largely abandoned hope of effecting fundamental architectural change
Living with rather than overcoming the impasse
Overcoming the Impasse
Must be able to test new architectures Wide range of architectures Real traffic from willing individuals Low overhead for individual researchers
Meet the grand challenge of reinventing the Internet
Empirical incremental research is great but not enough
If someone put us in charge what would we do
What about deployment Several options none good but no excuse to not have an answer to the grand challenge
Testing Virtual Testbed
Overlay testbed (think RON etc) Host proxy directs packets to overlay
Proxy must architecturally neutral and flexible
Individuals (anywhere) opt-in by turning on proxy
Shared testing infrastructure (think Planetlab) Overlay nodes shared among experiments
Slicing on per-packet timescales Virtualized routers
These ideas have turned into the GENI program
Why GENI (Global Environment for Network Innovations) Future Internet Network (2005)
The original designing idea of current information networks is basically a specific network supports one major service
The limitation of the original designing idea can not support the multiple requirements for networks and services (such as Telecom network Internet)
The original design mode of Internet leads to itrsquos shortage in mobility security controllable and administrable
We urgently need redesign the framework of new generation Internet to overcome the serious shortage of current Internet
Providing pervasive and trusted services based on a specific network has became the key research directions of national informatization
GENI (Global Environment for Network Innovations) - NSF 2005 (1)
What is GENIWhat is GENIGENI is GENI is a facility concepta facility concept being explored by being explored by the US computing community the US computing community
back to an NSF workshop in 2005back to an NSF workshop in 2005focus on focus on architecturalarchitectural research and research and provide the provide the experimentalexperimental infrastructure infrastructure needed to support that researchneeded to support that research
focus on the research agenda (and focus on the research agenda (and infrastructure needs) of the infrastructure needs) of the opticaloptical wirelesswireless sensorsensor network and network and distributeddistributed systems communitiessystems communities
GENI (Global Environment for Network Innovations) (2)
The goal of GENI The goal of GENI Goal a Future Internet that meets the Goal a Future Internet that meets the demands of 21st centurydemands of 21st century
to increase the to increase the qualityquality and and quantityquantity of of experimental experimental researchresearch outcomes in networking and distributed outcomes in networking and distributed systemssystems
to accelerate the to accelerate the transitiontransition of these outcomes into of these outcomes into products and servicesproducts and services
enhance economic competitiveness and secure enhance economic competitiveness and secure the Nations futurethe Nations future
Ultimately to lead to a Ultimately to lead to a transition of the transition of the InternetInternet
GENI Research Opportunities (3)
Two dichotomy thought (false or at least Two dichotomy thought (false or at least unnecessary)unnecessary)
a a clean slateclean slate reconceptualization of Internet reconceptualization of Internet architecture architecture
todays 30-year-old architecture that todays 30-year-old architecture that limit its limit its abilityability to cope with emerging threats and to cope with emerging threats and opportunitiesopportunities
bull eroding trust reduced innovation slowing eroding trust reduced innovation slowing updateupdate
future innovation will take the form of new future innovation will take the form of new services and applications running services and applications running on top of the on top of the InternetInternet
GENI Research Opportunities (4)
GENI discussion GENI discussion First we interpret Future Internet very broadly to First we interpret Future Internet very broadly to
include innovations at include innovations at any levelany level of the architecture of the architecture alternative protocols and architectures running alternative protocols and architectures running
inside the network (as overlays on top of inside the network (as overlays on top of todays network) todays network)
Second research should employ Second research should employ clean slate clean slate thinkingthinking but this does but this does not imply that an entirely not imply that an entirely newnew Internet will be necessary In other words Internet will be necessary In other words clean slate is a clean slate is a processprocess not a not a resultresult
Third opportunities Third opportunities betweenbetween two perspectives two perspectives exploring how todays architecture is best exploring how todays architecture is best
evolved to support emerging overlay services evolved to support emerging overlay services
GENI Facility Concept (5)
Facility ConceptFacility Concept experimental platforms for experimental platforms for bothboth research and research and
deploymentdeployment filling the filling the gapgap between small-scale exp and mature between small-scale exp and mature
tech tech GENI evaluate new network systems on large-GENI evaluate new network systems on large-
scalescale
Two levelsTwo levels Physical level Physical level GENI substrateGENI substrate will consist of a will consist of a
collection of links forwarders storage collection of links forwarders storage processors and wireless net processors and wireless net
On top of this substrate a On top of this substrate a software software management management frameworkframework will be overlay network experiments on will be overlay network experiments on
the substratethe substrate
GENI Facility Concept (6)
Four key ideasFour key ideas substrate components will be substrate components will be programmableprogrammable - -
possible to embed any network experiment including possible to embed any network experiment including clean-slate designs clean-slate designs
Substrate will be Substrate will be virtualizable virtualizable -- possible to embed possible to embed multiple slices in the substrate at the same time multiple slices in the substrate at the same time (allow experimental services and architectures to run (allow experimental services and architectures to run continuously) continuously)
GENI will include mechanisms that allow end-users GENI will include mechanisms that allow end-users to to seamlessly seamlessly opt-inopt-in to experimental services to experimental services
GENI will be GENI will be modularmodular ( (architecture and interfaces) - architecture and interfaces) - possible to extend GENI with new networking possible to extend GENI with new networking technologies GENI will not be a static artifact but technologies GENI will not be a static artifact but rather a rather a dynamic infrastructuredynamic infrastructure that is continually that is continually renewedrenewed
FIND (Future Internet Network Design) ndash NSF 2006 (1)
FIND asks two broad questionsFIND asks two broad questions What are the What are the requirementsrequirements for the global network for the global network
in 15 years in 15 years How How would we would we re-conceivere-conceive tomorrows global tomorrows global
network today if we could design it from scratch network today if we could design it from scratch FIND program solicits FIND program solicits clean slate processclean slate process research proposals in the broad area of research proposals in the broad area of network architecture principles and designnetwork architecture principles and design
FIND (Future Internet Network Design) (2)
FIND research might address wide questionsFIND research might address wide questions What will the What will the edgeedge of the network look like in 15 of the network look like in 15
years How might the network years How might the network architecturearchitecture of 15 of 15 years hence best accommodate sensors embedded years hence best accommodate sensors embedded systems and the like systems and the like
How might the network of 15 years from now How might the network of 15 years from now supportsupport what users really do (and care about) How what users really do (and care about) How might such functions as information access location might such functions as information access location management or identity management best fit into a management or identity management best fit into a new overall network architecture new overall network architecture
What will the What will the core core of the network look like in 15 of the network look like in 15 years How might the changing economics of years How might the changing economics of optical systems affect the overall design of the larger optical systems affect the overall design of the larger networknetwork
FIRE (Future Internet Research and Experimentation) ndash European 2007 (1)
Internet has Internet has growngrown to an unexpected reach to an unexpected reach as for the as for the numbernumber of users of users capacitycapacity of the of the links broadband penetration to the links broadband penetration to the homehome servicesservices
ProblemsProblems spam viruses denial of service spam viruses denial of service attacks complexity of managementattacks complexity of management
Internet drawbacks and Internet drawbacks and limitationslimitations ndash to ndash to scalabilityscalability suitabilitysuitability mobilitymobility transparencytransparency securitysecurity
require new radical approaches to require new radical approaches to fundamentally redesign its protocols and fundamentally redesign its protocols and architectures architectures
FIRE (2) FIRE is an FIRE is an experimentallyexperimentally-driven -driven longlong-term research initiative on -term research initiative on
Future Internet Future Internet conceptsconcepts protocolsprotocols and and architecturesarchitectures encompassing technological industrial and socio-economic encompassing technological industrial and socio-economic
aspects aspects acting as proof-of-concept of the newly proposed acting as proof-of-concept of the newly proposed
technologies and services technologies and services FIRE RESEARCHFIRE RESEARCH
Long term multidisciplinary research on future internet Long term multidisciplinary research on future internet paradigms paradigms
Open to Open to fresh bottom-upfresh bottom-up ideas with ideas with no backwards-no backwards-compatibilitycompatibility constraints constraints
Building on the FET SAC initiative ldquoSituated and Autonomic Building on the FET SAC initiative ldquoSituated and Autonomic Communicationsrdquo Communicationsrdquo
Considering at the Considering at the same timesame time technological economic and technological economic and socialpolicy aspects socialpolicy aspects
Build in from the outset and on all levels the right Build in from the outset and on all levels the right balancebalance between security accountability and privacybetween security accountability and privacy
FIRE (3)
FIRE EXPERIMENTATIONFIRE EXPERIMENTATION Large scale experimentationLarge scale experimentation of new paradigms and of new paradigms and
concepts for the future internet and related service concepts for the future internet and related service architectures architectures
Learning through broad experimentation Learning through broad experimentation Integrating and validating new conceptsIntegrating and validating new concepts
Federating and extending Federating and extending existing testbedsexisting testbeds and and research infrastructures research infrastructures
no backwards-compatibility constraints no backwards-compatibility constraints European approach and develop a European European approach and develop a European
identityidentity
- Slide 1
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
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- Slide 96
- Slide 97
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- Slide 100
- Slide 101
- Slide 102
- Slide 103
- Slide 104
- Slide 105
- Slide 106
- Slide 107
- Slide 108
- Slide 109
- Slide 110
- Slide 113
- Slide 114
- Slide 115
-
Integration of 3G and WLAN- offer possibility of achieving anywhere anytime
high speed and low expense Internet access
3G3G WLANWLAN
Wide areaWide area Local areaLocal area
Low bit rate Low bit rate
(2M when stand (2M when stand still)still)
High bit rateHigh bit rate
(11M to 54M)(11M to 54M)
DataVoice serviceDataVoice service
((QoS supportQoS support))
Data serviceData service
High expenseHigh expense Low expenseLow expense
High mobilityHigh mobility Low mobilityLow mobility
Trend Everything over IP
Data over IP =gt IP needs Traffic Data over IP =gt IP needs Traffic engineeringengineering
Voice over IP =gt Quality of Service and Voice over IP =gt Quality of Service and SignalingSignaling
Backbone -- Optic networksBackbone -- Optic networks IP over ATM IP over ATM （（异步传输模式）异步传输模式） IP over SONET -- POS (Packet over SDH) IP over SONET -- POS (Packet over SDH)
(( 同步同步 )) IP over DWDMIP over DWDM
Asynchronous Transfer Mode ATM
1990rsquos00 standard for high-speed (155Mbps to 1990rsquos00 standard for high-speed (155Mbps to 622 Mbps and higher) 622 Mbps and higher) Broadband Integrated Broadband Integrated Service Digital NetworkService Digital Network architecture architecture
GoalGoal integrated end-end transport of carry integrated end-end transport of carry voice video datavoice video data meeting timingQoS requirements of voice meeting timingQoS requirements of voice
video (versus Internet best-effort model)video (versus Internet best-effort model) ldquoldquonext generationrdquo telephony technical roots next generationrdquo telephony technical roots
in telephone worldin telephone world packet-switching (fixed length packets packet-switching (fixed length packets
called ldquocellsrdquo) using called ldquocellsrdquo) using virtual circuitsvirtual circuits
ATM reference model
How far along are we
Standardization bodies - ATM Forum ITU-T Standardization bodies - ATM Forum ITU-T We may never see end-to-end ATM (1997)We may never see end-to-end ATM (1997)
ATM - too complex - too expansive ltIPgtATM - too complex - too expansive ltIPgt Backbone - 1995 vBNS (ATM) Backbone - 1995 vBNS (ATM)
- 1998 Abilene (SONET) - 2000 IP over - 1998 Abilene (SONET) - 2000 IP over DWDMDWDM
Internet technology + ATM philosophyInternet technology + ATM philosophy but ATM ideas continue to powerfully but ATM ideas continue to powerfully
influence design of next-generation influence design of next-generation InternetInternet
ex ex MPLSMPLS admission ctl resource admission ctl resource reservation hellipreservation hellip
Best of Both Worlds
Multiprotocol label switching (Multiprotocol label switching (MPLSMPLS)) MPLS + IP form a middle ground that MPLS + IP form a middle ground that
combines the best of IP and the best of combines the best of IP and the best of virtual virtual circuit switching technologiescircuit switching technologies
ATM and Frame Relay cannot easily come to ATM and Frame Relay cannot easily come to the middle so IP hasthe middle so IP has
Label Encapsulation
MPLS Encapsulation is specified over MPLS Encapsulation is specified over various media types Top labels may use various media types Top labels may use existing format lower label(s) use a new existing format lower label(s) use a new ldquoshimrdquo label formatldquoshimrdquo label format
Label Substitution Have a friend go to B ahead of you using one of the Have a friend go to B ahead of you using one of the
previous two techniques At every road they reserve previous two techniques At every road they reserve a lane just for you At every intersection they post a a lane just for you At every intersection they post a big sign that says for a given lane which way to turn big sign that says for a given lane which way to turn and what new lane to takeand what new lane to take
Future Internet Research and Experimentation
Todayrsquos Internet Millions of usersMillions of users Web email low-quality audio amp videoWeb email low-quality audio amp video Interconnect personal computers and serversInterconnect personal computers and servers Applications adapt to underlying technologyApplications adapt to underlying technology Todayrsquos Internet DoesnrsquotTodayrsquos Internet Doesnrsquot
Provide reliable end-to-end performanceProvide reliable end-to-end performanceEncourage cooperation on new capabilitiesEncourage cooperation on new capabilitiesAllow testing of new technologiesAllow testing of new technologiesSupport development of revolutionary Support development of revolutionary applicationsapplications
Tomorrowrsquos Internet
Billions of users and devicesBillions of users and devices Convergence of todayrsquos applications Convergence of todayrsquos applications with multimedia (telephony video-with multimedia (telephony video-conference HDTV)conference HDTV)
Interconnect personal computers Interconnect personal computers servers and embedded computersservers and embedded computers
New technologies enable unanticipated New technologies enable unanticipated applications (and create new challenges)applications (and create new challenges)
Vint Cerf Open Challenges
My primary disappointment has been the slow pace of high speed access for residential customers hellip
The second area of disappointment is the slow uptake of version 6 of the Internet protocol (IPv6)
Perhaps the third area is the continuing difficulty caused by viruses worms and distributed denial of service attacksrdquo
How to make the Internet better Addressing current problems
Security1048766 Privacy1048766 Self-diagnosis amp self-healing networks1048766 Cheap connectivity for poor area and third world countries1048766
Wireless mesh networks1048766 sensors1048766 Mobility1048766
New cool apps1048766 What is after IPTV VoIP BitTorrent
Why Internet2 (1996)
The Internet was not designed forThe Internet was not designed forMillions of usersMillions of usersCongestionCongestionMultimediaMultimediaReal time interactionReal time interaction
But only the Internet canBut only the Internet canAccommodate explosive growthAccommodate explosive growthEnable convergence of information Enable convergence of information work mass media and human work mass media and human collaborationcollaboration
Internet2 Project Develop and deploy advanced network Develop and deploy advanced network
applications and technologies accelerating applications and technologies accelerating the creation of tomorrowrsquos Internetthe creation of tomorrowrsquos Internet
GoalsGoals Enable new generation of applicationsEnable new generation of applications Re-create leading edge RampE network Re-create leading edge RampE network
capabilitycapability Transfer capability to the global Transfer capability to the global
production Internetproduction Internet 206 University Members Jan 2005206 University Members Jan 2005
Internet2 Focus Areas Advanced Network Infrastructure - AbileneAdvanced Network Infrastructure - Abilene
Backbones operate at 10 Gbps capacity - 100 Backbones operate at 10 Gbps capacity - 100 Gbps (2007)Gbps (2007)
Middleware Middleware A layer of software between the network and the A layer of software between the network and the
applications applications Authentication Identification Authorization Authentication Identification Authorization
Directories SecurityDirectories Security EngineeringEngineering
IPv6 Measurement Multicast QoS Routing IPv6 Measurement Multicast QoS Routing Security TopologySecurity Topology
Advanced ApplicationsAdvanced Applications Distributed computation Virtual laboratories Distributed computation Virtual laboratories
Digital libraries Distributed learning Digital video Digital libraries Distributed learning Digital video Tele-immersion All of the above in combinationTele-immersion All of the above in combination
Abilene Connections Apr-2000Abilene Connections July 2006
Abilene Connections Apr-2000Abilene International Peering 2006
Research andDevelopment
Commercialization
Partnerships
Privatization
Internet Development Spiral
Todayrsquos Internet
Internet2
University-led Federal agency-led
Developing education and research driven applications
Agency mission-driven and general purpose applications
Building out campus networks gigaPoPs and inter-gigapop
infrastructure
Funding research testbeds and agency research networks
Interconnecting and interoperating to provide advanced networking capabilities needed to support advanced
research and education applications
Internet2 and the Next Generation Internet Initiative
Internet2 NGI
Our Founding (Funding) Fable
Researchers invent new architectures Architectures are validated on a testbed IETF ISPs and router vendors collaborate to deploy new design
This is complete BS
Do Traditional Testbeds Really Test
Production-oriented testbeds Real traffic provides good validation But can test only very incremental changes
Research-oriented testbeds Can test radical architectures Lack of real traffic results in poor validation
Both are expensive (dedicated bandwidth)
What about Deployment Architectural change requires ISP consensus
- Hard to agree- No competitive advantage from architectural innovation
- All have huge sunk investment in the status quo
ISPs are unlikely candidates for architectural change
Architecture isnrsquot just static its decaying Ad hoc workarounds muddy the architectural waters
We are at an Impasse
We canrsquot test new architectures- Despite sizable investments in testbeds
We canrsquot deploy new architectures- And things are getting worse not better
Yet there are pressing requirements for which the current architecture is not well suited
The Communityrsquos Response Focus on areas where we can have impact
Empirical studies Incremental changes (subject to current constraints)
Small stream of architectural proposals Paper designs without hope of deployment
More science fiction than engineering Have largely abandoned hope of effecting fundamental architectural change
Living with rather than overcoming the impasse
Overcoming the Impasse
Must be able to test new architectures Wide range of architectures Real traffic from willing individuals Low overhead for individual researchers
Meet the grand challenge of reinventing the Internet
Empirical incremental research is great but not enough
If someone put us in charge what would we do
What about deployment Several options none good but no excuse to not have an answer to the grand challenge
Testing Virtual Testbed
Overlay testbed (think RON etc) Host proxy directs packets to overlay
Proxy must architecturally neutral and flexible
Individuals (anywhere) opt-in by turning on proxy
Shared testing infrastructure (think Planetlab) Overlay nodes shared among experiments
Slicing on per-packet timescales Virtualized routers
These ideas have turned into the GENI program
Why GENI (Global Environment for Network Innovations) Future Internet Network (2005)
The original designing idea of current information networks is basically a specific network supports one major service
The limitation of the original designing idea can not support the multiple requirements for networks and services (such as Telecom network Internet)
The original design mode of Internet leads to itrsquos shortage in mobility security controllable and administrable
We urgently need redesign the framework of new generation Internet to overcome the serious shortage of current Internet
Providing pervasive and trusted services based on a specific network has became the key research directions of national informatization
GENI (Global Environment for Network Innovations) - NSF 2005 (1)
What is GENIWhat is GENIGENI is GENI is a facility concepta facility concept being explored by being explored by the US computing community the US computing community
back to an NSF workshop in 2005back to an NSF workshop in 2005focus on focus on architecturalarchitectural research and research and provide the provide the experimentalexperimental infrastructure infrastructure needed to support that researchneeded to support that research
focus on the research agenda (and focus on the research agenda (and infrastructure needs) of the infrastructure needs) of the opticaloptical wirelesswireless sensorsensor network and network and distributeddistributed systems communitiessystems communities
GENI (Global Environment for Network Innovations) (2)
The goal of GENI The goal of GENI Goal a Future Internet that meets the Goal a Future Internet that meets the demands of 21st centurydemands of 21st century
to increase the to increase the qualityquality and and quantityquantity of of experimental experimental researchresearch outcomes in networking and distributed outcomes in networking and distributed systemssystems
to accelerate the to accelerate the transitiontransition of these outcomes into of these outcomes into products and servicesproducts and services
enhance economic competitiveness and secure enhance economic competitiveness and secure the Nations futurethe Nations future
Ultimately to lead to a Ultimately to lead to a transition of the transition of the InternetInternet
GENI Research Opportunities (3)
Two dichotomy thought (false or at least Two dichotomy thought (false or at least unnecessary)unnecessary)
a a clean slateclean slate reconceptualization of Internet reconceptualization of Internet architecture architecture
todays 30-year-old architecture that todays 30-year-old architecture that limit its limit its abilityability to cope with emerging threats and to cope with emerging threats and opportunitiesopportunities
bull eroding trust reduced innovation slowing eroding trust reduced innovation slowing updateupdate
future innovation will take the form of new future innovation will take the form of new services and applications running services and applications running on top of the on top of the InternetInternet
GENI Research Opportunities (4)
GENI discussion GENI discussion First we interpret Future Internet very broadly to First we interpret Future Internet very broadly to
include innovations at include innovations at any levelany level of the architecture of the architecture alternative protocols and architectures running alternative protocols and architectures running
inside the network (as overlays on top of inside the network (as overlays on top of todays network) todays network)
Second research should employ Second research should employ clean slate clean slate thinkingthinking but this does but this does not imply that an entirely not imply that an entirely newnew Internet will be necessary In other words Internet will be necessary In other words clean slate is a clean slate is a processprocess not a not a resultresult
Third opportunities Third opportunities betweenbetween two perspectives two perspectives exploring how todays architecture is best exploring how todays architecture is best
evolved to support emerging overlay services evolved to support emerging overlay services
GENI Facility Concept (5)
Facility ConceptFacility Concept experimental platforms for experimental platforms for bothboth research and research and
deploymentdeployment filling the filling the gapgap between small-scale exp and mature between small-scale exp and mature
tech tech GENI evaluate new network systems on large-GENI evaluate new network systems on large-
scalescale
Two levelsTwo levels Physical level Physical level GENI substrateGENI substrate will consist of a will consist of a
collection of links forwarders storage collection of links forwarders storage processors and wireless net processors and wireless net
On top of this substrate a On top of this substrate a software software management management frameworkframework will be overlay network experiments on will be overlay network experiments on
the substratethe substrate
GENI Facility Concept (6)
Four key ideasFour key ideas substrate components will be substrate components will be programmableprogrammable - -
possible to embed any network experiment including possible to embed any network experiment including clean-slate designs clean-slate designs
Substrate will be Substrate will be virtualizable virtualizable -- possible to embed possible to embed multiple slices in the substrate at the same time multiple slices in the substrate at the same time (allow experimental services and architectures to run (allow experimental services and architectures to run continuously) continuously)
GENI will include mechanisms that allow end-users GENI will include mechanisms that allow end-users to to seamlessly seamlessly opt-inopt-in to experimental services to experimental services
GENI will be GENI will be modularmodular ( (architecture and interfaces) - architecture and interfaces) - possible to extend GENI with new networking possible to extend GENI with new networking technologies GENI will not be a static artifact but technologies GENI will not be a static artifact but rather a rather a dynamic infrastructuredynamic infrastructure that is continually that is continually renewedrenewed
FIND (Future Internet Network Design) ndash NSF 2006 (1)
FIND asks two broad questionsFIND asks two broad questions What are the What are the requirementsrequirements for the global network for the global network
in 15 years in 15 years How How would we would we re-conceivere-conceive tomorrows global tomorrows global
network today if we could design it from scratch network today if we could design it from scratch FIND program solicits FIND program solicits clean slate processclean slate process research proposals in the broad area of research proposals in the broad area of network architecture principles and designnetwork architecture principles and design
FIND (Future Internet Network Design) (2)
FIND research might address wide questionsFIND research might address wide questions What will the What will the edgeedge of the network look like in 15 of the network look like in 15
years How might the network years How might the network architecturearchitecture of 15 of 15 years hence best accommodate sensors embedded years hence best accommodate sensors embedded systems and the like systems and the like
How might the network of 15 years from now How might the network of 15 years from now supportsupport what users really do (and care about) How what users really do (and care about) How might such functions as information access location might such functions as information access location management or identity management best fit into a management or identity management best fit into a new overall network architecture new overall network architecture
What will the What will the core core of the network look like in 15 of the network look like in 15 years How might the changing economics of years How might the changing economics of optical systems affect the overall design of the larger optical systems affect the overall design of the larger networknetwork
FIRE (Future Internet Research and Experimentation) ndash European 2007 (1)
Internet has Internet has growngrown to an unexpected reach to an unexpected reach as for the as for the numbernumber of users of users capacitycapacity of the of the links broadband penetration to the links broadband penetration to the homehome servicesservices
ProblemsProblems spam viruses denial of service spam viruses denial of service attacks complexity of managementattacks complexity of management
Internet drawbacks and Internet drawbacks and limitationslimitations ndash to ndash to scalabilityscalability suitabilitysuitability mobilitymobility transparencytransparency securitysecurity
require new radical approaches to require new radical approaches to fundamentally redesign its protocols and fundamentally redesign its protocols and architectures architectures
FIRE (2) FIRE is an FIRE is an experimentallyexperimentally-driven -driven longlong-term research initiative on -term research initiative on
Future Internet Future Internet conceptsconcepts protocolsprotocols and and architecturesarchitectures encompassing technological industrial and socio-economic encompassing technological industrial and socio-economic
aspects aspects acting as proof-of-concept of the newly proposed acting as proof-of-concept of the newly proposed
technologies and services technologies and services FIRE RESEARCHFIRE RESEARCH
Long term multidisciplinary research on future internet Long term multidisciplinary research on future internet paradigms paradigms
Open to Open to fresh bottom-upfresh bottom-up ideas with ideas with no backwards-no backwards-compatibilitycompatibility constraints constraints
Building on the FET SAC initiative ldquoSituated and Autonomic Building on the FET SAC initiative ldquoSituated and Autonomic Communicationsrdquo Communicationsrdquo
Considering at the Considering at the same timesame time technological economic and technological economic and socialpolicy aspects socialpolicy aspects
Build in from the outset and on all levels the right Build in from the outset and on all levels the right balancebalance between security accountability and privacybetween security accountability and privacy
FIRE (3)
FIRE EXPERIMENTATIONFIRE EXPERIMENTATION Large scale experimentationLarge scale experimentation of new paradigms and of new paradigms and
concepts for the future internet and related service concepts for the future internet and related service architectures architectures
Learning through broad experimentation Learning through broad experimentation Integrating and validating new conceptsIntegrating and validating new concepts
Federating and extending Federating and extending existing testbedsexisting testbeds and and research infrastructures research infrastructures
no backwards-compatibility constraints no backwards-compatibility constraints European approach and develop a European European approach and develop a European
identityidentity
- Slide 1
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- Slide 114
- Slide 115
-
Trend Everything over IP
Data over IP =gt IP needs Traffic Data over IP =gt IP needs Traffic engineeringengineering
Voice over IP =gt Quality of Service and Voice over IP =gt Quality of Service and SignalingSignaling
Backbone -- Optic networksBackbone -- Optic networks IP over ATM IP over ATM （（异步传输模式）异步传输模式） IP over SONET -- POS (Packet over SDH) IP over SONET -- POS (Packet over SDH)
(( 同步同步 )) IP over DWDMIP over DWDM
Asynchronous Transfer Mode ATM
1990rsquos00 standard for high-speed (155Mbps to 1990rsquos00 standard for high-speed (155Mbps to 622 Mbps and higher) 622 Mbps and higher) Broadband Integrated Broadband Integrated Service Digital NetworkService Digital Network architecture architecture
GoalGoal integrated end-end transport of carry integrated end-end transport of carry voice video datavoice video data meeting timingQoS requirements of voice meeting timingQoS requirements of voice
video (versus Internet best-effort model)video (versus Internet best-effort model) ldquoldquonext generationrdquo telephony technical roots next generationrdquo telephony technical roots
in telephone worldin telephone world packet-switching (fixed length packets packet-switching (fixed length packets
called ldquocellsrdquo) using called ldquocellsrdquo) using virtual circuitsvirtual circuits
ATM reference model
How far along are we
Standardization bodies - ATM Forum ITU-T Standardization bodies - ATM Forum ITU-T We may never see end-to-end ATM (1997)We may never see end-to-end ATM (1997)
ATM - too complex - too expansive ltIPgtATM - too complex - too expansive ltIPgt Backbone - 1995 vBNS (ATM) Backbone - 1995 vBNS (ATM)
- 1998 Abilene (SONET) - 2000 IP over - 1998 Abilene (SONET) - 2000 IP over DWDMDWDM
Internet technology + ATM philosophyInternet technology + ATM philosophy but ATM ideas continue to powerfully but ATM ideas continue to powerfully
influence design of next-generation influence design of next-generation InternetInternet
ex ex MPLSMPLS admission ctl resource admission ctl resource reservation hellipreservation hellip
Best of Both Worlds
Multiprotocol label switching (Multiprotocol label switching (MPLSMPLS)) MPLS + IP form a middle ground that MPLS + IP form a middle ground that
combines the best of IP and the best of combines the best of IP and the best of virtual virtual circuit switching technologiescircuit switching technologies
ATM and Frame Relay cannot easily come to ATM and Frame Relay cannot easily come to the middle so IP hasthe middle so IP has
Label Encapsulation
MPLS Encapsulation is specified over MPLS Encapsulation is specified over various media types Top labels may use various media types Top labels may use existing format lower label(s) use a new existing format lower label(s) use a new ldquoshimrdquo label formatldquoshimrdquo label format
Label Substitution Have a friend go to B ahead of you using one of the Have a friend go to B ahead of you using one of the
previous two techniques At every road they reserve previous two techniques At every road they reserve a lane just for you At every intersection they post a a lane just for you At every intersection they post a big sign that says for a given lane which way to turn big sign that says for a given lane which way to turn and what new lane to takeand what new lane to take
Future Internet Research and Experimentation
Todayrsquos Internet Millions of usersMillions of users Web email low-quality audio amp videoWeb email low-quality audio amp video Interconnect personal computers and serversInterconnect personal computers and servers Applications adapt to underlying technologyApplications adapt to underlying technology Todayrsquos Internet DoesnrsquotTodayrsquos Internet Doesnrsquot
Provide reliable end-to-end performanceProvide reliable end-to-end performanceEncourage cooperation on new capabilitiesEncourage cooperation on new capabilitiesAllow testing of new technologiesAllow testing of new technologiesSupport development of revolutionary Support development of revolutionary applicationsapplications
Tomorrowrsquos Internet
Billions of users and devicesBillions of users and devices Convergence of todayrsquos applications Convergence of todayrsquos applications with multimedia (telephony video-with multimedia (telephony video-conference HDTV)conference HDTV)
Interconnect personal computers Interconnect personal computers servers and embedded computersservers and embedded computers
New technologies enable unanticipated New technologies enable unanticipated applications (and create new challenges)applications (and create new challenges)
Vint Cerf Open Challenges
My primary disappointment has been the slow pace of high speed access for residential customers hellip
The second area of disappointment is the slow uptake of version 6 of the Internet protocol (IPv6)
Perhaps the third area is the continuing difficulty caused by viruses worms and distributed denial of service attacksrdquo
How to make the Internet better Addressing current problems
Security1048766 Privacy1048766 Self-diagnosis amp self-healing networks1048766 Cheap connectivity for poor area and third world countries1048766
Wireless mesh networks1048766 sensors1048766 Mobility1048766
New cool apps1048766 What is after IPTV VoIP BitTorrent
Why Internet2 (1996)
The Internet was not designed forThe Internet was not designed forMillions of usersMillions of usersCongestionCongestionMultimediaMultimediaReal time interactionReal time interaction
But only the Internet canBut only the Internet canAccommodate explosive growthAccommodate explosive growthEnable convergence of information Enable convergence of information work mass media and human work mass media and human collaborationcollaboration
Internet2 Project Develop and deploy advanced network Develop and deploy advanced network
applications and technologies accelerating applications and technologies accelerating the creation of tomorrowrsquos Internetthe creation of tomorrowrsquos Internet
GoalsGoals Enable new generation of applicationsEnable new generation of applications Re-create leading edge RampE network Re-create leading edge RampE network
capabilitycapability Transfer capability to the global Transfer capability to the global
production Internetproduction Internet 206 University Members Jan 2005206 University Members Jan 2005
Internet2 Focus Areas Advanced Network Infrastructure - AbileneAdvanced Network Infrastructure - Abilene
Backbones operate at 10 Gbps capacity - 100 Backbones operate at 10 Gbps capacity - 100 Gbps (2007)Gbps (2007)
Middleware Middleware A layer of software between the network and the A layer of software between the network and the
applications applications Authentication Identification Authorization Authentication Identification Authorization
Directories SecurityDirectories Security EngineeringEngineering
IPv6 Measurement Multicast QoS Routing IPv6 Measurement Multicast QoS Routing Security TopologySecurity Topology
Advanced ApplicationsAdvanced Applications Distributed computation Virtual laboratories Distributed computation Virtual laboratories
Digital libraries Distributed learning Digital video Digital libraries Distributed learning Digital video Tele-immersion All of the above in combinationTele-immersion All of the above in combination
Abilene Connections Apr-2000Abilene Connections July 2006
Abilene Connections Apr-2000Abilene International Peering 2006
Research andDevelopment
Commercialization
Partnerships
Privatization
Internet Development Spiral
Todayrsquos Internet
Internet2
University-led Federal agency-led
Developing education and research driven applications
Agency mission-driven and general purpose applications
Building out campus networks gigaPoPs and inter-gigapop
infrastructure
Funding research testbeds and agency research networks
Interconnecting and interoperating to provide advanced networking capabilities needed to support advanced
research and education applications
Internet2 and the Next Generation Internet Initiative
Internet2 NGI
Our Founding (Funding) Fable
Researchers invent new architectures Architectures are validated on a testbed IETF ISPs and router vendors collaborate to deploy new design
This is complete BS
Do Traditional Testbeds Really Test
Production-oriented testbeds Real traffic provides good validation But can test only very incremental changes
Research-oriented testbeds Can test radical architectures Lack of real traffic results in poor validation
Both are expensive (dedicated bandwidth)
What about Deployment Architectural change requires ISP consensus
- Hard to agree- No competitive advantage from architectural innovation
- All have huge sunk investment in the status quo
ISPs are unlikely candidates for architectural change
Architecture isnrsquot just static its decaying Ad hoc workarounds muddy the architectural waters
We are at an Impasse
We canrsquot test new architectures- Despite sizable investments in testbeds
We canrsquot deploy new architectures- And things are getting worse not better
Yet there are pressing requirements for which the current architecture is not well suited
The Communityrsquos Response Focus on areas where we can have impact
Empirical studies Incremental changes (subject to current constraints)
Small stream of architectural proposals Paper designs without hope of deployment
More science fiction than engineering Have largely abandoned hope of effecting fundamental architectural change
Living with rather than overcoming the impasse
Overcoming the Impasse
Must be able to test new architectures Wide range of architectures Real traffic from willing individuals Low overhead for individual researchers
Meet the grand challenge of reinventing the Internet
Empirical incremental research is great but not enough
If someone put us in charge what would we do
What about deployment Several options none good but no excuse to not have an answer to the grand challenge
Testing Virtual Testbed
Overlay testbed (think RON etc) Host proxy directs packets to overlay
Proxy must architecturally neutral and flexible
Individuals (anywhere) opt-in by turning on proxy
Shared testing infrastructure (think Planetlab) Overlay nodes shared among experiments
Slicing on per-packet timescales Virtualized routers
These ideas have turned into the GENI program
Why GENI (Global Environment for Network Innovations) Future Internet Network (2005)
The original designing idea of current information networks is basically a specific network supports one major service
The limitation of the original designing idea can not support the multiple requirements for networks and services (such as Telecom network Internet)
The original design mode of Internet leads to itrsquos shortage in mobility security controllable and administrable
We urgently need redesign the framework of new generation Internet to overcome the serious shortage of current Internet
Providing pervasive and trusted services based on a specific network has became the key research directions of national informatization
GENI (Global Environment for Network Innovations) - NSF 2005 (1)
What is GENIWhat is GENIGENI is GENI is a facility concepta facility concept being explored by being explored by the US computing community the US computing community
back to an NSF workshop in 2005back to an NSF workshop in 2005focus on focus on architecturalarchitectural research and research and provide the provide the experimentalexperimental infrastructure infrastructure needed to support that researchneeded to support that research
focus on the research agenda (and focus on the research agenda (and infrastructure needs) of the infrastructure needs) of the opticaloptical wirelesswireless sensorsensor network and network and distributeddistributed systems communitiessystems communities
GENI (Global Environment for Network Innovations) (2)
The goal of GENI The goal of GENI Goal a Future Internet that meets the Goal a Future Internet that meets the demands of 21st centurydemands of 21st century
to increase the to increase the qualityquality and and quantityquantity of of experimental experimental researchresearch outcomes in networking and distributed outcomes in networking and distributed systemssystems
to accelerate the to accelerate the transitiontransition of these outcomes into of these outcomes into products and servicesproducts and services
enhance economic competitiveness and secure enhance economic competitiveness and secure the Nations futurethe Nations future
Ultimately to lead to a Ultimately to lead to a transition of the transition of the InternetInternet
GENI Research Opportunities (3)
Two dichotomy thought (false or at least Two dichotomy thought (false or at least unnecessary)unnecessary)
a a clean slateclean slate reconceptualization of Internet reconceptualization of Internet architecture architecture
todays 30-year-old architecture that todays 30-year-old architecture that limit its limit its abilityability to cope with emerging threats and to cope with emerging threats and opportunitiesopportunities
bull eroding trust reduced innovation slowing eroding trust reduced innovation slowing updateupdate
future innovation will take the form of new future innovation will take the form of new services and applications running services and applications running on top of the on top of the InternetInternet
GENI Research Opportunities (4)
GENI discussion GENI discussion First we interpret Future Internet very broadly to First we interpret Future Internet very broadly to
include innovations at include innovations at any levelany level of the architecture of the architecture alternative protocols and architectures running alternative protocols and architectures running
inside the network (as overlays on top of inside the network (as overlays on top of todays network) todays network)
Second research should employ Second research should employ clean slate clean slate thinkingthinking but this does but this does not imply that an entirely not imply that an entirely newnew Internet will be necessary In other words Internet will be necessary In other words clean slate is a clean slate is a processprocess not a not a resultresult
Third opportunities Third opportunities betweenbetween two perspectives two perspectives exploring how todays architecture is best exploring how todays architecture is best
evolved to support emerging overlay services evolved to support emerging overlay services
GENI Facility Concept (5)
Facility ConceptFacility Concept experimental platforms for experimental platforms for bothboth research and research and
deploymentdeployment filling the filling the gapgap between small-scale exp and mature between small-scale exp and mature
tech tech GENI evaluate new network systems on large-GENI evaluate new network systems on large-
scalescale
Two levelsTwo levels Physical level Physical level GENI substrateGENI substrate will consist of a will consist of a
collection of links forwarders storage collection of links forwarders storage processors and wireless net processors and wireless net
On top of this substrate a On top of this substrate a software software management management frameworkframework will be overlay network experiments on will be overlay network experiments on
the substratethe substrate
GENI Facility Concept (6)
Four key ideasFour key ideas substrate components will be substrate components will be programmableprogrammable - -
possible to embed any network experiment including possible to embed any network experiment including clean-slate designs clean-slate designs
Substrate will be Substrate will be virtualizable virtualizable -- possible to embed possible to embed multiple slices in the substrate at the same time multiple slices in the substrate at the same time (allow experimental services and architectures to run (allow experimental services and architectures to run continuously) continuously)
GENI will include mechanisms that allow end-users GENI will include mechanisms that allow end-users to to seamlessly seamlessly opt-inopt-in to experimental services to experimental services
GENI will be GENI will be modularmodular ( (architecture and interfaces) - architecture and interfaces) - possible to extend GENI with new networking possible to extend GENI with new networking technologies GENI will not be a static artifact but technologies GENI will not be a static artifact but rather a rather a dynamic infrastructuredynamic infrastructure that is continually that is continually renewedrenewed
FIND (Future Internet Network Design) ndash NSF 2006 (1)
FIND asks two broad questionsFIND asks two broad questions What are the What are the requirementsrequirements for the global network for the global network
in 15 years in 15 years How How would we would we re-conceivere-conceive tomorrows global tomorrows global
network today if we could design it from scratch network today if we could design it from scratch FIND program solicits FIND program solicits clean slate processclean slate process research proposals in the broad area of research proposals in the broad area of network architecture principles and designnetwork architecture principles and design
FIND (Future Internet Network Design) (2)
FIND research might address wide questionsFIND research might address wide questions What will the What will the edgeedge of the network look like in 15 of the network look like in 15
years How might the network years How might the network architecturearchitecture of 15 of 15 years hence best accommodate sensors embedded years hence best accommodate sensors embedded systems and the like systems and the like
How might the network of 15 years from now How might the network of 15 years from now supportsupport what users really do (and care about) How what users really do (and care about) How might such functions as information access location might such functions as information access location management or identity management best fit into a management or identity management best fit into a new overall network architecture new overall network architecture
What will the What will the core core of the network look like in 15 of the network look like in 15 years How might the changing economics of years How might the changing economics of optical systems affect the overall design of the larger optical systems affect the overall design of the larger networknetwork
FIRE (Future Internet Research and Experimentation) ndash European 2007 (1)
Internet has Internet has growngrown to an unexpected reach to an unexpected reach as for the as for the numbernumber of users of users capacitycapacity of the of the links broadband penetration to the links broadband penetration to the homehome servicesservices
ProblemsProblems spam viruses denial of service spam viruses denial of service attacks complexity of managementattacks complexity of management
Internet drawbacks and Internet drawbacks and limitationslimitations ndash to ndash to scalabilityscalability suitabilitysuitability mobilitymobility transparencytransparency securitysecurity
require new radical approaches to require new radical approaches to fundamentally redesign its protocols and fundamentally redesign its protocols and architectures architectures
FIRE (2) FIRE is an FIRE is an experimentallyexperimentally-driven -driven longlong-term research initiative on -term research initiative on
Future Internet Future Internet conceptsconcepts protocolsprotocols and and architecturesarchitectures encompassing technological industrial and socio-economic encompassing technological industrial and socio-economic
aspects aspects acting as proof-of-concept of the newly proposed acting as proof-of-concept of the newly proposed
technologies and services technologies and services FIRE RESEARCHFIRE RESEARCH
Long term multidisciplinary research on future internet Long term multidisciplinary research on future internet paradigms paradigms
Open to Open to fresh bottom-upfresh bottom-up ideas with ideas with no backwards-no backwards-compatibilitycompatibility constraints constraints
Building on the FET SAC initiative ldquoSituated and Autonomic Building on the FET SAC initiative ldquoSituated and Autonomic Communicationsrdquo Communicationsrdquo
Considering at the Considering at the same timesame time technological economic and technological economic and socialpolicy aspects socialpolicy aspects
Build in from the outset and on all levels the right Build in from the outset and on all levels the right balancebalance between security accountability and privacybetween security accountability and privacy
FIRE (3)
FIRE EXPERIMENTATIONFIRE EXPERIMENTATION Large scale experimentationLarge scale experimentation of new paradigms and of new paradigms and
concepts for the future internet and related service concepts for the future internet and related service architectures architectures
Learning through broad experimentation Learning through broad experimentation Integrating and validating new conceptsIntegrating and validating new concepts
Federating and extending Federating and extending existing testbedsexisting testbeds and and research infrastructures research infrastructures
no backwards-compatibility constraints no backwards-compatibility constraints European approach and develop a European European approach and develop a European
identityidentity
- Slide 1
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Slide 15
- Slide 16
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-
Asynchronous Transfer Mode ATM
1990rsquos00 standard for high-speed (155Mbps to 1990rsquos00 standard for high-speed (155Mbps to 622 Mbps and higher) 622 Mbps and higher) Broadband Integrated Broadband Integrated Service Digital NetworkService Digital Network architecture architecture
GoalGoal integrated end-end transport of carry integrated end-end transport of carry voice video datavoice video data meeting timingQoS requirements of voice meeting timingQoS requirements of voice
video (versus Internet best-effort model)video (versus Internet best-effort model) ldquoldquonext generationrdquo telephony technical roots next generationrdquo telephony technical roots
in telephone worldin telephone world packet-switching (fixed length packets packet-switching (fixed length packets
called ldquocellsrdquo) using called ldquocellsrdquo) using virtual circuitsvirtual circuits
ATM reference model
How far along are we
Standardization bodies - ATM Forum ITU-T Standardization bodies - ATM Forum ITU-T We may never see end-to-end ATM (1997)We may never see end-to-end ATM (1997)
ATM - too complex - too expansive ltIPgtATM - too complex - too expansive ltIPgt Backbone - 1995 vBNS (ATM) Backbone - 1995 vBNS (ATM)
- 1998 Abilene (SONET) - 2000 IP over - 1998 Abilene (SONET) - 2000 IP over DWDMDWDM
Internet technology + ATM philosophyInternet technology + ATM philosophy but ATM ideas continue to powerfully but ATM ideas continue to powerfully
influence design of next-generation influence design of next-generation InternetInternet
ex ex MPLSMPLS admission ctl resource admission ctl resource reservation hellipreservation hellip
Best of Both Worlds
Multiprotocol label switching (Multiprotocol label switching (MPLSMPLS)) MPLS + IP form a middle ground that MPLS + IP form a middle ground that
combines the best of IP and the best of combines the best of IP and the best of virtual virtual circuit switching technologiescircuit switching technologies
ATM and Frame Relay cannot easily come to ATM and Frame Relay cannot easily come to the middle so IP hasthe middle so IP has
Label Encapsulation
MPLS Encapsulation is specified over MPLS Encapsulation is specified over various media types Top labels may use various media types Top labels may use existing format lower label(s) use a new existing format lower label(s) use a new ldquoshimrdquo label formatldquoshimrdquo label format
Label Substitution Have a friend go to B ahead of you using one of the Have a friend go to B ahead of you using one of the
previous two techniques At every road they reserve previous two techniques At every road they reserve a lane just for you At every intersection they post a a lane just for you At every intersection they post a big sign that says for a given lane which way to turn big sign that says for a given lane which way to turn and what new lane to takeand what new lane to take
Future Internet Research and Experimentation
Todayrsquos Internet Millions of usersMillions of users Web email low-quality audio amp videoWeb email low-quality audio amp video Interconnect personal computers and serversInterconnect personal computers and servers Applications adapt to underlying technologyApplications adapt to underlying technology Todayrsquos Internet DoesnrsquotTodayrsquos Internet Doesnrsquot
Provide reliable end-to-end performanceProvide reliable end-to-end performanceEncourage cooperation on new capabilitiesEncourage cooperation on new capabilitiesAllow testing of new technologiesAllow testing of new technologiesSupport development of revolutionary Support development of revolutionary applicationsapplications
Tomorrowrsquos Internet
Billions of users and devicesBillions of users and devices Convergence of todayrsquos applications Convergence of todayrsquos applications with multimedia (telephony video-with multimedia (telephony video-conference HDTV)conference HDTV)
Interconnect personal computers Interconnect personal computers servers and embedded computersservers and embedded computers
New technologies enable unanticipated New technologies enable unanticipated applications (and create new challenges)applications (and create new challenges)
Vint Cerf Open Challenges
My primary disappointment has been the slow pace of high speed access for residential customers hellip
The second area of disappointment is the slow uptake of version 6 of the Internet protocol (IPv6)
Perhaps the third area is the continuing difficulty caused by viruses worms and distributed denial of service attacksrdquo
How to make the Internet better Addressing current problems
Security1048766 Privacy1048766 Self-diagnosis amp self-healing networks1048766 Cheap connectivity for poor area and third world countries1048766
Wireless mesh networks1048766 sensors1048766 Mobility1048766
New cool apps1048766 What is after IPTV VoIP BitTorrent
Why Internet2 (1996)
The Internet was not designed forThe Internet was not designed forMillions of usersMillions of usersCongestionCongestionMultimediaMultimediaReal time interactionReal time interaction
But only the Internet canBut only the Internet canAccommodate explosive growthAccommodate explosive growthEnable convergence of information Enable convergence of information work mass media and human work mass media and human collaborationcollaboration
Internet2 Project Develop and deploy advanced network Develop and deploy advanced network
applications and technologies accelerating applications and technologies accelerating the creation of tomorrowrsquos Internetthe creation of tomorrowrsquos Internet
GoalsGoals Enable new generation of applicationsEnable new generation of applications Re-create leading edge RampE network Re-create leading edge RampE network
capabilitycapability Transfer capability to the global Transfer capability to the global
production Internetproduction Internet 206 University Members Jan 2005206 University Members Jan 2005
Internet2 Focus Areas Advanced Network Infrastructure - AbileneAdvanced Network Infrastructure - Abilene
Backbones operate at 10 Gbps capacity - 100 Backbones operate at 10 Gbps capacity - 100 Gbps (2007)Gbps (2007)
Middleware Middleware A layer of software between the network and the A layer of software between the network and the
applications applications Authentication Identification Authorization Authentication Identification Authorization
Directories SecurityDirectories Security EngineeringEngineering
IPv6 Measurement Multicast QoS Routing IPv6 Measurement Multicast QoS Routing Security TopologySecurity Topology
Advanced ApplicationsAdvanced Applications Distributed computation Virtual laboratories Distributed computation Virtual laboratories
Digital libraries Distributed learning Digital video Digital libraries Distributed learning Digital video Tele-immersion All of the above in combinationTele-immersion All of the above in combination
Abilene Connections Apr-2000Abilene Connections July 2006
Abilene Connections Apr-2000Abilene International Peering 2006
Research andDevelopment
Commercialization
Partnerships
Privatization
Internet Development Spiral
Todayrsquos Internet
Internet2
University-led Federal agency-led
Developing education and research driven applications
Agency mission-driven and general purpose applications
Building out campus networks gigaPoPs and inter-gigapop
infrastructure
Funding research testbeds and agency research networks
Interconnecting and interoperating to provide advanced networking capabilities needed to support advanced
research and education applications
Internet2 and the Next Generation Internet Initiative
Internet2 NGI
Our Founding (Funding) Fable
Researchers invent new architectures Architectures are validated on a testbed IETF ISPs and router vendors collaborate to deploy new design
This is complete BS
Do Traditional Testbeds Really Test
Production-oriented testbeds Real traffic provides good validation But can test only very incremental changes
Research-oriented testbeds Can test radical architectures Lack of real traffic results in poor validation
Both are expensive (dedicated bandwidth)
What about Deployment Architectural change requires ISP consensus
- Hard to agree- No competitive advantage from architectural innovation
- All have huge sunk investment in the status quo
ISPs are unlikely candidates for architectural change
Architecture isnrsquot just static its decaying Ad hoc workarounds muddy the architectural waters
We are at an Impasse
We canrsquot test new architectures- Despite sizable investments in testbeds
We canrsquot deploy new architectures- And things are getting worse not better
Yet there are pressing requirements for which the current architecture is not well suited
The Communityrsquos Response Focus on areas where we can have impact
Empirical studies Incremental changes (subject to current constraints)
Small stream of architectural proposals Paper designs without hope of deployment
More science fiction than engineering Have largely abandoned hope of effecting fundamental architectural change
Living with rather than overcoming the impasse
Overcoming the Impasse
Must be able to test new architectures Wide range of architectures Real traffic from willing individuals Low overhead for individual researchers
Meet the grand challenge of reinventing the Internet
Empirical incremental research is great but not enough
If someone put us in charge what would we do
What about deployment Several options none good but no excuse to not have an answer to the grand challenge
Testing Virtual Testbed
Overlay testbed (think RON etc) Host proxy directs packets to overlay
Proxy must architecturally neutral and flexible
Individuals (anywhere) opt-in by turning on proxy
Shared testing infrastructure (think Planetlab) Overlay nodes shared among experiments
Slicing on per-packet timescales Virtualized routers
These ideas have turned into the GENI program
Why GENI (Global Environment for Network Innovations) Future Internet Network (2005)
The original designing idea of current information networks is basically a specific network supports one major service
The limitation of the original designing idea can not support the multiple requirements for networks and services (such as Telecom network Internet)
The original design mode of Internet leads to itrsquos shortage in mobility security controllable and administrable
We urgently need redesign the framework of new generation Internet to overcome the serious shortage of current Internet
Providing pervasive and trusted services based on a specific network has became the key research directions of national informatization
GENI (Global Environment for Network Innovations) - NSF 2005 (1)
What is GENIWhat is GENIGENI is GENI is a facility concepta facility concept being explored by being explored by the US computing community the US computing community
back to an NSF workshop in 2005back to an NSF workshop in 2005focus on focus on architecturalarchitectural research and research and provide the provide the experimentalexperimental infrastructure infrastructure needed to support that researchneeded to support that research
focus on the research agenda (and focus on the research agenda (and infrastructure needs) of the infrastructure needs) of the opticaloptical wirelesswireless sensorsensor network and network and distributeddistributed systems communitiessystems communities
GENI (Global Environment for Network Innovations) (2)
The goal of GENI The goal of GENI Goal a Future Internet that meets the Goal a Future Internet that meets the demands of 21st centurydemands of 21st century
to increase the to increase the qualityquality and and quantityquantity of of experimental experimental researchresearch outcomes in networking and distributed outcomes in networking and distributed systemssystems
to accelerate the to accelerate the transitiontransition of these outcomes into of these outcomes into products and servicesproducts and services
enhance economic competitiveness and secure enhance economic competitiveness and secure the Nations futurethe Nations future
Ultimately to lead to a Ultimately to lead to a transition of the transition of the InternetInternet
GENI Research Opportunities (3)
Two dichotomy thought (false or at least Two dichotomy thought (false or at least unnecessary)unnecessary)
a a clean slateclean slate reconceptualization of Internet reconceptualization of Internet architecture architecture
todays 30-year-old architecture that todays 30-year-old architecture that limit its limit its abilityability to cope with emerging threats and to cope with emerging threats and opportunitiesopportunities
bull eroding trust reduced innovation slowing eroding trust reduced innovation slowing updateupdate
future innovation will take the form of new future innovation will take the form of new services and applications running services and applications running on top of the on top of the InternetInternet
GENI Research Opportunities (4)
GENI discussion GENI discussion First we interpret Future Internet very broadly to First we interpret Future Internet very broadly to
include innovations at include innovations at any levelany level of the architecture of the architecture alternative protocols and architectures running alternative protocols and architectures running
inside the network (as overlays on top of inside the network (as overlays on top of todays network) todays network)
Second research should employ Second research should employ clean slate clean slate thinkingthinking but this does but this does not imply that an entirely not imply that an entirely newnew Internet will be necessary In other words Internet will be necessary In other words clean slate is a clean slate is a processprocess not a not a resultresult
Third opportunities Third opportunities betweenbetween two perspectives two perspectives exploring how todays architecture is best exploring how todays architecture is best
evolved to support emerging overlay services evolved to support emerging overlay services
GENI Facility Concept (5)
Facility ConceptFacility Concept experimental platforms for experimental platforms for bothboth research and research and
deploymentdeployment filling the filling the gapgap between small-scale exp and mature between small-scale exp and mature
tech tech GENI evaluate new network systems on large-GENI evaluate new network systems on large-
scalescale
Two levelsTwo levels Physical level Physical level GENI substrateGENI substrate will consist of a will consist of a
collection of links forwarders storage collection of links forwarders storage processors and wireless net processors and wireless net
On top of this substrate a On top of this substrate a software software management management frameworkframework will be overlay network experiments on will be overlay network experiments on
the substratethe substrate
GENI Facility Concept (6)
Four key ideasFour key ideas substrate components will be substrate components will be programmableprogrammable - -
possible to embed any network experiment including possible to embed any network experiment including clean-slate designs clean-slate designs
Substrate will be Substrate will be virtualizable virtualizable -- possible to embed possible to embed multiple slices in the substrate at the same time multiple slices in the substrate at the same time (allow experimental services and architectures to run (allow experimental services and architectures to run continuously) continuously)
GENI will include mechanisms that allow end-users GENI will include mechanisms that allow end-users to to seamlessly seamlessly opt-inopt-in to experimental services to experimental services
GENI will be GENI will be modularmodular ( (architecture and interfaces) - architecture and interfaces) - possible to extend GENI with new networking possible to extend GENI with new networking technologies GENI will not be a static artifact but technologies GENI will not be a static artifact but rather a rather a dynamic infrastructuredynamic infrastructure that is continually that is continually renewedrenewed
FIND (Future Internet Network Design) ndash NSF 2006 (1)
FIND asks two broad questionsFIND asks two broad questions What are the What are the requirementsrequirements for the global network for the global network
in 15 years in 15 years How How would we would we re-conceivere-conceive tomorrows global tomorrows global
network today if we could design it from scratch network today if we could design it from scratch FIND program solicits FIND program solicits clean slate processclean slate process research proposals in the broad area of research proposals in the broad area of network architecture principles and designnetwork architecture principles and design
FIND (Future Internet Network Design) (2)
FIND research might address wide questionsFIND research might address wide questions What will the What will the edgeedge of the network look like in 15 of the network look like in 15
years How might the network years How might the network architecturearchitecture of 15 of 15 years hence best accommodate sensors embedded years hence best accommodate sensors embedded systems and the like systems and the like
How might the network of 15 years from now How might the network of 15 years from now supportsupport what users really do (and care about) How what users really do (and care about) How might such functions as information access location might such functions as information access location management or identity management best fit into a management or identity management best fit into a new overall network architecture new overall network architecture
What will the What will the core core of the network look like in 15 of the network look like in 15 years How might the changing economics of years How might the changing economics of optical systems affect the overall design of the larger optical systems affect the overall design of the larger networknetwork
FIRE (Future Internet Research and Experimentation) ndash European 2007 (1)
Internet has Internet has growngrown to an unexpected reach to an unexpected reach as for the as for the numbernumber of users of users capacitycapacity of the of the links broadband penetration to the links broadband penetration to the homehome servicesservices
ProblemsProblems spam viruses denial of service spam viruses denial of service attacks complexity of managementattacks complexity of management
Internet drawbacks and Internet drawbacks and limitationslimitations ndash to ndash to scalabilityscalability suitabilitysuitability mobilitymobility transparencytransparency securitysecurity
require new radical approaches to require new radical approaches to fundamentally redesign its protocols and fundamentally redesign its protocols and architectures architectures
FIRE (2) FIRE is an FIRE is an experimentallyexperimentally-driven -driven longlong-term research initiative on -term research initiative on
Future Internet Future Internet conceptsconcepts protocolsprotocols and and architecturesarchitectures encompassing technological industrial and socio-economic encompassing technological industrial and socio-economic
aspects aspects acting as proof-of-concept of the newly proposed acting as proof-of-concept of the newly proposed
technologies and services technologies and services FIRE RESEARCHFIRE RESEARCH
Long term multidisciplinary research on future internet Long term multidisciplinary research on future internet paradigms paradigms
Open to Open to fresh bottom-upfresh bottom-up ideas with ideas with no backwards-no backwards-compatibilitycompatibility constraints constraints
Building on the FET SAC initiative ldquoSituated and Autonomic Building on the FET SAC initiative ldquoSituated and Autonomic Communicationsrdquo Communicationsrdquo
Considering at the Considering at the same timesame time technological economic and technological economic and socialpolicy aspects socialpolicy aspects
Build in from the outset and on all levels the right Build in from the outset and on all levels the right balancebalance between security accountability and privacybetween security accountability and privacy
FIRE (3)
FIRE EXPERIMENTATIONFIRE EXPERIMENTATION Large scale experimentationLarge scale experimentation of new paradigms and of new paradigms and
concepts for the future internet and related service concepts for the future internet and related service architectures architectures
Learning through broad experimentation Learning through broad experimentation Integrating and validating new conceptsIntegrating and validating new concepts
Federating and extending Federating and extending existing testbedsexisting testbeds and and research infrastructures research infrastructures
no backwards-compatibility constraints no backwards-compatibility constraints European approach and develop a European European approach and develop a European
identityidentity
- Slide 1
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
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- Slide 14
- Slide 15
- Slide 16
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- Slide 18
- Slide 19
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- Slide 28
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- Slide 30
- Slide 31
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- Slide 33
- Slide 34
- Slide 35
- Slide 36
- Slide 37
- Slide 38
- Slide 39
- Slide 40
- Slide 41
- Slide 42
- Slide 43
- Slide 44
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- Slide 46
- Slide 47
- Slide 48
- Slide 49
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- Slide 56
- Slide 57
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- Slide 61
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- Slide 63
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- Slide 65
- Slide 66
- Slide 67
- Slide 68
- Slide 70
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- Slide 99
- Slide 100
- Slide 101
- Slide 102
- Slide 103
- Slide 104
- Slide 105
- Slide 106
- Slide 107
- Slide 108
- Slide 109
- Slide 110
- Slide 113
- Slide 114
- Slide 115
-
ATM reference model
How far along are we
Standardization bodies - ATM Forum ITU-T Standardization bodies - ATM Forum ITU-T We may never see end-to-end ATM (1997)We may never see end-to-end ATM (1997)
ATM - too complex - too expansive ltIPgtATM - too complex - too expansive ltIPgt Backbone - 1995 vBNS (ATM) Backbone - 1995 vBNS (ATM)
- 1998 Abilene (SONET) - 2000 IP over - 1998 Abilene (SONET) - 2000 IP over DWDMDWDM
Internet technology + ATM philosophyInternet technology + ATM philosophy but ATM ideas continue to powerfully but ATM ideas continue to powerfully
influence design of next-generation influence design of next-generation InternetInternet
ex ex MPLSMPLS admission ctl resource admission ctl resource reservation hellipreservation hellip
Best of Both Worlds
Multiprotocol label switching (Multiprotocol label switching (MPLSMPLS)) MPLS + IP form a middle ground that MPLS + IP form a middle ground that
combines the best of IP and the best of combines the best of IP and the best of virtual virtual circuit switching technologiescircuit switching technologies
ATM and Frame Relay cannot easily come to ATM and Frame Relay cannot easily come to the middle so IP hasthe middle so IP has
Label Encapsulation
MPLS Encapsulation is specified over MPLS Encapsulation is specified over various media types Top labels may use various media types Top labels may use existing format lower label(s) use a new existing format lower label(s) use a new ldquoshimrdquo label formatldquoshimrdquo label format
Label Substitution Have a friend go to B ahead of you using one of the Have a friend go to B ahead of you using one of the
previous two techniques At every road they reserve previous two techniques At every road they reserve a lane just for you At every intersection they post a a lane just for you At every intersection they post a big sign that says for a given lane which way to turn big sign that says for a given lane which way to turn and what new lane to takeand what new lane to take
Future Internet Research and Experimentation
Todayrsquos Internet Millions of usersMillions of users Web email low-quality audio amp videoWeb email low-quality audio amp video Interconnect personal computers and serversInterconnect personal computers and servers Applications adapt to underlying technologyApplications adapt to underlying technology Todayrsquos Internet DoesnrsquotTodayrsquos Internet Doesnrsquot
Provide reliable end-to-end performanceProvide reliable end-to-end performanceEncourage cooperation on new capabilitiesEncourage cooperation on new capabilitiesAllow testing of new technologiesAllow testing of new technologiesSupport development of revolutionary Support development of revolutionary applicationsapplications
Tomorrowrsquos Internet
Billions of users and devicesBillions of users and devices Convergence of todayrsquos applications Convergence of todayrsquos applications with multimedia (telephony video-with multimedia (telephony video-conference HDTV)conference HDTV)
Interconnect personal computers Interconnect personal computers servers and embedded computersservers and embedded computers
New technologies enable unanticipated New technologies enable unanticipated applications (and create new challenges)applications (and create new challenges)
Vint Cerf Open Challenges
My primary disappointment has been the slow pace of high speed access for residential customers hellip
The second area of disappointment is the slow uptake of version 6 of the Internet protocol (IPv6)
Perhaps the third area is the continuing difficulty caused by viruses worms and distributed denial of service attacksrdquo
How to make the Internet better Addressing current problems
Security1048766 Privacy1048766 Self-diagnosis amp self-healing networks1048766 Cheap connectivity for poor area and third world countries1048766
Wireless mesh networks1048766 sensors1048766 Mobility1048766
New cool apps1048766 What is after IPTV VoIP BitTorrent
Why Internet2 (1996)
The Internet was not designed forThe Internet was not designed forMillions of usersMillions of usersCongestionCongestionMultimediaMultimediaReal time interactionReal time interaction
But only the Internet canBut only the Internet canAccommodate explosive growthAccommodate explosive growthEnable convergence of information Enable convergence of information work mass media and human work mass media and human collaborationcollaboration
Internet2 Project Develop and deploy advanced network Develop and deploy advanced network
applications and technologies accelerating applications and technologies accelerating the creation of tomorrowrsquos Internetthe creation of tomorrowrsquos Internet
GoalsGoals Enable new generation of applicationsEnable new generation of applications Re-create leading edge RampE network Re-create leading edge RampE network
capabilitycapability Transfer capability to the global Transfer capability to the global
production Internetproduction Internet 206 University Members Jan 2005206 University Members Jan 2005
Internet2 Focus Areas Advanced Network Infrastructure - AbileneAdvanced Network Infrastructure - Abilene
Backbones operate at 10 Gbps capacity - 100 Backbones operate at 10 Gbps capacity - 100 Gbps (2007)Gbps (2007)
Middleware Middleware A layer of software between the network and the A layer of software between the network and the
applications applications Authentication Identification Authorization Authentication Identification Authorization
Directories SecurityDirectories Security EngineeringEngineering
IPv6 Measurement Multicast QoS Routing IPv6 Measurement Multicast QoS Routing Security TopologySecurity Topology
Advanced ApplicationsAdvanced Applications Distributed computation Virtual laboratories Distributed computation Virtual laboratories
Digital libraries Distributed learning Digital video Digital libraries Distributed learning Digital video Tele-immersion All of the above in combinationTele-immersion All of the above in combination
Abilene Connections Apr-2000Abilene Connections July 2006
Abilene Connections Apr-2000Abilene International Peering 2006
Research andDevelopment
Commercialization
Partnerships
Privatization
Internet Development Spiral
Todayrsquos Internet
Internet2
University-led Federal agency-led
Developing education and research driven applications
Agency mission-driven and general purpose applications
Building out campus networks gigaPoPs and inter-gigapop
infrastructure
Funding research testbeds and agency research networks
Interconnecting and interoperating to provide advanced networking capabilities needed to support advanced
research and education applications
Internet2 and the Next Generation Internet Initiative
Internet2 NGI
Our Founding (Funding) Fable
Researchers invent new architectures Architectures are validated on a testbed IETF ISPs and router vendors collaborate to deploy new design
This is complete BS
Do Traditional Testbeds Really Test
Production-oriented testbeds Real traffic provides good validation But can test only very incremental changes
Research-oriented testbeds Can test radical architectures Lack of real traffic results in poor validation
Both are expensive (dedicated bandwidth)
What about Deployment Architectural change requires ISP consensus
- Hard to agree- No competitive advantage from architectural innovation
- All have huge sunk investment in the status quo
ISPs are unlikely candidates for architectural change
Architecture isnrsquot just static its decaying Ad hoc workarounds muddy the architectural waters
We are at an Impasse
We canrsquot test new architectures- Despite sizable investments in testbeds
We canrsquot deploy new architectures- And things are getting worse not better
Yet there are pressing requirements for which the current architecture is not well suited
The Communityrsquos Response Focus on areas where we can have impact
Empirical studies Incremental changes (subject to current constraints)
Small stream of architectural proposals Paper designs without hope of deployment
More science fiction than engineering Have largely abandoned hope of effecting fundamental architectural change
Living with rather than overcoming the impasse
Overcoming the Impasse
Must be able to test new architectures Wide range of architectures Real traffic from willing individuals Low overhead for individual researchers
Meet the grand challenge of reinventing the Internet
Empirical incremental research is great but not enough
If someone put us in charge what would we do
What about deployment Several options none good but no excuse to not have an answer to the grand challenge
Testing Virtual Testbed
Overlay testbed (think RON etc) Host proxy directs packets to overlay
Proxy must architecturally neutral and flexible
Individuals (anywhere) opt-in by turning on proxy
Shared testing infrastructure (think Planetlab) Overlay nodes shared among experiments
Slicing on per-packet timescales Virtualized routers
These ideas have turned into the GENI program
Why GENI (Global Environment for Network Innovations) Future Internet Network (2005)
The original designing idea of current information networks is basically a specific network supports one major service
The limitation of the original designing idea can not support the multiple requirements for networks and services (such as Telecom network Internet)
The original design mode of Internet leads to itrsquos shortage in mobility security controllable and administrable
We urgently need redesign the framework of new generation Internet to overcome the serious shortage of current Internet
Providing pervasive and trusted services based on a specific network has became the key research directions of national informatization
GENI (Global Environment for Network Innovations) - NSF 2005 (1)
What is GENIWhat is GENIGENI is GENI is a facility concepta facility concept being explored by being explored by the US computing community the US computing community
back to an NSF workshop in 2005back to an NSF workshop in 2005focus on focus on architecturalarchitectural research and research and provide the provide the experimentalexperimental infrastructure infrastructure needed to support that researchneeded to support that research
focus on the research agenda (and focus on the research agenda (and infrastructure needs) of the infrastructure needs) of the opticaloptical wirelesswireless sensorsensor network and network and distributeddistributed systems communitiessystems communities
GENI (Global Environment for Network Innovations) (2)
The goal of GENI The goal of GENI Goal a Future Internet that meets the Goal a Future Internet that meets the demands of 21st centurydemands of 21st century
to increase the to increase the qualityquality and and quantityquantity of of experimental experimental researchresearch outcomes in networking and distributed outcomes in networking and distributed systemssystems
to accelerate the to accelerate the transitiontransition of these outcomes into of these outcomes into products and servicesproducts and services
enhance economic competitiveness and secure enhance economic competitiveness and secure the Nations futurethe Nations future
Ultimately to lead to a Ultimately to lead to a transition of the transition of the InternetInternet
GENI Research Opportunities (3)
Two dichotomy thought (false or at least Two dichotomy thought (false or at least unnecessary)unnecessary)
a a clean slateclean slate reconceptualization of Internet reconceptualization of Internet architecture architecture
todays 30-year-old architecture that todays 30-year-old architecture that limit its limit its abilityability to cope with emerging threats and to cope with emerging threats and opportunitiesopportunities
bull eroding trust reduced innovation slowing eroding trust reduced innovation slowing updateupdate
future innovation will take the form of new future innovation will take the form of new services and applications running services and applications running on top of the on top of the InternetInternet
GENI Research Opportunities (4)
GENI discussion GENI discussion First we interpret Future Internet very broadly to First we interpret Future Internet very broadly to
include innovations at include innovations at any levelany level of the architecture of the architecture alternative protocols and architectures running alternative protocols and architectures running
inside the network (as overlays on top of inside the network (as overlays on top of todays network) todays network)
Second research should employ Second research should employ clean slate clean slate thinkingthinking but this does but this does not imply that an entirely not imply that an entirely newnew Internet will be necessary In other words Internet will be necessary In other words clean slate is a clean slate is a processprocess not a not a resultresult
Third opportunities Third opportunities betweenbetween two perspectives two perspectives exploring how todays architecture is best exploring how todays architecture is best
evolved to support emerging overlay services evolved to support emerging overlay services
GENI Facility Concept (5)
Facility ConceptFacility Concept experimental platforms for experimental platforms for bothboth research and research and
deploymentdeployment filling the filling the gapgap between small-scale exp and mature between small-scale exp and mature
tech tech GENI evaluate new network systems on large-GENI evaluate new network systems on large-
scalescale
Two levelsTwo levels Physical level Physical level GENI substrateGENI substrate will consist of a will consist of a
collection of links forwarders storage collection of links forwarders storage processors and wireless net processors and wireless net
On top of this substrate a On top of this substrate a software software management management frameworkframework will be overlay network experiments on will be overlay network experiments on
the substratethe substrate
GENI Facility Concept (6)
Four key ideasFour key ideas substrate components will be substrate components will be programmableprogrammable - -
possible to embed any network experiment including possible to embed any network experiment including clean-slate designs clean-slate designs
Substrate will be Substrate will be virtualizable virtualizable -- possible to embed possible to embed multiple slices in the substrate at the same time multiple slices in the substrate at the same time (allow experimental services and architectures to run (allow experimental services and architectures to run continuously) continuously)
GENI will include mechanisms that allow end-users GENI will include mechanisms that allow end-users to to seamlessly seamlessly opt-inopt-in to experimental services to experimental services
GENI will be GENI will be modularmodular ( (architecture and interfaces) - architecture and interfaces) - possible to extend GENI with new networking possible to extend GENI with new networking technologies GENI will not be a static artifact but technologies GENI will not be a static artifact but rather a rather a dynamic infrastructuredynamic infrastructure that is continually that is continually renewedrenewed
FIND (Future Internet Network Design) ndash NSF 2006 (1)
FIND asks two broad questionsFIND asks two broad questions What are the What are the requirementsrequirements for the global network for the global network
in 15 years in 15 years How How would we would we re-conceivere-conceive tomorrows global tomorrows global
network today if we could design it from scratch network today if we could design it from scratch FIND program solicits FIND program solicits clean slate processclean slate process research proposals in the broad area of research proposals in the broad area of network architecture principles and designnetwork architecture principles and design
FIND (Future Internet Network Design) (2)
FIND research might address wide questionsFIND research might address wide questions What will the What will the edgeedge of the network look like in 15 of the network look like in 15
years How might the network years How might the network architecturearchitecture of 15 of 15 years hence best accommodate sensors embedded years hence best accommodate sensors embedded systems and the like systems and the like
How might the network of 15 years from now How might the network of 15 years from now supportsupport what users really do (and care about) How what users really do (and care about) How might such functions as information access location might such functions as information access location management or identity management best fit into a management or identity management best fit into a new overall network architecture new overall network architecture
What will the What will the core core of the network look like in 15 of the network look like in 15 years How might the changing economics of years How might the changing economics of optical systems affect the overall design of the larger optical systems affect the overall design of the larger networknetwork
FIRE (Future Internet Research and Experimentation) ndash European 2007 (1)
Internet has Internet has growngrown to an unexpected reach to an unexpected reach as for the as for the numbernumber of users of users capacitycapacity of the of the links broadband penetration to the links broadband penetration to the homehome servicesservices
ProblemsProblems spam viruses denial of service spam viruses denial of service attacks complexity of managementattacks complexity of management
Internet drawbacks and Internet drawbacks and limitationslimitations ndash to ndash to scalabilityscalability suitabilitysuitability mobilitymobility transparencytransparency securitysecurity
require new radical approaches to require new radical approaches to fundamentally redesign its protocols and fundamentally redesign its protocols and architectures architectures
FIRE (2) FIRE is an FIRE is an experimentallyexperimentally-driven -driven longlong-term research initiative on -term research initiative on
Future Internet Future Internet conceptsconcepts protocolsprotocols and and architecturesarchitectures encompassing technological industrial and socio-economic encompassing technological industrial and socio-economic
aspects aspects acting as proof-of-concept of the newly proposed acting as proof-of-concept of the newly proposed
technologies and services technologies and services FIRE RESEARCHFIRE RESEARCH
Long term multidisciplinary research on future internet Long term multidisciplinary research on future internet paradigms paradigms
Open to Open to fresh bottom-upfresh bottom-up ideas with ideas with no backwards-no backwards-compatibilitycompatibility constraints constraints
Building on the FET SAC initiative ldquoSituated and Autonomic Building on the FET SAC initiative ldquoSituated and Autonomic Communicationsrdquo Communicationsrdquo
Considering at the Considering at the same timesame time technological economic and technological economic and socialpolicy aspects socialpolicy aspects
Build in from the outset and on all levels the right Build in from the outset and on all levels the right balancebalance between security accountability and privacybetween security accountability and privacy
FIRE (3)
FIRE EXPERIMENTATIONFIRE EXPERIMENTATION Large scale experimentationLarge scale experimentation of new paradigms and of new paradigms and
concepts for the future internet and related service concepts for the future internet and related service architectures architectures
Learning through broad experimentation Learning through broad experimentation Integrating and validating new conceptsIntegrating and validating new concepts
Federating and extending Federating and extending existing testbedsexisting testbeds and and research infrastructures research infrastructures
no backwards-compatibility constraints no backwards-compatibility constraints European approach and develop a European European approach and develop a European
identityidentity
- Slide 1
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
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-
How far along are we
Standardization bodies - ATM Forum ITU-T Standardization bodies - ATM Forum ITU-T We may never see end-to-end ATM (1997)We may never see end-to-end ATM (1997)
ATM - too complex - too expansive ltIPgtATM - too complex - too expansive ltIPgt Backbone - 1995 vBNS (ATM) Backbone - 1995 vBNS (ATM)
- 1998 Abilene (SONET) - 2000 IP over - 1998 Abilene (SONET) - 2000 IP over DWDMDWDM
Internet technology + ATM philosophyInternet technology + ATM philosophy but ATM ideas continue to powerfully but ATM ideas continue to powerfully
influence design of next-generation influence design of next-generation InternetInternet
ex ex MPLSMPLS admission ctl resource admission ctl resource reservation hellipreservation hellip
Best of Both Worlds
Multiprotocol label switching (Multiprotocol label switching (MPLSMPLS)) MPLS + IP form a middle ground that MPLS + IP form a middle ground that
combines the best of IP and the best of combines the best of IP and the best of virtual virtual circuit switching technologiescircuit switching technologies
ATM and Frame Relay cannot easily come to ATM and Frame Relay cannot easily come to the middle so IP hasthe middle so IP has
Label Encapsulation
MPLS Encapsulation is specified over MPLS Encapsulation is specified over various media types Top labels may use various media types Top labels may use existing format lower label(s) use a new existing format lower label(s) use a new ldquoshimrdquo label formatldquoshimrdquo label format
Label Substitution Have a friend go to B ahead of you using one of the Have a friend go to B ahead of you using one of the
previous two techniques At every road they reserve previous two techniques At every road they reserve a lane just for you At every intersection they post a a lane just for you At every intersection they post a big sign that says for a given lane which way to turn big sign that says for a given lane which way to turn and what new lane to takeand what new lane to take
Future Internet Research and Experimentation
Todayrsquos Internet Millions of usersMillions of users Web email low-quality audio amp videoWeb email low-quality audio amp video Interconnect personal computers and serversInterconnect personal computers and servers Applications adapt to underlying technologyApplications adapt to underlying technology Todayrsquos Internet DoesnrsquotTodayrsquos Internet Doesnrsquot
Provide reliable end-to-end performanceProvide reliable end-to-end performanceEncourage cooperation on new capabilitiesEncourage cooperation on new capabilitiesAllow testing of new technologiesAllow testing of new technologiesSupport development of revolutionary Support development of revolutionary applicationsapplications
Tomorrowrsquos Internet
Billions of users and devicesBillions of users and devices Convergence of todayrsquos applications Convergence of todayrsquos applications with multimedia (telephony video-with multimedia (telephony video-conference HDTV)conference HDTV)
Interconnect personal computers Interconnect personal computers servers and embedded computersservers and embedded computers
New technologies enable unanticipated New technologies enable unanticipated applications (and create new challenges)applications (and create new challenges)
Vint Cerf Open Challenges
My primary disappointment has been the slow pace of high speed access for residential customers hellip
The second area of disappointment is the slow uptake of version 6 of the Internet protocol (IPv6)
Perhaps the third area is the continuing difficulty caused by viruses worms and distributed denial of service attacksrdquo
How to make the Internet better Addressing current problems
Security1048766 Privacy1048766 Self-diagnosis amp self-healing networks1048766 Cheap connectivity for poor area and third world countries1048766
Wireless mesh networks1048766 sensors1048766 Mobility1048766
New cool apps1048766 What is after IPTV VoIP BitTorrent
Why Internet2 (1996)
The Internet was not designed forThe Internet was not designed forMillions of usersMillions of usersCongestionCongestionMultimediaMultimediaReal time interactionReal time interaction
But only the Internet canBut only the Internet canAccommodate explosive growthAccommodate explosive growthEnable convergence of information Enable convergence of information work mass media and human work mass media and human collaborationcollaboration
Internet2 Project Develop and deploy advanced network Develop and deploy advanced network
applications and technologies accelerating applications and technologies accelerating the creation of tomorrowrsquos Internetthe creation of tomorrowrsquos Internet
GoalsGoals Enable new generation of applicationsEnable new generation of applications Re-create leading edge RampE network Re-create leading edge RampE network
capabilitycapability Transfer capability to the global Transfer capability to the global
production Internetproduction Internet 206 University Members Jan 2005206 University Members Jan 2005
Internet2 Focus Areas Advanced Network Infrastructure - AbileneAdvanced Network Infrastructure - Abilene
Backbones operate at 10 Gbps capacity - 100 Backbones operate at 10 Gbps capacity - 100 Gbps (2007)Gbps (2007)
Middleware Middleware A layer of software between the network and the A layer of software between the network and the
applications applications Authentication Identification Authorization Authentication Identification Authorization
Directories SecurityDirectories Security EngineeringEngineering
IPv6 Measurement Multicast QoS Routing IPv6 Measurement Multicast QoS Routing Security TopologySecurity Topology
Advanced ApplicationsAdvanced Applications Distributed computation Virtual laboratories Distributed computation Virtual laboratories
Digital libraries Distributed learning Digital video Digital libraries Distributed learning Digital video Tele-immersion All of the above in combinationTele-immersion All of the above in combination
Abilene Connections Apr-2000Abilene Connections July 2006
Abilene Connections Apr-2000Abilene International Peering 2006
Research andDevelopment
Commercialization
Partnerships
Privatization
Internet Development Spiral
Todayrsquos Internet
Internet2
University-led Federal agency-led
Developing education and research driven applications
Agency mission-driven and general purpose applications
Building out campus networks gigaPoPs and inter-gigapop
infrastructure
Funding research testbeds and agency research networks
Interconnecting and interoperating to provide advanced networking capabilities needed to support advanced
research and education applications
Internet2 and the Next Generation Internet Initiative
Internet2 NGI
Our Founding (Funding) Fable
Researchers invent new architectures Architectures are validated on a testbed IETF ISPs and router vendors collaborate to deploy new design
This is complete BS
Do Traditional Testbeds Really Test
Production-oriented testbeds Real traffic provides good validation But can test only very incremental changes
Research-oriented testbeds Can test radical architectures Lack of real traffic results in poor validation
Both are expensive (dedicated bandwidth)
What about Deployment Architectural change requires ISP consensus
- Hard to agree- No competitive advantage from architectural innovation
- All have huge sunk investment in the status quo
ISPs are unlikely candidates for architectural change
Architecture isnrsquot just static its decaying Ad hoc workarounds muddy the architectural waters
We are at an Impasse
We canrsquot test new architectures- Despite sizable investments in testbeds
We canrsquot deploy new architectures- And things are getting worse not better
Yet there are pressing requirements for which the current architecture is not well suited
The Communityrsquos Response Focus on areas where we can have impact
Empirical studies Incremental changes (subject to current constraints)
Small stream of architectural proposals Paper designs without hope of deployment
More science fiction than engineering Have largely abandoned hope of effecting fundamental architectural change
Living with rather than overcoming the impasse
Overcoming the Impasse
Must be able to test new architectures Wide range of architectures Real traffic from willing individuals Low overhead for individual researchers
Meet the grand challenge of reinventing the Internet
Empirical incremental research is great but not enough
If someone put us in charge what would we do
What about deployment Several options none good but no excuse to not have an answer to the grand challenge
Testing Virtual Testbed
Overlay testbed (think RON etc) Host proxy directs packets to overlay
Proxy must architecturally neutral and flexible
Individuals (anywhere) opt-in by turning on proxy
Shared testing infrastructure (think Planetlab) Overlay nodes shared among experiments
Slicing on per-packet timescales Virtualized routers
These ideas have turned into the GENI program
Why GENI (Global Environment for Network Innovations) Future Internet Network (2005)
The original designing idea of current information networks is basically a specific network supports one major service
The limitation of the original designing idea can not support the multiple requirements for networks and services (such as Telecom network Internet)
The original design mode of Internet leads to itrsquos shortage in mobility security controllable and administrable
We urgently need redesign the framework of new generation Internet to overcome the serious shortage of current Internet
Providing pervasive and trusted services based on a specific network has became the key research directions of national informatization
GENI (Global Environment for Network Innovations) - NSF 2005 (1)
What is GENIWhat is GENIGENI is GENI is a facility concepta facility concept being explored by being explored by the US computing community the US computing community
back to an NSF workshop in 2005back to an NSF workshop in 2005focus on focus on architecturalarchitectural research and research and provide the provide the experimentalexperimental infrastructure infrastructure needed to support that researchneeded to support that research
focus on the research agenda (and focus on the research agenda (and infrastructure needs) of the infrastructure needs) of the opticaloptical wirelesswireless sensorsensor network and network and distributeddistributed systems communitiessystems communities
GENI (Global Environment for Network Innovations) (2)
The goal of GENI The goal of GENI Goal a Future Internet that meets the Goal a Future Internet that meets the demands of 21st centurydemands of 21st century
to increase the to increase the qualityquality and and quantityquantity of of experimental experimental researchresearch outcomes in networking and distributed outcomes in networking and distributed systemssystems
to accelerate the to accelerate the transitiontransition of these outcomes into of these outcomes into products and servicesproducts and services
enhance economic competitiveness and secure enhance economic competitiveness and secure the Nations futurethe Nations future
Ultimately to lead to a Ultimately to lead to a transition of the transition of the InternetInternet
GENI Research Opportunities (3)
Two dichotomy thought (false or at least Two dichotomy thought (false or at least unnecessary)unnecessary)
a a clean slateclean slate reconceptualization of Internet reconceptualization of Internet architecture architecture
todays 30-year-old architecture that todays 30-year-old architecture that limit its limit its abilityability to cope with emerging threats and to cope with emerging threats and opportunitiesopportunities
bull eroding trust reduced innovation slowing eroding trust reduced innovation slowing updateupdate
future innovation will take the form of new future innovation will take the form of new services and applications running services and applications running on top of the on top of the InternetInternet
GENI Research Opportunities (4)
GENI discussion GENI discussion First we interpret Future Internet very broadly to First we interpret Future Internet very broadly to
include innovations at include innovations at any levelany level of the architecture of the architecture alternative protocols and architectures running alternative protocols and architectures running
inside the network (as overlays on top of inside the network (as overlays on top of todays network) todays network)
Second research should employ Second research should employ clean slate clean slate thinkingthinking but this does but this does not imply that an entirely not imply that an entirely newnew Internet will be necessary In other words Internet will be necessary In other words clean slate is a clean slate is a processprocess not a not a resultresult
Third opportunities Third opportunities betweenbetween two perspectives two perspectives exploring how todays architecture is best exploring how todays architecture is best
evolved to support emerging overlay services evolved to support emerging overlay services
GENI Facility Concept (5)
Facility ConceptFacility Concept experimental platforms for experimental platforms for bothboth research and research and
deploymentdeployment filling the filling the gapgap between small-scale exp and mature between small-scale exp and mature
tech tech GENI evaluate new network systems on large-GENI evaluate new network systems on large-
scalescale
Two levelsTwo levels Physical level Physical level GENI substrateGENI substrate will consist of a will consist of a
collection of links forwarders storage collection of links forwarders storage processors and wireless net processors and wireless net
On top of this substrate a On top of this substrate a software software management management frameworkframework will be overlay network experiments on will be overlay network experiments on
the substratethe substrate
GENI Facility Concept (6)
Four key ideasFour key ideas substrate components will be substrate components will be programmableprogrammable - -
possible to embed any network experiment including possible to embed any network experiment including clean-slate designs clean-slate designs
Substrate will be Substrate will be virtualizable virtualizable -- possible to embed possible to embed multiple slices in the substrate at the same time multiple slices in the substrate at the same time (allow experimental services and architectures to run (allow experimental services and architectures to run continuously) continuously)
GENI will include mechanisms that allow end-users GENI will include mechanisms that allow end-users to to seamlessly seamlessly opt-inopt-in to experimental services to experimental services
GENI will be GENI will be modularmodular ( (architecture and interfaces) - architecture and interfaces) - possible to extend GENI with new networking possible to extend GENI with new networking technologies GENI will not be a static artifact but technologies GENI will not be a static artifact but rather a rather a dynamic infrastructuredynamic infrastructure that is continually that is continually renewedrenewed
FIND (Future Internet Network Design) ndash NSF 2006 (1)
FIND asks two broad questionsFIND asks two broad questions What are the What are the requirementsrequirements for the global network for the global network
in 15 years in 15 years How How would we would we re-conceivere-conceive tomorrows global tomorrows global
network today if we could design it from scratch network today if we could design it from scratch FIND program solicits FIND program solicits clean slate processclean slate process research proposals in the broad area of research proposals in the broad area of network architecture principles and designnetwork architecture principles and design
FIND (Future Internet Network Design) (2)
FIND research might address wide questionsFIND research might address wide questions What will the What will the edgeedge of the network look like in 15 of the network look like in 15
years How might the network years How might the network architecturearchitecture of 15 of 15 years hence best accommodate sensors embedded years hence best accommodate sensors embedded systems and the like systems and the like
How might the network of 15 years from now How might the network of 15 years from now supportsupport what users really do (and care about) How what users really do (and care about) How might such functions as information access location might such functions as information access location management or identity management best fit into a management or identity management best fit into a new overall network architecture new overall network architecture
What will the What will the core core of the network look like in 15 of the network look like in 15 years How might the changing economics of years How might the changing economics of optical systems affect the overall design of the larger optical systems affect the overall design of the larger networknetwork
FIRE (Future Internet Research and Experimentation) ndash European 2007 (1)
Internet has Internet has growngrown to an unexpected reach to an unexpected reach as for the as for the numbernumber of users of users capacitycapacity of the of the links broadband penetration to the links broadband penetration to the homehome servicesservices
ProblemsProblems spam viruses denial of service spam viruses denial of service attacks complexity of managementattacks complexity of management
Internet drawbacks and Internet drawbacks and limitationslimitations ndash to ndash to scalabilityscalability suitabilitysuitability mobilitymobility transparencytransparency securitysecurity
require new radical approaches to require new radical approaches to fundamentally redesign its protocols and fundamentally redesign its protocols and architectures architectures
FIRE (2) FIRE is an FIRE is an experimentallyexperimentally-driven -driven longlong-term research initiative on -term research initiative on
Future Internet Future Internet conceptsconcepts protocolsprotocols and and architecturesarchitectures encompassing technological industrial and socio-economic encompassing technological industrial and socio-economic
aspects aspects acting as proof-of-concept of the newly proposed acting as proof-of-concept of the newly proposed
technologies and services technologies and services FIRE RESEARCHFIRE RESEARCH
Long term multidisciplinary research on future internet Long term multidisciplinary research on future internet paradigms paradigms
Open to Open to fresh bottom-upfresh bottom-up ideas with ideas with no backwards-no backwards-compatibilitycompatibility constraints constraints
Building on the FET SAC initiative ldquoSituated and Autonomic Building on the FET SAC initiative ldquoSituated and Autonomic Communicationsrdquo Communicationsrdquo
Considering at the Considering at the same timesame time technological economic and technological economic and socialpolicy aspects socialpolicy aspects
Build in from the outset and on all levels the right Build in from the outset and on all levels the right balancebalance between security accountability and privacybetween security accountability and privacy
FIRE (3)
FIRE EXPERIMENTATIONFIRE EXPERIMENTATION Large scale experimentationLarge scale experimentation of new paradigms and of new paradigms and
concepts for the future internet and related service concepts for the future internet and related service architectures architectures
Learning through broad experimentation Learning through broad experimentation Integrating and validating new conceptsIntegrating and validating new concepts
Federating and extending Federating and extending existing testbedsexisting testbeds and and research infrastructures research infrastructures
no backwards-compatibility constraints no backwards-compatibility constraints European approach and develop a European European approach and develop a European
identityidentity
- Slide 1
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
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- Slide 105
- Slide 106
- Slide 107
- Slide 108
- Slide 109
- Slide 110
- Slide 113
- Slide 114
- Slide 115
-
Best of Both Worlds
Multiprotocol label switching (Multiprotocol label switching (MPLSMPLS)) MPLS + IP form a middle ground that MPLS + IP form a middle ground that
combines the best of IP and the best of combines the best of IP and the best of virtual virtual circuit switching technologiescircuit switching technologies
ATM and Frame Relay cannot easily come to ATM and Frame Relay cannot easily come to the middle so IP hasthe middle so IP has
Label Encapsulation
MPLS Encapsulation is specified over MPLS Encapsulation is specified over various media types Top labels may use various media types Top labels may use existing format lower label(s) use a new existing format lower label(s) use a new ldquoshimrdquo label formatldquoshimrdquo label format
Label Substitution Have a friend go to B ahead of you using one of the Have a friend go to B ahead of you using one of the
previous two techniques At every road they reserve previous two techniques At every road they reserve a lane just for you At every intersection they post a a lane just for you At every intersection they post a big sign that says for a given lane which way to turn big sign that says for a given lane which way to turn and what new lane to takeand what new lane to take
Future Internet Research and Experimentation
Todayrsquos Internet Millions of usersMillions of users Web email low-quality audio amp videoWeb email low-quality audio amp video Interconnect personal computers and serversInterconnect personal computers and servers Applications adapt to underlying technologyApplications adapt to underlying technology Todayrsquos Internet DoesnrsquotTodayrsquos Internet Doesnrsquot
Provide reliable end-to-end performanceProvide reliable end-to-end performanceEncourage cooperation on new capabilitiesEncourage cooperation on new capabilitiesAllow testing of new technologiesAllow testing of new technologiesSupport development of revolutionary Support development of revolutionary applicationsapplications
Tomorrowrsquos Internet
Billions of users and devicesBillions of users and devices Convergence of todayrsquos applications Convergence of todayrsquos applications with multimedia (telephony video-with multimedia (telephony video-conference HDTV)conference HDTV)
Interconnect personal computers Interconnect personal computers servers and embedded computersservers and embedded computers
New technologies enable unanticipated New technologies enable unanticipated applications (and create new challenges)applications (and create new challenges)
Vint Cerf Open Challenges
My primary disappointment has been the slow pace of high speed access for residential customers hellip
The second area of disappointment is the slow uptake of version 6 of the Internet protocol (IPv6)
Perhaps the third area is the continuing difficulty caused by viruses worms and distributed denial of service attacksrdquo
How to make the Internet better Addressing current problems
Security1048766 Privacy1048766 Self-diagnosis amp self-healing networks1048766 Cheap connectivity for poor area and third world countries1048766
Wireless mesh networks1048766 sensors1048766 Mobility1048766
New cool apps1048766 What is after IPTV VoIP BitTorrent
Why Internet2 (1996)
The Internet was not designed forThe Internet was not designed forMillions of usersMillions of usersCongestionCongestionMultimediaMultimediaReal time interactionReal time interaction
But only the Internet canBut only the Internet canAccommodate explosive growthAccommodate explosive growthEnable convergence of information Enable convergence of information work mass media and human work mass media and human collaborationcollaboration
Internet2 Project Develop and deploy advanced network Develop and deploy advanced network
applications and technologies accelerating applications and technologies accelerating the creation of tomorrowrsquos Internetthe creation of tomorrowrsquos Internet
GoalsGoals Enable new generation of applicationsEnable new generation of applications Re-create leading edge RampE network Re-create leading edge RampE network
capabilitycapability Transfer capability to the global Transfer capability to the global
production Internetproduction Internet 206 University Members Jan 2005206 University Members Jan 2005
Internet2 Focus Areas Advanced Network Infrastructure - AbileneAdvanced Network Infrastructure - Abilene
Backbones operate at 10 Gbps capacity - 100 Backbones operate at 10 Gbps capacity - 100 Gbps (2007)Gbps (2007)
Middleware Middleware A layer of software between the network and the A layer of software between the network and the
applications applications Authentication Identification Authorization Authentication Identification Authorization
Directories SecurityDirectories Security EngineeringEngineering
IPv6 Measurement Multicast QoS Routing IPv6 Measurement Multicast QoS Routing Security TopologySecurity Topology
Advanced ApplicationsAdvanced Applications Distributed computation Virtual laboratories Distributed computation Virtual laboratories
Digital libraries Distributed learning Digital video Digital libraries Distributed learning Digital video Tele-immersion All of the above in combinationTele-immersion All of the above in combination
Abilene Connections Apr-2000Abilene Connections July 2006
Abilene Connections Apr-2000Abilene International Peering 2006
Research andDevelopment
Commercialization
Partnerships
Privatization
Internet Development Spiral
Todayrsquos Internet
Internet2
University-led Federal agency-led
Developing education and research driven applications
Agency mission-driven and general purpose applications
Building out campus networks gigaPoPs and inter-gigapop
infrastructure
Funding research testbeds and agency research networks
Interconnecting and interoperating to provide advanced networking capabilities needed to support advanced
research and education applications
Internet2 and the Next Generation Internet Initiative
Internet2 NGI
Our Founding (Funding) Fable
Researchers invent new architectures Architectures are validated on a testbed IETF ISPs and router vendors collaborate to deploy new design
This is complete BS
Do Traditional Testbeds Really Test
Production-oriented testbeds Real traffic provides good validation But can test only very incremental changes
Research-oriented testbeds Can test radical architectures Lack of real traffic results in poor validation
Both are expensive (dedicated bandwidth)
What about Deployment Architectural change requires ISP consensus
- Hard to agree- No competitive advantage from architectural innovation
- All have huge sunk investment in the status quo
ISPs are unlikely candidates for architectural change
Architecture isnrsquot just static its decaying Ad hoc workarounds muddy the architectural waters
We are at an Impasse
We canrsquot test new architectures- Despite sizable investments in testbeds
We canrsquot deploy new architectures- And things are getting worse not better
Yet there are pressing requirements for which the current architecture is not well suited
The Communityrsquos Response Focus on areas where we can have impact
Empirical studies Incremental changes (subject to current constraints)
Small stream of architectural proposals Paper designs without hope of deployment
More science fiction than engineering Have largely abandoned hope of effecting fundamental architectural change
Living with rather than overcoming the impasse
Overcoming the Impasse
Must be able to test new architectures Wide range of architectures Real traffic from willing individuals Low overhead for individual researchers
Meet the grand challenge of reinventing the Internet
Empirical incremental research is great but not enough
If someone put us in charge what would we do
What about deployment Several options none good but no excuse to not have an answer to the grand challenge
Testing Virtual Testbed
Overlay testbed (think RON etc) Host proxy directs packets to overlay
Proxy must architecturally neutral and flexible
Individuals (anywhere) opt-in by turning on proxy
Shared testing infrastructure (think Planetlab) Overlay nodes shared among experiments
Slicing on per-packet timescales Virtualized routers
These ideas have turned into the GENI program
Why GENI (Global Environment for Network Innovations) Future Internet Network (2005)
The original designing idea of current information networks is basically a specific network supports one major service
The limitation of the original designing idea can not support the multiple requirements for networks and services (such as Telecom network Internet)
The original design mode of Internet leads to itrsquos shortage in mobility security controllable and administrable
We urgently need redesign the framework of new generation Internet to overcome the serious shortage of current Internet
Providing pervasive and trusted services based on a specific network has became the key research directions of national informatization
GENI (Global Environment for Network Innovations) - NSF 2005 (1)
What is GENIWhat is GENIGENI is GENI is a facility concepta facility concept being explored by being explored by the US computing community the US computing community
back to an NSF workshop in 2005back to an NSF workshop in 2005focus on focus on architecturalarchitectural research and research and provide the provide the experimentalexperimental infrastructure infrastructure needed to support that researchneeded to support that research
focus on the research agenda (and focus on the research agenda (and infrastructure needs) of the infrastructure needs) of the opticaloptical wirelesswireless sensorsensor network and network and distributeddistributed systems communitiessystems communities
GENI (Global Environment for Network Innovations) (2)
The goal of GENI The goal of GENI Goal a Future Internet that meets the Goal a Future Internet that meets the demands of 21st centurydemands of 21st century
to increase the to increase the qualityquality and and quantityquantity of of experimental experimental researchresearch outcomes in networking and distributed outcomes in networking and distributed systemssystems
to accelerate the to accelerate the transitiontransition of these outcomes into of these outcomes into products and servicesproducts and services
enhance economic competitiveness and secure enhance economic competitiveness and secure the Nations futurethe Nations future
Ultimately to lead to a Ultimately to lead to a transition of the transition of the InternetInternet
GENI Research Opportunities (3)
Two dichotomy thought (false or at least Two dichotomy thought (false or at least unnecessary)unnecessary)
a a clean slateclean slate reconceptualization of Internet reconceptualization of Internet architecture architecture
todays 30-year-old architecture that todays 30-year-old architecture that limit its limit its abilityability to cope with emerging threats and to cope with emerging threats and opportunitiesopportunities
bull eroding trust reduced innovation slowing eroding trust reduced innovation slowing updateupdate
future innovation will take the form of new future innovation will take the form of new services and applications running services and applications running on top of the on top of the InternetInternet
GENI Research Opportunities (4)
GENI discussion GENI discussion First we interpret Future Internet very broadly to First we interpret Future Internet very broadly to
include innovations at include innovations at any levelany level of the architecture of the architecture alternative protocols and architectures running alternative protocols and architectures running
inside the network (as overlays on top of inside the network (as overlays on top of todays network) todays network)
Second research should employ Second research should employ clean slate clean slate thinkingthinking but this does but this does not imply that an entirely not imply that an entirely newnew Internet will be necessary In other words Internet will be necessary In other words clean slate is a clean slate is a processprocess not a not a resultresult
Third opportunities Third opportunities betweenbetween two perspectives two perspectives exploring how todays architecture is best exploring how todays architecture is best
evolved to support emerging overlay services evolved to support emerging overlay services
GENI Facility Concept (5)
Facility ConceptFacility Concept experimental platforms for experimental platforms for bothboth research and research and
deploymentdeployment filling the filling the gapgap between small-scale exp and mature between small-scale exp and mature
tech tech GENI evaluate new network systems on large-GENI evaluate new network systems on large-
scalescale
Two levelsTwo levels Physical level Physical level GENI substrateGENI substrate will consist of a will consist of a
collection of links forwarders storage collection of links forwarders storage processors and wireless net processors and wireless net
On top of this substrate a On top of this substrate a software software management management frameworkframework will be overlay network experiments on will be overlay network experiments on
the substratethe substrate
GENI Facility Concept (6)
Four key ideasFour key ideas substrate components will be substrate components will be programmableprogrammable - -
possible to embed any network experiment including possible to embed any network experiment including clean-slate designs clean-slate designs
Substrate will be Substrate will be virtualizable virtualizable -- possible to embed possible to embed multiple slices in the substrate at the same time multiple slices in the substrate at the same time (allow experimental services and architectures to run (allow experimental services and architectures to run continuously) continuously)
GENI will include mechanisms that allow end-users GENI will include mechanisms that allow end-users to to seamlessly seamlessly opt-inopt-in to experimental services to experimental services
GENI will be GENI will be modularmodular ( (architecture and interfaces) - architecture and interfaces) - possible to extend GENI with new networking possible to extend GENI with new networking technologies GENI will not be a static artifact but technologies GENI will not be a static artifact but rather a rather a dynamic infrastructuredynamic infrastructure that is continually that is continually renewedrenewed
FIND (Future Internet Network Design) ndash NSF 2006 (1)
FIND asks two broad questionsFIND asks two broad questions What are the What are the requirementsrequirements for the global network for the global network
in 15 years in 15 years How How would we would we re-conceivere-conceive tomorrows global tomorrows global
network today if we could design it from scratch network today if we could design it from scratch FIND program solicits FIND program solicits clean slate processclean slate process research proposals in the broad area of research proposals in the broad area of network architecture principles and designnetwork architecture principles and design
FIND (Future Internet Network Design) (2)
FIND research might address wide questionsFIND research might address wide questions What will the What will the edgeedge of the network look like in 15 of the network look like in 15
years How might the network years How might the network architecturearchitecture of 15 of 15 years hence best accommodate sensors embedded years hence best accommodate sensors embedded systems and the like systems and the like
How might the network of 15 years from now How might the network of 15 years from now supportsupport what users really do (and care about) How what users really do (and care about) How might such functions as information access location might such functions as information access location management or identity management best fit into a management or identity management best fit into a new overall network architecture new overall network architecture
What will the What will the core core of the network look like in 15 of the network look like in 15 years How might the changing economics of years How might the changing economics of optical systems affect the overall design of the larger optical systems affect the overall design of the larger networknetwork
FIRE (Future Internet Research and Experimentation) ndash European 2007 (1)
Internet has Internet has growngrown to an unexpected reach to an unexpected reach as for the as for the numbernumber of users of users capacitycapacity of the of the links broadband penetration to the links broadband penetration to the homehome servicesservices
ProblemsProblems spam viruses denial of service spam viruses denial of service attacks complexity of managementattacks complexity of management
Internet drawbacks and Internet drawbacks and limitationslimitations ndash to ndash to scalabilityscalability suitabilitysuitability mobilitymobility transparencytransparency securitysecurity
require new radical approaches to require new radical approaches to fundamentally redesign its protocols and fundamentally redesign its protocols and architectures architectures
FIRE (2) FIRE is an FIRE is an experimentallyexperimentally-driven -driven longlong-term research initiative on -term research initiative on
Future Internet Future Internet conceptsconcepts protocolsprotocols and and architecturesarchitectures encompassing technological industrial and socio-economic encompassing technological industrial and socio-economic
aspects aspects acting as proof-of-concept of the newly proposed acting as proof-of-concept of the newly proposed
technologies and services technologies and services FIRE RESEARCHFIRE RESEARCH
Long term multidisciplinary research on future internet Long term multidisciplinary research on future internet paradigms paradigms
Open to Open to fresh bottom-upfresh bottom-up ideas with ideas with no backwards-no backwards-compatibilitycompatibility constraints constraints
Building on the FET SAC initiative ldquoSituated and Autonomic Building on the FET SAC initiative ldquoSituated and Autonomic Communicationsrdquo Communicationsrdquo
Considering at the Considering at the same timesame time technological economic and technological economic and socialpolicy aspects socialpolicy aspects
Build in from the outset and on all levels the right Build in from the outset and on all levels the right balancebalance between security accountability and privacybetween security accountability and privacy
FIRE (3)
FIRE EXPERIMENTATIONFIRE EXPERIMENTATION Large scale experimentationLarge scale experimentation of new paradigms and of new paradigms and
concepts for the future internet and related service concepts for the future internet and related service architectures architectures
Learning through broad experimentation Learning through broad experimentation Integrating and validating new conceptsIntegrating and validating new concepts
Federating and extending Federating and extending existing testbedsexisting testbeds and and research infrastructures research infrastructures
no backwards-compatibility constraints no backwards-compatibility constraints European approach and develop a European European approach and develop a European
identityidentity
- Slide 1
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
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- Slide 115
-
Label Encapsulation
MPLS Encapsulation is specified over MPLS Encapsulation is specified over various media types Top labels may use various media types Top labels may use existing format lower label(s) use a new existing format lower label(s) use a new ldquoshimrdquo label formatldquoshimrdquo label format
Label Substitution Have a friend go to B ahead of you using one of the Have a friend go to B ahead of you using one of the
previous two techniques At every road they reserve previous two techniques At every road they reserve a lane just for you At every intersection they post a a lane just for you At every intersection they post a big sign that says for a given lane which way to turn big sign that says for a given lane which way to turn and what new lane to takeand what new lane to take
Future Internet Research and Experimentation
Todayrsquos Internet Millions of usersMillions of users Web email low-quality audio amp videoWeb email low-quality audio amp video Interconnect personal computers and serversInterconnect personal computers and servers Applications adapt to underlying technologyApplications adapt to underlying technology Todayrsquos Internet DoesnrsquotTodayrsquos Internet Doesnrsquot
Provide reliable end-to-end performanceProvide reliable end-to-end performanceEncourage cooperation on new capabilitiesEncourage cooperation on new capabilitiesAllow testing of new technologiesAllow testing of new technologiesSupport development of revolutionary Support development of revolutionary applicationsapplications
Tomorrowrsquos Internet
Billions of users and devicesBillions of users and devices Convergence of todayrsquos applications Convergence of todayrsquos applications with multimedia (telephony video-with multimedia (telephony video-conference HDTV)conference HDTV)
Interconnect personal computers Interconnect personal computers servers and embedded computersservers and embedded computers
New technologies enable unanticipated New technologies enable unanticipated applications (and create new challenges)applications (and create new challenges)
Vint Cerf Open Challenges
My primary disappointment has been the slow pace of high speed access for residential customers hellip
The second area of disappointment is the slow uptake of version 6 of the Internet protocol (IPv6)
Perhaps the third area is the continuing difficulty caused by viruses worms and distributed denial of service attacksrdquo
How to make the Internet better Addressing current problems
Security1048766 Privacy1048766 Self-diagnosis amp self-healing networks1048766 Cheap connectivity for poor area and third world countries1048766
Wireless mesh networks1048766 sensors1048766 Mobility1048766
New cool apps1048766 What is after IPTV VoIP BitTorrent
Why Internet2 (1996)
The Internet was not designed forThe Internet was not designed forMillions of usersMillions of usersCongestionCongestionMultimediaMultimediaReal time interactionReal time interaction
But only the Internet canBut only the Internet canAccommodate explosive growthAccommodate explosive growthEnable convergence of information Enable convergence of information work mass media and human work mass media and human collaborationcollaboration
Internet2 Project Develop and deploy advanced network Develop and deploy advanced network
applications and technologies accelerating applications and technologies accelerating the creation of tomorrowrsquos Internetthe creation of tomorrowrsquos Internet
GoalsGoals Enable new generation of applicationsEnable new generation of applications Re-create leading edge RampE network Re-create leading edge RampE network
capabilitycapability Transfer capability to the global Transfer capability to the global
production Internetproduction Internet 206 University Members Jan 2005206 University Members Jan 2005
Internet2 Focus Areas Advanced Network Infrastructure - AbileneAdvanced Network Infrastructure - Abilene
Backbones operate at 10 Gbps capacity - 100 Backbones operate at 10 Gbps capacity - 100 Gbps (2007)Gbps (2007)
Middleware Middleware A layer of software between the network and the A layer of software between the network and the
applications applications Authentication Identification Authorization Authentication Identification Authorization
Directories SecurityDirectories Security EngineeringEngineering
IPv6 Measurement Multicast QoS Routing IPv6 Measurement Multicast QoS Routing Security TopologySecurity Topology
Advanced ApplicationsAdvanced Applications Distributed computation Virtual laboratories Distributed computation Virtual laboratories
Digital libraries Distributed learning Digital video Digital libraries Distributed learning Digital video Tele-immersion All of the above in combinationTele-immersion All of the above in combination
Abilene Connections Apr-2000Abilene Connections July 2006
Abilene Connections Apr-2000Abilene International Peering 2006
Research andDevelopment
Commercialization
Partnerships
Privatization
Internet Development Spiral
Todayrsquos Internet
Internet2
University-led Federal agency-led
Developing education and research driven applications
Agency mission-driven and general purpose applications
Building out campus networks gigaPoPs and inter-gigapop
infrastructure
Funding research testbeds and agency research networks
Interconnecting and interoperating to provide advanced networking capabilities needed to support advanced
research and education applications
Internet2 and the Next Generation Internet Initiative
Internet2 NGI
Our Founding (Funding) Fable
Researchers invent new architectures Architectures are validated on a testbed IETF ISPs and router vendors collaborate to deploy new design
This is complete BS
Do Traditional Testbeds Really Test
Production-oriented testbeds Real traffic provides good validation But can test only very incremental changes
Research-oriented testbeds Can test radical architectures Lack of real traffic results in poor validation
Both are expensive (dedicated bandwidth)
What about Deployment Architectural change requires ISP consensus
- Hard to agree- No competitive advantage from architectural innovation
- All have huge sunk investment in the status quo
ISPs are unlikely candidates for architectural change
Architecture isnrsquot just static its decaying Ad hoc workarounds muddy the architectural waters
We are at an Impasse
We canrsquot test new architectures- Despite sizable investments in testbeds
We canrsquot deploy new architectures- And things are getting worse not better
Yet there are pressing requirements for which the current architecture is not well suited
The Communityrsquos Response Focus on areas where we can have impact
Empirical studies Incremental changes (subject to current constraints)
Small stream of architectural proposals Paper designs without hope of deployment
More science fiction than engineering Have largely abandoned hope of effecting fundamental architectural change
Living with rather than overcoming the impasse
Overcoming the Impasse
Must be able to test new architectures Wide range of architectures Real traffic from willing individuals Low overhead for individual researchers
Meet the grand challenge of reinventing the Internet
Empirical incremental research is great but not enough
If someone put us in charge what would we do
What about deployment Several options none good but no excuse to not have an answer to the grand challenge
Testing Virtual Testbed
Overlay testbed (think RON etc) Host proxy directs packets to overlay
Proxy must architecturally neutral and flexible
Individuals (anywhere) opt-in by turning on proxy
Shared testing infrastructure (think Planetlab) Overlay nodes shared among experiments
Slicing on per-packet timescales Virtualized routers
These ideas have turned into the GENI program
Why GENI (Global Environment for Network Innovations) Future Internet Network (2005)
The original designing idea of current information networks is basically a specific network supports one major service
The limitation of the original designing idea can not support the multiple requirements for networks and services (such as Telecom network Internet)
The original design mode of Internet leads to itrsquos shortage in mobility security controllable and administrable
We urgently need redesign the framework of new generation Internet to overcome the serious shortage of current Internet
Providing pervasive and trusted services based on a specific network has became the key research directions of national informatization
GENI (Global Environment for Network Innovations) - NSF 2005 (1)
What is GENIWhat is GENIGENI is GENI is a facility concepta facility concept being explored by being explored by the US computing community the US computing community
back to an NSF workshop in 2005back to an NSF workshop in 2005focus on focus on architecturalarchitectural research and research and provide the provide the experimentalexperimental infrastructure infrastructure needed to support that researchneeded to support that research
focus on the research agenda (and focus on the research agenda (and infrastructure needs) of the infrastructure needs) of the opticaloptical wirelesswireless sensorsensor network and network and distributeddistributed systems communitiessystems communities
GENI (Global Environment for Network Innovations) (2)
The goal of GENI The goal of GENI Goal a Future Internet that meets the Goal a Future Internet that meets the demands of 21st centurydemands of 21st century
to increase the to increase the qualityquality and and quantityquantity of of experimental experimental researchresearch outcomes in networking and distributed outcomes in networking and distributed systemssystems
to accelerate the to accelerate the transitiontransition of these outcomes into of these outcomes into products and servicesproducts and services
enhance economic competitiveness and secure enhance economic competitiveness and secure the Nations futurethe Nations future
Ultimately to lead to a Ultimately to lead to a transition of the transition of the InternetInternet
GENI Research Opportunities (3)
Two dichotomy thought (false or at least Two dichotomy thought (false or at least unnecessary)unnecessary)
a a clean slateclean slate reconceptualization of Internet reconceptualization of Internet architecture architecture
todays 30-year-old architecture that todays 30-year-old architecture that limit its limit its abilityability to cope with emerging threats and to cope with emerging threats and opportunitiesopportunities
bull eroding trust reduced innovation slowing eroding trust reduced innovation slowing updateupdate
future innovation will take the form of new future innovation will take the form of new services and applications running services and applications running on top of the on top of the InternetInternet
GENI Research Opportunities (4)
GENI discussion GENI discussion First we interpret Future Internet very broadly to First we interpret Future Internet very broadly to
include innovations at include innovations at any levelany level of the architecture of the architecture alternative protocols and architectures running alternative protocols and architectures running
inside the network (as overlays on top of inside the network (as overlays on top of todays network) todays network)
Second research should employ Second research should employ clean slate clean slate thinkingthinking but this does but this does not imply that an entirely not imply that an entirely newnew Internet will be necessary In other words Internet will be necessary In other words clean slate is a clean slate is a processprocess not a not a resultresult
Third opportunities Third opportunities betweenbetween two perspectives two perspectives exploring how todays architecture is best exploring how todays architecture is best
evolved to support emerging overlay services evolved to support emerging overlay services
GENI Facility Concept (5)
Facility ConceptFacility Concept experimental platforms for experimental platforms for bothboth research and research and
deploymentdeployment filling the filling the gapgap between small-scale exp and mature between small-scale exp and mature
tech tech GENI evaluate new network systems on large-GENI evaluate new network systems on large-
scalescale
Two levelsTwo levels Physical level Physical level GENI substrateGENI substrate will consist of a will consist of a
collection of links forwarders storage collection of links forwarders storage processors and wireless net processors and wireless net
On top of this substrate a On top of this substrate a software software management management frameworkframework will be overlay network experiments on will be overlay network experiments on
the substratethe substrate
GENI Facility Concept (6)
Four key ideasFour key ideas substrate components will be substrate components will be programmableprogrammable - -
possible to embed any network experiment including possible to embed any network experiment including clean-slate designs clean-slate designs
Substrate will be Substrate will be virtualizable virtualizable -- possible to embed possible to embed multiple slices in the substrate at the same time multiple slices in the substrate at the same time (allow experimental services and architectures to run (allow experimental services and architectures to run continuously) continuously)
GENI will include mechanisms that allow end-users GENI will include mechanisms that allow end-users to to seamlessly seamlessly opt-inopt-in to experimental services to experimental services
GENI will be GENI will be modularmodular ( (architecture and interfaces) - architecture and interfaces) - possible to extend GENI with new networking possible to extend GENI with new networking technologies GENI will not be a static artifact but technologies GENI will not be a static artifact but rather a rather a dynamic infrastructuredynamic infrastructure that is continually that is continually renewedrenewed
FIND (Future Internet Network Design) ndash NSF 2006 (1)
FIND asks two broad questionsFIND asks two broad questions What are the What are the requirementsrequirements for the global network for the global network
in 15 years in 15 years How How would we would we re-conceivere-conceive tomorrows global tomorrows global
network today if we could design it from scratch network today if we could design it from scratch FIND program solicits FIND program solicits clean slate processclean slate process research proposals in the broad area of research proposals in the broad area of network architecture principles and designnetwork architecture principles and design
FIND (Future Internet Network Design) (2)
FIND research might address wide questionsFIND research might address wide questions What will the What will the edgeedge of the network look like in 15 of the network look like in 15
years How might the network years How might the network architecturearchitecture of 15 of 15 years hence best accommodate sensors embedded years hence best accommodate sensors embedded systems and the like systems and the like
How might the network of 15 years from now How might the network of 15 years from now supportsupport what users really do (and care about) How what users really do (and care about) How might such functions as information access location might such functions as information access location management or identity management best fit into a management or identity management best fit into a new overall network architecture new overall network architecture
What will the What will the core core of the network look like in 15 of the network look like in 15 years How might the changing economics of years How might the changing economics of optical systems affect the overall design of the larger optical systems affect the overall design of the larger networknetwork
FIRE (Future Internet Research and Experimentation) ndash European 2007 (1)
Internet has Internet has growngrown to an unexpected reach to an unexpected reach as for the as for the numbernumber of users of users capacitycapacity of the of the links broadband penetration to the links broadband penetration to the homehome servicesservices
ProblemsProblems spam viruses denial of service spam viruses denial of service attacks complexity of managementattacks complexity of management
Internet drawbacks and Internet drawbacks and limitationslimitations ndash to ndash to scalabilityscalability suitabilitysuitability mobilitymobility transparencytransparency securitysecurity
require new radical approaches to require new radical approaches to fundamentally redesign its protocols and fundamentally redesign its protocols and architectures architectures
FIRE (2) FIRE is an FIRE is an experimentallyexperimentally-driven -driven longlong-term research initiative on -term research initiative on
Future Internet Future Internet conceptsconcepts protocolsprotocols and and architecturesarchitectures encompassing technological industrial and socio-economic encompassing technological industrial and socio-economic
aspects aspects acting as proof-of-concept of the newly proposed acting as proof-of-concept of the newly proposed
technologies and services technologies and services FIRE RESEARCHFIRE RESEARCH
Long term multidisciplinary research on future internet Long term multidisciplinary research on future internet paradigms paradigms
Open to Open to fresh bottom-upfresh bottom-up ideas with ideas with no backwards-no backwards-compatibilitycompatibility constraints constraints
Building on the FET SAC initiative ldquoSituated and Autonomic Building on the FET SAC initiative ldquoSituated and Autonomic Communicationsrdquo Communicationsrdquo
Considering at the Considering at the same timesame time technological economic and technological economic and socialpolicy aspects socialpolicy aspects
Build in from the outset and on all levels the right Build in from the outset and on all levels the right balancebalance between security accountability and privacybetween security accountability and privacy
FIRE (3)
FIRE EXPERIMENTATIONFIRE EXPERIMENTATION Large scale experimentationLarge scale experimentation of new paradigms and of new paradigms and
concepts for the future internet and related service concepts for the future internet and related service architectures architectures
Learning through broad experimentation Learning through broad experimentation Integrating and validating new conceptsIntegrating and validating new concepts
Federating and extending Federating and extending existing testbedsexisting testbeds and and research infrastructures research infrastructures
no backwards-compatibility constraints no backwards-compatibility constraints European approach and develop a European European approach and develop a European
identityidentity
- Slide 1
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
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- Slide 109
- Slide 110
- Slide 113
- Slide 114
- Slide 115
-
Label Substitution Have a friend go to B ahead of you using one of the Have a friend go to B ahead of you using one of the
previous two techniques At every road they reserve previous two techniques At every road they reserve a lane just for you At every intersection they post a a lane just for you At every intersection they post a big sign that says for a given lane which way to turn big sign that says for a given lane which way to turn and what new lane to takeand what new lane to take
Future Internet Research and Experimentation
Todayrsquos Internet Millions of usersMillions of users Web email low-quality audio amp videoWeb email low-quality audio amp video Interconnect personal computers and serversInterconnect personal computers and servers Applications adapt to underlying technologyApplications adapt to underlying technology Todayrsquos Internet DoesnrsquotTodayrsquos Internet Doesnrsquot
Provide reliable end-to-end performanceProvide reliable end-to-end performanceEncourage cooperation on new capabilitiesEncourage cooperation on new capabilitiesAllow testing of new technologiesAllow testing of new technologiesSupport development of revolutionary Support development of revolutionary applicationsapplications
Tomorrowrsquos Internet
Billions of users and devicesBillions of users and devices Convergence of todayrsquos applications Convergence of todayrsquos applications with multimedia (telephony video-with multimedia (telephony video-conference HDTV)conference HDTV)
Interconnect personal computers Interconnect personal computers servers and embedded computersservers and embedded computers
New technologies enable unanticipated New technologies enable unanticipated applications (and create new challenges)applications (and create new challenges)
Vint Cerf Open Challenges
My primary disappointment has been the slow pace of high speed access for residential customers hellip
The second area of disappointment is the slow uptake of version 6 of the Internet protocol (IPv6)
Perhaps the third area is the continuing difficulty caused by viruses worms and distributed denial of service attacksrdquo
How to make the Internet better Addressing current problems
Security1048766 Privacy1048766 Self-diagnosis amp self-healing networks1048766 Cheap connectivity for poor area and third world countries1048766
Wireless mesh networks1048766 sensors1048766 Mobility1048766
New cool apps1048766 What is after IPTV VoIP BitTorrent
Why Internet2 (1996)
The Internet was not designed forThe Internet was not designed forMillions of usersMillions of usersCongestionCongestionMultimediaMultimediaReal time interactionReal time interaction
But only the Internet canBut only the Internet canAccommodate explosive growthAccommodate explosive growthEnable convergence of information Enable convergence of information work mass media and human work mass media and human collaborationcollaboration
Internet2 Project Develop and deploy advanced network Develop and deploy advanced network
applications and technologies accelerating applications and technologies accelerating the creation of tomorrowrsquos Internetthe creation of tomorrowrsquos Internet
GoalsGoals Enable new generation of applicationsEnable new generation of applications Re-create leading edge RampE network Re-create leading edge RampE network
capabilitycapability Transfer capability to the global Transfer capability to the global
production Internetproduction Internet 206 University Members Jan 2005206 University Members Jan 2005
Internet2 Focus Areas Advanced Network Infrastructure - AbileneAdvanced Network Infrastructure - Abilene
Backbones operate at 10 Gbps capacity - 100 Backbones operate at 10 Gbps capacity - 100 Gbps (2007)Gbps (2007)
Middleware Middleware A layer of software between the network and the A layer of software between the network and the
applications applications Authentication Identification Authorization Authentication Identification Authorization
Directories SecurityDirectories Security EngineeringEngineering
IPv6 Measurement Multicast QoS Routing IPv6 Measurement Multicast QoS Routing Security TopologySecurity Topology
Advanced ApplicationsAdvanced Applications Distributed computation Virtual laboratories Distributed computation Virtual laboratories
Digital libraries Distributed learning Digital video Digital libraries Distributed learning Digital video Tele-immersion All of the above in combinationTele-immersion All of the above in combination
Abilene Connections Apr-2000Abilene Connections July 2006
Abilene Connections Apr-2000Abilene International Peering 2006
Research andDevelopment
Commercialization
Partnerships
Privatization
Internet Development Spiral
Todayrsquos Internet
Internet2
University-led Federal agency-led
Developing education and research driven applications
Agency mission-driven and general purpose applications
Building out campus networks gigaPoPs and inter-gigapop
infrastructure
Funding research testbeds and agency research networks
Interconnecting and interoperating to provide advanced networking capabilities needed to support advanced
research and education applications
Internet2 and the Next Generation Internet Initiative
Internet2 NGI
Our Founding (Funding) Fable
Researchers invent new architectures Architectures are validated on a testbed IETF ISPs and router vendors collaborate to deploy new design
This is complete BS
Do Traditional Testbeds Really Test
Production-oriented testbeds Real traffic provides good validation But can test only very incremental changes
Research-oriented testbeds Can test radical architectures Lack of real traffic results in poor validation
Both are expensive (dedicated bandwidth)
What about Deployment Architectural change requires ISP consensus
- Hard to agree- No competitive advantage from architectural innovation
- All have huge sunk investment in the status quo
ISPs are unlikely candidates for architectural change
Architecture isnrsquot just static its decaying Ad hoc workarounds muddy the architectural waters
We are at an Impasse
We canrsquot test new architectures- Despite sizable investments in testbeds
We canrsquot deploy new architectures- And things are getting worse not better
Yet there are pressing requirements for which the current architecture is not well suited
The Communityrsquos Response Focus on areas where we can have impact
Empirical studies Incremental changes (subject to current constraints)
Small stream of architectural proposals Paper designs without hope of deployment
More science fiction than engineering Have largely abandoned hope of effecting fundamental architectural change
Living with rather than overcoming the impasse
Overcoming the Impasse
Must be able to test new architectures Wide range of architectures Real traffic from willing individuals Low overhead for individual researchers
Meet the grand challenge of reinventing the Internet
Empirical incremental research is great but not enough
If someone put us in charge what would we do
What about deployment Several options none good but no excuse to not have an answer to the grand challenge
Testing Virtual Testbed
Overlay testbed (think RON etc) Host proxy directs packets to overlay
Proxy must architecturally neutral and flexible
Individuals (anywhere) opt-in by turning on proxy
Shared testing infrastructure (think Planetlab) Overlay nodes shared among experiments
Slicing on per-packet timescales Virtualized routers
These ideas have turned into the GENI program
Why GENI (Global Environment for Network Innovations) Future Internet Network (2005)
The original designing idea of current information networks is basically a specific network supports one major service
The limitation of the original designing idea can not support the multiple requirements for networks and services (such as Telecom network Internet)
The original design mode of Internet leads to itrsquos shortage in mobility security controllable and administrable
We urgently need redesign the framework of new generation Internet to overcome the serious shortage of current Internet
Providing pervasive and trusted services based on a specific network has became the key research directions of national informatization
GENI (Global Environment for Network Innovations) - NSF 2005 (1)
What is GENIWhat is GENIGENI is GENI is a facility concepta facility concept being explored by being explored by the US computing community the US computing community
back to an NSF workshop in 2005back to an NSF workshop in 2005focus on focus on architecturalarchitectural research and research and provide the provide the experimentalexperimental infrastructure infrastructure needed to support that researchneeded to support that research
focus on the research agenda (and focus on the research agenda (and infrastructure needs) of the infrastructure needs) of the opticaloptical wirelesswireless sensorsensor network and network and distributeddistributed systems communitiessystems communities
GENI (Global Environment for Network Innovations) (2)
The goal of GENI The goal of GENI Goal a Future Internet that meets the Goal a Future Internet that meets the demands of 21st centurydemands of 21st century
to increase the to increase the qualityquality and and quantityquantity of of experimental experimental researchresearch outcomes in networking and distributed outcomes in networking and distributed systemssystems
to accelerate the to accelerate the transitiontransition of these outcomes into of these outcomes into products and servicesproducts and services
enhance economic competitiveness and secure enhance economic competitiveness and secure the Nations futurethe Nations future
Ultimately to lead to a Ultimately to lead to a transition of the transition of the InternetInternet
GENI Research Opportunities (3)
Two dichotomy thought (false or at least Two dichotomy thought (false or at least unnecessary)unnecessary)
a a clean slateclean slate reconceptualization of Internet reconceptualization of Internet architecture architecture
todays 30-year-old architecture that todays 30-year-old architecture that limit its limit its abilityability to cope with emerging threats and to cope with emerging threats and opportunitiesopportunities
bull eroding trust reduced innovation slowing eroding trust reduced innovation slowing updateupdate
future innovation will take the form of new future innovation will take the form of new services and applications running services and applications running on top of the on top of the InternetInternet
GENI Research Opportunities (4)
GENI discussion GENI discussion First we interpret Future Internet very broadly to First we interpret Future Internet very broadly to
include innovations at include innovations at any levelany level of the architecture of the architecture alternative protocols and architectures running alternative protocols and architectures running
inside the network (as overlays on top of inside the network (as overlays on top of todays network) todays network)
Second research should employ Second research should employ clean slate clean slate thinkingthinking but this does but this does not imply that an entirely not imply that an entirely newnew Internet will be necessary In other words Internet will be necessary In other words clean slate is a clean slate is a processprocess not a not a resultresult
Third opportunities Third opportunities betweenbetween two perspectives two perspectives exploring how todays architecture is best exploring how todays architecture is best
evolved to support emerging overlay services evolved to support emerging overlay services
GENI Facility Concept (5)
Facility ConceptFacility Concept experimental platforms for experimental platforms for bothboth research and research and
deploymentdeployment filling the filling the gapgap between small-scale exp and mature between small-scale exp and mature
tech tech GENI evaluate new network systems on large-GENI evaluate new network systems on large-
scalescale
Two levelsTwo levels Physical level Physical level GENI substrateGENI substrate will consist of a will consist of a
collection of links forwarders storage collection of links forwarders storage processors and wireless net processors and wireless net
On top of this substrate a On top of this substrate a software software management management frameworkframework will be overlay network experiments on will be overlay network experiments on
the substratethe substrate
GENI Facility Concept (6)
Four key ideasFour key ideas substrate components will be substrate components will be programmableprogrammable - -
possible to embed any network experiment including possible to embed any network experiment including clean-slate designs clean-slate designs
Substrate will be Substrate will be virtualizable virtualizable -- possible to embed possible to embed multiple slices in the substrate at the same time multiple slices in the substrate at the same time (allow experimental services and architectures to run (allow experimental services and architectures to run continuously) continuously)
GENI will include mechanisms that allow end-users GENI will include mechanisms that allow end-users to to seamlessly seamlessly opt-inopt-in to experimental services to experimental services
GENI will be GENI will be modularmodular ( (architecture and interfaces) - architecture and interfaces) - possible to extend GENI with new networking possible to extend GENI with new networking technologies GENI will not be a static artifact but technologies GENI will not be a static artifact but rather a rather a dynamic infrastructuredynamic infrastructure that is continually that is continually renewedrenewed
FIND (Future Internet Network Design) ndash NSF 2006 (1)
FIND asks two broad questionsFIND asks two broad questions What are the What are the requirementsrequirements for the global network for the global network
in 15 years in 15 years How How would we would we re-conceivere-conceive tomorrows global tomorrows global
network today if we could design it from scratch network today if we could design it from scratch FIND program solicits FIND program solicits clean slate processclean slate process research proposals in the broad area of research proposals in the broad area of network architecture principles and designnetwork architecture principles and design
FIND (Future Internet Network Design) (2)
FIND research might address wide questionsFIND research might address wide questions What will the What will the edgeedge of the network look like in 15 of the network look like in 15
years How might the network years How might the network architecturearchitecture of 15 of 15 years hence best accommodate sensors embedded years hence best accommodate sensors embedded systems and the like systems and the like
How might the network of 15 years from now How might the network of 15 years from now supportsupport what users really do (and care about) How what users really do (and care about) How might such functions as information access location might such functions as information access location management or identity management best fit into a management or identity management best fit into a new overall network architecture new overall network architecture
What will the What will the core core of the network look like in 15 of the network look like in 15 years How might the changing economics of years How might the changing economics of optical systems affect the overall design of the larger optical systems affect the overall design of the larger networknetwork
FIRE (Future Internet Research and Experimentation) ndash European 2007 (1)
Internet has Internet has growngrown to an unexpected reach to an unexpected reach as for the as for the numbernumber of users of users capacitycapacity of the of the links broadband penetration to the links broadband penetration to the homehome servicesservices
ProblemsProblems spam viruses denial of service spam viruses denial of service attacks complexity of managementattacks complexity of management
Internet drawbacks and Internet drawbacks and limitationslimitations ndash to ndash to scalabilityscalability suitabilitysuitability mobilitymobility transparencytransparency securitysecurity
require new radical approaches to require new radical approaches to fundamentally redesign its protocols and fundamentally redesign its protocols and architectures architectures
FIRE (2) FIRE is an FIRE is an experimentallyexperimentally-driven -driven longlong-term research initiative on -term research initiative on
Future Internet Future Internet conceptsconcepts protocolsprotocols and and architecturesarchitectures encompassing technological industrial and socio-economic encompassing technological industrial and socio-economic
aspects aspects acting as proof-of-concept of the newly proposed acting as proof-of-concept of the newly proposed
technologies and services technologies and services FIRE RESEARCHFIRE RESEARCH
Long term multidisciplinary research on future internet Long term multidisciplinary research on future internet paradigms paradigms
Open to Open to fresh bottom-upfresh bottom-up ideas with ideas with no backwards-no backwards-compatibilitycompatibility constraints constraints
Building on the FET SAC initiative ldquoSituated and Autonomic Building on the FET SAC initiative ldquoSituated and Autonomic Communicationsrdquo Communicationsrdquo
Considering at the Considering at the same timesame time technological economic and technological economic and socialpolicy aspects socialpolicy aspects
Build in from the outset and on all levels the right Build in from the outset and on all levels the right balancebalance between security accountability and privacybetween security accountability and privacy
FIRE (3)
FIRE EXPERIMENTATIONFIRE EXPERIMENTATION Large scale experimentationLarge scale experimentation of new paradigms and of new paradigms and
concepts for the future internet and related service concepts for the future internet and related service architectures architectures
Learning through broad experimentation Learning through broad experimentation Integrating and validating new conceptsIntegrating and validating new concepts
Federating and extending Federating and extending existing testbedsexisting testbeds and and research infrastructures research infrastructures
no backwards-compatibility constraints no backwards-compatibility constraints European approach and develop a European European approach and develop a European
identityidentity
- Slide 1
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
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- Slide 106
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- Slide 109
- Slide 110
- Slide 113
- Slide 114
- Slide 115
-
Future Internet Research and Experimentation
Todayrsquos Internet Millions of usersMillions of users Web email low-quality audio amp videoWeb email low-quality audio amp video Interconnect personal computers and serversInterconnect personal computers and servers Applications adapt to underlying technologyApplications adapt to underlying technology Todayrsquos Internet DoesnrsquotTodayrsquos Internet Doesnrsquot
Provide reliable end-to-end performanceProvide reliable end-to-end performanceEncourage cooperation on new capabilitiesEncourage cooperation on new capabilitiesAllow testing of new technologiesAllow testing of new technologiesSupport development of revolutionary Support development of revolutionary applicationsapplications
Tomorrowrsquos Internet
Billions of users and devicesBillions of users and devices Convergence of todayrsquos applications Convergence of todayrsquos applications with multimedia (telephony video-with multimedia (telephony video-conference HDTV)conference HDTV)
Interconnect personal computers Interconnect personal computers servers and embedded computersservers and embedded computers
New technologies enable unanticipated New technologies enable unanticipated applications (and create new challenges)applications (and create new challenges)
Vint Cerf Open Challenges
My primary disappointment has been the slow pace of high speed access for residential customers hellip
The second area of disappointment is the slow uptake of version 6 of the Internet protocol (IPv6)
Perhaps the third area is the continuing difficulty caused by viruses worms and distributed denial of service attacksrdquo
How to make the Internet better Addressing current problems
Security1048766 Privacy1048766 Self-diagnosis amp self-healing networks1048766 Cheap connectivity for poor area and third world countries1048766
Wireless mesh networks1048766 sensors1048766 Mobility1048766
New cool apps1048766 What is after IPTV VoIP BitTorrent
Why Internet2 (1996)
The Internet was not designed forThe Internet was not designed forMillions of usersMillions of usersCongestionCongestionMultimediaMultimediaReal time interactionReal time interaction
But only the Internet canBut only the Internet canAccommodate explosive growthAccommodate explosive growthEnable convergence of information Enable convergence of information work mass media and human work mass media and human collaborationcollaboration
Internet2 Project Develop and deploy advanced network Develop and deploy advanced network
applications and technologies accelerating applications and technologies accelerating the creation of tomorrowrsquos Internetthe creation of tomorrowrsquos Internet
GoalsGoals Enable new generation of applicationsEnable new generation of applications Re-create leading edge RampE network Re-create leading edge RampE network
capabilitycapability Transfer capability to the global Transfer capability to the global
production Internetproduction Internet 206 University Members Jan 2005206 University Members Jan 2005
Internet2 Focus Areas Advanced Network Infrastructure - AbileneAdvanced Network Infrastructure - Abilene
Backbones operate at 10 Gbps capacity - 100 Backbones operate at 10 Gbps capacity - 100 Gbps (2007)Gbps (2007)
Middleware Middleware A layer of software between the network and the A layer of software between the network and the
applications applications Authentication Identification Authorization Authentication Identification Authorization
Directories SecurityDirectories Security EngineeringEngineering
IPv6 Measurement Multicast QoS Routing IPv6 Measurement Multicast QoS Routing Security TopologySecurity Topology
Advanced ApplicationsAdvanced Applications Distributed computation Virtual laboratories Distributed computation Virtual laboratories
Digital libraries Distributed learning Digital video Digital libraries Distributed learning Digital video Tele-immersion All of the above in combinationTele-immersion All of the above in combination
Abilene Connections Apr-2000Abilene Connections July 2006
Abilene Connections Apr-2000Abilene International Peering 2006
Research andDevelopment
Commercialization
Partnerships
Privatization
Internet Development Spiral
Todayrsquos Internet
Internet2
University-led Federal agency-led
Developing education and research driven applications
Agency mission-driven and general purpose applications
Building out campus networks gigaPoPs and inter-gigapop
infrastructure
Funding research testbeds and agency research networks
Interconnecting and interoperating to provide advanced networking capabilities needed to support advanced
research and education applications
Internet2 and the Next Generation Internet Initiative
Internet2 NGI
Our Founding (Funding) Fable
Researchers invent new architectures Architectures are validated on a testbed IETF ISPs and router vendors collaborate to deploy new design
This is complete BS
Do Traditional Testbeds Really Test
Production-oriented testbeds Real traffic provides good validation But can test only very incremental changes
Research-oriented testbeds Can test radical architectures Lack of real traffic results in poor validation
Both are expensive (dedicated bandwidth)
What about Deployment Architectural change requires ISP consensus
- Hard to agree- No competitive advantage from architectural innovation
- All have huge sunk investment in the status quo
ISPs are unlikely candidates for architectural change
Architecture isnrsquot just static its decaying Ad hoc workarounds muddy the architectural waters
We are at an Impasse
We canrsquot test new architectures- Despite sizable investments in testbeds
We canrsquot deploy new architectures- And things are getting worse not better
Yet there are pressing requirements for which the current architecture is not well suited
The Communityrsquos Response Focus on areas where we can have impact
Empirical studies Incremental changes (subject to current constraints)
Small stream of architectural proposals Paper designs without hope of deployment
More science fiction than engineering Have largely abandoned hope of effecting fundamental architectural change
Living with rather than overcoming the impasse
Overcoming the Impasse
Must be able to test new architectures Wide range of architectures Real traffic from willing individuals Low overhead for individual researchers
Meet the grand challenge of reinventing the Internet
Empirical incremental research is great but not enough
If someone put us in charge what would we do
What about deployment Several options none good but no excuse to not have an answer to the grand challenge
Testing Virtual Testbed
Overlay testbed (think RON etc) Host proxy directs packets to overlay
Proxy must architecturally neutral and flexible
Individuals (anywhere) opt-in by turning on proxy
Shared testing infrastructure (think Planetlab) Overlay nodes shared among experiments
Slicing on per-packet timescales Virtualized routers
These ideas have turned into the GENI program
Why GENI (Global Environment for Network Innovations) Future Internet Network (2005)
The original designing idea of current information networks is basically a specific network supports one major service
The limitation of the original designing idea can not support the multiple requirements for networks and services (such as Telecom network Internet)
The original design mode of Internet leads to itrsquos shortage in mobility security controllable and administrable
We urgently need redesign the framework of new generation Internet to overcome the serious shortage of current Internet
Providing pervasive and trusted services based on a specific network has became the key research directions of national informatization
GENI (Global Environment for Network Innovations) - NSF 2005 (1)
What is GENIWhat is GENIGENI is GENI is a facility concepta facility concept being explored by being explored by the US computing community the US computing community
back to an NSF workshop in 2005back to an NSF workshop in 2005focus on focus on architecturalarchitectural research and research and provide the provide the experimentalexperimental infrastructure infrastructure needed to support that researchneeded to support that research
focus on the research agenda (and focus on the research agenda (and infrastructure needs) of the infrastructure needs) of the opticaloptical wirelesswireless sensorsensor network and network and distributeddistributed systems communitiessystems communities
GENI (Global Environment for Network Innovations) (2)
The goal of GENI The goal of GENI Goal a Future Internet that meets the Goal a Future Internet that meets the demands of 21st centurydemands of 21st century
to increase the to increase the qualityquality and and quantityquantity of of experimental experimental researchresearch outcomes in networking and distributed outcomes in networking and distributed systemssystems
to accelerate the to accelerate the transitiontransition of these outcomes into of these outcomes into products and servicesproducts and services
enhance economic competitiveness and secure enhance economic competitiveness and secure the Nations futurethe Nations future
Ultimately to lead to a Ultimately to lead to a transition of the transition of the InternetInternet
GENI Research Opportunities (3)
Two dichotomy thought (false or at least Two dichotomy thought (false or at least unnecessary)unnecessary)
a a clean slateclean slate reconceptualization of Internet reconceptualization of Internet architecture architecture
todays 30-year-old architecture that todays 30-year-old architecture that limit its limit its abilityability to cope with emerging threats and to cope with emerging threats and opportunitiesopportunities
bull eroding trust reduced innovation slowing eroding trust reduced innovation slowing updateupdate
future innovation will take the form of new future innovation will take the form of new services and applications running services and applications running on top of the on top of the InternetInternet
GENI Research Opportunities (4)
GENI discussion GENI discussion First we interpret Future Internet very broadly to First we interpret Future Internet very broadly to
include innovations at include innovations at any levelany level of the architecture of the architecture alternative protocols and architectures running alternative protocols and architectures running
inside the network (as overlays on top of inside the network (as overlays on top of todays network) todays network)
Second research should employ Second research should employ clean slate clean slate thinkingthinking but this does but this does not imply that an entirely not imply that an entirely newnew Internet will be necessary In other words Internet will be necessary In other words clean slate is a clean slate is a processprocess not a not a resultresult
Third opportunities Third opportunities betweenbetween two perspectives two perspectives exploring how todays architecture is best exploring how todays architecture is best
evolved to support emerging overlay services evolved to support emerging overlay services
GENI Facility Concept (5)
Facility ConceptFacility Concept experimental platforms for experimental platforms for bothboth research and research and
deploymentdeployment filling the filling the gapgap between small-scale exp and mature between small-scale exp and mature
tech tech GENI evaluate new network systems on large-GENI evaluate new network systems on large-
scalescale
Two levelsTwo levels Physical level Physical level GENI substrateGENI substrate will consist of a will consist of a
collection of links forwarders storage collection of links forwarders storage processors and wireless net processors and wireless net
On top of this substrate a On top of this substrate a software software management management frameworkframework will be overlay network experiments on will be overlay network experiments on
the substratethe substrate
GENI Facility Concept (6)
Four key ideasFour key ideas substrate components will be substrate components will be programmableprogrammable - -
possible to embed any network experiment including possible to embed any network experiment including clean-slate designs clean-slate designs
Substrate will be Substrate will be virtualizable virtualizable -- possible to embed possible to embed multiple slices in the substrate at the same time multiple slices in the substrate at the same time (allow experimental services and architectures to run (allow experimental services and architectures to run continuously) continuously)
GENI will include mechanisms that allow end-users GENI will include mechanisms that allow end-users to to seamlessly seamlessly opt-inopt-in to experimental services to experimental services
GENI will be GENI will be modularmodular ( (architecture and interfaces) - architecture and interfaces) - possible to extend GENI with new networking possible to extend GENI with new networking technologies GENI will not be a static artifact but technologies GENI will not be a static artifact but rather a rather a dynamic infrastructuredynamic infrastructure that is continually that is continually renewedrenewed
FIND (Future Internet Network Design) ndash NSF 2006 (1)
FIND asks two broad questionsFIND asks two broad questions What are the What are the requirementsrequirements for the global network for the global network
in 15 years in 15 years How How would we would we re-conceivere-conceive tomorrows global tomorrows global
network today if we could design it from scratch network today if we could design it from scratch FIND program solicits FIND program solicits clean slate processclean slate process research proposals in the broad area of research proposals in the broad area of network architecture principles and designnetwork architecture principles and design
FIND (Future Internet Network Design) (2)
FIND research might address wide questionsFIND research might address wide questions What will the What will the edgeedge of the network look like in 15 of the network look like in 15
years How might the network years How might the network architecturearchitecture of 15 of 15 years hence best accommodate sensors embedded years hence best accommodate sensors embedded systems and the like systems and the like
How might the network of 15 years from now How might the network of 15 years from now supportsupport what users really do (and care about) How what users really do (and care about) How might such functions as information access location might such functions as information access location management or identity management best fit into a management or identity management best fit into a new overall network architecture new overall network architecture
What will the What will the core core of the network look like in 15 of the network look like in 15 years How might the changing economics of years How might the changing economics of optical systems affect the overall design of the larger optical systems affect the overall design of the larger networknetwork
FIRE (Future Internet Research and Experimentation) ndash European 2007 (1)
Internet has Internet has growngrown to an unexpected reach to an unexpected reach as for the as for the numbernumber of users of users capacitycapacity of the of the links broadband penetration to the links broadband penetration to the homehome servicesservices
ProblemsProblems spam viruses denial of service spam viruses denial of service attacks complexity of managementattacks complexity of management
Internet drawbacks and Internet drawbacks and limitationslimitations ndash to ndash to scalabilityscalability suitabilitysuitability mobilitymobility transparencytransparency securitysecurity
require new radical approaches to require new radical approaches to fundamentally redesign its protocols and fundamentally redesign its protocols and architectures architectures
FIRE (2) FIRE is an FIRE is an experimentallyexperimentally-driven -driven longlong-term research initiative on -term research initiative on
Future Internet Future Internet conceptsconcepts protocolsprotocols and and architecturesarchitectures encompassing technological industrial and socio-economic encompassing technological industrial and socio-economic
aspects aspects acting as proof-of-concept of the newly proposed acting as proof-of-concept of the newly proposed
technologies and services technologies and services FIRE RESEARCHFIRE RESEARCH
Long term multidisciplinary research on future internet Long term multidisciplinary research on future internet paradigms paradigms
Open to Open to fresh bottom-upfresh bottom-up ideas with ideas with no backwards-no backwards-compatibilitycompatibility constraints constraints
Building on the FET SAC initiative ldquoSituated and Autonomic Building on the FET SAC initiative ldquoSituated and Autonomic Communicationsrdquo Communicationsrdquo
Considering at the Considering at the same timesame time technological economic and technological economic and socialpolicy aspects socialpolicy aspects
Build in from the outset and on all levels the right Build in from the outset and on all levels the right balancebalance between security accountability and privacybetween security accountability and privacy
FIRE (3)
FIRE EXPERIMENTATIONFIRE EXPERIMENTATION Large scale experimentationLarge scale experimentation of new paradigms and of new paradigms and
concepts for the future internet and related service concepts for the future internet and related service architectures architectures
Learning through broad experimentation Learning through broad experimentation Integrating and validating new conceptsIntegrating and validating new concepts
Federating and extending Federating and extending existing testbedsexisting testbeds and and research infrastructures research infrastructures
no backwards-compatibility constraints no backwards-compatibility constraints European approach and develop a European European approach and develop a European
identityidentity
- Slide 1
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
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- Slide 114
- Slide 115
-
Todayrsquos Internet Millions of usersMillions of users Web email low-quality audio amp videoWeb email low-quality audio amp video Interconnect personal computers and serversInterconnect personal computers and servers Applications adapt to underlying technologyApplications adapt to underlying technology Todayrsquos Internet DoesnrsquotTodayrsquos Internet Doesnrsquot
Provide reliable end-to-end performanceProvide reliable end-to-end performanceEncourage cooperation on new capabilitiesEncourage cooperation on new capabilitiesAllow testing of new technologiesAllow testing of new technologiesSupport development of revolutionary Support development of revolutionary applicationsapplications
Tomorrowrsquos Internet
Billions of users and devicesBillions of users and devices Convergence of todayrsquos applications Convergence of todayrsquos applications with multimedia (telephony video-with multimedia (telephony video-conference HDTV)conference HDTV)
Interconnect personal computers Interconnect personal computers servers and embedded computersservers and embedded computers
New technologies enable unanticipated New technologies enable unanticipated applications (and create new challenges)applications (and create new challenges)
Vint Cerf Open Challenges
My primary disappointment has been the slow pace of high speed access for residential customers hellip
The second area of disappointment is the slow uptake of version 6 of the Internet protocol (IPv6)
Perhaps the third area is the continuing difficulty caused by viruses worms and distributed denial of service attacksrdquo
How to make the Internet better Addressing current problems
Security1048766 Privacy1048766 Self-diagnosis amp self-healing networks1048766 Cheap connectivity for poor area and third world countries1048766
Wireless mesh networks1048766 sensors1048766 Mobility1048766
New cool apps1048766 What is after IPTV VoIP BitTorrent
Why Internet2 (1996)
The Internet was not designed forThe Internet was not designed forMillions of usersMillions of usersCongestionCongestionMultimediaMultimediaReal time interactionReal time interaction
But only the Internet canBut only the Internet canAccommodate explosive growthAccommodate explosive growthEnable convergence of information Enable convergence of information work mass media and human work mass media and human collaborationcollaboration
Internet2 Project Develop and deploy advanced network Develop and deploy advanced network
applications and technologies accelerating applications and technologies accelerating the creation of tomorrowrsquos Internetthe creation of tomorrowrsquos Internet
GoalsGoals Enable new generation of applicationsEnable new generation of applications Re-create leading edge RampE network Re-create leading edge RampE network
capabilitycapability Transfer capability to the global Transfer capability to the global
production Internetproduction Internet 206 University Members Jan 2005206 University Members Jan 2005
Internet2 Focus Areas Advanced Network Infrastructure - AbileneAdvanced Network Infrastructure - Abilene
Backbones operate at 10 Gbps capacity - 100 Backbones operate at 10 Gbps capacity - 100 Gbps (2007)Gbps (2007)
Middleware Middleware A layer of software between the network and the A layer of software between the network and the
applications applications Authentication Identification Authorization Authentication Identification Authorization
Directories SecurityDirectories Security EngineeringEngineering
IPv6 Measurement Multicast QoS Routing IPv6 Measurement Multicast QoS Routing Security TopologySecurity Topology
Advanced ApplicationsAdvanced Applications Distributed computation Virtual laboratories Distributed computation Virtual laboratories
Digital libraries Distributed learning Digital video Digital libraries Distributed learning Digital video Tele-immersion All of the above in combinationTele-immersion All of the above in combination
Abilene Connections Apr-2000Abilene Connections July 2006
Abilene Connections Apr-2000Abilene International Peering 2006
Research andDevelopment
Commercialization
Partnerships
Privatization
Internet Development Spiral
Todayrsquos Internet
Internet2
University-led Federal agency-led
Developing education and research driven applications
Agency mission-driven and general purpose applications
Building out campus networks gigaPoPs and inter-gigapop
infrastructure
Funding research testbeds and agency research networks
Interconnecting and interoperating to provide advanced networking capabilities needed to support advanced
research and education applications
Internet2 and the Next Generation Internet Initiative
Internet2 NGI
Our Founding (Funding) Fable
Researchers invent new architectures Architectures are validated on a testbed IETF ISPs and router vendors collaborate to deploy new design
This is complete BS
Do Traditional Testbeds Really Test
Production-oriented testbeds Real traffic provides good validation But can test only very incremental changes
Research-oriented testbeds Can test radical architectures Lack of real traffic results in poor validation
Both are expensive (dedicated bandwidth)
What about Deployment Architectural change requires ISP consensus
- Hard to agree- No competitive advantage from architectural innovation
- All have huge sunk investment in the status quo
ISPs are unlikely candidates for architectural change
Architecture isnrsquot just static its decaying Ad hoc workarounds muddy the architectural waters
We are at an Impasse
We canrsquot test new architectures- Despite sizable investments in testbeds
We canrsquot deploy new architectures- And things are getting worse not better
Yet there are pressing requirements for which the current architecture is not well suited
The Communityrsquos Response Focus on areas where we can have impact
Empirical studies Incremental changes (subject to current constraints)
Small stream of architectural proposals Paper designs without hope of deployment
More science fiction than engineering Have largely abandoned hope of effecting fundamental architectural change
Living with rather than overcoming the impasse
Overcoming the Impasse
Must be able to test new architectures Wide range of architectures Real traffic from willing individuals Low overhead for individual researchers
Meet the grand challenge of reinventing the Internet
Empirical incremental research is great but not enough
If someone put us in charge what would we do
What about deployment Several options none good but no excuse to not have an answer to the grand challenge
Testing Virtual Testbed
Overlay testbed (think RON etc) Host proxy directs packets to overlay
Proxy must architecturally neutral and flexible
Individuals (anywhere) opt-in by turning on proxy
Shared testing infrastructure (think Planetlab) Overlay nodes shared among experiments
Slicing on per-packet timescales Virtualized routers
These ideas have turned into the GENI program
Why GENI (Global Environment for Network Innovations) Future Internet Network (2005)
The original designing idea of current information networks is basically a specific network supports one major service
The limitation of the original designing idea can not support the multiple requirements for networks and services (such as Telecom network Internet)
The original design mode of Internet leads to itrsquos shortage in mobility security controllable and administrable
We urgently need redesign the framework of new generation Internet to overcome the serious shortage of current Internet
Providing pervasive and trusted services based on a specific network has became the key research directions of national informatization
GENI (Global Environment for Network Innovations) - NSF 2005 (1)
What is GENIWhat is GENIGENI is GENI is a facility concepta facility concept being explored by being explored by the US computing community the US computing community
back to an NSF workshop in 2005back to an NSF workshop in 2005focus on focus on architecturalarchitectural research and research and provide the provide the experimentalexperimental infrastructure infrastructure needed to support that researchneeded to support that research
focus on the research agenda (and focus on the research agenda (and infrastructure needs) of the infrastructure needs) of the opticaloptical wirelesswireless sensorsensor network and network and distributeddistributed systems communitiessystems communities
GENI (Global Environment for Network Innovations) (2)
The goal of GENI The goal of GENI Goal a Future Internet that meets the Goal a Future Internet that meets the demands of 21st centurydemands of 21st century
to increase the to increase the qualityquality and and quantityquantity of of experimental experimental researchresearch outcomes in networking and distributed outcomes in networking and distributed systemssystems
to accelerate the to accelerate the transitiontransition of these outcomes into of these outcomes into products and servicesproducts and services
enhance economic competitiveness and secure enhance economic competitiveness and secure the Nations futurethe Nations future
Ultimately to lead to a Ultimately to lead to a transition of the transition of the InternetInternet
GENI Research Opportunities (3)
Two dichotomy thought (false or at least Two dichotomy thought (false or at least unnecessary)unnecessary)
a a clean slateclean slate reconceptualization of Internet reconceptualization of Internet architecture architecture
todays 30-year-old architecture that todays 30-year-old architecture that limit its limit its abilityability to cope with emerging threats and to cope with emerging threats and opportunitiesopportunities
bull eroding trust reduced innovation slowing eroding trust reduced innovation slowing updateupdate
future innovation will take the form of new future innovation will take the form of new services and applications running services and applications running on top of the on top of the InternetInternet
GENI Research Opportunities (4)
GENI discussion GENI discussion First we interpret Future Internet very broadly to First we interpret Future Internet very broadly to
include innovations at include innovations at any levelany level of the architecture of the architecture alternative protocols and architectures running alternative protocols and architectures running
inside the network (as overlays on top of inside the network (as overlays on top of todays network) todays network)
Second research should employ Second research should employ clean slate clean slate thinkingthinking but this does but this does not imply that an entirely not imply that an entirely newnew Internet will be necessary In other words Internet will be necessary In other words clean slate is a clean slate is a processprocess not a not a resultresult
Third opportunities Third opportunities betweenbetween two perspectives two perspectives exploring how todays architecture is best exploring how todays architecture is best
evolved to support emerging overlay services evolved to support emerging overlay services
GENI Facility Concept (5)
Facility ConceptFacility Concept experimental platforms for experimental platforms for bothboth research and research and
deploymentdeployment filling the filling the gapgap between small-scale exp and mature between small-scale exp and mature
tech tech GENI evaluate new network systems on large-GENI evaluate new network systems on large-
scalescale
Two levelsTwo levels Physical level Physical level GENI substrateGENI substrate will consist of a will consist of a
collection of links forwarders storage collection of links forwarders storage processors and wireless net processors and wireless net
On top of this substrate a On top of this substrate a software software management management frameworkframework will be overlay network experiments on will be overlay network experiments on
the substratethe substrate
GENI Facility Concept (6)
Four key ideasFour key ideas substrate components will be substrate components will be programmableprogrammable - -
possible to embed any network experiment including possible to embed any network experiment including clean-slate designs clean-slate designs
Substrate will be Substrate will be virtualizable virtualizable -- possible to embed possible to embed multiple slices in the substrate at the same time multiple slices in the substrate at the same time (allow experimental services and architectures to run (allow experimental services and architectures to run continuously) continuously)
GENI will include mechanisms that allow end-users GENI will include mechanisms that allow end-users to to seamlessly seamlessly opt-inopt-in to experimental services to experimental services
GENI will be GENI will be modularmodular ( (architecture and interfaces) - architecture and interfaces) - possible to extend GENI with new networking possible to extend GENI with new networking technologies GENI will not be a static artifact but technologies GENI will not be a static artifact but rather a rather a dynamic infrastructuredynamic infrastructure that is continually that is continually renewedrenewed
FIND (Future Internet Network Design) ndash NSF 2006 (1)
FIND asks two broad questionsFIND asks two broad questions What are the What are the requirementsrequirements for the global network for the global network
in 15 years in 15 years How How would we would we re-conceivere-conceive tomorrows global tomorrows global
network today if we could design it from scratch network today if we could design it from scratch FIND program solicits FIND program solicits clean slate processclean slate process research proposals in the broad area of research proposals in the broad area of network architecture principles and designnetwork architecture principles and design
FIND (Future Internet Network Design) (2)
FIND research might address wide questionsFIND research might address wide questions What will the What will the edgeedge of the network look like in 15 of the network look like in 15
years How might the network years How might the network architecturearchitecture of 15 of 15 years hence best accommodate sensors embedded years hence best accommodate sensors embedded systems and the like systems and the like
How might the network of 15 years from now How might the network of 15 years from now supportsupport what users really do (and care about) How what users really do (and care about) How might such functions as information access location might such functions as information access location management or identity management best fit into a management or identity management best fit into a new overall network architecture new overall network architecture
What will the What will the core core of the network look like in 15 of the network look like in 15 years How might the changing economics of years How might the changing economics of optical systems affect the overall design of the larger optical systems affect the overall design of the larger networknetwork
FIRE (Future Internet Research and Experimentation) ndash European 2007 (1)
Internet has Internet has growngrown to an unexpected reach to an unexpected reach as for the as for the numbernumber of users of users capacitycapacity of the of the links broadband penetration to the links broadband penetration to the homehome servicesservices
ProblemsProblems spam viruses denial of service spam viruses denial of service attacks complexity of managementattacks complexity of management
Internet drawbacks and Internet drawbacks and limitationslimitations ndash to ndash to scalabilityscalability suitabilitysuitability mobilitymobility transparencytransparency securitysecurity
require new radical approaches to require new radical approaches to fundamentally redesign its protocols and fundamentally redesign its protocols and architectures architectures
FIRE (2) FIRE is an FIRE is an experimentallyexperimentally-driven -driven longlong-term research initiative on -term research initiative on
Future Internet Future Internet conceptsconcepts protocolsprotocols and and architecturesarchitectures encompassing technological industrial and socio-economic encompassing technological industrial and socio-economic
aspects aspects acting as proof-of-concept of the newly proposed acting as proof-of-concept of the newly proposed
technologies and services technologies and services FIRE RESEARCHFIRE RESEARCH
Long term multidisciplinary research on future internet Long term multidisciplinary research on future internet paradigms paradigms
Open to Open to fresh bottom-upfresh bottom-up ideas with ideas with no backwards-no backwards-compatibilitycompatibility constraints constraints
Building on the FET SAC initiative ldquoSituated and Autonomic Building on the FET SAC initiative ldquoSituated and Autonomic Communicationsrdquo Communicationsrdquo
Considering at the Considering at the same timesame time technological economic and technological economic and socialpolicy aspects socialpolicy aspects
Build in from the outset and on all levels the right Build in from the outset and on all levels the right balancebalance between security accountability and privacybetween security accountability and privacy
FIRE (3)
FIRE EXPERIMENTATIONFIRE EXPERIMENTATION Large scale experimentationLarge scale experimentation of new paradigms and of new paradigms and
concepts for the future internet and related service concepts for the future internet and related service architectures architectures
Learning through broad experimentation Learning through broad experimentation Integrating and validating new conceptsIntegrating and validating new concepts
Federating and extending Federating and extending existing testbedsexisting testbeds and and research infrastructures research infrastructures
no backwards-compatibility constraints no backwards-compatibility constraints European approach and develop a European European approach and develop a European
identityidentity
- Slide 1
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
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- Slide 105
- Slide 106
- Slide 107
- Slide 108
- Slide 109
- Slide 110
- Slide 113
- Slide 114
- Slide 115
-
Tomorrowrsquos Internet
Billions of users and devicesBillions of users and devices Convergence of todayrsquos applications Convergence of todayrsquos applications with multimedia (telephony video-with multimedia (telephony video-conference HDTV)conference HDTV)
Interconnect personal computers Interconnect personal computers servers and embedded computersservers and embedded computers
New technologies enable unanticipated New technologies enable unanticipated applications (and create new challenges)applications (and create new challenges)
Vint Cerf Open Challenges
My primary disappointment has been the slow pace of high speed access for residential customers hellip
The second area of disappointment is the slow uptake of version 6 of the Internet protocol (IPv6)
Perhaps the third area is the continuing difficulty caused by viruses worms and distributed denial of service attacksrdquo
How to make the Internet better Addressing current problems
Security1048766 Privacy1048766 Self-diagnosis amp self-healing networks1048766 Cheap connectivity for poor area and third world countries1048766
Wireless mesh networks1048766 sensors1048766 Mobility1048766
New cool apps1048766 What is after IPTV VoIP BitTorrent
Why Internet2 (1996)
The Internet was not designed forThe Internet was not designed forMillions of usersMillions of usersCongestionCongestionMultimediaMultimediaReal time interactionReal time interaction
But only the Internet canBut only the Internet canAccommodate explosive growthAccommodate explosive growthEnable convergence of information Enable convergence of information work mass media and human work mass media and human collaborationcollaboration
Internet2 Project Develop and deploy advanced network Develop and deploy advanced network
applications and technologies accelerating applications and technologies accelerating the creation of tomorrowrsquos Internetthe creation of tomorrowrsquos Internet
GoalsGoals Enable new generation of applicationsEnable new generation of applications Re-create leading edge RampE network Re-create leading edge RampE network
capabilitycapability Transfer capability to the global Transfer capability to the global
production Internetproduction Internet 206 University Members Jan 2005206 University Members Jan 2005
Internet2 Focus Areas Advanced Network Infrastructure - AbileneAdvanced Network Infrastructure - Abilene
Backbones operate at 10 Gbps capacity - 100 Backbones operate at 10 Gbps capacity - 100 Gbps (2007)Gbps (2007)
Middleware Middleware A layer of software between the network and the A layer of software between the network and the
applications applications Authentication Identification Authorization Authentication Identification Authorization
Directories SecurityDirectories Security EngineeringEngineering
IPv6 Measurement Multicast QoS Routing IPv6 Measurement Multicast QoS Routing Security TopologySecurity Topology
Advanced ApplicationsAdvanced Applications Distributed computation Virtual laboratories Distributed computation Virtual laboratories
Digital libraries Distributed learning Digital video Digital libraries Distributed learning Digital video Tele-immersion All of the above in combinationTele-immersion All of the above in combination
Abilene Connections Apr-2000Abilene Connections July 2006
Abilene Connections Apr-2000Abilene International Peering 2006
Research andDevelopment
Commercialization
Partnerships
Privatization
Internet Development Spiral
Todayrsquos Internet
Internet2
University-led Federal agency-led
Developing education and research driven applications
Agency mission-driven and general purpose applications
Building out campus networks gigaPoPs and inter-gigapop
infrastructure
Funding research testbeds and agency research networks
Interconnecting and interoperating to provide advanced networking capabilities needed to support advanced
research and education applications
Internet2 and the Next Generation Internet Initiative
Internet2 NGI
Our Founding (Funding) Fable
Researchers invent new architectures Architectures are validated on a testbed IETF ISPs and router vendors collaborate to deploy new design
This is complete BS
Do Traditional Testbeds Really Test
Production-oriented testbeds Real traffic provides good validation But can test only very incremental changes
Research-oriented testbeds Can test radical architectures Lack of real traffic results in poor validation
Both are expensive (dedicated bandwidth)
What about Deployment Architectural change requires ISP consensus
- Hard to agree- No competitive advantage from architectural innovation
- All have huge sunk investment in the status quo
ISPs are unlikely candidates for architectural change
Architecture isnrsquot just static its decaying Ad hoc workarounds muddy the architectural waters
We are at an Impasse
We canrsquot test new architectures- Despite sizable investments in testbeds
We canrsquot deploy new architectures- And things are getting worse not better
Yet there are pressing requirements for which the current architecture is not well suited
The Communityrsquos Response Focus on areas where we can have impact
Empirical studies Incremental changes (subject to current constraints)
Small stream of architectural proposals Paper designs without hope of deployment
More science fiction than engineering Have largely abandoned hope of effecting fundamental architectural change
Living with rather than overcoming the impasse
Overcoming the Impasse
Must be able to test new architectures Wide range of architectures Real traffic from willing individuals Low overhead for individual researchers
Meet the grand challenge of reinventing the Internet
Empirical incremental research is great but not enough
If someone put us in charge what would we do
What about deployment Several options none good but no excuse to not have an answer to the grand challenge
Testing Virtual Testbed
Overlay testbed (think RON etc) Host proxy directs packets to overlay
Proxy must architecturally neutral and flexible
Individuals (anywhere) opt-in by turning on proxy
Shared testing infrastructure (think Planetlab) Overlay nodes shared among experiments
Slicing on per-packet timescales Virtualized routers
These ideas have turned into the GENI program
Why GENI (Global Environment for Network Innovations) Future Internet Network (2005)
The original designing idea of current information networks is basically a specific network supports one major service
The limitation of the original designing idea can not support the multiple requirements for networks and services (such as Telecom network Internet)
The original design mode of Internet leads to itrsquos shortage in mobility security controllable and administrable
We urgently need redesign the framework of new generation Internet to overcome the serious shortage of current Internet
Providing pervasive and trusted services based on a specific network has became the key research directions of national informatization
GENI (Global Environment for Network Innovations) - NSF 2005 (1)
What is GENIWhat is GENIGENI is GENI is a facility concepta facility concept being explored by being explored by the US computing community the US computing community
back to an NSF workshop in 2005back to an NSF workshop in 2005focus on focus on architecturalarchitectural research and research and provide the provide the experimentalexperimental infrastructure infrastructure needed to support that researchneeded to support that research
focus on the research agenda (and focus on the research agenda (and infrastructure needs) of the infrastructure needs) of the opticaloptical wirelesswireless sensorsensor network and network and distributeddistributed systems communitiessystems communities
GENI (Global Environment for Network Innovations) (2)
The goal of GENI The goal of GENI Goal a Future Internet that meets the Goal a Future Internet that meets the demands of 21st centurydemands of 21st century
to increase the to increase the qualityquality and and quantityquantity of of experimental experimental researchresearch outcomes in networking and distributed outcomes in networking and distributed systemssystems
to accelerate the to accelerate the transitiontransition of these outcomes into of these outcomes into products and servicesproducts and services
enhance economic competitiveness and secure enhance economic competitiveness and secure the Nations futurethe Nations future
Ultimately to lead to a Ultimately to lead to a transition of the transition of the InternetInternet
GENI Research Opportunities (3)
Two dichotomy thought (false or at least Two dichotomy thought (false or at least unnecessary)unnecessary)
a a clean slateclean slate reconceptualization of Internet reconceptualization of Internet architecture architecture
todays 30-year-old architecture that todays 30-year-old architecture that limit its limit its abilityability to cope with emerging threats and to cope with emerging threats and opportunitiesopportunities
bull eroding trust reduced innovation slowing eroding trust reduced innovation slowing updateupdate
future innovation will take the form of new future innovation will take the form of new services and applications running services and applications running on top of the on top of the InternetInternet
GENI Research Opportunities (4)
GENI discussion GENI discussion First we interpret Future Internet very broadly to First we interpret Future Internet very broadly to
include innovations at include innovations at any levelany level of the architecture of the architecture alternative protocols and architectures running alternative protocols and architectures running
inside the network (as overlays on top of inside the network (as overlays on top of todays network) todays network)
Second research should employ Second research should employ clean slate clean slate thinkingthinking but this does but this does not imply that an entirely not imply that an entirely newnew Internet will be necessary In other words Internet will be necessary In other words clean slate is a clean slate is a processprocess not a not a resultresult
Third opportunities Third opportunities betweenbetween two perspectives two perspectives exploring how todays architecture is best exploring how todays architecture is best
evolved to support emerging overlay services evolved to support emerging overlay services
GENI Facility Concept (5)
Facility ConceptFacility Concept experimental platforms for experimental platforms for bothboth research and research and
deploymentdeployment filling the filling the gapgap between small-scale exp and mature between small-scale exp and mature
tech tech GENI evaluate new network systems on large-GENI evaluate new network systems on large-
scalescale
Two levelsTwo levels Physical level Physical level GENI substrateGENI substrate will consist of a will consist of a
collection of links forwarders storage collection of links forwarders storage processors and wireless net processors and wireless net
On top of this substrate a On top of this substrate a software software management management frameworkframework will be overlay network experiments on will be overlay network experiments on
the substratethe substrate
GENI Facility Concept (6)
Four key ideasFour key ideas substrate components will be substrate components will be programmableprogrammable - -
possible to embed any network experiment including possible to embed any network experiment including clean-slate designs clean-slate designs
Substrate will be Substrate will be virtualizable virtualizable -- possible to embed possible to embed multiple slices in the substrate at the same time multiple slices in the substrate at the same time (allow experimental services and architectures to run (allow experimental services and architectures to run continuously) continuously)
GENI will include mechanisms that allow end-users GENI will include mechanisms that allow end-users to to seamlessly seamlessly opt-inopt-in to experimental services to experimental services
GENI will be GENI will be modularmodular ( (architecture and interfaces) - architecture and interfaces) - possible to extend GENI with new networking possible to extend GENI with new networking technologies GENI will not be a static artifact but technologies GENI will not be a static artifact but rather a rather a dynamic infrastructuredynamic infrastructure that is continually that is continually renewedrenewed
FIND (Future Internet Network Design) ndash NSF 2006 (1)
FIND asks two broad questionsFIND asks two broad questions What are the What are the requirementsrequirements for the global network for the global network
in 15 years in 15 years How How would we would we re-conceivere-conceive tomorrows global tomorrows global
network today if we could design it from scratch network today if we could design it from scratch FIND program solicits FIND program solicits clean slate processclean slate process research proposals in the broad area of research proposals in the broad area of network architecture principles and designnetwork architecture principles and design
FIND (Future Internet Network Design) (2)
FIND research might address wide questionsFIND research might address wide questions What will the What will the edgeedge of the network look like in 15 of the network look like in 15
years How might the network years How might the network architecturearchitecture of 15 of 15 years hence best accommodate sensors embedded years hence best accommodate sensors embedded systems and the like systems and the like
How might the network of 15 years from now How might the network of 15 years from now supportsupport what users really do (and care about) How what users really do (and care about) How might such functions as information access location might such functions as information access location management or identity management best fit into a management or identity management best fit into a new overall network architecture new overall network architecture
What will the What will the core core of the network look like in 15 of the network look like in 15 years How might the changing economics of years How might the changing economics of optical systems affect the overall design of the larger optical systems affect the overall design of the larger networknetwork
FIRE (Future Internet Research and Experimentation) ndash European 2007 (1)
Internet has Internet has growngrown to an unexpected reach to an unexpected reach as for the as for the numbernumber of users of users capacitycapacity of the of the links broadband penetration to the links broadband penetration to the homehome servicesservices
ProblemsProblems spam viruses denial of service spam viruses denial of service attacks complexity of managementattacks complexity of management
Internet drawbacks and Internet drawbacks and limitationslimitations ndash to ndash to scalabilityscalability suitabilitysuitability mobilitymobility transparencytransparency securitysecurity
require new radical approaches to require new radical approaches to fundamentally redesign its protocols and fundamentally redesign its protocols and architectures architectures
FIRE (2) FIRE is an FIRE is an experimentallyexperimentally-driven -driven longlong-term research initiative on -term research initiative on
Future Internet Future Internet conceptsconcepts protocolsprotocols and and architecturesarchitectures encompassing technological industrial and socio-economic encompassing technological industrial and socio-economic
aspects aspects acting as proof-of-concept of the newly proposed acting as proof-of-concept of the newly proposed
technologies and services technologies and services FIRE RESEARCHFIRE RESEARCH
Long term multidisciplinary research on future internet Long term multidisciplinary research on future internet paradigms paradigms
Open to Open to fresh bottom-upfresh bottom-up ideas with ideas with no backwards-no backwards-compatibilitycompatibility constraints constraints
Building on the FET SAC initiative ldquoSituated and Autonomic Building on the FET SAC initiative ldquoSituated and Autonomic Communicationsrdquo Communicationsrdquo
Considering at the Considering at the same timesame time technological economic and technological economic and socialpolicy aspects socialpolicy aspects
Build in from the outset and on all levels the right Build in from the outset and on all levels the right balancebalance between security accountability and privacybetween security accountability and privacy
FIRE (3)
FIRE EXPERIMENTATIONFIRE EXPERIMENTATION Large scale experimentationLarge scale experimentation of new paradigms and of new paradigms and
concepts for the future internet and related service concepts for the future internet and related service architectures architectures
Learning through broad experimentation Learning through broad experimentation Integrating and validating new conceptsIntegrating and validating new concepts
Federating and extending Federating and extending existing testbedsexisting testbeds and and research infrastructures research infrastructures
no backwards-compatibility constraints no backwards-compatibility constraints European approach and develop a European European approach and develop a European
identityidentity
- Slide 1
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
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- Slide 105
- Slide 106
- Slide 107
- Slide 108
- Slide 109
- Slide 110
- Slide 113
- Slide 114
- Slide 115
-
Vint Cerf Open Challenges
My primary disappointment has been the slow pace of high speed access for residential customers hellip
The second area of disappointment is the slow uptake of version 6 of the Internet protocol (IPv6)
Perhaps the third area is the continuing difficulty caused by viruses worms and distributed denial of service attacksrdquo
How to make the Internet better Addressing current problems
Security1048766 Privacy1048766 Self-diagnosis amp self-healing networks1048766 Cheap connectivity for poor area and third world countries1048766
Wireless mesh networks1048766 sensors1048766 Mobility1048766
New cool apps1048766 What is after IPTV VoIP BitTorrent
Why Internet2 (1996)
The Internet was not designed forThe Internet was not designed forMillions of usersMillions of usersCongestionCongestionMultimediaMultimediaReal time interactionReal time interaction
But only the Internet canBut only the Internet canAccommodate explosive growthAccommodate explosive growthEnable convergence of information Enable convergence of information work mass media and human work mass media and human collaborationcollaboration
Internet2 Project Develop and deploy advanced network Develop and deploy advanced network
applications and technologies accelerating applications and technologies accelerating the creation of tomorrowrsquos Internetthe creation of tomorrowrsquos Internet
GoalsGoals Enable new generation of applicationsEnable new generation of applications Re-create leading edge RampE network Re-create leading edge RampE network
capabilitycapability Transfer capability to the global Transfer capability to the global
production Internetproduction Internet 206 University Members Jan 2005206 University Members Jan 2005
Internet2 Focus Areas Advanced Network Infrastructure - AbileneAdvanced Network Infrastructure - Abilene
Backbones operate at 10 Gbps capacity - 100 Backbones operate at 10 Gbps capacity - 100 Gbps (2007)Gbps (2007)
Middleware Middleware A layer of software between the network and the A layer of software between the network and the
applications applications Authentication Identification Authorization Authentication Identification Authorization
Directories SecurityDirectories Security EngineeringEngineering
IPv6 Measurement Multicast QoS Routing IPv6 Measurement Multicast QoS Routing Security TopologySecurity Topology
Advanced ApplicationsAdvanced Applications Distributed computation Virtual laboratories Distributed computation Virtual laboratories
Digital libraries Distributed learning Digital video Digital libraries Distributed learning Digital video Tele-immersion All of the above in combinationTele-immersion All of the above in combination
Abilene Connections Apr-2000Abilene Connections July 2006
Abilene Connections Apr-2000Abilene International Peering 2006
Research andDevelopment
Commercialization
Partnerships
Privatization
Internet Development Spiral
Todayrsquos Internet
Internet2
University-led Federal agency-led
Developing education and research driven applications
Agency mission-driven and general purpose applications
Building out campus networks gigaPoPs and inter-gigapop
infrastructure
Funding research testbeds and agency research networks
Interconnecting and interoperating to provide advanced networking capabilities needed to support advanced
research and education applications
Internet2 and the Next Generation Internet Initiative
Internet2 NGI
Our Founding (Funding) Fable
Researchers invent new architectures Architectures are validated on a testbed IETF ISPs and router vendors collaborate to deploy new design
This is complete BS
Do Traditional Testbeds Really Test
Production-oriented testbeds Real traffic provides good validation But can test only very incremental changes
Research-oriented testbeds Can test radical architectures Lack of real traffic results in poor validation
Both are expensive (dedicated bandwidth)
What about Deployment Architectural change requires ISP consensus
- Hard to agree- No competitive advantage from architectural innovation
- All have huge sunk investment in the status quo
ISPs are unlikely candidates for architectural change
Architecture isnrsquot just static its decaying Ad hoc workarounds muddy the architectural waters
We are at an Impasse
We canrsquot test new architectures- Despite sizable investments in testbeds
We canrsquot deploy new architectures- And things are getting worse not better
Yet there are pressing requirements for which the current architecture is not well suited
The Communityrsquos Response Focus on areas where we can have impact
Empirical studies Incremental changes (subject to current constraints)
Small stream of architectural proposals Paper designs without hope of deployment
More science fiction than engineering Have largely abandoned hope of effecting fundamental architectural change
Living with rather than overcoming the impasse
Overcoming the Impasse
Must be able to test new architectures Wide range of architectures Real traffic from willing individuals Low overhead for individual researchers
Meet the grand challenge of reinventing the Internet
Empirical incremental research is great but not enough
If someone put us in charge what would we do
What about deployment Several options none good but no excuse to not have an answer to the grand challenge
Testing Virtual Testbed
Overlay testbed (think RON etc) Host proxy directs packets to overlay
Proxy must architecturally neutral and flexible
Individuals (anywhere) opt-in by turning on proxy
Shared testing infrastructure (think Planetlab) Overlay nodes shared among experiments
Slicing on per-packet timescales Virtualized routers
These ideas have turned into the GENI program
Why GENI (Global Environment for Network Innovations) Future Internet Network (2005)
The original designing idea of current information networks is basically a specific network supports one major service
The limitation of the original designing idea can not support the multiple requirements for networks and services (such as Telecom network Internet)
The original design mode of Internet leads to itrsquos shortage in mobility security controllable and administrable
We urgently need redesign the framework of new generation Internet to overcome the serious shortage of current Internet
Providing pervasive and trusted services based on a specific network has became the key research directions of national informatization
GENI (Global Environment for Network Innovations) - NSF 2005 (1)
What is GENIWhat is GENIGENI is GENI is a facility concepta facility concept being explored by being explored by the US computing community the US computing community
back to an NSF workshop in 2005back to an NSF workshop in 2005focus on focus on architecturalarchitectural research and research and provide the provide the experimentalexperimental infrastructure infrastructure needed to support that researchneeded to support that research
focus on the research agenda (and focus on the research agenda (and infrastructure needs) of the infrastructure needs) of the opticaloptical wirelesswireless sensorsensor network and network and distributeddistributed systems communitiessystems communities
GENI (Global Environment for Network Innovations) (2)
The goal of GENI The goal of GENI Goal a Future Internet that meets the Goal a Future Internet that meets the demands of 21st centurydemands of 21st century
to increase the to increase the qualityquality and and quantityquantity of of experimental experimental researchresearch outcomes in networking and distributed outcomes in networking and distributed systemssystems
to accelerate the to accelerate the transitiontransition of these outcomes into of these outcomes into products and servicesproducts and services
enhance economic competitiveness and secure enhance economic competitiveness and secure the Nations futurethe Nations future
Ultimately to lead to a Ultimately to lead to a transition of the transition of the InternetInternet
GENI Research Opportunities (3)
Two dichotomy thought (false or at least Two dichotomy thought (false or at least unnecessary)unnecessary)
a a clean slateclean slate reconceptualization of Internet reconceptualization of Internet architecture architecture
todays 30-year-old architecture that todays 30-year-old architecture that limit its limit its abilityability to cope with emerging threats and to cope with emerging threats and opportunitiesopportunities
bull eroding trust reduced innovation slowing eroding trust reduced innovation slowing updateupdate
future innovation will take the form of new future innovation will take the form of new services and applications running services and applications running on top of the on top of the InternetInternet
GENI Research Opportunities (4)
GENI discussion GENI discussion First we interpret Future Internet very broadly to First we interpret Future Internet very broadly to
include innovations at include innovations at any levelany level of the architecture of the architecture alternative protocols and architectures running alternative protocols and architectures running
inside the network (as overlays on top of inside the network (as overlays on top of todays network) todays network)
Second research should employ Second research should employ clean slate clean slate thinkingthinking but this does but this does not imply that an entirely not imply that an entirely newnew Internet will be necessary In other words Internet will be necessary In other words clean slate is a clean slate is a processprocess not a not a resultresult
Third opportunities Third opportunities betweenbetween two perspectives two perspectives exploring how todays architecture is best exploring how todays architecture is best
evolved to support emerging overlay services evolved to support emerging overlay services
GENI Facility Concept (5)
Facility ConceptFacility Concept experimental platforms for experimental platforms for bothboth research and research and
deploymentdeployment filling the filling the gapgap between small-scale exp and mature between small-scale exp and mature
tech tech GENI evaluate new network systems on large-GENI evaluate new network systems on large-
scalescale
Two levelsTwo levels Physical level Physical level GENI substrateGENI substrate will consist of a will consist of a
collection of links forwarders storage collection of links forwarders storage processors and wireless net processors and wireless net
On top of this substrate a On top of this substrate a software software management management frameworkframework will be overlay network experiments on will be overlay network experiments on
the substratethe substrate
GENI Facility Concept (6)
Four key ideasFour key ideas substrate components will be substrate components will be programmableprogrammable - -
possible to embed any network experiment including possible to embed any network experiment including clean-slate designs clean-slate designs
Substrate will be Substrate will be virtualizable virtualizable -- possible to embed possible to embed multiple slices in the substrate at the same time multiple slices in the substrate at the same time (allow experimental services and architectures to run (allow experimental services and architectures to run continuously) continuously)
GENI will include mechanisms that allow end-users GENI will include mechanisms that allow end-users to to seamlessly seamlessly opt-inopt-in to experimental services to experimental services
GENI will be GENI will be modularmodular ( (architecture and interfaces) - architecture and interfaces) - possible to extend GENI with new networking possible to extend GENI with new networking technologies GENI will not be a static artifact but technologies GENI will not be a static artifact but rather a rather a dynamic infrastructuredynamic infrastructure that is continually that is continually renewedrenewed
FIND (Future Internet Network Design) ndash NSF 2006 (1)
FIND asks two broad questionsFIND asks two broad questions What are the What are the requirementsrequirements for the global network for the global network
in 15 years in 15 years How How would we would we re-conceivere-conceive tomorrows global tomorrows global
network today if we could design it from scratch network today if we could design it from scratch FIND program solicits FIND program solicits clean slate processclean slate process research proposals in the broad area of research proposals in the broad area of network architecture principles and designnetwork architecture principles and design
FIND (Future Internet Network Design) (2)
FIND research might address wide questionsFIND research might address wide questions What will the What will the edgeedge of the network look like in 15 of the network look like in 15
years How might the network years How might the network architecturearchitecture of 15 of 15 years hence best accommodate sensors embedded years hence best accommodate sensors embedded systems and the like systems and the like
How might the network of 15 years from now How might the network of 15 years from now supportsupport what users really do (and care about) How what users really do (and care about) How might such functions as information access location might such functions as information access location management or identity management best fit into a management or identity management best fit into a new overall network architecture new overall network architecture
What will the What will the core core of the network look like in 15 of the network look like in 15 years How might the changing economics of years How might the changing economics of optical systems affect the overall design of the larger optical systems affect the overall design of the larger networknetwork
FIRE (Future Internet Research and Experimentation) ndash European 2007 (1)
Internet has Internet has growngrown to an unexpected reach to an unexpected reach as for the as for the numbernumber of users of users capacitycapacity of the of the links broadband penetration to the links broadband penetration to the homehome servicesservices
ProblemsProblems spam viruses denial of service spam viruses denial of service attacks complexity of managementattacks complexity of management
Internet drawbacks and Internet drawbacks and limitationslimitations ndash to ndash to scalabilityscalability suitabilitysuitability mobilitymobility transparencytransparency securitysecurity
require new radical approaches to require new radical approaches to fundamentally redesign its protocols and fundamentally redesign its protocols and architectures architectures
FIRE (2) FIRE is an FIRE is an experimentallyexperimentally-driven -driven longlong-term research initiative on -term research initiative on
Future Internet Future Internet conceptsconcepts protocolsprotocols and and architecturesarchitectures encompassing technological industrial and socio-economic encompassing technological industrial and socio-economic
aspects aspects acting as proof-of-concept of the newly proposed acting as proof-of-concept of the newly proposed
technologies and services technologies and services FIRE RESEARCHFIRE RESEARCH
Long term multidisciplinary research on future internet Long term multidisciplinary research on future internet paradigms paradigms
Open to Open to fresh bottom-upfresh bottom-up ideas with ideas with no backwards-no backwards-compatibilitycompatibility constraints constraints
Building on the FET SAC initiative ldquoSituated and Autonomic Building on the FET SAC initiative ldquoSituated and Autonomic Communicationsrdquo Communicationsrdquo
Considering at the Considering at the same timesame time technological economic and technological economic and socialpolicy aspects socialpolicy aspects
Build in from the outset and on all levels the right Build in from the outset and on all levels the right balancebalance between security accountability and privacybetween security accountability and privacy
FIRE (3)
FIRE EXPERIMENTATIONFIRE EXPERIMENTATION Large scale experimentationLarge scale experimentation of new paradigms and of new paradigms and
concepts for the future internet and related service concepts for the future internet and related service architectures architectures
Learning through broad experimentation Learning through broad experimentation Integrating and validating new conceptsIntegrating and validating new concepts
Federating and extending Federating and extending existing testbedsexisting testbeds and and research infrastructures research infrastructures
no backwards-compatibility constraints no backwards-compatibility constraints European approach and develop a European European approach and develop a European
identityidentity
- Slide 1
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
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- Slide 106
- Slide 107
- Slide 108
- Slide 109
- Slide 110
- Slide 113
- Slide 114
- Slide 115
-
How to make the Internet better Addressing current problems
Security1048766 Privacy1048766 Self-diagnosis amp self-healing networks1048766 Cheap connectivity for poor area and third world countries1048766
Wireless mesh networks1048766 sensors1048766 Mobility1048766
New cool apps1048766 What is after IPTV VoIP BitTorrent
Why Internet2 (1996)
The Internet was not designed forThe Internet was not designed forMillions of usersMillions of usersCongestionCongestionMultimediaMultimediaReal time interactionReal time interaction
But only the Internet canBut only the Internet canAccommodate explosive growthAccommodate explosive growthEnable convergence of information Enable convergence of information work mass media and human work mass media and human collaborationcollaboration
Internet2 Project Develop and deploy advanced network Develop and deploy advanced network
applications and technologies accelerating applications and technologies accelerating the creation of tomorrowrsquos Internetthe creation of tomorrowrsquos Internet
GoalsGoals Enable new generation of applicationsEnable new generation of applications Re-create leading edge RampE network Re-create leading edge RampE network
capabilitycapability Transfer capability to the global Transfer capability to the global
production Internetproduction Internet 206 University Members Jan 2005206 University Members Jan 2005
Internet2 Focus Areas Advanced Network Infrastructure - AbileneAdvanced Network Infrastructure - Abilene
Backbones operate at 10 Gbps capacity - 100 Backbones operate at 10 Gbps capacity - 100 Gbps (2007)Gbps (2007)
Middleware Middleware A layer of software between the network and the A layer of software between the network and the
applications applications Authentication Identification Authorization Authentication Identification Authorization
Directories SecurityDirectories Security EngineeringEngineering
IPv6 Measurement Multicast QoS Routing IPv6 Measurement Multicast QoS Routing Security TopologySecurity Topology
Advanced ApplicationsAdvanced Applications Distributed computation Virtual laboratories Distributed computation Virtual laboratories
Digital libraries Distributed learning Digital video Digital libraries Distributed learning Digital video Tele-immersion All of the above in combinationTele-immersion All of the above in combination
Abilene Connections Apr-2000Abilene Connections July 2006
Abilene Connections Apr-2000Abilene International Peering 2006
Research andDevelopment
Commercialization
Partnerships
Privatization
Internet Development Spiral
Todayrsquos Internet
Internet2
University-led Federal agency-led
Developing education and research driven applications
Agency mission-driven and general purpose applications
Building out campus networks gigaPoPs and inter-gigapop
infrastructure
Funding research testbeds and agency research networks
Interconnecting and interoperating to provide advanced networking capabilities needed to support advanced
research and education applications
Internet2 and the Next Generation Internet Initiative
Internet2 NGI
Our Founding (Funding) Fable
Researchers invent new architectures Architectures are validated on a testbed IETF ISPs and router vendors collaborate to deploy new design
This is complete BS
Do Traditional Testbeds Really Test
Production-oriented testbeds Real traffic provides good validation But can test only very incremental changes
Research-oriented testbeds Can test radical architectures Lack of real traffic results in poor validation
Both are expensive (dedicated bandwidth)
What about Deployment Architectural change requires ISP consensus
- Hard to agree- No competitive advantage from architectural innovation
- All have huge sunk investment in the status quo
ISPs are unlikely candidates for architectural change
Architecture isnrsquot just static its decaying Ad hoc workarounds muddy the architectural waters
We are at an Impasse
We canrsquot test new architectures- Despite sizable investments in testbeds
We canrsquot deploy new architectures- And things are getting worse not better
Yet there are pressing requirements for which the current architecture is not well suited
The Communityrsquos Response Focus on areas where we can have impact
Empirical studies Incremental changes (subject to current constraints)
Small stream of architectural proposals Paper designs without hope of deployment
More science fiction than engineering Have largely abandoned hope of effecting fundamental architectural change
Living with rather than overcoming the impasse
Overcoming the Impasse
Must be able to test new architectures Wide range of architectures Real traffic from willing individuals Low overhead for individual researchers
Meet the grand challenge of reinventing the Internet
Empirical incremental research is great but not enough
If someone put us in charge what would we do
What about deployment Several options none good but no excuse to not have an answer to the grand challenge
Testing Virtual Testbed
Overlay testbed (think RON etc) Host proxy directs packets to overlay
Proxy must architecturally neutral and flexible
Individuals (anywhere) opt-in by turning on proxy
Shared testing infrastructure (think Planetlab) Overlay nodes shared among experiments
Slicing on per-packet timescales Virtualized routers
These ideas have turned into the GENI program
Why GENI (Global Environment for Network Innovations) Future Internet Network (2005)
The original designing idea of current information networks is basically a specific network supports one major service
The limitation of the original designing idea can not support the multiple requirements for networks and services (such as Telecom network Internet)
The original design mode of Internet leads to itrsquos shortage in mobility security controllable and administrable
We urgently need redesign the framework of new generation Internet to overcome the serious shortage of current Internet
Providing pervasive and trusted services based on a specific network has became the key research directions of national informatization
GENI (Global Environment for Network Innovations) - NSF 2005 (1)
What is GENIWhat is GENIGENI is GENI is a facility concepta facility concept being explored by being explored by the US computing community the US computing community
back to an NSF workshop in 2005back to an NSF workshop in 2005focus on focus on architecturalarchitectural research and research and provide the provide the experimentalexperimental infrastructure infrastructure needed to support that researchneeded to support that research
focus on the research agenda (and focus on the research agenda (and infrastructure needs) of the infrastructure needs) of the opticaloptical wirelesswireless sensorsensor network and network and distributeddistributed systems communitiessystems communities
GENI (Global Environment for Network Innovations) (2)
The goal of GENI The goal of GENI Goal a Future Internet that meets the Goal a Future Internet that meets the demands of 21st centurydemands of 21st century
to increase the to increase the qualityquality and and quantityquantity of of experimental experimental researchresearch outcomes in networking and distributed outcomes in networking and distributed systemssystems
to accelerate the to accelerate the transitiontransition of these outcomes into of these outcomes into products and servicesproducts and services
enhance economic competitiveness and secure enhance economic competitiveness and secure the Nations futurethe Nations future
Ultimately to lead to a Ultimately to lead to a transition of the transition of the InternetInternet
GENI Research Opportunities (3)
Two dichotomy thought (false or at least Two dichotomy thought (false or at least unnecessary)unnecessary)
a a clean slateclean slate reconceptualization of Internet reconceptualization of Internet architecture architecture
todays 30-year-old architecture that todays 30-year-old architecture that limit its limit its abilityability to cope with emerging threats and to cope with emerging threats and opportunitiesopportunities
bull eroding trust reduced innovation slowing eroding trust reduced innovation slowing updateupdate
future innovation will take the form of new future innovation will take the form of new services and applications running services and applications running on top of the on top of the InternetInternet
GENI Research Opportunities (4)
GENI discussion GENI discussion First we interpret Future Internet very broadly to First we interpret Future Internet very broadly to
include innovations at include innovations at any levelany level of the architecture of the architecture alternative protocols and architectures running alternative protocols and architectures running
inside the network (as overlays on top of inside the network (as overlays on top of todays network) todays network)
Second research should employ Second research should employ clean slate clean slate thinkingthinking but this does but this does not imply that an entirely not imply that an entirely newnew Internet will be necessary In other words Internet will be necessary In other words clean slate is a clean slate is a processprocess not a not a resultresult
Third opportunities Third opportunities betweenbetween two perspectives two perspectives exploring how todays architecture is best exploring how todays architecture is best
evolved to support emerging overlay services evolved to support emerging overlay services
GENI Facility Concept (5)
Facility ConceptFacility Concept experimental platforms for experimental platforms for bothboth research and research and
deploymentdeployment filling the filling the gapgap between small-scale exp and mature between small-scale exp and mature
tech tech GENI evaluate new network systems on large-GENI evaluate new network systems on large-
scalescale
Two levelsTwo levels Physical level Physical level GENI substrateGENI substrate will consist of a will consist of a
collection of links forwarders storage collection of links forwarders storage processors and wireless net processors and wireless net
On top of this substrate a On top of this substrate a software software management management frameworkframework will be overlay network experiments on will be overlay network experiments on
the substratethe substrate
GENI Facility Concept (6)
Four key ideasFour key ideas substrate components will be substrate components will be programmableprogrammable - -
possible to embed any network experiment including possible to embed any network experiment including clean-slate designs clean-slate designs
Substrate will be Substrate will be virtualizable virtualizable -- possible to embed possible to embed multiple slices in the substrate at the same time multiple slices in the substrate at the same time (allow experimental services and architectures to run (allow experimental services and architectures to run continuously) continuously)
GENI will include mechanisms that allow end-users GENI will include mechanisms that allow end-users to to seamlessly seamlessly opt-inopt-in to experimental services to experimental services
GENI will be GENI will be modularmodular ( (architecture and interfaces) - architecture and interfaces) - possible to extend GENI with new networking possible to extend GENI with new networking technologies GENI will not be a static artifact but technologies GENI will not be a static artifact but rather a rather a dynamic infrastructuredynamic infrastructure that is continually that is continually renewedrenewed
FIND (Future Internet Network Design) ndash NSF 2006 (1)
FIND asks two broad questionsFIND asks two broad questions What are the What are the requirementsrequirements for the global network for the global network
in 15 years in 15 years How How would we would we re-conceivere-conceive tomorrows global tomorrows global
network today if we could design it from scratch network today if we could design it from scratch FIND program solicits FIND program solicits clean slate processclean slate process research proposals in the broad area of research proposals in the broad area of network architecture principles and designnetwork architecture principles and design
FIND (Future Internet Network Design) (2)
FIND research might address wide questionsFIND research might address wide questions What will the What will the edgeedge of the network look like in 15 of the network look like in 15
years How might the network years How might the network architecturearchitecture of 15 of 15 years hence best accommodate sensors embedded years hence best accommodate sensors embedded systems and the like systems and the like
How might the network of 15 years from now How might the network of 15 years from now supportsupport what users really do (and care about) How what users really do (and care about) How might such functions as information access location might such functions as information access location management or identity management best fit into a management or identity management best fit into a new overall network architecture new overall network architecture
What will the What will the core core of the network look like in 15 of the network look like in 15 years How might the changing economics of years How might the changing economics of optical systems affect the overall design of the larger optical systems affect the overall design of the larger networknetwork
FIRE (Future Internet Research and Experimentation) ndash European 2007 (1)
Internet has Internet has growngrown to an unexpected reach to an unexpected reach as for the as for the numbernumber of users of users capacitycapacity of the of the links broadband penetration to the links broadband penetration to the homehome servicesservices
ProblemsProblems spam viruses denial of service spam viruses denial of service attacks complexity of managementattacks complexity of management
Internet drawbacks and Internet drawbacks and limitationslimitations ndash to ndash to scalabilityscalability suitabilitysuitability mobilitymobility transparencytransparency securitysecurity
require new radical approaches to require new radical approaches to fundamentally redesign its protocols and fundamentally redesign its protocols and architectures architectures
FIRE (2) FIRE is an FIRE is an experimentallyexperimentally-driven -driven longlong-term research initiative on -term research initiative on
Future Internet Future Internet conceptsconcepts protocolsprotocols and and architecturesarchitectures encompassing technological industrial and socio-economic encompassing technological industrial and socio-economic
aspects aspects acting as proof-of-concept of the newly proposed acting as proof-of-concept of the newly proposed
technologies and services technologies and services FIRE RESEARCHFIRE RESEARCH
Long term multidisciplinary research on future internet Long term multidisciplinary research on future internet paradigms paradigms
Open to Open to fresh bottom-upfresh bottom-up ideas with ideas with no backwards-no backwards-compatibilitycompatibility constraints constraints
Building on the FET SAC initiative ldquoSituated and Autonomic Building on the FET SAC initiative ldquoSituated and Autonomic Communicationsrdquo Communicationsrdquo
Considering at the Considering at the same timesame time technological economic and technological economic and socialpolicy aspects socialpolicy aspects
Build in from the outset and on all levels the right Build in from the outset and on all levels the right balancebalance between security accountability and privacybetween security accountability and privacy
FIRE (3)
FIRE EXPERIMENTATIONFIRE EXPERIMENTATION Large scale experimentationLarge scale experimentation of new paradigms and of new paradigms and
concepts for the future internet and related service concepts for the future internet and related service architectures architectures
Learning through broad experimentation Learning through broad experimentation Integrating and validating new conceptsIntegrating and validating new concepts
Federating and extending Federating and extending existing testbedsexisting testbeds and and research infrastructures research infrastructures
no backwards-compatibility constraints no backwards-compatibility constraints European approach and develop a European European approach and develop a European
identityidentity
- Slide 1
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
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- Slide 115
-
Why Internet2 (1996)
The Internet was not designed forThe Internet was not designed forMillions of usersMillions of usersCongestionCongestionMultimediaMultimediaReal time interactionReal time interaction
But only the Internet canBut only the Internet canAccommodate explosive growthAccommodate explosive growthEnable convergence of information Enable convergence of information work mass media and human work mass media and human collaborationcollaboration
Internet2 Project Develop and deploy advanced network Develop and deploy advanced network
applications and technologies accelerating applications and technologies accelerating the creation of tomorrowrsquos Internetthe creation of tomorrowrsquos Internet
GoalsGoals Enable new generation of applicationsEnable new generation of applications Re-create leading edge RampE network Re-create leading edge RampE network
capabilitycapability Transfer capability to the global Transfer capability to the global
production Internetproduction Internet 206 University Members Jan 2005206 University Members Jan 2005
Internet2 Focus Areas Advanced Network Infrastructure - AbileneAdvanced Network Infrastructure - Abilene
Backbones operate at 10 Gbps capacity - 100 Backbones operate at 10 Gbps capacity - 100 Gbps (2007)Gbps (2007)
Middleware Middleware A layer of software between the network and the A layer of software between the network and the
applications applications Authentication Identification Authorization Authentication Identification Authorization
Directories SecurityDirectories Security EngineeringEngineering
IPv6 Measurement Multicast QoS Routing IPv6 Measurement Multicast QoS Routing Security TopologySecurity Topology
Advanced ApplicationsAdvanced Applications Distributed computation Virtual laboratories Distributed computation Virtual laboratories
Digital libraries Distributed learning Digital video Digital libraries Distributed learning Digital video Tele-immersion All of the above in combinationTele-immersion All of the above in combination
Abilene Connections Apr-2000Abilene Connections July 2006
Abilene Connections Apr-2000Abilene International Peering 2006
Research andDevelopment
Commercialization
Partnerships
Privatization
Internet Development Spiral
Todayrsquos Internet
Internet2
University-led Federal agency-led
Developing education and research driven applications
Agency mission-driven and general purpose applications
Building out campus networks gigaPoPs and inter-gigapop
infrastructure
Funding research testbeds and agency research networks
Interconnecting and interoperating to provide advanced networking capabilities needed to support advanced
research and education applications
Internet2 and the Next Generation Internet Initiative
Internet2 NGI
Our Founding (Funding) Fable
Researchers invent new architectures Architectures are validated on a testbed IETF ISPs and router vendors collaborate to deploy new design
This is complete BS
Do Traditional Testbeds Really Test
Production-oriented testbeds Real traffic provides good validation But can test only very incremental changes
Research-oriented testbeds Can test radical architectures Lack of real traffic results in poor validation
Both are expensive (dedicated bandwidth)
What about Deployment Architectural change requires ISP consensus
- Hard to agree- No competitive advantage from architectural innovation
- All have huge sunk investment in the status quo
ISPs are unlikely candidates for architectural change
Architecture isnrsquot just static its decaying Ad hoc workarounds muddy the architectural waters
We are at an Impasse
We canrsquot test new architectures- Despite sizable investments in testbeds
We canrsquot deploy new architectures- And things are getting worse not better
Yet there are pressing requirements for which the current architecture is not well suited
The Communityrsquos Response Focus on areas where we can have impact
Empirical studies Incremental changes (subject to current constraints)
Small stream of architectural proposals Paper designs without hope of deployment
More science fiction than engineering Have largely abandoned hope of effecting fundamental architectural change
Living with rather than overcoming the impasse
Overcoming the Impasse
Must be able to test new architectures Wide range of architectures Real traffic from willing individuals Low overhead for individual researchers
Meet the grand challenge of reinventing the Internet
Empirical incremental research is great but not enough
If someone put us in charge what would we do
What about deployment Several options none good but no excuse to not have an answer to the grand challenge
Testing Virtual Testbed
Overlay testbed (think RON etc) Host proxy directs packets to overlay
Proxy must architecturally neutral and flexible
Individuals (anywhere) opt-in by turning on proxy
Shared testing infrastructure (think Planetlab) Overlay nodes shared among experiments
Slicing on per-packet timescales Virtualized routers
These ideas have turned into the GENI program
Why GENI (Global Environment for Network Innovations) Future Internet Network (2005)
The original designing idea of current information networks is basically a specific network supports one major service
The limitation of the original designing idea can not support the multiple requirements for networks and services (such as Telecom network Internet)
The original design mode of Internet leads to itrsquos shortage in mobility security controllable and administrable
We urgently need redesign the framework of new generation Internet to overcome the serious shortage of current Internet
Providing pervasive and trusted services based on a specific network has became the key research directions of national informatization
GENI (Global Environment for Network Innovations) - NSF 2005 (1)
What is GENIWhat is GENIGENI is GENI is a facility concepta facility concept being explored by being explored by the US computing community the US computing community
back to an NSF workshop in 2005back to an NSF workshop in 2005focus on focus on architecturalarchitectural research and research and provide the provide the experimentalexperimental infrastructure infrastructure needed to support that researchneeded to support that research
focus on the research agenda (and focus on the research agenda (and infrastructure needs) of the infrastructure needs) of the opticaloptical wirelesswireless sensorsensor network and network and distributeddistributed systems communitiessystems communities
GENI (Global Environment for Network Innovations) (2)
The goal of GENI The goal of GENI Goal a Future Internet that meets the Goal a Future Internet that meets the demands of 21st centurydemands of 21st century
to increase the to increase the qualityquality and and quantityquantity of of experimental experimental researchresearch outcomes in networking and distributed outcomes in networking and distributed systemssystems
to accelerate the to accelerate the transitiontransition of these outcomes into of these outcomes into products and servicesproducts and services
enhance economic competitiveness and secure enhance economic competitiveness and secure the Nations futurethe Nations future
Ultimately to lead to a Ultimately to lead to a transition of the transition of the InternetInternet
GENI Research Opportunities (3)
Two dichotomy thought (false or at least Two dichotomy thought (false or at least unnecessary)unnecessary)
a a clean slateclean slate reconceptualization of Internet reconceptualization of Internet architecture architecture
todays 30-year-old architecture that todays 30-year-old architecture that limit its limit its abilityability to cope with emerging threats and to cope with emerging threats and opportunitiesopportunities
bull eroding trust reduced innovation slowing eroding trust reduced innovation slowing updateupdate
future innovation will take the form of new future innovation will take the form of new services and applications running services and applications running on top of the on top of the InternetInternet
GENI Research Opportunities (4)
GENI discussion GENI discussion First we interpret Future Internet very broadly to First we interpret Future Internet very broadly to
include innovations at include innovations at any levelany level of the architecture of the architecture alternative protocols and architectures running alternative protocols and architectures running
inside the network (as overlays on top of inside the network (as overlays on top of todays network) todays network)
Second research should employ Second research should employ clean slate clean slate thinkingthinking but this does but this does not imply that an entirely not imply that an entirely newnew Internet will be necessary In other words Internet will be necessary In other words clean slate is a clean slate is a processprocess not a not a resultresult
Third opportunities Third opportunities betweenbetween two perspectives two perspectives exploring how todays architecture is best exploring how todays architecture is best
evolved to support emerging overlay services evolved to support emerging overlay services
GENI Facility Concept (5)
Facility ConceptFacility Concept experimental platforms for experimental platforms for bothboth research and research and
deploymentdeployment filling the filling the gapgap between small-scale exp and mature between small-scale exp and mature
tech tech GENI evaluate new network systems on large-GENI evaluate new network systems on large-
scalescale
Two levelsTwo levels Physical level Physical level GENI substrateGENI substrate will consist of a will consist of a
collection of links forwarders storage collection of links forwarders storage processors and wireless net processors and wireless net
On top of this substrate a On top of this substrate a software software management management frameworkframework will be overlay network experiments on will be overlay network experiments on
the substratethe substrate
GENI Facility Concept (6)
Four key ideasFour key ideas substrate components will be substrate components will be programmableprogrammable - -
possible to embed any network experiment including possible to embed any network experiment including clean-slate designs clean-slate designs
Substrate will be Substrate will be virtualizable virtualizable -- possible to embed possible to embed multiple slices in the substrate at the same time multiple slices in the substrate at the same time (allow experimental services and architectures to run (allow experimental services and architectures to run continuously) continuously)
GENI will include mechanisms that allow end-users GENI will include mechanisms that allow end-users to to seamlessly seamlessly opt-inopt-in to experimental services to experimental services
GENI will be GENI will be modularmodular ( (architecture and interfaces) - architecture and interfaces) - possible to extend GENI with new networking possible to extend GENI with new networking technologies GENI will not be a static artifact but technologies GENI will not be a static artifact but rather a rather a dynamic infrastructuredynamic infrastructure that is continually that is continually renewedrenewed
FIND (Future Internet Network Design) ndash NSF 2006 (1)
FIND asks two broad questionsFIND asks two broad questions What are the What are the requirementsrequirements for the global network for the global network
in 15 years in 15 years How How would we would we re-conceivere-conceive tomorrows global tomorrows global
network today if we could design it from scratch network today if we could design it from scratch FIND program solicits FIND program solicits clean slate processclean slate process research proposals in the broad area of research proposals in the broad area of network architecture principles and designnetwork architecture principles and design
FIND (Future Internet Network Design) (2)
FIND research might address wide questionsFIND research might address wide questions What will the What will the edgeedge of the network look like in 15 of the network look like in 15
years How might the network years How might the network architecturearchitecture of 15 of 15 years hence best accommodate sensors embedded years hence best accommodate sensors embedded systems and the like systems and the like
How might the network of 15 years from now How might the network of 15 years from now supportsupport what users really do (and care about) How what users really do (and care about) How might such functions as information access location might such functions as information access location management or identity management best fit into a management or identity management best fit into a new overall network architecture new overall network architecture
What will the What will the core core of the network look like in 15 of the network look like in 15 years How might the changing economics of years How might the changing economics of optical systems affect the overall design of the larger optical systems affect the overall design of the larger networknetwork
FIRE (Future Internet Research and Experimentation) ndash European 2007 (1)
Internet has Internet has growngrown to an unexpected reach to an unexpected reach as for the as for the numbernumber of users of users capacitycapacity of the of the links broadband penetration to the links broadband penetration to the homehome servicesservices
ProblemsProblems spam viruses denial of service spam viruses denial of service attacks complexity of managementattacks complexity of management
Internet drawbacks and Internet drawbacks and limitationslimitations ndash to ndash to scalabilityscalability suitabilitysuitability mobilitymobility transparencytransparency securitysecurity
require new radical approaches to require new radical approaches to fundamentally redesign its protocols and fundamentally redesign its protocols and architectures architectures
FIRE (2) FIRE is an FIRE is an experimentallyexperimentally-driven -driven longlong-term research initiative on -term research initiative on
Future Internet Future Internet conceptsconcepts protocolsprotocols and and architecturesarchitectures encompassing technological industrial and socio-economic encompassing technological industrial and socio-economic
aspects aspects acting as proof-of-concept of the newly proposed acting as proof-of-concept of the newly proposed
technologies and services technologies and services FIRE RESEARCHFIRE RESEARCH
Long term multidisciplinary research on future internet Long term multidisciplinary research on future internet paradigms paradigms
Open to Open to fresh bottom-upfresh bottom-up ideas with ideas with no backwards-no backwards-compatibilitycompatibility constraints constraints
Building on the FET SAC initiative ldquoSituated and Autonomic Building on the FET SAC initiative ldquoSituated and Autonomic Communicationsrdquo Communicationsrdquo
Considering at the Considering at the same timesame time technological economic and technological economic and socialpolicy aspects socialpolicy aspects
Build in from the outset and on all levels the right Build in from the outset and on all levels the right balancebalance between security accountability and privacybetween security accountability and privacy
FIRE (3)
FIRE EXPERIMENTATIONFIRE EXPERIMENTATION Large scale experimentationLarge scale experimentation of new paradigms and of new paradigms and
concepts for the future internet and related service concepts for the future internet and related service architectures architectures
Learning through broad experimentation Learning through broad experimentation Integrating and validating new conceptsIntegrating and validating new concepts
Federating and extending Federating and extending existing testbedsexisting testbeds and and research infrastructures research infrastructures
no backwards-compatibility constraints no backwards-compatibility constraints European approach and develop a European European approach and develop a European
identityidentity
- Slide 1
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Slide 5
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- Slide 115
-
Internet2 Project Develop and deploy advanced network Develop and deploy advanced network
applications and technologies accelerating applications and technologies accelerating the creation of tomorrowrsquos Internetthe creation of tomorrowrsquos Internet
GoalsGoals Enable new generation of applicationsEnable new generation of applications Re-create leading edge RampE network Re-create leading edge RampE network
capabilitycapability Transfer capability to the global Transfer capability to the global
production Internetproduction Internet 206 University Members Jan 2005206 University Members Jan 2005
Internet2 Focus Areas Advanced Network Infrastructure - AbileneAdvanced Network Infrastructure - Abilene
Backbones operate at 10 Gbps capacity - 100 Backbones operate at 10 Gbps capacity - 100 Gbps (2007)Gbps (2007)
Middleware Middleware A layer of software between the network and the A layer of software between the network and the
applications applications Authentication Identification Authorization Authentication Identification Authorization
Directories SecurityDirectories Security EngineeringEngineering
IPv6 Measurement Multicast QoS Routing IPv6 Measurement Multicast QoS Routing Security TopologySecurity Topology
Advanced ApplicationsAdvanced Applications Distributed computation Virtual laboratories Distributed computation Virtual laboratories
Digital libraries Distributed learning Digital video Digital libraries Distributed learning Digital video Tele-immersion All of the above in combinationTele-immersion All of the above in combination
Abilene Connections Apr-2000Abilene Connections July 2006
Abilene Connections Apr-2000Abilene International Peering 2006
Research andDevelopment
Commercialization
Partnerships
Privatization
Internet Development Spiral
Todayrsquos Internet
Internet2
University-led Federal agency-led
Developing education and research driven applications
Agency mission-driven and general purpose applications
Building out campus networks gigaPoPs and inter-gigapop
infrastructure
Funding research testbeds and agency research networks
Interconnecting and interoperating to provide advanced networking capabilities needed to support advanced
research and education applications
Internet2 and the Next Generation Internet Initiative
Internet2 NGI
Our Founding (Funding) Fable
Researchers invent new architectures Architectures are validated on a testbed IETF ISPs and router vendors collaborate to deploy new design
This is complete BS
Do Traditional Testbeds Really Test
Production-oriented testbeds Real traffic provides good validation But can test only very incremental changes
Research-oriented testbeds Can test radical architectures Lack of real traffic results in poor validation
Both are expensive (dedicated bandwidth)
What about Deployment Architectural change requires ISP consensus
- Hard to agree- No competitive advantage from architectural innovation
- All have huge sunk investment in the status quo
ISPs are unlikely candidates for architectural change
Architecture isnrsquot just static its decaying Ad hoc workarounds muddy the architectural waters
We are at an Impasse
We canrsquot test new architectures- Despite sizable investments in testbeds
We canrsquot deploy new architectures- And things are getting worse not better
Yet there are pressing requirements for which the current architecture is not well suited
The Communityrsquos Response Focus on areas where we can have impact
Empirical studies Incremental changes (subject to current constraints)
Small stream of architectural proposals Paper designs without hope of deployment
More science fiction than engineering Have largely abandoned hope of effecting fundamental architectural change
Living with rather than overcoming the impasse
Overcoming the Impasse
Must be able to test new architectures Wide range of architectures Real traffic from willing individuals Low overhead for individual researchers
Meet the grand challenge of reinventing the Internet
Empirical incremental research is great but not enough
If someone put us in charge what would we do
What about deployment Several options none good but no excuse to not have an answer to the grand challenge
Testing Virtual Testbed
Overlay testbed (think RON etc) Host proxy directs packets to overlay
Proxy must architecturally neutral and flexible
Individuals (anywhere) opt-in by turning on proxy
Shared testing infrastructure (think Planetlab) Overlay nodes shared among experiments
Slicing on per-packet timescales Virtualized routers
These ideas have turned into the GENI program
Why GENI (Global Environment for Network Innovations) Future Internet Network (2005)
The original designing idea of current information networks is basically a specific network supports one major service
The limitation of the original designing idea can not support the multiple requirements for networks and services (such as Telecom network Internet)
The original design mode of Internet leads to itrsquos shortage in mobility security controllable and administrable
We urgently need redesign the framework of new generation Internet to overcome the serious shortage of current Internet
Providing pervasive and trusted services based on a specific network has became the key research directions of national informatization
GENI (Global Environment for Network Innovations) - NSF 2005 (1)
What is GENIWhat is GENIGENI is GENI is a facility concepta facility concept being explored by being explored by the US computing community the US computing community
back to an NSF workshop in 2005back to an NSF workshop in 2005focus on focus on architecturalarchitectural research and research and provide the provide the experimentalexperimental infrastructure infrastructure needed to support that researchneeded to support that research
focus on the research agenda (and focus on the research agenda (and infrastructure needs) of the infrastructure needs) of the opticaloptical wirelesswireless sensorsensor network and network and distributeddistributed systems communitiessystems communities
GENI (Global Environment for Network Innovations) (2)
The goal of GENI The goal of GENI Goal a Future Internet that meets the Goal a Future Internet that meets the demands of 21st centurydemands of 21st century
to increase the to increase the qualityquality and and quantityquantity of of experimental experimental researchresearch outcomes in networking and distributed outcomes in networking and distributed systemssystems
to accelerate the to accelerate the transitiontransition of these outcomes into of these outcomes into products and servicesproducts and services
enhance economic competitiveness and secure enhance economic competitiveness and secure the Nations futurethe Nations future
Ultimately to lead to a Ultimately to lead to a transition of the transition of the InternetInternet
GENI Research Opportunities (3)
Two dichotomy thought (false or at least Two dichotomy thought (false or at least unnecessary)unnecessary)
a a clean slateclean slate reconceptualization of Internet reconceptualization of Internet architecture architecture
todays 30-year-old architecture that todays 30-year-old architecture that limit its limit its abilityability to cope with emerging threats and to cope with emerging threats and opportunitiesopportunities
bull eroding trust reduced innovation slowing eroding trust reduced innovation slowing updateupdate
future innovation will take the form of new future innovation will take the form of new services and applications running services and applications running on top of the on top of the InternetInternet
GENI Research Opportunities (4)
GENI discussion GENI discussion First we interpret Future Internet very broadly to First we interpret Future Internet very broadly to
include innovations at include innovations at any levelany level of the architecture of the architecture alternative protocols and architectures running alternative protocols and architectures running
inside the network (as overlays on top of inside the network (as overlays on top of todays network) todays network)
Second research should employ Second research should employ clean slate clean slate thinkingthinking but this does but this does not imply that an entirely not imply that an entirely newnew Internet will be necessary In other words Internet will be necessary In other words clean slate is a clean slate is a processprocess not a not a resultresult
Third opportunities Third opportunities betweenbetween two perspectives two perspectives exploring how todays architecture is best exploring how todays architecture is best
evolved to support emerging overlay services evolved to support emerging overlay services
GENI Facility Concept (5)
Facility ConceptFacility Concept experimental platforms for experimental platforms for bothboth research and research and
deploymentdeployment filling the filling the gapgap between small-scale exp and mature between small-scale exp and mature
tech tech GENI evaluate new network systems on large-GENI evaluate new network systems on large-
scalescale
Two levelsTwo levels Physical level Physical level GENI substrateGENI substrate will consist of a will consist of a
collection of links forwarders storage collection of links forwarders storage processors and wireless net processors and wireless net
On top of this substrate a On top of this substrate a software software management management frameworkframework will be overlay network experiments on will be overlay network experiments on
the substratethe substrate
GENI Facility Concept (6)
Four key ideasFour key ideas substrate components will be substrate components will be programmableprogrammable - -
possible to embed any network experiment including possible to embed any network experiment including clean-slate designs clean-slate designs
Substrate will be Substrate will be virtualizable virtualizable -- possible to embed possible to embed multiple slices in the substrate at the same time multiple slices in the substrate at the same time (allow experimental services and architectures to run (allow experimental services and architectures to run continuously) continuously)
GENI will include mechanisms that allow end-users GENI will include mechanisms that allow end-users to to seamlessly seamlessly opt-inopt-in to experimental services to experimental services
GENI will be GENI will be modularmodular ( (architecture and interfaces) - architecture and interfaces) - possible to extend GENI with new networking possible to extend GENI with new networking technologies GENI will not be a static artifact but technologies GENI will not be a static artifact but rather a rather a dynamic infrastructuredynamic infrastructure that is continually that is continually renewedrenewed
FIND (Future Internet Network Design) ndash NSF 2006 (1)
FIND asks two broad questionsFIND asks two broad questions What are the What are the requirementsrequirements for the global network for the global network
in 15 years in 15 years How How would we would we re-conceivere-conceive tomorrows global tomorrows global
network today if we could design it from scratch network today if we could design it from scratch FIND program solicits FIND program solicits clean slate processclean slate process research proposals in the broad area of research proposals in the broad area of network architecture principles and designnetwork architecture principles and design
FIND (Future Internet Network Design) (2)
FIND research might address wide questionsFIND research might address wide questions What will the What will the edgeedge of the network look like in 15 of the network look like in 15
years How might the network years How might the network architecturearchitecture of 15 of 15 years hence best accommodate sensors embedded years hence best accommodate sensors embedded systems and the like systems and the like
How might the network of 15 years from now How might the network of 15 years from now supportsupport what users really do (and care about) How what users really do (and care about) How might such functions as information access location might such functions as information access location management or identity management best fit into a management or identity management best fit into a new overall network architecture new overall network architecture
What will the What will the core core of the network look like in 15 of the network look like in 15 years How might the changing economics of years How might the changing economics of optical systems affect the overall design of the larger optical systems affect the overall design of the larger networknetwork
FIRE (Future Internet Research and Experimentation) ndash European 2007 (1)
Internet has Internet has growngrown to an unexpected reach to an unexpected reach as for the as for the numbernumber of users of users capacitycapacity of the of the links broadband penetration to the links broadband penetration to the homehome servicesservices
ProblemsProblems spam viruses denial of service spam viruses denial of service attacks complexity of managementattacks complexity of management
Internet drawbacks and Internet drawbacks and limitationslimitations ndash to ndash to scalabilityscalability suitabilitysuitability mobilitymobility transparencytransparency securitysecurity
require new radical approaches to require new radical approaches to fundamentally redesign its protocols and fundamentally redesign its protocols and architectures architectures
FIRE (2) FIRE is an FIRE is an experimentallyexperimentally-driven -driven longlong-term research initiative on -term research initiative on
Future Internet Future Internet conceptsconcepts protocolsprotocols and and architecturesarchitectures encompassing technological industrial and socio-economic encompassing technological industrial and socio-economic
aspects aspects acting as proof-of-concept of the newly proposed acting as proof-of-concept of the newly proposed
technologies and services technologies and services FIRE RESEARCHFIRE RESEARCH
Long term multidisciplinary research on future internet Long term multidisciplinary research on future internet paradigms paradigms
Open to Open to fresh bottom-upfresh bottom-up ideas with ideas with no backwards-no backwards-compatibilitycompatibility constraints constraints
Building on the FET SAC initiative ldquoSituated and Autonomic Building on the FET SAC initiative ldquoSituated and Autonomic Communicationsrdquo Communicationsrdquo
Considering at the Considering at the same timesame time technological economic and technological economic and socialpolicy aspects socialpolicy aspects
Build in from the outset and on all levels the right Build in from the outset and on all levels the right balancebalance between security accountability and privacybetween security accountability and privacy
FIRE (3)
FIRE EXPERIMENTATIONFIRE EXPERIMENTATION Large scale experimentationLarge scale experimentation of new paradigms and of new paradigms and
concepts for the future internet and related service concepts for the future internet and related service architectures architectures
Learning through broad experimentation Learning through broad experimentation Integrating and validating new conceptsIntegrating and validating new concepts
Federating and extending Federating and extending existing testbedsexisting testbeds and and research infrastructures research infrastructures
no backwards-compatibility constraints no backwards-compatibility constraints European approach and develop a European European approach and develop a European
identityidentity
- Slide 1
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
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- Slide 115
-
Internet2 Focus Areas Advanced Network Infrastructure - AbileneAdvanced Network Infrastructure - Abilene
Backbones operate at 10 Gbps capacity - 100 Backbones operate at 10 Gbps capacity - 100 Gbps (2007)Gbps (2007)
Middleware Middleware A layer of software between the network and the A layer of software between the network and the
applications applications Authentication Identification Authorization Authentication Identification Authorization
Directories SecurityDirectories Security EngineeringEngineering
IPv6 Measurement Multicast QoS Routing IPv6 Measurement Multicast QoS Routing Security TopologySecurity Topology
Advanced ApplicationsAdvanced Applications Distributed computation Virtual laboratories Distributed computation Virtual laboratories
Digital libraries Distributed learning Digital video Digital libraries Distributed learning Digital video Tele-immersion All of the above in combinationTele-immersion All of the above in combination
Abilene Connections Apr-2000Abilene Connections July 2006
Abilene Connections Apr-2000Abilene International Peering 2006
Research andDevelopment
Commercialization
Partnerships
Privatization
Internet Development Spiral
Todayrsquos Internet
Internet2
University-led Federal agency-led
Developing education and research driven applications
Agency mission-driven and general purpose applications
Building out campus networks gigaPoPs and inter-gigapop
infrastructure
Funding research testbeds and agency research networks
Interconnecting and interoperating to provide advanced networking capabilities needed to support advanced
research and education applications
Internet2 and the Next Generation Internet Initiative
Internet2 NGI
Our Founding (Funding) Fable
Researchers invent new architectures Architectures are validated on a testbed IETF ISPs and router vendors collaborate to deploy new design
This is complete BS
Do Traditional Testbeds Really Test
Production-oriented testbeds Real traffic provides good validation But can test only very incremental changes
Research-oriented testbeds Can test radical architectures Lack of real traffic results in poor validation
Both are expensive (dedicated bandwidth)
What about Deployment Architectural change requires ISP consensus
- Hard to agree- No competitive advantage from architectural innovation
- All have huge sunk investment in the status quo
ISPs are unlikely candidates for architectural change
Architecture isnrsquot just static its decaying Ad hoc workarounds muddy the architectural waters
We are at an Impasse
We canrsquot test new architectures- Despite sizable investments in testbeds
We canrsquot deploy new architectures- And things are getting worse not better
Yet there are pressing requirements for which the current architecture is not well suited
The Communityrsquos Response Focus on areas where we can have impact
Empirical studies Incremental changes (subject to current constraints)
Small stream of architectural proposals Paper designs without hope of deployment
More science fiction than engineering Have largely abandoned hope of effecting fundamental architectural change
Living with rather than overcoming the impasse
Overcoming the Impasse
Must be able to test new architectures Wide range of architectures Real traffic from willing individuals Low overhead for individual researchers
Meet the grand challenge of reinventing the Internet
Empirical incremental research is great but not enough
If someone put us in charge what would we do
What about deployment Several options none good but no excuse to not have an answer to the grand challenge
Testing Virtual Testbed
Overlay testbed (think RON etc) Host proxy directs packets to overlay
Proxy must architecturally neutral and flexible
Individuals (anywhere) opt-in by turning on proxy
Shared testing infrastructure (think Planetlab) Overlay nodes shared among experiments
Slicing on per-packet timescales Virtualized routers
These ideas have turned into the GENI program
Why GENI (Global Environment for Network Innovations) Future Internet Network (2005)
The original designing idea of current information networks is basically a specific network supports one major service
The limitation of the original designing idea can not support the multiple requirements for networks and services (such as Telecom network Internet)
The original design mode of Internet leads to itrsquos shortage in mobility security controllable and administrable
We urgently need redesign the framework of new generation Internet to overcome the serious shortage of current Internet
Providing pervasive and trusted services based on a specific network has became the key research directions of national informatization
GENI (Global Environment for Network Innovations) - NSF 2005 (1)
What is GENIWhat is GENIGENI is GENI is a facility concepta facility concept being explored by being explored by the US computing community the US computing community
back to an NSF workshop in 2005back to an NSF workshop in 2005focus on focus on architecturalarchitectural research and research and provide the provide the experimentalexperimental infrastructure infrastructure needed to support that researchneeded to support that research
focus on the research agenda (and focus on the research agenda (and infrastructure needs) of the infrastructure needs) of the opticaloptical wirelesswireless sensorsensor network and network and distributeddistributed systems communitiessystems communities
GENI (Global Environment for Network Innovations) (2)
The goal of GENI The goal of GENI Goal a Future Internet that meets the Goal a Future Internet that meets the demands of 21st centurydemands of 21st century
to increase the to increase the qualityquality and and quantityquantity of of experimental experimental researchresearch outcomes in networking and distributed outcomes in networking and distributed systemssystems
to accelerate the to accelerate the transitiontransition of these outcomes into of these outcomes into products and servicesproducts and services
enhance economic competitiveness and secure enhance economic competitiveness and secure the Nations futurethe Nations future
Ultimately to lead to a Ultimately to lead to a transition of the transition of the InternetInternet
GENI Research Opportunities (3)
Two dichotomy thought (false or at least Two dichotomy thought (false or at least unnecessary)unnecessary)
a a clean slateclean slate reconceptualization of Internet reconceptualization of Internet architecture architecture
todays 30-year-old architecture that todays 30-year-old architecture that limit its limit its abilityability to cope with emerging threats and to cope with emerging threats and opportunitiesopportunities
bull eroding trust reduced innovation slowing eroding trust reduced innovation slowing updateupdate
future innovation will take the form of new future innovation will take the form of new services and applications running services and applications running on top of the on top of the InternetInternet
GENI Research Opportunities (4)
GENI discussion GENI discussion First we interpret Future Internet very broadly to First we interpret Future Internet very broadly to
include innovations at include innovations at any levelany level of the architecture of the architecture alternative protocols and architectures running alternative protocols and architectures running
inside the network (as overlays on top of inside the network (as overlays on top of todays network) todays network)
Second research should employ Second research should employ clean slate clean slate thinkingthinking but this does but this does not imply that an entirely not imply that an entirely newnew Internet will be necessary In other words Internet will be necessary In other words clean slate is a clean slate is a processprocess not a not a resultresult
Third opportunities Third opportunities betweenbetween two perspectives two perspectives exploring how todays architecture is best exploring how todays architecture is best
evolved to support emerging overlay services evolved to support emerging overlay services
GENI Facility Concept (5)
Facility ConceptFacility Concept experimental platforms for experimental platforms for bothboth research and research and
deploymentdeployment filling the filling the gapgap between small-scale exp and mature between small-scale exp and mature
tech tech GENI evaluate new network systems on large-GENI evaluate new network systems on large-
scalescale
Two levelsTwo levels Physical level Physical level GENI substrateGENI substrate will consist of a will consist of a
collection of links forwarders storage collection of links forwarders storage processors and wireless net processors and wireless net
On top of this substrate a On top of this substrate a software software management management frameworkframework will be overlay network experiments on will be overlay network experiments on
the substratethe substrate
GENI Facility Concept (6)
Four key ideasFour key ideas substrate components will be substrate components will be programmableprogrammable - -
possible to embed any network experiment including possible to embed any network experiment including clean-slate designs clean-slate designs
Substrate will be Substrate will be virtualizable virtualizable -- possible to embed possible to embed multiple slices in the substrate at the same time multiple slices in the substrate at the same time (allow experimental services and architectures to run (allow experimental services and architectures to run continuously) continuously)
GENI will include mechanisms that allow end-users GENI will include mechanisms that allow end-users to to seamlessly seamlessly opt-inopt-in to experimental services to experimental services
GENI will be GENI will be modularmodular ( (architecture and interfaces) - architecture and interfaces) - possible to extend GENI with new networking possible to extend GENI with new networking technologies GENI will not be a static artifact but technologies GENI will not be a static artifact but rather a rather a dynamic infrastructuredynamic infrastructure that is continually that is continually renewedrenewed
FIND (Future Internet Network Design) ndash NSF 2006 (1)
FIND asks two broad questionsFIND asks two broad questions What are the What are the requirementsrequirements for the global network for the global network
in 15 years in 15 years How How would we would we re-conceivere-conceive tomorrows global tomorrows global
network today if we could design it from scratch network today if we could design it from scratch FIND program solicits FIND program solicits clean slate processclean slate process research proposals in the broad area of research proposals in the broad area of network architecture principles and designnetwork architecture principles and design
FIND (Future Internet Network Design) (2)
FIND research might address wide questionsFIND research might address wide questions What will the What will the edgeedge of the network look like in 15 of the network look like in 15
years How might the network years How might the network architecturearchitecture of 15 of 15 years hence best accommodate sensors embedded years hence best accommodate sensors embedded systems and the like systems and the like
How might the network of 15 years from now How might the network of 15 years from now supportsupport what users really do (and care about) How what users really do (and care about) How might such functions as information access location might such functions as information access location management or identity management best fit into a management or identity management best fit into a new overall network architecture new overall network architecture
What will the What will the core core of the network look like in 15 of the network look like in 15 years How might the changing economics of years How might the changing economics of optical systems affect the overall design of the larger optical systems affect the overall design of the larger networknetwork
FIRE (Future Internet Research and Experimentation) ndash European 2007 (1)
Internet has Internet has growngrown to an unexpected reach to an unexpected reach as for the as for the numbernumber of users of users capacitycapacity of the of the links broadband penetration to the links broadband penetration to the homehome servicesservices
ProblemsProblems spam viruses denial of service spam viruses denial of service attacks complexity of managementattacks complexity of management
Internet drawbacks and Internet drawbacks and limitationslimitations ndash to ndash to scalabilityscalability suitabilitysuitability mobilitymobility transparencytransparency securitysecurity
require new radical approaches to require new radical approaches to fundamentally redesign its protocols and fundamentally redesign its protocols and architectures architectures
FIRE (2) FIRE is an FIRE is an experimentallyexperimentally-driven -driven longlong-term research initiative on -term research initiative on
Future Internet Future Internet conceptsconcepts protocolsprotocols and and architecturesarchitectures encompassing technological industrial and socio-economic encompassing technological industrial and socio-economic
aspects aspects acting as proof-of-concept of the newly proposed acting as proof-of-concept of the newly proposed
technologies and services technologies and services FIRE RESEARCHFIRE RESEARCH
Long term multidisciplinary research on future internet Long term multidisciplinary research on future internet paradigms paradigms
Open to Open to fresh bottom-upfresh bottom-up ideas with ideas with no backwards-no backwards-compatibilitycompatibility constraints constraints
Building on the FET SAC initiative ldquoSituated and Autonomic Building on the FET SAC initiative ldquoSituated and Autonomic Communicationsrdquo Communicationsrdquo
Considering at the Considering at the same timesame time technological economic and technological economic and socialpolicy aspects socialpolicy aspects
Build in from the outset and on all levels the right Build in from the outset and on all levels the right balancebalance between security accountability and privacybetween security accountability and privacy
FIRE (3)
FIRE EXPERIMENTATIONFIRE EXPERIMENTATION Large scale experimentationLarge scale experimentation of new paradigms and of new paradigms and
concepts for the future internet and related service concepts for the future internet and related service architectures architectures
Learning through broad experimentation Learning through broad experimentation Integrating and validating new conceptsIntegrating and validating new concepts
Federating and extending Federating and extending existing testbedsexisting testbeds and and research infrastructures research infrastructures
no backwards-compatibility constraints no backwards-compatibility constraints European approach and develop a European European approach and develop a European
identityidentity
- Slide 1
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
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- Slide 115
-
Abilene Connections Apr-2000Abilene Connections July 2006
Abilene Connections Apr-2000Abilene International Peering 2006
Research andDevelopment
Commercialization
Partnerships
Privatization
Internet Development Spiral
Todayrsquos Internet
Internet2
University-led Federal agency-led
Developing education and research driven applications
Agency mission-driven and general purpose applications
Building out campus networks gigaPoPs and inter-gigapop
infrastructure
Funding research testbeds and agency research networks
Interconnecting and interoperating to provide advanced networking capabilities needed to support advanced
research and education applications
Internet2 and the Next Generation Internet Initiative
Internet2 NGI
Our Founding (Funding) Fable
Researchers invent new architectures Architectures are validated on a testbed IETF ISPs and router vendors collaborate to deploy new design
This is complete BS
Do Traditional Testbeds Really Test
Production-oriented testbeds Real traffic provides good validation But can test only very incremental changes
Research-oriented testbeds Can test radical architectures Lack of real traffic results in poor validation
Both are expensive (dedicated bandwidth)
What about Deployment Architectural change requires ISP consensus
- Hard to agree- No competitive advantage from architectural innovation
- All have huge sunk investment in the status quo
ISPs are unlikely candidates for architectural change
Architecture isnrsquot just static its decaying Ad hoc workarounds muddy the architectural waters
We are at an Impasse
We canrsquot test new architectures- Despite sizable investments in testbeds
We canrsquot deploy new architectures- And things are getting worse not better
Yet there are pressing requirements for which the current architecture is not well suited
The Communityrsquos Response Focus on areas where we can have impact
Empirical studies Incremental changes (subject to current constraints)
Small stream of architectural proposals Paper designs without hope of deployment
More science fiction than engineering Have largely abandoned hope of effecting fundamental architectural change
Living with rather than overcoming the impasse
Overcoming the Impasse
Must be able to test new architectures Wide range of architectures Real traffic from willing individuals Low overhead for individual researchers
Meet the grand challenge of reinventing the Internet
Empirical incremental research is great but not enough
If someone put us in charge what would we do
What about deployment Several options none good but no excuse to not have an answer to the grand challenge
Testing Virtual Testbed
Overlay testbed (think RON etc) Host proxy directs packets to overlay
Proxy must architecturally neutral and flexible
Individuals (anywhere) opt-in by turning on proxy
Shared testing infrastructure (think Planetlab) Overlay nodes shared among experiments
Slicing on per-packet timescales Virtualized routers
These ideas have turned into the GENI program
Why GENI (Global Environment for Network Innovations) Future Internet Network (2005)
The original designing idea of current information networks is basically a specific network supports one major service
The limitation of the original designing idea can not support the multiple requirements for networks and services (such as Telecom network Internet)
The original design mode of Internet leads to itrsquos shortage in mobility security controllable and administrable
We urgently need redesign the framework of new generation Internet to overcome the serious shortage of current Internet
Providing pervasive and trusted services based on a specific network has became the key research directions of national informatization
GENI (Global Environment for Network Innovations) - NSF 2005 (1)
What is GENIWhat is GENIGENI is GENI is a facility concepta facility concept being explored by being explored by the US computing community the US computing community
back to an NSF workshop in 2005back to an NSF workshop in 2005focus on focus on architecturalarchitectural research and research and provide the provide the experimentalexperimental infrastructure infrastructure needed to support that researchneeded to support that research
focus on the research agenda (and focus on the research agenda (and infrastructure needs) of the infrastructure needs) of the opticaloptical wirelesswireless sensorsensor network and network and distributeddistributed systems communitiessystems communities
GENI (Global Environment for Network Innovations) (2)
The goal of GENI The goal of GENI Goal a Future Internet that meets the Goal a Future Internet that meets the demands of 21st centurydemands of 21st century
to increase the to increase the qualityquality and and quantityquantity of of experimental experimental researchresearch outcomes in networking and distributed outcomes in networking and distributed systemssystems
to accelerate the to accelerate the transitiontransition of these outcomes into of these outcomes into products and servicesproducts and services
enhance economic competitiveness and secure enhance economic competitiveness and secure the Nations futurethe Nations future
Ultimately to lead to a Ultimately to lead to a transition of the transition of the InternetInternet
GENI Research Opportunities (3)
Two dichotomy thought (false or at least Two dichotomy thought (false or at least unnecessary)unnecessary)
a a clean slateclean slate reconceptualization of Internet reconceptualization of Internet architecture architecture
todays 30-year-old architecture that todays 30-year-old architecture that limit its limit its abilityability to cope with emerging threats and to cope with emerging threats and opportunitiesopportunities
bull eroding trust reduced innovation slowing eroding trust reduced innovation slowing updateupdate
future innovation will take the form of new future innovation will take the form of new services and applications running services and applications running on top of the on top of the InternetInternet
GENI Research Opportunities (4)
GENI discussion GENI discussion First we interpret Future Internet very broadly to First we interpret Future Internet very broadly to
include innovations at include innovations at any levelany level of the architecture of the architecture alternative protocols and architectures running alternative protocols and architectures running
inside the network (as overlays on top of inside the network (as overlays on top of todays network) todays network)
Second research should employ Second research should employ clean slate clean slate thinkingthinking but this does but this does not imply that an entirely not imply that an entirely newnew Internet will be necessary In other words Internet will be necessary In other words clean slate is a clean slate is a processprocess not a not a resultresult
Third opportunities Third opportunities betweenbetween two perspectives two perspectives exploring how todays architecture is best exploring how todays architecture is best
evolved to support emerging overlay services evolved to support emerging overlay services
GENI Facility Concept (5)
Facility ConceptFacility Concept experimental platforms for experimental platforms for bothboth research and research and
deploymentdeployment filling the filling the gapgap between small-scale exp and mature between small-scale exp and mature
tech tech GENI evaluate new network systems on large-GENI evaluate new network systems on large-
scalescale
Two levelsTwo levels Physical level Physical level GENI substrateGENI substrate will consist of a will consist of a
collection of links forwarders storage collection of links forwarders storage processors and wireless net processors and wireless net
On top of this substrate a On top of this substrate a software software management management frameworkframework will be overlay network experiments on will be overlay network experiments on
the substratethe substrate
GENI Facility Concept (6)
Four key ideasFour key ideas substrate components will be substrate components will be programmableprogrammable - -
possible to embed any network experiment including possible to embed any network experiment including clean-slate designs clean-slate designs
Substrate will be Substrate will be virtualizable virtualizable -- possible to embed possible to embed multiple slices in the substrate at the same time multiple slices in the substrate at the same time (allow experimental services and architectures to run (allow experimental services and architectures to run continuously) continuously)
GENI will include mechanisms that allow end-users GENI will include mechanisms that allow end-users to to seamlessly seamlessly opt-inopt-in to experimental services to experimental services
GENI will be GENI will be modularmodular ( (architecture and interfaces) - architecture and interfaces) - possible to extend GENI with new networking possible to extend GENI with new networking technologies GENI will not be a static artifact but technologies GENI will not be a static artifact but rather a rather a dynamic infrastructuredynamic infrastructure that is continually that is continually renewedrenewed
FIND (Future Internet Network Design) ndash NSF 2006 (1)
FIND asks two broad questionsFIND asks two broad questions What are the What are the requirementsrequirements for the global network for the global network
in 15 years in 15 years How How would we would we re-conceivere-conceive tomorrows global tomorrows global
network today if we could design it from scratch network today if we could design it from scratch FIND program solicits FIND program solicits clean slate processclean slate process research proposals in the broad area of research proposals in the broad area of network architecture principles and designnetwork architecture principles and design
FIND (Future Internet Network Design) (2)
FIND research might address wide questionsFIND research might address wide questions What will the What will the edgeedge of the network look like in 15 of the network look like in 15
years How might the network years How might the network architecturearchitecture of 15 of 15 years hence best accommodate sensors embedded years hence best accommodate sensors embedded systems and the like systems and the like
How might the network of 15 years from now How might the network of 15 years from now supportsupport what users really do (and care about) How what users really do (and care about) How might such functions as information access location might such functions as information access location management or identity management best fit into a management or identity management best fit into a new overall network architecture new overall network architecture
What will the What will the core core of the network look like in 15 of the network look like in 15 years How might the changing economics of years How might the changing economics of optical systems affect the overall design of the larger optical systems affect the overall design of the larger networknetwork
FIRE (Future Internet Research and Experimentation) ndash European 2007 (1)
Internet has Internet has growngrown to an unexpected reach to an unexpected reach as for the as for the numbernumber of users of users capacitycapacity of the of the links broadband penetration to the links broadband penetration to the homehome servicesservices
ProblemsProblems spam viruses denial of service spam viruses denial of service attacks complexity of managementattacks complexity of management
Internet drawbacks and Internet drawbacks and limitationslimitations ndash to ndash to scalabilityscalability suitabilitysuitability mobilitymobility transparencytransparency securitysecurity
require new radical approaches to require new radical approaches to fundamentally redesign its protocols and fundamentally redesign its protocols and architectures architectures
FIRE (2) FIRE is an FIRE is an experimentallyexperimentally-driven -driven longlong-term research initiative on -term research initiative on
Future Internet Future Internet conceptsconcepts protocolsprotocols and and architecturesarchitectures encompassing technological industrial and socio-economic encompassing technological industrial and socio-economic
aspects aspects acting as proof-of-concept of the newly proposed acting as proof-of-concept of the newly proposed
technologies and services technologies and services FIRE RESEARCHFIRE RESEARCH
Long term multidisciplinary research on future internet Long term multidisciplinary research on future internet paradigms paradigms
Open to Open to fresh bottom-upfresh bottom-up ideas with ideas with no backwards-no backwards-compatibilitycompatibility constraints constraints
Building on the FET SAC initiative ldquoSituated and Autonomic Building on the FET SAC initiative ldquoSituated and Autonomic Communicationsrdquo Communicationsrdquo
Considering at the Considering at the same timesame time technological economic and technological economic and socialpolicy aspects socialpolicy aspects
Build in from the outset and on all levels the right Build in from the outset and on all levels the right balancebalance between security accountability and privacybetween security accountability and privacy
FIRE (3)
FIRE EXPERIMENTATIONFIRE EXPERIMENTATION Large scale experimentationLarge scale experimentation of new paradigms and of new paradigms and
concepts for the future internet and related service concepts for the future internet and related service architectures architectures
Learning through broad experimentation Learning through broad experimentation Integrating and validating new conceptsIntegrating and validating new concepts
Federating and extending Federating and extending existing testbedsexisting testbeds and and research infrastructures research infrastructures
no backwards-compatibility constraints no backwards-compatibility constraints European approach and develop a European European approach and develop a European
identityidentity
- Slide 1
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
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- Slide 14
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- Slide 107
- Slide 108
- Slide 109
- Slide 110
- Slide 113
- Slide 114
- Slide 115
-
Abilene Connections Apr-2000Abilene International Peering 2006
Research andDevelopment
Commercialization
Partnerships
Privatization
Internet Development Spiral
Todayrsquos Internet
Internet2
University-led Federal agency-led
Developing education and research driven applications
Agency mission-driven and general purpose applications
Building out campus networks gigaPoPs and inter-gigapop
infrastructure
Funding research testbeds and agency research networks
Interconnecting and interoperating to provide advanced networking capabilities needed to support advanced
research and education applications
Internet2 and the Next Generation Internet Initiative
Internet2 NGI
Our Founding (Funding) Fable
Researchers invent new architectures Architectures are validated on a testbed IETF ISPs and router vendors collaborate to deploy new design
This is complete BS
Do Traditional Testbeds Really Test
Production-oriented testbeds Real traffic provides good validation But can test only very incremental changes
Research-oriented testbeds Can test radical architectures Lack of real traffic results in poor validation
Both are expensive (dedicated bandwidth)
What about Deployment Architectural change requires ISP consensus
- Hard to agree- No competitive advantage from architectural innovation
- All have huge sunk investment in the status quo
ISPs are unlikely candidates for architectural change
Architecture isnrsquot just static its decaying Ad hoc workarounds muddy the architectural waters
We are at an Impasse
We canrsquot test new architectures- Despite sizable investments in testbeds
We canrsquot deploy new architectures- And things are getting worse not better
Yet there are pressing requirements for which the current architecture is not well suited
The Communityrsquos Response Focus on areas where we can have impact
Empirical studies Incremental changes (subject to current constraints)
Small stream of architectural proposals Paper designs without hope of deployment
More science fiction than engineering Have largely abandoned hope of effecting fundamental architectural change
Living with rather than overcoming the impasse
Overcoming the Impasse
Must be able to test new architectures Wide range of architectures Real traffic from willing individuals Low overhead for individual researchers
Meet the grand challenge of reinventing the Internet
Empirical incremental research is great but not enough
If someone put us in charge what would we do
What about deployment Several options none good but no excuse to not have an answer to the grand challenge
Testing Virtual Testbed
Overlay testbed (think RON etc) Host proxy directs packets to overlay
Proxy must architecturally neutral and flexible
Individuals (anywhere) opt-in by turning on proxy
Shared testing infrastructure (think Planetlab) Overlay nodes shared among experiments
Slicing on per-packet timescales Virtualized routers
These ideas have turned into the GENI program
Why GENI (Global Environment for Network Innovations) Future Internet Network (2005)
The original designing idea of current information networks is basically a specific network supports one major service
The limitation of the original designing idea can not support the multiple requirements for networks and services (such as Telecom network Internet)
The original design mode of Internet leads to itrsquos shortage in mobility security controllable and administrable
We urgently need redesign the framework of new generation Internet to overcome the serious shortage of current Internet
Providing pervasive and trusted services based on a specific network has became the key research directions of national informatization
GENI (Global Environment for Network Innovations) - NSF 2005 (1)
What is GENIWhat is GENIGENI is GENI is a facility concepta facility concept being explored by being explored by the US computing community the US computing community
back to an NSF workshop in 2005back to an NSF workshop in 2005focus on focus on architecturalarchitectural research and research and provide the provide the experimentalexperimental infrastructure infrastructure needed to support that researchneeded to support that research
focus on the research agenda (and focus on the research agenda (and infrastructure needs) of the infrastructure needs) of the opticaloptical wirelesswireless sensorsensor network and network and distributeddistributed systems communitiessystems communities
GENI (Global Environment for Network Innovations) (2)
The goal of GENI The goal of GENI Goal a Future Internet that meets the Goal a Future Internet that meets the demands of 21st centurydemands of 21st century
to increase the to increase the qualityquality and and quantityquantity of of experimental experimental researchresearch outcomes in networking and distributed outcomes in networking and distributed systemssystems
to accelerate the to accelerate the transitiontransition of these outcomes into of these outcomes into products and servicesproducts and services
enhance economic competitiveness and secure enhance economic competitiveness and secure the Nations futurethe Nations future
Ultimately to lead to a Ultimately to lead to a transition of the transition of the InternetInternet
GENI Research Opportunities (3)
Two dichotomy thought (false or at least Two dichotomy thought (false or at least unnecessary)unnecessary)
a a clean slateclean slate reconceptualization of Internet reconceptualization of Internet architecture architecture
todays 30-year-old architecture that todays 30-year-old architecture that limit its limit its abilityability to cope with emerging threats and to cope with emerging threats and opportunitiesopportunities
bull eroding trust reduced innovation slowing eroding trust reduced innovation slowing updateupdate
future innovation will take the form of new future innovation will take the form of new services and applications running services and applications running on top of the on top of the InternetInternet
GENI Research Opportunities (4)
GENI discussion GENI discussion First we interpret Future Internet very broadly to First we interpret Future Internet very broadly to
include innovations at include innovations at any levelany level of the architecture of the architecture alternative protocols and architectures running alternative protocols and architectures running
inside the network (as overlays on top of inside the network (as overlays on top of todays network) todays network)
Second research should employ Second research should employ clean slate clean slate thinkingthinking but this does but this does not imply that an entirely not imply that an entirely newnew Internet will be necessary In other words Internet will be necessary In other words clean slate is a clean slate is a processprocess not a not a resultresult
Third opportunities Third opportunities betweenbetween two perspectives two perspectives exploring how todays architecture is best exploring how todays architecture is best
evolved to support emerging overlay services evolved to support emerging overlay services
GENI Facility Concept (5)
Facility ConceptFacility Concept experimental platforms for experimental platforms for bothboth research and research and
deploymentdeployment filling the filling the gapgap between small-scale exp and mature between small-scale exp and mature
tech tech GENI evaluate new network systems on large-GENI evaluate new network systems on large-
scalescale
Two levelsTwo levels Physical level Physical level GENI substrateGENI substrate will consist of a will consist of a
collection of links forwarders storage collection of links forwarders storage processors and wireless net processors and wireless net
On top of this substrate a On top of this substrate a software software management management frameworkframework will be overlay network experiments on will be overlay network experiments on
the substratethe substrate
GENI Facility Concept (6)
Four key ideasFour key ideas substrate components will be substrate components will be programmableprogrammable - -
possible to embed any network experiment including possible to embed any network experiment including clean-slate designs clean-slate designs
Substrate will be Substrate will be virtualizable virtualizable -- possible to embed possible to embed multiple slices in the substrate at the same time multiple slices in the substrate at the same time (allow experimental services and architectures to run (allow experimental services and architectures to run continuously) continuously)
GENI will include mechanisms that allow end-users GENI will include mechanisms that allow end-users to to seamlessly seamlessly opt-inopt-in to experimental services to experimental services
GENI will be GENI will be modularmodular ( (architecture and interfaces) - architecture and interfaces) - possible to extend GENI with new networking possible to extend GENI with new networking technologies GENI will not be a static artifact but technologies GENI will not be a static artifact but rather a rather a dynamic infrastructuredynamic infrastructure that is continually that is continually renewedrenewed
FIND (Future Internet Network Design) ndash NSF 2006 (1)
FIND asks two broad questionsFIND asks two broad questions What are the What are the requirementsrequirements for the global network for the global network
in 15 years in 15 years How How would we would we re-conceivere-conceive tomorrows global tomorrows global
network today if we could design it from scratch network today if we could design it from scratch FIND program solicits FIND program solicits clean slate processclean slate process research proposals in the broad area of research proposals in the broad area of network architecture principles and designnetwork architecture principles and design
FIND (Future Internet Network Design) (2)
FIND research might address wide questionsFIND research might address wide questions What will the What will the edgeedge of the network look like in 15 of the network look like in 15
years How might the network years How might the network architecturearchitecture of 15 of 15 years hence best accommodate sensors embedded years hence best accommodate sensors embedded systems and the like systems and the like
How might the network of 15 years from now How might the network of 15 years from now supportsupport what users really do (and care about) How what users really do (and care about) How might such functions as information access location might such functions as information access location management or identity management best fit into a management or identity management best fit into a new overall network architecture new overall network architecture
What will the What will the core core of the network look like in 15 of the network look like in 15 years How might the changing economics of years How might the changing economics of optical systems affect the overall design of the larger optical systems affect the overall design of the larger networknetwork
FIRE (Future Internet Research and Experimentation) ndash European 2007 (1)
Internet has Internet has growngrown to an unexpected reach to an unexpected reach as for the as for the numbernumber of users of users capacitycapacity of the of the links broadband penetration to the links broadband penetration to the homehome servicesservices
ProblemsProblems spam viruses denial of service spam viruses denial of service attacks complexity of managementattacks complexity of management
Internet drawbacks and Internet drawbacks and limitationslimitations ndash to ndash to scalabilityscalability suitabilitysuitability mobilitymobility transparencytransparency securitysecurity
require new radical approaches to require new radical approaches to fundamentally redesign its protocols and fundamentally redesign its protocols and architectures architectures
FIRE (2) FIRE is an FIRE is an experimentallyexperimentally-driven -driven longlong-term research initiative on -term research initiative on
Future Internet Future Internet conceptsconcepts protocolsprotocols and and architecturesarchitectures encompassing technological industrial and socio-economic encompassing technological industrial and socio-economic
aspects aspects acting as proof-of-concept of the newly proposed acting as proof-of-concept of the newly proposed
technologies and services technologies and services FIRE RESEARCHFIRE RESEARCH
Long term multidisciplinary research on future internet Long term multidisciplinary research on future internet paradigms paradigms
Open to Open to fresh bottom-upfresh bottom-up ideas with ideas with no backwards-no backwards-compatibilitycompatibility constraints constraints
Building on the FET SAC initiative ldquoSituated and Autonomic Building on the FET SAC initiative ldquoSituated and Autonomic Communicationsrdquo Communicationsrdquo
Considering at the Considering at the same timesame time technological economic and technological economic and socialpolicy aspects socialpolicy aspects
Build in from the outset and on all levels the right Build in from the outset and on all levels the right balancebalance between security accountability and privacybetween security accountability and privacy
FIRE (3)
FIRE EXPERIMENTATIONFIRE EXPERIMENTATION Large scale experimentationLarge scale experimentation of new paradigms and of new paradigms and
concepts for the future internet and related service concepts for the future internet and related service architectures architectures
Learning through broad experimentation Learning through broad experimentation Integrating and validating new conceptsIntegrating and validating new concepts
Federating and extending Federating and extending existing testbedsexisting testbeds and and research infrastructures research infrastructures
no backwards-compatibility constraints no backwards-compatibility constraints European approach and develop a European European approach and develop a European
identityidentity
- Slide 1
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
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-
Research andDevelopment
Commercialization
Partnerships
Privatization
Internet Development Spiral
Todayrsquos Internet
Internet2
University-led Federal agency-led
Developing education and research driven applications
Agency mission-driven and general purpose applications
Building out campus networks gigaPoPs and inter-gigapop
infrastructure
Funding research testbeds and agency research networks
Interconnecting and interoperating to provide advanced networking capabilities needed to support advanced
research and education applications
Internet2 and the Next Generation Internet Initiative
Internet2 NGI
Our Founding (Funding) Fable
Researchers invent new architectures Architectures are validated on a testbed IETF ISPs and router vendors collaborate to deploy new design
This is complete BS
Do Traditional Testbeds Really Test
Production-oriented testbeds Real traffic provides good validation But can test only very incremental changes
Research-oriented testbeds Can test radical architectures Lack of real traffic results in poor validation
Both are expensive (dedicated bandwidth)
What about Deployment Architectural change requires ISP consensus
- Hard to agree- No competitive advantage from architectural innovation
- All have huge sunk investment in the status quo
ISPs are unlikely candidates for architectural change
Architecture isnrsquot just static its decaying Ad hoc workarounds muddy the architectural waters
We are at an Impasse
We canrsquot test new architectures- Despite sizable investments in testbeds
We canrsquot deploy new architectures- And things are getting worse not better
Yet there are pressing requirements for which the current architecture is not well suited
The Communityrsquos Response Focus on areas where we can have impact
Empirical studies Incremental changes (subject to current constraints)
Small stream of architectural proposals Paper designs without hope of deployment
More science fiction than engineering Have largely abandoned hope of effecting fundamental architectural change
Living with rather than overcoming the impasse
Overcoming the Impasse
Must be able to test new architectures Wide range of architectures Real traffic from willing individuals Low overhead for individual researchers
Meet the grand challenge of reinventing the Internet
Empirical incremental research is great but not enough
If someone put us in charge what would we do
What about deployment Several options none good but no excuse to not have an answer to the grand challenge
Testing Virtual Testbed
Overlay testbed (think RON etc) Host proxy directs packets to overlay
Proxy must architecturally neutral and flexible
Individuals (anywhere) opt-in by turning on proxy
Shared testing infrastructure (think Planetlab) Overlay nodes shared among experiments
Slicing on per-packet timescales Virtualized routers
These ideas have turned into the GENI program
Why GENI (Global Environment for Network Innovations) Future Internet Network (2005)
The original designing idea of current information networks is basically a specific network supports one major service
The limitation of the original designing idea can not support the multiple requirements for networks and services (such as Telecom network Internet)
The original design mode of Internet leads to itrsquos shortage in mobility security controllable and administrable
We urgently need redesign the framework of new generation Internet to overcome the serious shortage of current Internet
Providing pervasive and trusted services based on a specific network has became the key research directions of national informatization
GENI (Global Environment for Network Innovations) - NSF 2005 (1)
What is GENIWhat is GENIGENI is GENI is a facility concepta facility concept being explored by being explored by the US computing community the US computing community
back to an NSF workshop in 2005back to an NSF workshop in 2005focus on focus on architecturalarchitectural research and research and provide the provide the experimentalexperimental infrastructure infrastructure needed to support that researchneeded to support that research
focus on the research agenda (and focus on the research agenda (and infrastructure needs) of the infrastructure needs) of the opticaloptical wirelesswireless sensorsensor network and network and distributeddistributed systems communitiessystems communities
GENI (Global Environment for Network Innovations) (2)
The goal of GENI The goal of GENI Goal a Future Internet that meets the Goal a Future Internet that meets the demands of 21st centurydemands of 21st century
to increase the to increase the qualityquality and and quantityquantity of of experimental experimental researchresearch outcomes in networking and distributed outcomes in networking and distributed systemssystems
to accelerate the to accelerate the transitiontransition of these outcomes into of these outcomes into products and servicesproducts and services
enhance economic competitiveness and secure enhance economic competitiveness and secure the Nations futurethe Nations future
Ultimately to lead to a Ultimately to lead to a transition of the transition of the InternetInternet
GENI Research Opportunities (3)
Two dichotomy thought (false or at least Two dichotomy thought (false or at least unnecessary)unnecessary)
a a clean slateclean slate reconceptualization of Internet reconceptualization of Internet architecture architecture
todays 30-year-old architecture that todays 30-year-old architecture that limit its limit its abilityability to cope with emerging threats and to cope with emerging threats and opportunitiesopportunities
bull eroding trust reduced innovation slowing eroding trust reduced innovation slowing updateupdate
future innovation will take the form of new future innovation will take the form of new services and applications running services and applications running on top of the on top of the InternetInternet
GENI Research Opportunities (4)
GENI discussion GENI discussion First we interpret Future Internet very broadly to First we interpret Future Internet very broadly to
include innovations at include innovations at any levelany level of the architecture of the architecture alternative protocols and architectures running alternative protocols and architectures running
inside the network (as overlays on top of inside the network (as overlays on top of todays network) todays network)
Second research should employ Second research should employ clean slate clean slate thinkingthinking but this does but this does not imply that an entirely not imply that an entirely newnew Internet will be necessary In other words Internet will be necessary In other words clean slate is a clean slate is a processprocess not a not a resultresult
Third opportunities Third opportunities betweenbetween two perspectives two perspectives exploring how todays architecture is best exploring how todays architecture is best
evolved to support emerging overlay services evolved to support emerging overlay services
GENI Facility Concept (5)
Facility ConceptFacility Concept experimental platforms for experimental platforms for bothboth research and research and
deploymentdeployment filling the filling the gapgap between small-scale exp and mature between small-scale exp and mature
tech tech GENI evaluate new network systems on large-GENI evaluate new network systems on large-
scalescale
Two levelsTwo levels Physical level Physical level GENI substrateGENI substrate will consist of a will consist of a
collection of links forwarders storage collection of links forwarders storage processors and wireless net processors and wireless net
On top of this substrate a On top of this substrate a software software management management frameworkframework will be overlay network experiments on will be overlay network experiments on
the substratethe substrate
GENI Facility Concept (6)
Four key ideasFour key ideas substrate components will be substrate components will be programmableprogrammable - -
possible to embed any network experiment including possible to embed any network experiment including clean-slate designs clean-slate designs
Substrate will be Substrate will be virtualizable virtualizable -- possible to embed possible to embed multiple slices in the substrate at the same time multiple slices in the substrate at the same time (allow experimental services and architectures to run (allow experimental services and architectures to run continuously) continuously)
GENI will include mechanisms that allow end-users GENI will include mechanisms that allow end-users to to seamlessly seamlessly opt-inopt-in to experimental services to experimental services
GENI will be GENI will be modularmodular ( (architecture and interfaces) - architecture and interfaces) - possible to extend GENI with new networking possible to extend GENI with new networking technologies GENI will not be a static artifact but technologies GENI will not be a static artifact but rather a rather a dynamic infrastructuredynamic infrastructure that is continually that is continually renewedrenewed
FIND (Future Internet Network Design) ndash NSF 2006 (1)
FIND asks two broad questionsFIND asks two broad questions What are the What are the requirementsrequirements for the global network for the global network
in 15 years in 15 years How How would we would we re-conceivere-conceive tomorrows global tomorrows global
network today if we could design it from scratch network today if we could design it from scratch FIND program solicits FIND program solicits clean slate processclean slate process research proposals in the broad area of research proposals in the broad area of network architecture principles and designnetwork architecture principles and design
FIND (Future Internet Network Design) (2)
FIND research might address wide questionsFIND research might address wide questions What will the What will the edgeedge of the network look like in 15 of the network look like in 15
years How might the network years How might the network architecturearchitecture of 15 of 15 years hence best accommodate sensors embedded years hence best accommodate sensors embedded systems and the like systems and the like
How might the network of 15 years from now How might the network of 15 years from now supportsupport what users really do (and care about) How what users really do (and care about) How might such functions as information access location might such functions as information access location management or identity management best fit into a management or identity management best fit into a new overall network architecture new overall network architecture
What will the What will the core core of the network look like in 15 of the network look like in 15 years How might the changing economics of years How might the changing economics of optical systems affect the overall design of the larger optical systems affect the overall design of the larger networknetwork
FIRE (Future Internet Research and Experimentation) ndash European 2007 (1)
Internet has Internet has growngrown to an unexpected reach to an unexpected reach as for the as for the numbernumber of users of users capacitycapacity of the of the links broadband penetration to the links broadband penetration to the homehome servicesservices
ProblemsProblems spam viruses denial of service spam viruses denial of service attacks complexity of managementattacks complexity of management
Internet drawbacks and Internet drawbacks and limitationslimitations ndash to ndash to scalabilityscalability suitabilitysuitability mobilitymobility transparencytransparency securitysecurity
require new radical approaches to require new radical approaches to fundamentally redesign its protocols and fundamentally redesign its protocols and architectures architectures
FIRE (2) FIRE is an FIRE is an experimentallyexperimentally-driven -driven longlong-term research initiative on -term research initiative on
Future Internet Future Internet conceptsconcepts protocolsprotocols and and architecturesarchitectures encompassing technological industrial and socio-economic encompassing technological industrial and socio-economic
aspects aspects acting as proof-of-concept of the newly proposed acting as proof-of-concept of the newly proposed
technologies and services technologies and services FIRE RESEARCHFIRE RESEARCH
Long term multidisciplinary research on future internet Long term multidisciplinary research on future internet paradigms paradigms
Open to Open to fresh bottom-upfresh bottom-up ideas with ideas with no backwards-no backwards-compatibilitycompatibility constraints constraints
Building on the FET SAC initiative ldquoSituated and Autonomic Building on the FET SAC initiative ldquoSituated and Autonomic Communicationsrdquo Communicationsrdquo
Considering at the Considering at the same timesame time technological economic and technological economic and socialpolicy aspects socialpolicy aspects
Build in from the outset and on all levels the right Build in from the outset and on all levels the right balancebalance between security accountability and privacybetween security accountability and privacy
FIRE (3)
FIRE EXPERIMENTATIONFIRE EXPERIMENTATION Large scale experimentationLarge scale experimentation of new paradigms and of new paradigms and
concepts for the future internet and related service concepts for the future internet and related service architectures architectures
Learning through broad experimentation Learning through broad experimentation Integrating and validating new conceptsIntegrating and validating new concepts
Federating and extending Federating and extending existing testbedsexisting testbeds and and research infrastructures research infrastructures
no backwards-compatibility constraints no backwards-compatibility constraints European approach and develop a European European approach and develop a European
identityidentity
- Slide 1
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
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- Slide 110
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- Slide 115
-
University-led Federal agency-led
Developing education and research driven applications
Agency mission-driven and general purpose applications
Building out campus networks gigaPoPs and inter-gigapop
infrastructure
Funding research testbeds and agency research networks
Interconnecting and interoperating to provide advanced networking capabilities needed to support advanced
research and education applications
Internet2 and the Next Generation Internet Initiative
Internet2 NGI
Our Founding (Funding) Fable
Researchers invent new architectures Architectures are validated on a testbed IETF ISPs and router vendors collaborate to deploy new design
This is complete BS
Do Traditional Testbeds Really Test
Production-oriented testbeds Real traffic provides good validation But can test only very incremental changes
Research-oriented testbeds Can test radical architectures Lack of real traffic results in poor validation
Both are expensive (dedicated bandwidth)
What about Deployment Architectural change requires ISP consensus
- Hard to agree- No competitive advantage from architectural innovation
- All have huge sunk investment in the status quo
ISPs are unlikely candidates for architectural change
Architecture isnrsquot just static its decaying Ad hoc workarounds muddy the architectural waters
We are at an Impasse
We canrsquot test new architectures- Despite sizable investments in testbeds
We canrsquot deploy new architectures- And things are getting worse not better
Yet there are pressing requirements for which the current architecture is not well suited
The Communityrsquos Response Focus on areas where we can have impact
Empirical studies Incremental changes (subject to current constraints)
Small stream of architectural proposals Paper designs without hope of deployment
More science fiction than engineering Have largely abandoned hope of effecting fundamental architectural change
Living with rather than overcoming the impasse
Overcoming the Impasse
Must be able to test new architectures Wide range of architectures Real traffic from willing individuals Low overhead for individual researchers
Meet the grand challenge of reinventing the Internet
Empirical incremental research is great but not enough
If someone put us in charge what would we do
What about deployment Several options none good but no excuse to not have an answer to the grand challenge
Testing Virtual Testbed
Overlay testbed (think RON etc) Host proxy directs packets to overlay
Proxy must architecturally neutral and flexible
Individuals (anywhere) opt-in by turning on proxy
Shared testing infrastructure (think Planetlab) Overlay nodes shared among experiments
Slicing on per-packet timescales Virtualized routers
These ideas have turned into the GENI program
Why GENI (Global Environment for Network Innovations) Future Internet Network (2005)
The original designing idea of current information networks is basically a specific network supports one major service
The limitation of the original designing idea can not support the multiple requirements for networks and services (such as Telecom network Internet)
The original design mode of Internet leads to itrsquos shortage in mobility security controllable and administrable
We urgently need redesign the framework of new generation Internet to overcome the serious shortage of current Internet
Providing pervasive and trusted services based on a specific network has became the key research directions of national informatization
GENI (Global Environment for Network Innovations) - NSF 2005 (1)
What is GENIWhat is GENIGENI is GENI is a facility concepta facility concept being explored by being explored by the US computing community the US computing community
back to an NSF workshop in 2005back to an NSF workshop in 2005focus on focus on architecturalarchitectural research and research and provide the provide the experimentalexperimental infrastructure infrastructure needed to support that researchneeded to support that research
focus on the research agenda (and focus on the research agenda (and infrastructure needs) of the infrastructure needs) of the opticaloptical wirelesswireless sensorsensor network and network and distributeddistributed systems communitiessystems communities
GENI (Global Environment for Network Innovations) (2)
The goal of GENI The goal of GENI Goal a Future Internet that meets the Goal a Future Internet that meets the demands of 21st centurydemands of 21st century
to increase the to increase the qualityquality and and quantityquantity of of experimental experimental researchresearch outcomes in networking and distributed outcomes in networking and distributed systemssystems
to accelerate the to accelerate the transitiontransition of these outcomes into of these outcomes into products and servicesproducts and services
enhance economic competitiveness and secure enhance economic competitiveness and secure the Nations futurethe Nations future
Ultimately to lead to a Ultimately to lead to a transition of the transition of the InternetInternet
GENI Research Opportunities (3)
Two dichotomy thought (false or at least Two dichotomy thought (false or at least unnecessary)unnecessary)
a a clean slateclean slate reconceptualization of Internet reconceptualization of Internet architecture architecture
todays 30-year-old architecture that todays 30-year-old architecture that limit its limit its abilityability to cope with emerging threats and to cope with emerging threats and opportunitiesopportunities
bull eroding trust reduced innovation slowing eroding trust reduced innovation slowing updateupdate
future innovation will take the form of new future innovation will take the form of new services and applications running services and applications running on top of the on top of the InternetInternet
GENI Research Opportunities (4)
GENI discussion GENI discussion First we interpret Future Internet very broadly to First we interpret Future Internet very broadly to
include innovations at include innovations at any levelany level of the architecture of the architecture alternative protocols and architectures running alternative protocols and architectures running
inside the network (as overlays on top of inside the network (as overlays on top of todays network) todays network)
Second research should employ Second research should employ clean slate clean slate thinkingthinking but this does but this does not imply that an entirely not imply that an entirely newnew Internet will be necessary In other words Internet will be necessary In other words clean slate is a clean slate is a processprocess not a not a resultresult
Third opportunities Third opportunities betweenbetween two perspectives two perspectives exploring how todays architecture is best exploring how todays architecture is best
evolved to support emerging overlay services evolved to support emerging overlay services
GENI Facility Concept (5)
Facility ConceptFacility Concept experimental platforms for experimental platforms for bothboth research and research and
deploymentdeployment filling the filling the gapgap between small-scale exp and mature between small-scale exp and mature
tech tech GENI evaluate new network systems on large-GENI evaluate new network systems on large-
scalescale
Two levelsTwo levels Physical level Physical level GENI substrateGENI substrate will consist of a will consist of a
collection of links forwarders storage collection of links forwarders storage processors and wireless net processors and wireless net
On top of this substrate a On top of this substrate a software software management management frameworkframework will be overlay network experiments on will be overlay network experiments on
the substratethe substrate
GENI Facility Concept (6)
Four key ideasFour key ideas substrate components will be substrate components will be programmableprogrammable - -
possible to embed any network experiment including possible to embed any network experiment including clean-slate designs clean-slate designs
Substrate will be Substrate will be virtualizable virtualizable -- possible to embed possible to embed multiple slices in the substrate at the same time multiple slices in the substrate at the same time (allow experimental services and architectures to run (allow experimental services and architectures to run continuously) continuously)
GENI will include mechanisms that allow end-users GENI will include mechanisms that allow end-users to to seamlessly seamlessly opt-inopt-in to experimental services to experimental services
GENI will be GENI will be modularmodular ( (architecture and interfaces) - architecture and interfaces) - possible to extend GENI with new networking possible to extend GENI with new networking technologies GENI will not be a static artifact but technologies GENI will not be a static artifact but rather a rather a dynamic infrastructuredynamic infrastructure that is continually that is continually renewedrenewed
FIND (Future Internet Network Design) ndash NSF 2006 (1)
FIND asks two broad questionsFIND asks two broad questions What are the What are the requirementsrequirements for the global network for the global network
in 15 years in 15 years How How would we would we re-conceivere-conceive tomorrows global tomorrows global
network today if we could design it from scratch network today if we could design it from scratch FIND program solicits FIND program solicits clean slate processclean slate process research proposals in the broad area of research proposals in the broad area of network architecture principles and designnetwork architecture principles and design
FIND (Future Internet Network Design) (2)
FIND research might address wide questionsFIND research might address wide questions What will the What will the edgeedge of the network look like in 15 of the network look like in 15
years How might the network years How might the network architecturearchitecture of 15 of 15 years hence best accommodate sensors embedded years hence best accommodate sensors embedded systems and the like systems and the like
How might the network of 15 years from now How might the network of 15 years from now supportsupport what users really do (and care about) How what users really do (and care about) How might such functions as information access location might such functions as information access location management or identity management best fit into a management or identity management best fit into a new overall network architecture new overall network architecture
What will the What will the core core of the network look like in 15 of the network look like in 15 years How might the changing economics of years How might the changing economics of optical systems affect the overall design of the larger optical systems affect the overall design of the larger networknetwork
FIRE (Future Internet Research and Experimentation) ndash European 2007 (1)
Internet has Internet has growngrown to an unexpected reach to an unexpected reach as for the as for the numbernumber of users of users capacitycapacity of the of the links broadband penetration to the links broadband penetration to the homehome servicesservices
ProblemsProblems spam viruses denial of service spam viruses denial of service attacks complexity of managementattacks complexity of management
Internet drawbacks and Internet drawbacks and limitationslimitations ndash to ndash to scalabilityscalability suitabilitysuitability mobilitymobility transparencytransparency securitysecurity
require new radical approaches to require new radical approaches to fundamentally redesign its protocols and fundamentally redesign its protocols and architectures architectures
FIRE (2) FIRE is an FIRE is an experimentallyexperimentally-driven -driven longlong-term research initiative on -term research initiative on
Future Internet Future Internet conceptsconcepts protocolsprotocols and and architecturesarchitectures encompassing technological industrial and socio-economic encompassing technological industrial and socio-economic
aspects aspects acting as proof-of-concept of the newly proposed acting as proof-of-concept of the newly proposed
technologies and services technologies and services FIRE RESEARCHFIRE RESEARCH
Long term multidisciplinary research on future internet Long term multidisciplinary research on future internet paradigms paradigms
Open to Open to fresh bottom-upfresh bottom-up ideas with ideas with no backwards-no backwards-compatibilitycompatibility constraints constraints
Building on the FET SAC initiative ldquoSituated and Autonomic Building on the FET SAC initiative ldquoSituated and Autonomic Communicationsrdquo Communicationsrdquo
Considering at the Considering at the same timesame time technological economic and technological economic and socialpolicy aspects socialpolicy aspects
Build in from the outset and on all levels the right Build in from the outset and on all levels the right balancebalance between security accountability and privacybetween security accountability and privacy
FIRE (3)
FIRE EXPERIMENTATIONFIRE EXPERIMENTATION Large scale experimentationLarge scale experimentation of new paradigms and of new paradigms and
concepts for the future internet and related service concepts for the future internet and related service architectures architectures
Learning through broad experimentation Learning through broad experimentation Integrating and validating new conceptsIntegrating and validating new concepts
Federating and extending Federating and extending existing testbedsexisting testbeds and and research infrastructures research infrastructures
no backwards-compatibility constraints no backwards-compatibility constraints European approach and develop a European European approach and develop a European
identityidentity
- Slide 1
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
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- Slide 17
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- Slide 109
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- Slide 113
- Slide 114
- Slide 115
-
Our Founding (Funding) Fable
Researchers invent new architectures Architectures are validated on a testbed IETF ISPs and router vendors collaborate to deploy new design
This is complete BS
Do Traditional Testbeds Really Test
Production-oriented testbeds Real traffic provides good validation But can test only very incremental changes
Research-oriented testbeds Can test radical architectures Lack of real traffic results in poor validation
Both are expensive (dedicated bandwidth)
What about Deployment Architectural change requires ISP consensus
- Hard to agree- No competitive advantage from architectural innovation
- All have huge sunk investment in the status quo
ISPs are unlikely candidates for architectural change
Architecture isnrsquot just static its decaying Ad hoc workarounds muddy the architectural waters
We are at an Impasse
We canrsquot test new architectures- Despite sizable investments in testbeds
We canrsquot deploy new architectures- And things are getting worse not better
Yet there are pressing requirements for which the current architecture is not well suited
The Communityrsquos Response Focus on areas where we can have impact
Empirical studies Incremental changes (subject to current constraints)
Small stream of architectural proposals Paper designs without hope of deployment
More science fiction than engineering Have largely abandoned hope of effecting fundamental architectural change
Living with rather than overcoming the impasse
Overcoming the Impasse
Must be able to test new architectures Wide range of architectures Real traffic from willing individuals Low overhead for individual researchers
Meet the grand challenge of reinventing the Internet
Empirical incremental research is great but not enough
If someone put us in charge what would we do
What about deployment Several options none good but no excuse to not have an answer to the grand challenge
Testing Virtual Testbed
Overlay testbed (think RON etc) Host proxy directs packets to overlay
Proxy must architecturally neutral and flexible
Individuals (anywhere) opt-in by turning on proxy
Shared testing infrastructure (think Planetlab) Overlay nodes shared among experiments
Slicing on per-packet timescales Virtualized routers
These ideas have turned into the GENI program
Why GENI (Global Environment for Network Innovations) Future Internet Network (2005)
The original designing idea of current information networks is basically a specific network supports one major service
The limitation of the original designing idea can not support the multiple requirements for networks and services (such as Telecom network Internet)
The original design mode of Internet leads to itrsquos shortage in mobility security controllable and administrable
We urgently need redesign the framework of new generation Internet to overcome the serious shortage of current Internet
Providing pervasive and trusted services based on a specific network has became the key research directions of national informatization
GENI (Global Environment for Network Innovations) - NSF 2005 (1)
What is GENIWhat is GENIGENI is GENI is a facility concepta facility concept being explored by being explored by the US computing community the US computing community
back to an NSF workshop in 2005back to an NSF workshop in 2005focus on focus on architecturalarchitectural research and research and provide the provide the experimentalexperimental infrastructure infrastructure needed to support that researchneeded to support that research
focus on the research agenda (and focus on the research agenda (and infrastructure needs) of the infrastructure needs) of the opticaloptical wirelesswireless sensorsensor network and network and distributeddistributed systems communitiessystems communities
GENI (Global Environment for Network Innovations) (2)
The goal of GENI The goal of GENI Goal a Future Internet that meets the Goal a Future Internet that meets the demands of 21st centurydemands of 21st century
to increase the to increase the qualityquality and and quantityquantity of of experimental experimental researchresearch outcomes in networking and distributed outcomes in networking and distributed systemssystems
to accelerate the to accelerate the transitiontransition of these outcomes into of these outcomes into products and servicesproducts and services
enhance economic competitiveness and secure enhance economic competitiveness and secure the Nations futurethe Nations future
Ultimately to lead to a Ultimately to lead to a transition of the transition of the InternetInternet
GENI Research Opportunities (3)
Two dichotomy thought (false or at least Two dichotomy thought (false or at least unnecessary)unnecessary)
a a clean slateclean slate reconceptualization of Internet reconceptualization of Internet architecture architecture
todays 30-year-old architecture that todays 30-year-old architecture that limit its limit its abilityability to cope with emerging threats and to cope with emerging threats and opportunitiesopportunities
bull eroding trust reduced innovation slowing eroding trust reduced innovation slowing updateupdate
future innovation will take the form of new future innovation will take the form of new services and applications running services and applications running on top of the on top of the InternetInternet
GENI Research Opportunities (4)
GENI discussion GENI discussion First we interpret Future Internet very broadly to First we interpret Future Internet very broadly to
include innovations at include innovations at any levelany level of the architecture of the architecture alternative protocols and architectures running alternative protocols and architectures running
inside the network (as overlays on top of inside the network (as overlays on top of todays network) todays network)
Second research should employ Second research should employ clean slate clean slate thinkingthinking but this does but this does not imply that an entirely not imply that an entirely newnew Internet will be necessary In other words Internet will be necessary In other words clean slate is a clean slate is a processprocess not a not a resultresult
Third opportunities Third opportunities betweenbetween two perspectives two perspectives exploring how todays architecture is best exploring how todays architecture is best
evolved to support emerging overlay services evolved to support emerging overlay services
GENI Facility Concept (5)
Facility ConceptFacility Concept experimental platforms for experimental platforms for bothboth research and research and
deploymentdeployment filling the filling the gapgap between small-scale exp and mature between small-scale exp and mature
tech tech GENI evaluate new network systems on large-GENI evaluate new network systems on large-
scalescale
Two levelsTwo levels Physical level Physical level GENI substrateGENI substrate will consist of a will consist of a
collection of links forwarders storage collection of links forwarders storage processors and wireless net processors and wireless net
On top of this substrate a On top of this substrate a software software management management frameworkframework will be overlay network experiments on will be overlay network experiments on
the substratethe substrate
GENI Facility Concept (6)
Four key ideasFour key ideas substrate components will be substrate components will be programmableprogrammable - -
possible to embed any network experiment including possible to embed any network experiment including clean-slate designs clean-slate designs
Substrate will be Substrate will be virtualizable virtualizable -- possible to embed possible to embed multiple slices in the substrate at the same time multiple slices in the substrate at the same time (allow experimental services and architectures to run (allow experimental services and architectures to run continuously) continuously)
GENI will include mechanisms that allow end-users GENI will include mechanisms that allow end-users to to seamlessly seamlessly opt-inopt-in to experimental services to experimental services
GENI will be GENI will be modularmodular ( (architecture and interfaces) - architecture and interfaces) - possible to extend GENI with new networking possible to extend GENI with new networking technologies GENI will not be a static artifact but technologies GENI will not be a static artifact but rather a rather a dynamic infrastructuredynamic infrastructure that is continually that is continually renewedrenewed
FIND (Future Internet Network Design) ndash NSF 2006 (1)
FIND asks two broad questionsFIND asks two broad questions What are the What are the requirementsrequirements for the global network for the global network
in 15 years in 15 years How How would we would we re-conceivere-conceive tomorrows global tomorrows global
network today if we could design it from scratch network today if we could design it from scratch FIND program solicits FIND program solicits clean slate processclean slate process research proposals in the broad area of research proposals in the broad area of network architecture principles and designnetwork architecture principles and design
FIND (Future Internet Network Design) (2)
FIND research might address wide questionsFIND research might address wide questions What will the What will the edgeedge of the network look like in 15 of the network look like in 15
years How might the network years How might the network architecturearchitecture of 15 of 15 years hence best accommodate sensors embedded years hence best accommodate sensors embedded systems and the like systems and the like
How might the network of 15 years from now How might the network of 15 years from now supportsupport what users really do (and care about) How what users really do (and care about) How might such functions as information access location might such functions as information access location management or identity management best fit into a management or identity management best fit into a new overall network architecture new overall network architecture
What will the What will the core core of the network look like in 15 of the network look like in 15 years How might the changing economics of years How might the changing economics of optical systems affect the overall design of the larger optical systems affect the overall design of the larger networknetwork
FIRE (Future Internet Research and Experimentation) ndash European 2007 (1)
Internet has Internet has growngrown to an unexpected reach to an unexpected reach as for the as for the numbernumber of users of users capacitycapacity of the of the links broadband penetration to the links broadband penetration to the homehome servicesservices
ProblemsProblems spam viruses denial of service spam viruses denial of service attacks complexity of managementattacks complexity of management
Internet drawbacks and Internet drawbacks and limitationslimitations ndash to ndash to scalabilityscalability suitabilitysuitability mobilitymobility transparencytransparency securitysecurity
require new radical approaches to require new radical approaches to fundamentally redesign its protocols and fundamentally redesign its protocols and architectures architectures
FIRE (2) FIRE is an FIRE is an experimentallyexperimentally-driven -driven longlong-term research initiative on -term research initiative on
Future Internet Future Internet conceptsconcepts protocolsprotocols and and architecturesarchitectures encompassing technological industrial and socio-economic encompassing technological industrial and socio-economic
aspects aspects acting as proof-of-concept of the newly proposed acting as proof-of-concept of the newly proposed
technologies and services technologies and services FIRE RESEARCHFIRE RESEARCH
Long term multidisciplinary research on future internet Long term multidisciplinary research on future internet paradigms paradigms
Open to Open to fresh bottom-upfresh bottom-up ideas with ideas with no backwards-no backwards-compatibilitycompatibility constraints constraints
Building on the FET SAC initiative ldquoSituated and Autonomic Building on the FET SAC initiative ldquoSituated and Autonomic Communicationsrdquo Communicationsrdquo
Considering at the Considering at the same timesame time technological economic and technological economic and socialpolicy aspects socialpolicy aspects
Build in from the outset and on all levels the right Build in from the outset and on all levels the right balancebalance between security accountability and privacybetween security accountability and privacy
FIRE (3)
FIRE EXPERIMENTATIONFIRE EXPERIMENTATION Large scale experimentationLarge scale experimentation of new paradigms and of new paradigms and
concepts for the future internet and related service concepts for the future internet and related service architectures architectures
Learning through broad experimentation Learning through broad experimentation Integrating and validating new conceptsIntegrating and validating new concepts
Federating and extending Federating and extending existing testbedsexisting testbeds and and research infrastructures research infrastructures
no backwards-compatibility constraints no backwards-compatibility constraints European approach and develop a European European approach and develop a European
identityidentity
- Slide 1
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
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- Slide 108
- Slide 109
- Slide 110
- Slide 113
- Slide 114
- Slide 115
-
Do Traditional Testbeds Really Test
Production-oriented testbeds Real traffic provides good validation But can test only very incremental changes
Research-oriented testbeds Can test radical architectures Lack of real traffic results in poor validation
Both are expensive (dedicated bandwidth)
What about Deployment Architectural change requires ISP consensus
- Hard to agree- No competitive advantage from architectural innovation
- All have huge sunk investment in the status quo
ISPs are unlikely candidates for architectural change
Architecture isnrsquot just static its decaying Ad hoc workarounds muddy the architectural waters
We are at an Impasse
We canrsquot test new architectures- Despite sizable investments in testbeds
We canrsquot deploy new architectures- And things are getting worse not better
Yet there are pressing requirements for which the current architecture is not well suited
The Communityrsquos Response Focus on areas where we can have impact
Empirical studies Incremental changes (subject to current constraints)
Small stream of architectural proposals Paper designs without hope of deployment
More science fiction than engineering Have largely abandoned hope of effecting fundamental architectural change
Living with rather than overcoming the impasse
Overcoming the Impasse
Must be able to test new architectures Wide range of architectures Real traffic from willing individuals Low overhead for individual researchers
Meet the grand challenge of reinventing the Internet
Empirical incremental research is great but not enough
If someone put us in charge what would we do
What about deployment Several options none good but no excuse to not have an answer to the grand challenge
Testing Virtual Testbed
Overlay testbed (think RON etc) Host proxy directs packets to overlay
Proxy must architecturally neutral and flexible
Individuals (anywhere) opt-in by turning on proxy
Shared testing infrastructure (think Planetlab) Overlay nodes shared among experiments
Slicing on per-packet timescales Virtualized routers
These ideas have turned into the GENI program
Why GENI (Global Environment for Network Innovations) Future Internet Network (2005)
The original designing idea of current information networks is basically a specific network supports one major service
The limitation of the original designing idea can not support the multiple requirements for networks and services (such as Telecom network Internet)
The original design mode of Internet leads to itrsquos shortage in mobility security controllable and administrable
We urgently need redesign the framework of new generation Internet to overcome the serious shortage of current Internet
Providing pervasive and trusted services based on a specific network has became the key research directions of national informatization
GENI (Global Environment for Network Innovations) - NSF 2005 (1)
What is GENIWhat is GENIGENI is GENI is a facility concepta facility concept being explored by being explored by the US computing community the US computing community
back to an NSF workshop in 2005back to an NSF workshop in 2005focus on focus on architecturalarchitectural research and research and provide the provide the experimentalexperimental infrastructure infrastructure needed to support that researchneeded to support that research
focus on the research agenda (and focus on the research agenda (and infrastructure needs) of the infrastructure needs) of the opticaloptical wirelesswireless sensorsensor network and network and distributeddistributed systems communitiessystems communities
GENI (Global Environment for Network Innovations) (2)
The goal of GENI The goal of GENI Goal a Future Internet that meets the Goal a Future Internet that meets the demands of 21st centurydemands of 21st century
to increase the to increase the qualityquality and and quantityquantity of of experimental experimental researchresearch outcomes in networking and distributed outcomes in networking and distributed systemssystems
to accelerate the to accelerate the transitiontransition of these outcomes into of these outcomes into products and servicesproducts and services
enhance economic competitiveness and secure enhance economic competitiveness and secure the Nations futurethe Nations future
Ultimately to lead to a Ultimately to lead to a transition of the transition of the InternetInternet
GENI Research Opportunities (3)
Two dichotomy thought (false or at least Two dichotomy thought (false or at least unnecessary)unnecessary)
a a clean slateclean slate reconceptualization of Internet reconceptualization of Internet architecture architecture
todays 30-year-old architecture that todays 30-year-old architecture that limit its limit its abilityability to cope with emerging threats and to cope with emerging threats and opportunitiesopportunities
bull eroding trust reduced innovation slowing eroding trust reduced innovation slowing updateupdate
future innovation will take the form of new future innovation will take the form of new services and applications running services and applications running on top of the on top of the InternetInternet
GENI Research Opportunities (4)
GENI discussion GENI discussion First we interpret Future Internet very broadly to First we interpret Future Internet very broadly to
include innovations at include innovations at any levelany level of the architecture of the architecture alternative protocols and architectures running alternative protocols and architectures running
inside the network (as overlays on top of inside the network (as overlays on top of todays network) todays network)
Second research should employ Second research should employ clean slate clean slate thinkingthinking but this does but this does not imply that an entirely not imply that an entirely newnew Internet will be necessary In other words Internet will be necessary In other words clean slate is a clean slate is a processprocess not a not a resultresult
Third opportunities Third opportunities betweenbetween two perspectives two perspectives exploring how todays architecture is best exploring how todays architecture is best
evolved to support emerging overlay services evolved to support emerging overlay services
GENI Facility Concept (5)
Facility ConceptFacility Concept experimental platforms for experimental platforms for bothboth research and research and
deploymentdeployment filling the filling the gapgap between small-scale exp and mature between small-scale exp and mature
tech tech GENI evaluate new network systems on large-GENI evaluate new network systems on large-
scalescale
Two levelsTwo levels Physical level Physical level GENI substrateGENI substrate will consist of a will consist of a
collection of links forwarders storage collection of links forwarders storage processors and wireless net processors and wireless net
On top of this substrate a On top of this substrate a software software management management frameworkframework will be overlay network experiments on will be overlay network experiments on
the substratethe substrate
GENI Facility Concept (6)
Four key ideasFour key ideas substrate components will be substrate components will be programmableprogrammable - -
possible to embed any network experiment including possible to embed any network experiment including clean-slate designs clean-slate designs
Substrate will be Substrate will be virtualizable virtualizable -- possible to embed possible to embed multiple slices in the substrate at the same time multiple slices in the substrate at the same time (allow experimental services and architectures to run (allow experimental services and architectures to run continuously) continuously)
GENI will include mechanisms that allow end-users GENI will include mechanisms that allow end-users to to seamlessly seamlessly opt-inopt-in to experimental services to experimental services
GENI will be GENI will be modularmodular ( (architecture and interfaces) - architecture and interfaces) - possible to extend GENI with new networking possible to extend GENI with new networking technologies GENI will not be a static artifact but technologies GENI will not be a static artifact but rather a rather a dynamic infrastructuredynamic infrastructure that is continually that is continually renewedrenewed
FIND (Future Internet Network Design) ndash NSF 2006 (1)
FIND asks two broad questionsFIND asks two broad questions What are the What are the requirementsrequirements for the global network for the global network
in 15 years in 15 years How How would we would we re-conceivere-conceive tomorrows global tomorrows global
network today if we could design it from scratch network today if we could design it from scratch FIND program solicits FIND program solicits clean slate processclean slate process research proposals in the broad area of research proposals in the broad area of network architecture principles and designnetwork architecture principles and design
FIND (Future Internet Network Design) (2)
FIND research might address wide questionsFIND research might address wide questions What will the What will the edgeedge of the network look like in 15 of the network look like in 15
years How might the network years How might the network architecturearchitecture of 15 of 15 years hence best accommodate sensors embedded years hence best accommodate sensors embedded systems and the like systems and the like
How might the network of 15 years from now How might the network of 15 years from now supportsupport what users really do (and care about) How what users really do (and care about) How might such functions as information access location might such functions as information access location management or identity management best fit into a management or identity management best fit into a new overall network architecture new overall network architecture
What will the What will the core core of the network look like in 15 of the network look like in 15 years How might the changing economics of years How might the changing economics of optical systems affect the overall design of the larger optical systems affect the overall design of the larger networknetwork
FIRE (Future Internet Research and Experimentation) ndash European 2007 (1)
Internet has Internet has growngrown to an unexpected reach to an unexpected reach as for the as for the numbernumber of users of users capacitycapacity of the of the links broadband penetration to the links broadband penetration to the homehome servicesservices
ProblemsProblems spam viruses denial of service spam viruses denial of service attacks complexity of managementattacks complexity of management
Internet drawbacks and Internet drawbacks and limitationslimitations ndash to ndash to scalabilityscalability suitabilitysuitability mobilitymobility transparencytransparency securitysecurity
require new radical approaches to require new radical approaches to fundamentally redesign its protocols and fundamentally redesign its protocols and architectures architectures
FIRE (2) FIRE is an FIRE is an experimentallyexperimentally-driven -driven longlong-term research initiative on -term research initiative on
Future Internet Future Internet conceptsconcepts protocolsprotocols and and architecturesarchitectures encompassing technological industrial and socio-economic encompassing technological industrial and socio-economic
aspects aspects acting as proof-of-concept of the newly proposed acting as proof-of-concept of the newly proposed
technologies and services technologies and services FIRE RESEARCHFIRE RESEARCH
Long term multidisciplinary research on future internet Long term multidisciplinary research on future internet paradigms paradigms
Open to Open to fresh bottom-upfresh bottom-up ideas with ideas with no backwards-no backwards-compatibilitycompatibility constraints constraints
Building on the FET SAC initiative ldquoSituated and Autonomic Building on the FET SAC initiative ldquoSituated and Autonomic Communicationsrdquo Communicationsrdquo
Considering at the Considering at the same timesame time technological economic and technological economic and socialpolicy aspects socialpolicy aspects
Build in from the outset and on all levels the right Build in from the outset and on all levels the right balancebalance between security accountability and privacybetween security accountability and privacy
FIRE (3)
FIRE EXPERIMENTATIONFIRE EXPERIMENTATION Large scale experimentationLarge scale experimentation of new paradigms and of new paradigms and
concepts for the future internet and related service concepts for the future internet and related service architectures architectures
Learning through broad experimentation Learning through broad experimentation Integrating and validating new conceptsIntegrating and validating new concepts
Federating and extending Federating and extending existing testbedsexisting testbeds and and research infrastructures research infrastructures
no backwards-compatibility constraints no backwards-compatibility constraints European approach and develop a European European approach and develop a European
identityidentity
- Slide 1
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
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- Slide 108
- Slide 109
- Slide 110
- Slide 113
- Slide 114
- Slide 115
-
What about Deployment Architectural change requires ISP consensus
- Hard to agree- No competitive advantage from architectural innovation
- All have huge sunk investment in the status quo
ISPs are unlikely candidates for architectural change
Architecture isnrsquot just static its decaying Ad hoc workarounds muddy the architectural waters
We are at an Impasse
We canrsquot test new architectures- Despite sizable investments in testbeds
We canrsquot deploy new architectures- And things are getting worse not better
Yet there are pressing requirements for which the current architecture is not well suited
The Communityrsquos Response Focus on areas where we can have impact
Empirical studies Incremental changes (subject to current constraints)
Small stream of architectural proposals Paper designs without hope of deployment
More science fiction than engineering Have largely abandoned hope of effecting fundamental architectural change
Living with rather than overcoming the impasse
Overcoming the Impasse
Must be able to test new architectures Wide range of architectures Real traffic from willing individuals Low overhead for individual researchers
Meet the grand challenge of reinventing the Internet
Empirical incremental research is great but not enough
If someone put us in charge what would we do
What about deployment Several options none good but no excuse to not have an answer to the grand challenge
Testing Virtual Testbed
Overlay testbed (think RON etc) Host proxy directs packets to overlay
Proxy must architecturally neutral and flexible
Individuals (anywhere) opt-in by turning on proxy
Shared testing infrastructure (think Planetlab) Overlay nodes shared among experiments
Slicing on per-packet timescales Virtualized routers
These ideas have turned into the GENI program
Why GENI (Global Environment for Network Innovations) Future Internet Network (2005)
The original designing idea of current information networks is basically a specific network supports one major service
The limitation of the original designing idea can not support the multiple requirements for networks and services (such as Telecom network Internet)
The original design mode of Internet leads to itrsquos shortage in mobility security controllable and administrable
We urgently need redesign the framework of new generation Internet to overcome the serious shortage of current Internet
Providing pervasive and trusted services based on a specific network has became the key research directions of national informatization
GENI (Global Environment for Network Innovations) - NSF 2005 (1)
What is GENIWhat is GENIGENI is GENI is a facility concepta facility concept being explored by being explored by the US computing community the US computing community
back to an NSF workshop in 2005back to an NSF workshop in 2005focus on focus on architecturalarchitectural research and research and provide the provide the experimentalexperimental infrastructure infrastructure needed to support that researchneeded to support that research
focus on the research agenda (and focus on the research agenda (and infrastructure needs) of the infrastructure needs) of the opticaloptical wirelesswireless sensorsensor network and network and distributeddistributed systems communitiessystems communities
GENI (Global Environment for Network Innovations) (2)
The goal of GENI The goal of GENI Goal a Future Internet that meets the Goal a Future Internet that meets the demands of 21st centurydemands of 21st century
to increase the to increase the qualityquality and and quantityquantity of of experimental experimental researchresearch outcomes in networking and distributed outcomes in networking and distributed systemssystems
to accelerate the to accelerate the transitiontransition of these outcomes into of these outcomes into products and servicesproducts and services
enhance economic competitiveness and secure enhance economic competitiveness and secure the Nations futurethe Nations future
Ultimately to lead to a Ultimately to lead to a transition of the transition of the InternetInternet
GENI Research Opportunities (3)
Two dichotomy thought (false or at least Two dichotomy thought (false or at least unnecessary)unnecessary)
a a clean slateclean slate reconceptualization of Internet reconceptualization of Internet architecture architecture
todays 30-year-old architecture that todays 30-year-old architecture that limit its limit its abilityability to cope with emerging threats and to cope with emerging threats and opportunitiesopportunities
bull eroding trust reduced innovation slowing eroding trust reduced innovation slowing updateupdate
future innovation will take the form of new future innovation will take the form of new services and applications running services and applications running on top of the on top of the InternetInternet
GENI Research Opportunities (4)
GENI discussion GENI discussion First we interpret Future Internet very broadly to First we interpret Future Internet very broadly to
include innovations at include innovations at any levelany level of the architecture of the architecture alternative protocols and architectures running alternative protocols and architectures running
inside the network (as overlays on top of inside the network (as overlays on top of todays network) todays network)
Second research should employ Second research should employ clean slate clean slate thinkingthinking but this does but this does not imply that an entirely not imply that an entirely newnew Internet will be necessary In other words Internet will be necessary In other words clean slate is a clean slate is a processprocess not a not a resultresult
Third opportunities Third opportunities betweenbetween two perspectives two perspectives exploring how todays architecture is best exploring how todays architecture is best
evolved to support emerging overlay services evolved to support emerging overlay services
GENI Facility Concept (5)
Facility ConceptFacility Concept experimental platforms for experimental platforms for bothboth research and research and
deploymentdeployment filling the filling the gapgap between small-scale exp and mature between small-scale exp and mature
tech tech GENI evaluate new network systems on large-GENI evaluate new network systems on large-
scalescale
Two levelsTwo levels Physical level Physical level GENI substrateGENI substrate will consist of a will consist of a
collection of links forwarders storage collection of links forwarders storage processors and wireless net processors and wireless net
On top of this substrate a On top of this substrate a software software management management frameworkframework will be overlay network experiments on will be overlay network experiments on
the substratethe substrate
GENI Facility Concept (6)
Four key ideasFour key ideas substrate components will be substrate components will be programmableprogrammable - -
possible to embed any network experiment including possible to embed any network experiment including clean-slate designs clean-slate designs
Substrate will be Substrate will be virtualizable virtualizable -- possible to embed possible to embed multiple slices in the substrate at the same time multiple slices in the substrate at the same time (allow experimental services and architectures to run (allow experimental services and architectures to run continuously) continuously)
GENI will include mechanisms that allow end-users GENI will include mechanisms that allow end-users to to seamlessly seamlessly opt-inopt-in to experimental services to experimental services
GENI will be GENI will be modularmodular ( (architecture and interfaces) - architecture and interfaces) - possible to extend GENI with new networking possible to extend GENI with new networking technologies GENI will not be a static artifact but technologies GENI will not be a static artifact but rather a rather a dynamic infrastructuredynamic infrastructure that is continually that is continually renewedrenewed
FIND (Future Internet Network Design) ndash NSF 2006 (1)
FIND asks two broad questionsFIND asks two broad questions What are the What are the requirementsrequirements for the global network for the global network
in 15 years in 15 years How How would we would we re-conceivere-conceive tomorrows global tomorrows global
network today if we could design it from scratch network today if we could design it from scratch FIND program solicits FIND program solicits clean slate processclean slate process research proposals in the broad area of research proposals in the broad area of network architecture principles and designnetwork architecture principles and design
FIND (Future Internet Network Design) (2)
FIND research might address wide questionsFIND research might address wide questions What will the What will the edgeedge of the network look like in 15 of the network look like in 15
years How might the network years How might the network architecturearchitecture of 15 of 15 years hence best accommodate sensors embedded years hence best accommodate sensors embedded systems and the like systems and the like
How might the network of 15 years from now How might the network of 15 years from now supportsupport what users really do (and care about) How what users really do (and care about) How might such functions as information access location might such functions as information access location management or identity management best fit into a management or identity management best fit into a new overall network architecture new overall network architecture
What will the What will the core core of the network look like in 15 of the network look like in 15 years How might the changing economics of years How might the changing economics of optical systems affect the overall design of the larger optical systems affect the overall design of the larger networknetwork
FIRE (Future Internet Research and Experimentation) ndash European 2007 (1)
Internet has Internet has growngrown to an unexpected reach to an unexpected reach as for the as for the numbernumber of users of users capacitycapacity of the of the links broadband penetration to the links broadband penetration to the homehome servicesservices
ProblemsProblems spam viruses denial of service spam viruses denial of service attacks complexity of managementattacks complexity of management
Internet drawbacks and Internet drawbacks and limitationslimitations ndash to ndash to scalabilityscalability suitabilitysuitability mobilitymobility transparencytransparency securitysecurity
require new radical approaches to require new radical approaches to fundamentally redesign its protocols and fundamentally redesign its protocols and architectures architectures
FIRE (2) FIRE is an FIRE is an experimentallyexperimentally-driven -driven longlong-term research initiative on -term research initiative on
Future Internet Future Internet conceptsconcepts protocolsprotocols and and architecturesarchitectures encompassing technological industrial and socio-economic encompassing technological industrial and socio-economic
aspects aspects acting as proof-of-concept of the newly proposed acting as proof-of-concept of the newly proposed
technologies and services technologies and services FIRE RESEARCHFIRE RESEARCH
Long term multidisciplinary research on future internet Long term multidisciplinary research on future internet paradigms paradigms
Open to Open to fresh bottom-upfresh bottom-up ideas with ideas with no backwards-no backwards-compatibilitycompatibility constraints constraints
Building on the FET SAC initiative ldquoSituated and Autonomic Building on the FET SAC initiative ldquoSituated and Autonomic Communicationsrdquo Communicationsrdquo
Considering at the Considering at the same timesame time technological economic and technological economic and socialpolicy aspects socialpolicy aspects
Build in from the outset and on all levels the right Build in from the outset and on all levels the right balancebalance between security accountability and privacybetween security accountability and privacy
FIRE (3)
FIRE EXPERIMENTATIONFIRE EXPERIMENTATION Large scale experimentationLarge scale experimentation of new paradigms and of new paradigms and
concepts for the future internet and related service concepts for the future internet and related service architectures architectures
Learning through broad experimentation Learning through broad experimentation Integrating and validating new conceptsIntegrating and validating new concepts
Federating and extending Federating and extending existing testbedsexisting testbeds and and research infrastructures research infrastructures
no backwards-compatibility constraints no backwards-compatibility constraints European approach and develop a European European approach and develop a European
identityidentity
- Slide 1
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
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-
We are at an Impasse
We canrsquot test new architectures- Despite sizable investments in testbeds
We canrsquot deploy new architectures- And things are getting worse not better
Yet there are pressing requirements for which the current architecture is not well suited
The Communityrsquos Response Focus on areas where we can have impact
Empirical studies Incremental changes (subject to current constraints)
Small stream of architectural proposals Paper designs without hope of deployment
More science fiction than engineering Have largely abandoned hope of effecting fundamental architectural change
Living with rather than overcoming the impasse
Overcoming the Impasse
Must be able to test new architectures Wide range of architectures Real traffic from willing individuals Low overhead for individual researchers
Meet the grand challenge of reinventing the Internet
Empirical incremental research is great but not enough
If someone put us in charge what would we do
What about deployment Several options none good but no excuse to not have an answer to the grand challenge
Testing Virtual Testbed
Overlay testbed (think RON etc) Host proxy directs packets to overlay
Proxy must architecturally neutral and flexible
Individuals (anywhere) opt-in by turning on proxy
Shared testing infrastructure (think Planetlab) Overlay nodes shared among experiments
Slicing on per-packet timescales Virtualized routers
These ideas have turned into the GENI program
Why GENI (Global Environment for Network Innovations) Future Internet Network (2005)
The original designing idea of current information networks is basically a specific network supports one major service
The limitation of the original designing idea can not support the multiple requirements for networks and services (such as Telecom network Internet)
The original design mode of Internet leads to itrsquos shortage in mobility security controllable and administrable
We urgently need redesign the framework of new generation Internet to overcome the serious shortage of current Internet
Providing pervasive and trusted services based on a specific network has became the key research directions of national informatization
GENI (Global Environment for Network Innovations) - NSF 2005 (1)
What is GENIWhat is GENIGENI is GENI is a facility concepta facility concept being explored by being explored by the US computing community the US computing community
back to an NSF workshop in 2005back to an NSF workshop in 2005focus on focus on architecturalarchitectural research and research and provide the provide the experimentalexperimental infrastructure infrastructure needed to support that researchneeded to support that research
focus on the research agenda (and focus on the research agenda (and infrastructure needs) of the infrastructure needs) of the opticaloptical wirelesswireless sensorsensor network and network and distributeddistributed systems communitiessystems communities
GENI (Global Environment for Network Innovations) (2)
The goal of GENI The goal of GENI Goal a Future Internet that meets the Goal a Future Internet that meets the demands of 21st centurydemands of 21st century
to increase the to increase the qualityquality and and quantityquantity of of experimental experimental researchresearch outcomes in networking and distributed outcomes in networking and distributed systemssystems
to accelerate the to accelerate the transitiontransition of these outcomes into of these outcomes into products and servicesproducts and services
enhance economic competitiveness and secure enhance economic competitiveness and secure the Nations futurethe Nations future
Ultimately to lead to a Ultimately to lead to a transition of the transition of the InternetInternet
GENI Research Opportunities (3)
Two dichotomy thought (false or at least Two dichotomy thought (false or at least unnecessary)unnecessary)
a a clean slateclean slate reconceptualization of Internet reconceptualization of Internet architecture architecture
todays 30-year-old architecture that todays 30-year-old architecture that limit its limit its abilityability to cope with emerging threats and to cope with emerging threats and opportunitiesopportunities
bull eroding trust reduced innovation slowing eroding trust reduced innovation slowing updateupdate
future innovation will take the form of new future innovation will take the form of new services and applications running services and applications running on top of the on top of the InternetInternet
GENI Research Opportunities (4)
GENI discussion GENI discussion First we interpret Future Internet very broadly to First we interpret Future Internet very broadly to
include innovations at include innovations at any levelany level of the architecture of the architecture alternative protocols and architectures running alternative protocols and architectures running
inside the network (as overlays on top of inside the network (as overlays on top of todays network) todays network)
Second research should employ Second research should employ clean slate clean slate thinkingthinking but this does but this does not imply that an entirely not imply that an entirely newnew Internet will be necessary In other words Internet will be necessary In other words clean slate is a clean slate is a processprocess not a not a resultresult
Third opportunities Third opportunities betweenbetween two perspectives two perspectives exploring how todays architecture is best exploring how todays architecture is best
evolved to support emerging overlay services evolved to support emerging overlay services
GENI Facility Concept (5)
Facility ConceptFacility Concept experimental platforms for experimental platforms for bothboth research and research and
deploymentdeployment filling the filling the gapgap between small-scale exp and mature between small-scale exp and mature
tech tech GENI evaluate new network systems on large-GENI evaluate new network systems on large-
scalescale
Two levelsTwo levels Physical level Physical level GENI substrateGENI substrate will consist of a will consist of a
collection of links forwarders storage collection of links forwarders storage processors and wireless net processors and wireless net
On top of this substrate a On top of this substrate a software software management management frameworkframework will be overlay network experiments on will be overlay network experiments on
the substratethe substrate
GENI Facility Concept (6)
Four key ideasFour key ideas substrate components will be substrate components will be programmableprogrammable - -
possible to embed any network experiment including possible to embed any network experiment including clean-slate designs clean-slate designs
Substrate will be Substrate will be virtualizable virtualizable -- possible to embed possible to embed multiple slices in the substrate at the same time multiple slices in the substrate at the same time (allow experimental services and architectures to run (allow experimental services and architectures to run continuously) continuously)
GENI will include mechanisms that allow end-users GENI will include mechanisms that allow end-users to to seamlessly seamlessly opt-inopt-in to experimental services to experimental services
GENI will be GENI will be modularmodular ( (architecture and interfaces) - architecture and interfaces) - possible to extend GENI with new networking possible to extend GENI with new networking technologies GENI will not be a static artifact but technologies GENI will not be a static artifact but rather a rather a dynamic infrastructuredynamic infrastructure that is continually that is continually renewedrenewed
FIND (Future Internet Network Design) ndash NSF 2006 (1)
FIND asks two broad questionsFIND asks two broad questions What are the What are the requirementsrequirements for the global network for the global network
in 15 years in 15 years How How would we would we re-conceivere-conceive tomorrows global tomorrows global
network today if we could design it from scratch network today if we could design it from scratch FIND program solicits FIND program solicits clean slate processclean slate process research proposals in the broad area of research proposals in the broad area of network architecture principles and designnetwork architecture principles and design
FIND (Future Internet Network Design) (2)
FIND research might address wide questionsFIND research might address wide questions What will the What will the edgeedge of the network look like in 15 of the network look like in 15
years How might the network years How might the network architecturearchitecture of 15 of 15 years hence best accommodate sensors embedded years hence best accommodate sensors embedded systems and the like systems and the like
How might the network of 15 years from now How might the network of 15 years from now supportsupport what users really do (and care about) How what users really do (and care about) How might such functions as information access location might such functions as information access location management or identity management best fit into a management or identity management best fit into a new overall network architecture new overall network architecture
What will the What will the core core of the network look like in 15 of the network look like in 15 years How might the changing economics of years How might the changing economics of optical systems affect the overall design of the larger optical systems affect the overall design of the larger networknetwork
FIRE (Future Internet Research and Experimentation) ndash European 2007 (1)
Internet has Internet has growngrown to an unexpected reach to an unexpected reach as for the as for the numbernumber of users of users capacitycapacity of the of the links broadband penetration to the links broadband penetration to the homehome servicesservices
ProblemsProblems spam viruses denial of service spam viruses denial of service attacks complexity of managementattacks complexity of management
Internet drawbacks and Internet drawbacks and limitationslimitations ndash to ndash to scalabilityscalability suitabilitysuitability mobilitymobility transparencytransparency securitysecurity
require new radical approaches to require new radical approaches to fundamentally redesign its protocols and fundamentally redesign its protocols and architectures architectures
FIRE (2) FIRE is an FIRE is an experimentallyexperimentally-driven -driven longlong-term research initiative on -term research initiative on
Future Internet Future Internet conceptsconcepts protocolsprotocols and and architecturesarchitectures encompassing technological industrial and socio-economic encompassing technological industrial and socio-economic
aspects aspects acting as proof-of-concept of the newly proposed acting as proof-of-concept of the newly proposed
technologies and services technologies and services FIRE RESEARCHFIRE RESEARCH
Long term multidisciplinary research on future internet Long term multidisciplinary research on future internet paradigms paradigms
Open to Open to fresh bottom-upfresh bottom-up ideas with ideas with no backwards-no backwards-compatibilitycompatibility constraints constraints
Building on the FET SAC initiative ldquoSituated and Autonomic Building on the FET SAC initiative ldquoSituated and Autonomic Communicationsrdquo Communicationsrdquo
Considering at the Considering at the same timesame time technological economic and technological economic and socialpolicy aspects socialpolicy aspects
Build in from the outset and on all levels the right Build in from the outset and on all levels the right balancebalance between security accountability and privacybetween security accountability and privacy
FIRE (3)
FIRE EXPERIMENTATIONFIRE EXPERIMENTATION Large scale experimentationLarge scale experimentation of new paradigms and of new paradigms and
concepts for the future internet and related service concepts for the future internet and related service architectures architectures
Learning through broad experimentation Learning through broad experimentation Integrating and validating new conceptsIntegrating and validating new concepts
Federating and extending Federating and extending existing testbedsexisting testbeds and and research infrastructures research infrastructures
no backwards-compatibility constraints no backwards-compatibility constraints European approach and develop a European European approach and develop a European
identityidentity
- Slide 1
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- Slide 109
- Slide 110
- Slide 113
- Slide 114
- Slide 115
-
The Communityrsquos Response Focus on areas where we can have impact
Empirical studies Incremental changes (subject to current constraints)
Small stream of architectural proposals Paper designs without hope of deployment
More science fiction than engineering Have largely abandoned hope of effecting fundamental architectural change
Living with rather than overcoming the impasse
Overcoming the Impasse
Must be able to test new architectures Wide range of architectures Real traffic from willing individuals Low overhead for individual researchers
Meet the grand challenge of reinventing the Internet
Empirical incremental research is great but not enough
If someone put us in charge what would we do
What about deployment Several options none good but no excuse to not have an answer to the grand challenge
Testing Virtual Testbed
Overlay testbed (think RON etc) Host proxy directs packets to overlay
Proxy must architecturally neutral and flexible
Individuals (anywhere) opt-in by turning on proxy
Shared testing infrastructure (think Planetlab) Overlay nodes shared among experiments
Slicing on per-packet timescales Virtualized routers
These ideas have turned into the GENI program
Why GENI (Global Environment for Network Innovations) Future Internet Network (2005)
The original designing idea of current information networks is basically a specific network supports one major service
The limitation of the original designing idea can not support the multiple requirements for networks and services (such as Telecom network Internet)
The original design mode of Internet leads to itrsquos shortage in mobility security controllable and administrable
We urgently need redesign the framework of new generation Internet to overcome the serious shortage of current Internet
Providing pervasive and trusted services based on a specific network has became the key research directions of national informatization
GENI (Global Environment for Network Innovations) - NSF 2005 (1)
What is GENIWhat is GENIGENI is GENI is a facility concepta facility concept being explored by being explored by the US computing community the US computing community
back to an NSF workshop in 2005back to an NSF workshop in 2005focus on focus on architecturalarchitectural research and research and provide the provide the experimentalexperimental infrastructure infrastructure needed to support that researchneeded to support that research
focus on the research agenda (and focus on the research agenda (and infrastructure needs) of the infrastructure needs) of the opticaloptical wirelesswireless sensorsensor network and network and distributeddistributed systems communitiessystems communities
GENI (Global Environment for Network Innovations) (2)
The goal of GENI The goal of GENI Goal a Future Internet that meets the Goal a Future Internet that meets the demands of 21st centurydemands of 21st century
to increase the to increase the qualityquality and and quantityquantity of of experimental experimental researchresearch outcomes in networking and distributed outcomes in networking and distributed systemssystems
to accelerate the to accelerate the transitiontransition of these outcomes into of these outcomes into products and servicesproducts and services
enhance economic competitiveness and secure enhance economic competitiveness and secure the Nations futurethe Nations future
Ultimately to lead to a Ultimately to lead to a transition of the transition of the InternetInternet
GENI Research Opportunities (3)
Two dichotomy thought (false or at least Two dichotomy thought (false or at least unnecessary)unnecessary)
a a clean slateclean slate reconceptualization of Internet reconceptualization of Internet architecture architecture
todays 30-year-old architecture that todays 30-year-old architecture that limit its limit its abilityability to cope with emerging threats and to cope with emerging threats and opportunitiesopportunities
bull eroding trust reduced innovation slowing eroding trust reduced innovation slowing updateupdate
future innovation will take the form of new future innovation will take the form of new services and applications running services and applications running on top of the on top of the InternetInternet
GENI Research Opportunities (4)
GENI discussion GENI discussion First we interpret Future Internet very broadly to First we interpret Future Internet very broadly to
include innovations at include innovations at any levelany level of the architecture of the architecture alternative protocols and architectures running alternative protocols and architectures running
inside the network (as overlays on top of inside the network (as overlays on top of todays network) todays network)
Second research should employ Second research should employ clean slate clean slate thinkingthinking but this does but this does not imply that an entirely not imply that an entirely newnew Internet will be necessary In other words Internet will be necessary In other words clean slate is a clean slate is a processprocess not a not a resultresult
Third opportunities Third opportunities betweenbetween two perspectives two perspectives exploring how todays architecture is best exploring how todays architecture is best
evolved to support emerging overlay services evolved to support emerging overlay services
GENI Facility Concept (5)
Facility ConceptFacility Concept experimental platforms for experimental platforms for bothboth research and research and
deploymentdeployment filling the filling the gapgap between small-scale exp and mature between small-scale exp and mature
tech tech GENI evaluate new network systems on large-GENI evaluate new network systems on large-
scalescale
Two levelsTwo levels Physical level Physical level GENI substrateGENI substrate will consist of a will consist of a
collection of links forwarders storage collection of links forwarders storage processors and wireless net processors and wireless net
On top of this substrate a On top of this substrate a software software management management frameworkframework will be overlay network experiments on will be overlay network experiments on
the substratethe substrate
GENI Facility Concept (6)
Four key ideasFour key ideas substrate components will be substrate components will be programmableprogrammable - -
possible to embed any network experiment including possible to embed any network experiment including clean-slate designs clean-slate designs
Substrate will be Substrate will be virtualizable virtualizable -- possible to embed possible to embed multiple slices in the substrate at the same time multiple slices in the substrate at the same time (allow experimental services and architectures to run (allow experimental services and architectures to run continuously) continuously)
GENI will include mechanisms that allow end-users GENI will include mechanisms that allow end-users to to seamlessly seamlessly opt-inopt-in to experimental services to experimental services
GENI will be GENI will be modularmodular ( (architecture and interfaces) - architecture and interfaces) - possible to extend GENI with new networking possible to extend GENI with new networking technologies GENI will not be a static artifact but technologies GENI will not be a static artifact but rather a rather a dynamic infrastructuredynamic infrastructure that is continually that is continually renewedrenewed
FIND (Future Internet Network Design) ndash NSF 2006 (1)
FIND asks two broad questionsFIND asks two broad questions What are the What are the requirementsrequirements for the global network for the global network
in 15 years in 15 years How How would we would we re-conceivere-conceive tomorrows global tomorrows global
network today if we could design it from scratch network today if we could design it from scratch FIND program solicits FIND program solicits clean slate processclean slate process research proposals in the broad area of research proposals in the broad area of network architecture principles and designnetwork architecture principles and design
FIND (Future Internet Network Design) (2)
FIND research might address wide questionsFIND research might address wide questions What will the What will the edgeedge of the network look like in 15 of the network look like in 15
years How might the network years How might the network architecturearchitecture of 15 of 15 years hence best accommodate sensors embedded years hence best accommodate sensors embedded systems and the like systems and the like
How might the network of 15 years from now How might the network of 15 years from now supportsupport what users really do (and care about) How what users really do (and care about) How might such functions as information access location might such functions as information access location management or identity management best fit into a management or identity management best fit into a new overall network architecture new overall network architecture
What will the What will the core core of the network look like in 15 of the network look like in 15 years How might the changing economics of years How might the changing economics of optical systems affect the overall design of the larger optical systems affect the overall design of the larger networknetwork
FIRE (Future Internet Research and Experimentation) ndash European 2007 (1)
Internet has Internet has growngrown to an unexpected reach to an unexpected reach as for the as for the numbernumber of users of users capacitycapacity of the of the links broadband penetration to the links broadband penetration to the homehome servicesservices
ProblemsProblems spam viruses denial of service spam viruses denial of service attacks complexity of managementattacks complexity of management
Internet drawbacks and Internet drawbacks and limitationslimitations ndash to ndash to scalabilityscalability suitabilitysuitability mobilitymobility transparencytransparency securitysecurity
require new radical approaches to require new radical approaches to fundamentally redesign its protocols and fundamentally redesign its protocols and architectures architectures
FIRE (2) FIRE is an FIRE is an experimentallyexperimentally-driven -driven longlong-term research initiative on -term research initiative on
Future Internet Future Internet conceptsconcepts protocolsprotocols and and architecturesarchitectures encompassing technological industrial and socio-economic encompassing technological industrial and socio-economic
aspects aspects acting as proof-of-concept of the newly proposed acting as proof-of-concept of the newly proposed
technologies and services technologies and services FIRE RESEARCHFIRE RESEARCH
Long term multidisciplinary research on future internet Long term multidisciplinary research on future internet paradigms paradigms
Open to Open to fresh bottom-upfresh bottom-up ideas with ideas with no backwards-no backwards-compatibilitycompatibility constraints constraints
Building on the FET SAC initiative ldquoSituated and Autonomic Building on the FET SAC initiative ldquoSituated and Autonomic Communicationsrdquo Communicationsrdquo
Considering at the Considering at the same timesame time technological economic and technological economic and socialpolicy aspects socialpolicy aspects
Build in from the outset and on all levels the right Build in from the outset and on all levels the right balancebalance between security accountability and privacybetween security accountability and privacy
FIRE (3)
FIRE EXPERIMENTATIONFIRE EXPERIMENTATION Large scale experimentationLarge scale experimentation of new paradigms and of new paradigms and
concepts for the future internet and related service concepts for the future internet and related service architectures architectures
Learning through broad experimentation Learning through broad experimentation Integrating and validating new conceptsIntegrating and validating new concepts
Federating and extending Federating and extending existing testbedsexisting testbeds and and research infrastructures research infrastructures
no backwards-compatibility constraints no backwards-compatibility constraints European approach and develop a European European approach and develop a European
identityidentity
- Slide 1
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
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- Slide 104
- Slide 105
- Slide 106
- Slide 107
- Slide 108
- Slide 109
- Slide 110
- Slide 113
- Slide 114
- Slide 115
-
Overcoming the Impasse
Must be able to test new architectures Wide range of architectures Real traffic from willing individuals Low overhead for individual researchers
Meet the grand challenge of reinventing the Internet
Empirical incremental research is great but not enough
If someone put us in charge what would we do
What about deployment Several options none good but no excuse to not have an answer to the grand challenge
Testing Virtual Testbed
Overlay testbed (think RON etc) Host proxy directs packets to overlay
Proxy must architecturally neutral and flexible
Individuals (anywhere) opt-in by turning on proxy
Shared testing infrastructure (think Planetlab) Overlay nodes shared among experiments
Slicing on per-packet timescales Virtualized routers
These ideas have turned into the GENI program
Why GENI (Global Environment for Network Innovations) Future Internet Network (2005)
The original designing idea of current information networks is basically a specific network supports one major service
The limitation of the original designing idea can not support the multiple requirements for networks and services (such as Telecom network Internet)
The original design mode of Internet leads to itrsquos shortage in mobility security controllable and administrable
We urgently need redesign the framework of new generation Internet to overcome the serious shortage of current Internet
Providing pervasive and trusted services based on a specific network has became the key research directions of national informatization
GENI (Global Environment for Network Innovations) - NSF 2005 (1)
What is GENIWhat is GENIGENI is GENI is a facility concepta facility concept being explored by being explored by the US computing community the US computing community
back to an NSF workshop in 2005back to an NSF workshop in 2005focus on focus on architecturalarchitectural research and research and provide the provide the experimentalexperimental infrastructure infrastructure needed to support that researchneeded to support that research
focus on the research agenda (and focus on the research agenda (and infrastructure needs) of the infrastructure needs) of the opticaloptical wirelesswireless sensorsensor network and network and distributeddistributed systems communitiessystems communities
GENI (Global Environment for Network Innovations) (2)
The goal of GENI The goal of GENI Goal a Future Internet that meets the Goal a Future Internet that meets the demands of 21st centurydemands of 21st century
to increase the to increase the qualityquality and and quantityquantity of of experimental experimental researchresearch outcomes in networking and distributed outcomes in networking and distributed systemssystems
to accelerate the to accelerate the transitiontransition of these outcomes into of these outcomes into products and servicesproducts and services
enhance economic competitiveness and secure enhance economic competitiveness and secure the Nations futurethe Nations future
Ultimately to lead to a Ultimately to lead to a transition of the transition of the InternetInternet
GENI Research Opportunities (3)
Two dichotomy thought (false or at least Two dichotomy thought (false or at least unnecessary)unnecessary)
a a clean slateclean slate reconceptualization of Internet reconceptualization of Internet architecture architecture
todays 30-year-old architecture that todays 30-year-old architecture that limit its limit its abilityability to cope with emerging threats and to cope with emerging threats and opportunitiesopportunities
bull eroding trust reduced innovation slowing eroding trust reduced innovation slowing updateupdate
future innovation will take the form of new future innovation will take the form of new services and applications running services and applications running on top of the on top of the InternetInternet
GENI Research Opportunities (4)
GENI discussion GENI discussion First we interpret Future Internet very broadly to First we interpret Future Internet very broadly to
include innovations at include innovations at any levelany level of the architecture of the architecture alternative protocols and architectures running alternative protocols and architectures running
inside the network (as overlays on top of inside the network (as overlays on top of todays network) todays network)
Second research should employ Second research should employ clean slate clean slate thinkingthinking but this does but this does not imply that an entirely not imply that an entirely newnew Internet will be necessary In other words Internet will be necessary In other words clean slate is a clean slate is a processprocess not a not a resultresult
Third opportunities Third opportunities betweenbetween two perspectives two perspectives exploring how todays architecture is best exploring how todays architecture is best
evolved to support emerging overlay services evolved to support emerging overlay services
GENI Facility Concept (5)
Facility ConceptFacility Concept experimental platforms for experimental platforms for bothboth research and research and
deploymentdeployment filling the filling the gapgap between small-scale exp and mature between small-scale exp and mature
tech tech GENI evaluate new network systems on large-GENI evaluate new network systems on large-
scalescale
Two levelsTwo levels Physical level Physical level GENI substrateGENI substrate will consist of a will consist of a
collection of links forwarders storage collection of links forwarders storage processors and wireless net processors and wireless net
On top of this substrate a On top of this substrate a software software management management frameworkframework will be overlay network experiments on will be overlay network experiments on
the substratethe substrate
GENI Facility Concept (6)
Four key ideasFour key ideas substrate components will be substrate components will be programmableprogrammable - -
possible to embed any network experiment including possible to embed any network experiment including clean-slate designs clean-slate designs
Substrate will be Substrate will be virtualizable virtualizable -- possible to embed possible to embed multiple slices in the substrate at the same time multiple slices in the substrate at the same time (allow experimental services and architectures to run (allow experimental services and architectures to run continuously) continuously)
GENI will include mechanisms that allow end-users GENI will include mechanisms that allow end-users to to seamlessly seamlessly opt-inopt-in to experimental services to experimental services
GENI will be GENI will be modularmodular ( (architecture and interfaces) - architecture and interfaces) - possible to extend GENI with new networking possible to extend GENI with new networking technologies GENI will not be a static artifact but technologies GENI will not be a static artifact but rather a rather a dynamic infrastructuredynamic infrastructure that is continually that is continually renewedrenewed
FIND (Future Internet Network Design) ndash NSF 2006 (1)
FIND asks two broad questionsFIND asks two broad questions What are the What are the requirementsrequirements for the global network for the global network
in 15 years in 15 years How How would we would we re-conceivere-conceive tomorrows global tomorrows global
network today if we could design it from scratch network today if we could design it from scratch FIND program solicits FIND program solicits clean slate processclean slate process research proposals in the broad area of research proposals in the broad area of network architecture principles and designnetwork architecture principles and design
FIND (Future Internet Network Design) (2)
FIND research might address wide questionsFIND research might address wide questions What will the What will the edgeedge of the network look like in 15 of the network look like in 15
years How might the network years How might the network architecturearchitecture of 15 of 15 years hence best accommodate sensors embedded years hence best accommodate sensors embedded systems and the like systems and the like
How might the network of 15 years from now How might the network of 15 years from now supportsupport what users really do (and care about) How what users really do (and care about) How might such functions as information access location might such functions as information access location management or identity management best fit into a management or identity management best fit into a new overall network architecture new overall network architecture
What will the What will the core core of the network look like in 15 of the network look like in 15 years How might the changing economics of years How might the changing economics of optical systems affect the overall design of the larger optical systems affect the overall design of the larger networknetwork
FIRE (Future Internet Research and Experimentation) ndash European 2007 (1)
Internet has Internet has growngrown to an unexpected reach to an unexpected reach as for the as for the numbernumber of users of users capacitycapacity of the of the links broadband penetration to the links broadband penetration to the homehome servicesservices
ProblemsProblems spam viruses denial of service spam viruses denial of service attacks complexity of managementattacks complexity of management
Internet drawbacks and Internet drawbacks and limitationslimitations ndash to ndash to scalabilityscalability suitabilitysuitability mobilitymobility transparencytransparency securitysecurity
require new radical approaches to require new radical approaches to fundamentally redesign its protocols and fundamentally redesign its protocols and architectures architectures
FIRE (2) FIRE is an FIRE is an experimentallyexperimentally-driven -driven longlong-term research initiative on -term research initiative on
Future Internet Future Internet conceptsconcepts protocolsprotocols and and architecturesarchitectures encompassing technological industrial and socio-economic encompassing technological industrial and socio-economic
aspects aspects acting as proof-of-concept of the newly proposed acting as proof-of-concept of the newly proposed
technologies and services technologies and services FIRE RESEARCHFIRE RESEARCH
Long term multidisciplinary research on future internet Long term multidisciplinary research on future internet paradigms paradigms
Open to Open to fresh bottom-upfresh bottom-up ideas with ideas with no backwards-no backwards-compatibilitycompatibility constraints constraints
Building on the FET SAC initiative ldquoSituated and Autonomic Building on the FET SAC initiative ldquoSituated and Autonomic Communicationsrdquo Communicationsrdquo
Considering at the Considering at the same timesame time technological economic and technological economic and socialpolicy aspects socialpolicy aspects
Build in from the outset and on all levels the right Build in from the outset and on all levels the right balancebalance between security accountability and privacybetween security accountability and privacy
FIRE (3)
FIRE EXPERIMENTATIONFIRE EXPERIMENTATION Large scale experimentationLarge scale experimentation of new paradigms and of new paradigms and
concepts for the future internet and related service concepts for the future internet and related service architectures architectures
Learning through broad experimentation Learning through broad experimentation Integrating and validating new conceptsIntegrating and validating new concepts
Federating and extending Federating and extending existing testbedsexisting testbeds and and research infrastructures research infrastructures
no backwards-compatibility constraints no backwards-compatibility constraints European approach and develop a European European approach and develop a European
identityidentity
- Slide 1
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-
Testing Virtual Testbed
Overlay testbed (think RON etc) Host proxy directs packets to overlay
Proxy must architecturally neutral and flexible
Individuals (anywhere) opt-in by turning on proxy
Shared testing infrastructure (think Planetlab) Overlay nodes shared among experiments
Slicing on per-packet timescales Virtualized routers
These ideas have turned into the GENI program
Why GENI (Global Environment for Network Innovations) Future Internet Network (2005)
The original designing idea of current information networks is basically a specific network supports one major service
The limitation of the original designing idea can not support the multiple requirements for networks and services (such as Telecom network Internet)
The original design mode of Internet leads to itrsquos shortage in mobility security controllable and administrable
We urgently need redesign the framework of new generation Internet to overcome the serious shortage of current Internet
Providing pervasive and trusted services based on a specific network has became the key research directions of national informatization
GENI (Global Environment for Network Innovations) - NSF 2005 (1)
What is GENIWhat is GENIGENI is GENI is a facility concepta facility concept being explored by being explored by the US computing community the US computing community
back to an NSF workshop in 2005back to an NSF workshop in 2005focus on focus on architecturalarchitectural research and research and provide the provide the experimentalexperimental infrastructure infrastructure needed to support that researchneeded to support that research
focus on the research agenda (and focus on the research agenda (and infrastructure needs) of the infrastructure needs) of the opticaloptical wirelesswireless sensorsensor network and network and distributeddistributed systems communitiessystems communities
GENI (Global Environment for Network Innovations) (2)
The goal of GENI The goal of GENI Goal a Future Internet that meets the Goal a Future Internet that meets the demands of 21st centurydemands of 21st century
to increase the to increase the qualityquality and and quantityquantity of of experimental experimental researchresearch outcomes in networking and distributed outcomes in networking and distributed systemssystems
to accelerate the to accelerate the transitiontransition of these outcomes into of these outcomes into products and servicesproducts and services
enhance economic competitiveness and secure enhance economic competitiveness and secure the Nations futurethe Nations future
Ultimately to lead to a Ultimately to lead to a transition of the transition of the InternetInternet
GENI Research Opportunities (3)
Two dichotomy thought (false or at least Two dichotomy thought (false or at least unnecessary)unnecessary)
a a clean slateclean slate reconceptualization of Internet reconceptualization of Internet architecture architecture
todays 30-year-old architecture that todays 30-year-old architecture that limit its limit its abilityability to cope with emerging threats and to cope with emerging threats and opportunitiesopportunities
bull eroding trust reduced innovation slowing eroding trust reduced innovation slowing updateupdate
future innovation will take the form of new future innovation will take the form of new services and applications running services and applications running on top of the on top of the InternetInternet
GENI Research Opportunities (4)
GENI discussion GENI discussion First we interpret Future Internet very broadly to First we interpret Future Internet very broadly to
include innovations at include innovations at any levelany level of the architecture of the architecture alternative protocols and architectures running alternative protocols and architectures running
inside the network (as overlays on top of inside the network (as overlays on top of todays network) todays network)
Second research should employ Second research should employ clean slate clean slate thinkingthinking but this does but this does not imply that an entirely not imply that an entirely newnew Internet will be necessary In other words Internet will be necessary In other words clean slate is a clean slate is a processprocess not a not a resultresult
Third opportunities Third opportunities betweenbetween two perspectives two perspectives exploring how todays architecture is best exploring how todays architecture is best
evolved to support emerging overlay services evolved to support emerging overlay services
GENI Facility Concept (5)
Facility ConceptFacility Concept experimental platforms for experimental platforms for bothboth research and research and
deploymentdeployment filling the filling the gapgap between small-scale exp and mature between small-scale exp and mature
tech tech GENI evaluate new network systems on large-GENI evaluate new network systems on large-
scalescale
Two levelsTwo levels Physical level Physical level GENI substrateGENI substrate will consist of a will consist of a
collection of links forwarders storage collection of links forwarders storage processors and wireless net processors and wireless net
On top of this substrate a On top of this substrate a software software management management frameworkframework will be overlay network experiments on will be overlay network experiments on
the substratethe substrate
GENI Facility Concept (6)
Four key ideasFour key ideas substrate components will be substrate components will be programmableprogrammable - -
possible to embed any network experiment including possible to embed any network experiment including clean-slate designs clean-slate designs
Substrate will be Substrate will be virtualizable virtualizable -- possible to embed possible to embed multiple slices in the substrate at the same time multiple slices in the substrate at the same time (allow experimental services and architectures to run (allow experimental services and architectures to run continuously) continuously)
GENI will include mechanisms that allow end-users GENI will include mechanisms that allow end-users to to seamlessly seamlessly opt-inopt-in to experimental services to experimental services
GENI will be GENI will be modularmodular ( (architecture and interfaces) - architecture and interfaces) - possible to extend GENI with new networking possible to extend GENI with new networking technologies GENI will not be a static artifact but technologies GENI will not be a static artifact but rather a rather a dynamic infrastructuredynamic infrastructure that is continually that is continually renewedrenewed
FIND (Future Internet Network Design) ndash NSF 2006 (1)
FIND asks two broad questionsFIND asks two broad questions What are the What are the requirementsrequirements for the global network for the global network
in 15 years in 15 years How How would we would we re-conceivere-conceive tomorrows global tomorrows global
network today if we could design it from scratch network today if we could design it from scratch FIND program solicits FIND program solicits clean slate processclean slate process research proposals in the broad area of research proposals in the broad area of network architecture principles and designnetwork architecture principles and design
FIND (Future Internet Network Design) (2)
FIND research might address wide questionsFIND research might address wide questions What will the What will the edgeedge of the network look like in 15 of the network look like in 15
years How might the network years How might the network architecturearchitecture of 15 of 15 years hence best accommodate sensors embedded years hence best accommodate sensors embedded systems and the like systems and the like
How might the network of 15 years from now How might the network of 15 years from now supportsupport what users really do (and care about) How what users really do (and care about) How might such functions as information access location might such functions as information access location management or identity management best fit into a management or identity management best fit into a new overall network architecture new overall network architecture
What will the What will the core core of the network look like in 15 of the network look like in 15 years How might the changing economics of years How might the changing economics of optical systems affect the overall design of the larger optical systems affect the overall design of the larger networknetwork
FIRE (Future Internet Research and Experimentation) ndash European 2007 (1)
Internet has Internet has growngrown to an unexpected reach to an unexpected reach as for the as for the numbernumber of users of users capacitycapacity of the of the links broadband penetration to the links broadband penetration to the homehome servicesservices
ProblemsProblems spam viruses denial of service spam viruses denial of service attacks complexity of managementattacks complexity of management
Internet drawbacks and Internet drawbacks and limitationslimitations ndash to ndash to scalabilityscalability suitabilitysuitability mobilitymobility transparencytransparency securitysecurity
require new radical approaches to require new radical approaches to fundamentally redesign its protocols and fundamentally redesign its protocols and architectures architectures
FIRE (2) FIRE is an FIRE is an experimentallyexperimentally-driven -driven longlong-term research initiative on -term research initiative on
Future Internet Future Internet conceptsconcepts protocolsprotocols and and architecturesarchitectures encompassing technological industrial and socio-economic encompassing technological industrial and socio-economic
aspects aspects acting as proof-of-concept of the newly proposed acting as proof-of-concept of the newly proposed
technologies and services technologies and services FIRE RESEARCHFIRE RESEARCH
Long term multidisciplinary research on future internet Long term multidisciplinary research on future internet paradigms paradigms
Open to Open to fresh bottom-upfresh bottom-up ideas with ideas with no backwards-no backwards-compatibilitycompatibility constraints constraints
Building on the FET SAC initiative ldquoSituated and Autonomic Building on the FET SAC initiative ldquoSituated and Autonomic Communicationsrdquo Communicationsrdquo
Considering at the Considering at the same timesame time technological economic and technological economic and socialpolicy aspects socialpolicy aspects
Build in from the outset and on all levels the right Build in from the outset and on all levels the right balancebalance between security accountability and privacybetween security accountability and privacy
FIRE (3)
FIRE EXPERIMENTATIONFIRE EXPERIMENTATION Large scale experimentationLarge scale experimentation of new paradigms and of new paradigms and
concepts for the future internet and related service concepts for the future internet and related service architectures architectures
Learning through broad experimentation Learning through broad experimentation Integrating and validating new conceptsIntegrating and validating new concepts
Federating and extending Federating and extending existing testbedsexisting testbeds and and research infrastructures research infrastructures
no backwards-compatibility constraints no backwards-compatibility constraints European approach and develop a European European approach and develop a European
identityidentity
- Slide 1
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Slide 5
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- Slide 115
-
Why GENI (Global Environment for Network Innovations) Future Internet Network (2005)
The original designing idea of current information networks is basically a specific network supports one major service
The limitation of the original designing idea can not support the multiple requirements for networks and services (such as Telecom network Internet)
The original design mode of Internet leads to itrsquos shortage in mobility security controllable and administrable
We urgently need redesign the framework of new generation Internet to overcome the serious shortage of current Internet
Providing pervasive and trusted services based on a specific network has became the key research directions of national informatization
GENI (Global Environment for Network Innovations) - NSF 2005 (1)
What is GENIWhat is GENIGENI is GENI is a facility concepta facility concept being explored by being explored by the US computing community the US computing community
back to an NSF workshop in 2005back to an NSF workshop in 2005focus on focus on architecturalarchitectural research and research and provide the provide the experimentalexperimental infrastructure infrastructure needed to support that researchneeded to support that research
focus on the research agenda (and focus on the research agenda (and infrastructure needs) of the infrastructure needs) of the opticaloptical wirelesswireless sensorsensor network and network and distributeddistributed systems communitiessystems communities
GENI (Global Environment for Network Innovations) (2)
The goal of GENI The goal of GENI Goal a Future Internet that meets the Goal a Future Internet that meets the demands of 21st centurydemands of 21st century
to increase the to increase the qualityquality and and quantityquantity of of experimental experimental researchresearch outcomes in networking and distributed outcomes in networking and distributed systemssystems
to accelerate the to accelerate the transitiontransition of these outcomes into of these outcomes into products and servicesproducts and services
enhance economic competitiveness and secure enhance economic competitiveness and secure the Nations futurethe Nations future
Ultimately to lead to a Ultimately to lead to a transition of the transition of the InternetInternet
GENI Research Opportunities (3)
Two dichotomy thought (false or at least Two dichotomy thought (false or at least unnecessary)unnecessary)
a a clean slateclean slate reconceptualization of Internet reconceptualization of Internet architecture architecture
todays 30-year-old architecture that todays 30-year-old architecture that limit its limit its abilityability to cope with emerging threats and to cope with emerging threats and opportunitiesopportunities
bull eroding trust reduced innovation slowing eroding trust reduced innovation slowing updateupdate
future innovation will take the form of new future innovation will take the form of new services and applications running services and applications running on top of the on top of the InternetInternet
GENI Research Opportunities (4)
GENI discussion GENI discussion First we interpret Future Internet very broadly to First we interpret Future Internet very broadly to
include innovations at include innovations at any levelany level of the architecture of the architecture alternative protocols and architectures running alternative protocols and architectures running
inside the network (as overlays on top of inside the network (as overlays on top of todays network) todays network)
Second research should employ Second research should employ clean slate clean slate thinkingthinking but this does but this does not imply that an entirely not imply that an entirely newnew Internet will be necessary In other words Internet will be necessary In other words clean slate is a clean slate is a processprocess not a not a resultresult
Third opportunities Third opportunities betweenbetween two perspectives two perspectives exploring how todays architecture is best exploring how todays architecture is best
evolved to support emerging overlay services evolved to support emerging overlay services
GENI Facility Concept (5)
Facility ConceptFacility Concept experimental platforms for experimental platforms for bothboth research and research and
deploymentdeployment filling the filling the gapgap between small-scale exp and mature between small-scale exp and mature
tech tech GENI evaluate new network systems on large-GENI evaluate new network systems on large-
scalescale
Two levelsTwo levels Physical level Physical level GENI substrateGENI substrate will consist of a will consist of a
collection of links forwarders storage collection of links forwarders storage processors and wireless net processors and wireless net
On top of this substrate a On top of this substrate a software software management management frameworkframework will be overlay network experiments on will be overlay network experiments on
the substratethe substrate
GENI Facility Concept (6)
Four key ideasFour key ideas substrate components will be substrate components will be programmableprogrammable - -
possible to embed any network experiment including possible to embed any network experiment including clean-slate designs clean-slate designs
Substrate will be Substrate will be virtualizable virtualizable -- possible to embed possible to embed multiple slices in the substrate at the same time multiple slices in the substrate at the same time (allow experimental services and architectures to run (allow experimental services and architectures to run continuously) continuously)
GENI will include mechanisms that allow end-users GENI will include mechanisms that allow end-users to to seamlessly seamlessly opt-inopt-in to experimental services to experimental services
GENI will be GENI will be modularmodular ( (architecture and interfaces) - architecture and interfaces) - possible to extend GENI with new networking possible to extend GENI with new networking technologies GENI will not be a static artifact but technologies GENI will not be a static artifact but rather a rather a dynamic infrastructuredynamic infrastructure that is continually that is continually renewedrenewed
FIND (Future Internet Network Design) ndash NSF 2006 (1)
FIND asks two broad questionsFIND asks two broad questions What are the What are the requirementsrequirements for the global network for the global network
in 15 years in 15 years How How would we would we re-conceivere-conceive tomorrows global tomorrows global
network today if we could design it from scratch network today if we could design it from scratch FIND program solicits FIND program solicits clean slate processclean slate process research proposals in the broad area of research proposals in the broad area of network architecture principles and designnetwork architecture principles and design
FIND (Future Internet Network Design) (2)
FIND research might address wide questionsFIND research might address wide questions What will the What will the edgeedge of the network look like in 15 of the network look like in 15
years How might the network years How might the network architecturearchitecture of 15 of 15 years hence best accommodate sensors embedded years hence best accommodate sensors embedded systems and the like systems and the like
How might the network of 15 years from now How might the network of 15 years from now supportsupport what users really do (and care about) How what users really do (and care about) How might such functions as information access location might such functions as information access location management or identity management best fit into a management or identity management best fit into a new overall network architecture new overall network architecture
What will the What will the core core of the network look like in 15 of the network look like in 15 years How might the changing economics of years How might the changing economics of optical systems affect the overall design of the larger optical systems affect the overall design of the larger networknetwork
FIRE (Future Internet Research and Experimentation) ndash European 2007 (1)
Internet has Internet has growngrown to an unexpected reach to an unexpected reach as for the as for the numbernumber of users of users capacitycapacity of the of the links broadband penetration to the links broadband penetration to the homehome servicesservices
ProblemsProblems spam viruses denial of service spam viruses denial of service attacks complexity of managementattacks complexity of management
Internet drawbacks and Internet drawbacks and limitationslimitations ndash to ndash to scalabilityscalability suitabilitysuitability mobilitymobility transparencytransparency securitysecurity
require new radical approaches to require new radical approaches to fundamentally redesign its protocols and fundamentally redesign its protocols and architectures architectures
FIRE (2) FIRE is an FIRE is an experimentallyexperimentally-driven -driven longlong-term research initiative on -term research initiative on
Future Internet Future Internet conceptsconcepts protocolsprotocols and and architecturesarchitectures encompassing technological industrial and socio-economic encompassing technological industrial and socio-economic
aspects aspects acting as proof-of-concept of the newly proposed acting as proof-of-concept of the newly proposed
technologies and services technologies and services FIRE RESEARCHFIRE RESEARCH
Long term multidisciplinary research on future internet Long term multidisciplinary research on future internet paradigms paradigms
Open to Open to fresh bottom-upfresh bottom-up ideas with ideas with no backwards-no backwards-compatibilitycompatibility constraints constraints
Building on the FET SAC initiative ldquoSituated and Autonomic Building on the FET SAC initiative ldquoSituated and Autonomic Communicationsrdquo Communicationsrdquo
Considering at the Considering at the same timesame time technological economic and technological economic and socialpolicy aspects socialpolicy aspects
Build in from the outset and on all levels the right Build in from the outset and on all levels the right balancebalance between security accountability and privacybetween security accountability and privacy
FIRE (3)
FIRE EXPERIMENTATIONFIRE EXPERIMENTATION Large scale experimentationLarge scale experimentation of new paradigms and of new paradigms and
concepts for the future internet and related service concepts for the future internet and related service architectures architectures
Learning through broad experimentation Learning through broad experimentation Integrating and validating new conceptsIntegrating and validating new concepts
Federating and extending Federating and extending existing testbedsexisting testbeds and and research infrastructures research infrastructures
no backwards-compatibility constraints no backwards-compatibility constraints European approach and develop a European European approach and develop a European
identityidentity
- Slide 1
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
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- Slide 115
-
GENI (Global Environment for Network Innovations) - NSF 2005 (1)
What is GENIWhat is GENIGENI is GENI is a facility concepta facility concept being explored by being explored by the US computing community the US computing community
back to an NSF workshop in 2005back to an NSF workshop in 2005focus on focus on architecturalarchitectural research and research and provide the provide the experimentalexperimental infrastructure infrastructure needed to support that researchneeded to support that research
focus on the research agenda (and focus on the research agenda (and infrastructure needs) of the infrastructure needs) of the opticaloptical wirelesswireless sensorsensor network and network and distributeddistributed systems communitiessystems communities
GENI (Global Environment for Network Innovations) (2)
The goal of GENI The goal of GENI Goal a Future Internet that meets the Goal a Future Internet that meets the demands of 21st centurydemands of 21st century
to increase the to increase the qualityquality and and quantityquantity of of experimental experimental researchresearch outcomes in networking and distributed outcomes in networking and distributed systemssystems
to accelerate the to accelerate the transitiontransition of these outcomes into of these outcomes into products and servicesproducts and services
enhance economic competitiveness and secure enhance economic competitiveness and secure the Nations futurethe Nations future
Ultimately to lead to a Ultimately to lead to a transition of the transition of the InternetInternet
GENI Research Opportunities (3)
Two dichotomy thought (false or at least Two dichotomy thought (false or at least unnecessary)unnecessary)
a a clean slateclean slate reconceptualization of Internet reconceptualization of Internet architecture architecture
todays 30-year-old architecture that todays 30-year-old architecture that limit its limit its abilityability to cope with emerging threats and to cope with emerging threats and opportunitiesopportunities
bull eroding trust reduced innovation slowing eroding trust reduced innovation slowing updateupdate
future innovation will take the form of new future innovation will take the form of new services and applications running services and applications running on top of the on top of the InternetInternet
GENI Research Opportunities (4)
GENI discussion GENI discussion First we interpret Future Internet very broadly to First we interpret Future Internet very broadly to
include innovations at include innovations at any levelany level of the architecture of the architecture alternative protocols and architectures running alternative protocols and architectures running
inside the network (as overlays on top of inside the network (as overlays on top of todays network) todays network)
Second research should employ Second research should employ clean slate clean slate thinkingthinking but this does but this does not imply that an entirely not imply that an entirely newnew Internet will be necessary In other words Internet will be necessary In other words clean slate is a clean slate is a processprocess not a not a resultresult
Third opportunities Third opportunities betweenbetween two perspectives two perspectives exploring how todays architecture is best exploring how todays architecture is best
evolved to support emerging overlay services evolved to support emerging overlay services
GENI Facility Concept (5)
Facility ConceptFacility Concept experimental platforms for experimental platforms for bothboth research and research and
deploymentdeployment filling the filling the gapgap between small-scale exp and mature between small-scale exp and mature
tech tech GENI evaluate new network systems on large-GENI evaluate new network systems on large-
scalescale
Two levelsTwo levels Physical level Physical level GENI substrateGENI substrate will consist of a will consist of a
collection of links forwarders storage collection of links forwarders storage processors and wireless net processors and wireless net
On top of this substrate a On top of this substrate a software software management management frameworkframework will be overlay network experiments on will be overlay network experiments on
the substratethe substrate
GENI Facility Concept (6)
Four key ideasFour key ideas substrate components will be substrate components will be programmableprogrammable - -
possible to embed any network experiment including possible to embed any network experiment including clean-slate designs clean-slate designs
Substrate will be Substrate will be virtualizable virtualizable -- possible to embed possible to embed multiple slices in the substrate at the same time multiple slices in the substrate at the same time (allow experimental services and architectures to run (allow experimental services and architectures to run continuously) continuously)
GENI will include mechanisms that allow end-users GENI will include mechanisms that allow end-users to to seamlessly seamlessly opt-inopt-in to experimental services to experimental services
GENI will be GENI will be modularmodular ( (architecture and interfaces) - architecture and interfaces) - possible to extend GENI with new networking possible to extend GENI with new networking technologies GENI will not be a static artifact but technologies GENI will not be a static artifact but rather a rather a dynamic infrastructuredynamic infrastructure that is continually that is continually renewedrenewed
FIND (Future Internet Network Design) ndash NSF 2006 (1)
FIND asks two broad questionsFIND asks two broad questions What are the What are the requirementsrequirements for the global network for the global network
in 15 years in 15 years How How would we would we re-conceivere-conceive tomorrows global tomorrows global
network today if we could design it from scratch network today if we could design it from scratch FIND program solicits FIND program solicits clean slate processclean slate process research proposals in the broad area of research proposals in the broad area of network architecture principles and designnetwork architecture principles and design
FIND (Future Internet Network Design) (2)
FIND research might address wide questionsFIND research might address wide questions What will the What will the edgeedge of the network look like in 15 of the network look like in 15
years How might the network years How might the network architecturearchitecture of 15 of 15 years hence best accommodate sensors embedded years hence best accommodate sensors embedded systems and the like systems and the like
How might the network of 15 years from now How might the network of 15 years from now supportsupport what users really do (and care about) How what users really do (and care about) How might such functions as information access location might such functions as information access location management or identity management best fit into a management or identity management best fit into a new overall network architecture new overall network architecture
What will the What will the core core of the network look like in 15 of the network look like in 15 years How might the changing economics of years How might the changing economics of optical systems affect the overall design of the larger optical systems affect the overall design of the larger networknetwork
FIRE (Future Internet Research and Experimentation) ndash European 2007 (1)
Internet has Internet has growngrown to an unexpected reach to an unexpected reach as for the as for the numbernumber of users of users capacitycapacity of the of the links broadband penetration to the links broadband penetration to the homehome servicesservices
ProblemsProblems spam viruses denial of service spam viruses denial of service attacks complexity of managementattacks complexity of management
Internet drawbacks and Internet drawbacks and limitationslimitations ndash to ndash to scalabilityscalability suitabilitysuitability mobilitymobility transparencytransparency securitysecurity
require new radical approaches to require new radical approaches to fundamentally redesign its protocols and fundamentally redesign its protocols and architectures architectures
FIRE (2) FIRE is an FIRE is an experimentallyexperimentally-driven -driven longlong-term research initiative on -term research initiative on
Future Internet Future Internet conceptsconcepts protocolsprotocols and and architecturesarchitectures encompassing technological industrial and socio-economic encompassing technological industrial and socio-economic
aspects aspects acting as proof-of-concept of the newly proposed acting as proof-of-concept of the newly proposed
technologies and services technologies and services FIRE RESEARCHFIRE RESEARCH
Long term multidisciplinary research on future internet Long term multidisciplinary research on future internet paradigms paradigms
Open to Open to fresh bottom-upfresh bottom-up ideas with ideas with no backwards-no backwards-compatibilitycompatibility constraints constraints
Building on the FET SAC initiative ldquoSituated and Autonomic Building on the FET SAC initiative ldquoSituated and Autonomic Communicationsrdquo Communicationsrdquo
Considering at the Considering at the same timesame time technological economic and technological economic and socialpolicy aspects socialpolicy aspects
Build in from the outset and on all levels the right Build in from the outset and on all levels the right balancebalance between security accountability and privacybetween security accountability and privacy
FIRE (3)
FIRE EXPERIMENTATIONFIRE EXPERIMENTATION Large scale experimentationLarge scale experimentation of new paradigms and of new paradigms and
concepts for the future internet and related service concepts for the future internet and related service architectures architectures
Learning through broad experimentation Learning through broad experimentation Integrating and validating new conceptsIntegrating and validating new concepts
Federating and extending Federating and extending existing testbedsexisting testbeds and and research infrastructures research infrastructures
no backwards-compatibility constraints no backwards-compatibility constraints European approach and develop a European European approach and develop a European
identityidentity
- Slide 1
- Slide 2
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-
GENI (Global Environment for Network Innovations) (2)
The goal of GENI The goal of GENI Goal a Future Internet that meets the Goal a Future Internet that meets the demands of 21st centurydemands of 21st century
to increase the to increase the qualityquality and and quantityquantity of of experimental experimental researchresearch outcomes in networking and distributed outcomes in networking and distributed systemssystems
to accelerate the to accelerate the transitiontransition of these outcomes into of these outcomes into products and servicesproducts and services
enhance economic competitiveness and secure enhance economic competitiveness and secure the Nations futurethe Nations future
Ultimately to lead to a Ultimately to lead to a transition of the transition of the InternetInternet
GENI Research Opportunities (3)
Two dichotomy thought (false or at least Two dichotomy thought (false or at least unnecessary)unnecessary)
a a clean slateclean slate reconceptualization of Internet reconceptualization of Internet architecture architecture
todays 30-year-old architecture that todays 30-year-old architecture that limit its limit its abilityability to cope with emerging threats and to cope with emerging threats and opportunitiesopportunities
bull eroding trust reduced innovation slowing eroding trust reduced innovation slowing updateupdate
future innovation will take the form of new future innovation will take the form of new services and applications running services and applications running on top of the on top of the InternetInternet
GENI Research Opportunities (4)
GENI discussion GENI discussion First we interpret Future Internet very broadly to First we interpret Future Internet very broadly to
include innovations at include innovations at any levelany level of the architecture of the architecture alternative protocols and architectures running alternative protocols and architectures running
inside the network (as overlays on top of inside the network (as overlays on top of todays network) todays network)
Second research should employ Second research should employ clean slate clean slate thinkingthinking but this does but this does not imply that an entirely not imply that an entirely newnew Internet will be necessary In other words Internet will be necessary In other words clean slate is a clean slate is a processprocess not a not a resultresult
Third opportunities Third opportunities betweenbetween two perspectives two perspectives exploring how todays architecture is best exploring how todays architecture is best
evolved to support emerging overlay services evolved to support emerging overlay services
GENI Facility Concept (5)
Facility ConceptFacility Concept experimental platforms for experimental platforms for bothboth research and research and
deploymentdeployment filling the filling the gapgap between small-scale exp and mature between small-scale exp and mature
tech tech GENI evaluate new network systems on large-GENI evaluate new network systems on large-
scalescale
Two levelsTwo levels Physical level Physical level GENI substrateGENI substrate will consist of a will consist of a
collection of links forwarders storage collection of links forwarders storage processors and wireless net processors and wireless net
On top of this substrate a On top of this substrate a software software management management frameworkframework will be overlay network experiments on will be overlay network experiments on
the substratethe substrate
GENI Facility Concept (6)
Four key ideasFour key ideas substrate components will be substrate components will be programmableprogrammable - -
possible to embed any network experiment including possible to embed any network experiment including clean-slate designs clean-slate designs
Substrate will be Substrate will be virtualizable virtualizable -- possible to embed possible to embed multiple slices in the substrate at the same time multiple slices in the substrate at the same time (allow experimental services and architectures to run (allow experimental services and architectures to run continuously) continuously)
GENI will include mechanisms that allow end-users GENI will include mechanisms that allow end-users to to seamlessly seamlessly opt-inopt-in to experimental services to experimental services
GENI will be GENI will be modularmodular ( (architecture and interfaces) - architecture and interfaces) - possible to extend GENI with new networking possible to extend GENI with new networking technologies GENI will not be a static artifact but technologies GENI will not be a static artifact but rather a rather a dynamic infrastructuredynamic infrastructure that is continually that is continually renewedrenewed
FIND (Future Internet Network Design) ndash NSF 2006 (1)
FIND asks two broad questionsFIND asks two broad questions What are the What are the requirementsrequirements for the global network for the global network
in 15 years in 15 years How How would we would we re-conceivere-conceive tomorrows global tomorrows global
network today if we could design it from scratch network today if we could design it from scratch FIND program solicits FIND program solicits clean slate processclean slate process research proposals in the broad area of research proposals in the broad area of network architecture principles and designnetwork architecture principles and design
FIND (Future Internet Network Design) (2)
FIND research might address wide questionsFIND research might address wide questions What will the What will the edgeedge of the network look like in 15 of the network look like in 15
years How might the network years How might the network architecturearchitecture of 15 of 15 years hence best accommodate sensors embedded years hence best accommodate sensors embedded systems and the like systems and the like
How might the network of 15 years from now How might the network of 15 years from now supportsupport what users really do (and care about) How what users really do (and care about) How might such functions as information access location might such functions as information access location management or identity management best fit into a management or identity management best fit into a new overall network architecture new overall network architecture
What will the What will the core core of the network look like in 15 of the network look like in 15 years How might the changing economics of years How might the changing economics of optical systems affect the overall design of the larger optical systems affect the overall design of the larger networknetwork
FIRE (Future Internet Research and Experimentation) ndash European 2007 (1)
Internet has Internet has growngrown to an unexpected reach to an unexpected reach as for the as for the numbernumber of users of users capacitycapacity of the of the links broadband penetration to the links broadband penetration to the homehome servicesservices
ProblemsProblems spam viruses denial of service spam viruses denial of service attacks complexity of managementattacks complexity of management
Internet drawbacks and Internet drawbacks and limitationslimitations ndash to ndash to scalabilityscalability suitabilitysuitability mobilitymobility transparencytransparency securitysecurity
require new radical approaches to require new radical approaches to fundamentally redesign its protocols and fundamentally redesign its protocols and architectures architectures
FIRE (2) FIRE is an FIRE is an experimentallyexperimentally-driven -driven longlong-term research initiative on -term research initiative on
Future Internet Future Internet conceptsconcepts protocolsprotocols and and architecturesarchitectures encompassing technological industrial and socio-economic encompassing technological industrial and socio-economic
aspects aspects acting as proof-of-concept of the newly proposed acting as proof-of-concept of the newly proposed
technologies and services technologies and services FIRE RESEARCHFIRE RESEARCH
Long term multidisciplinary research on future internet Long term multidisciplinary research on future internet paradigms paradigms
Open to Open to fresh bottom-upfresh bottom-up ideas with ideas with no backwards-no backwards-compatibilitycompatibility constraints constraints
Building on the FET SAC initiative ldquoSituated and Autonomic Building on the FET SAC initiative ldquoSituated and Autonomic Communicationsrdquo Communicationsrdquo
Considering at the Considering at the same timesame time technological economic and technological economic and socialpolicy aspects socialpolicy aspects
Build in from the outset and on all levels the right Build in from the outset and on all levels the right balancebalance between security accountability and privacybetween security accountability and privacy
FIRE (3)
FIRE EXPERIMENTATIONFIRE EXPERIMENTATION Large scale experimentationLarge scale experimentation of new paradigms and of new paradigms and
concepts for the future internet and related service concepts for the future internet and related service architectures architectures
Learning through broad experimentation Learning through broad experimentation Integrating and validating new conceptsIntegrating and validating new concepts
Federating and extending Federating and extending existing testbedsexisting testbeds and and research infrastructures research infrastructures
no backwards-compatibility constraints no backwards-compatibility constraints European approach and develop a European European approach and develop a European
identityidentity
- Slide 1
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Slide 5
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- Slide 7
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-
GENI Research Opportunities (3)
Two dichotomy thought (false or at least Two dichotomy thought (false or at least unnecessary)unnecessary)
a a clean slateclean slate reconceptualization of Internet reconceptualization of Internet architecture architecture
todays 30-year-old architecture that todays 30-year-old architecture that limit its limit its abilityability to cope with emerging threats and to cope with emerging threats and opportunitiesopportunities
bull eroding trust reduced innovation slowing eroding trust reduced innovation slowing updateupdate
future innovation will take the form of new future innovation will take the form of new services and applications running services and applications running on top of the on top of the InternetInternet
GENI Research Opportunities (4)
GENI discussion GENI discussion First we interpret Future Internet very broadly to First we interpret Future Internet very broadly to
include innovations at include innovations at any levelany level of the architecture of the architecture alternative protocols and architectures running alternative protocols and architectures running
inside the network (as overlays on top of inside the network (as overlays on top of todays network) todays network)
Second research should employ Second research should employ clean slate clean slate thinkingthinking but this does but this does not imply that an entirely not imply that an entirely newnew Internet will be necessary In other words Internet will be necessary In other words clean slate is a clean slate is a processprocess not a not a resultresult
Third opportunities Third opportunities betweenbetween two perspectives two perspectives exploring how todays architecture is best exploring how todays architecture is best
evolved to support emerging overlay services evolved to support emerging overlay services
GENI Facility Concept (5)
Facility ConceptFacility Concept experimental platforms for experimental platforms for bothboth research and research and
deploymentdeployment filling the filling the gapgap between small-scale exp and mature between small-scale exp and mature
tech tech GENI evaluate new network systems on large-GENI evaluate new network systems on large-
scalescale
Two levelsTwo levels Physical level Physical level GENI substrateGENI substrate will consist of a will consist of a
collection of links forwarders storage collection of links forwarders storage processors and wireless net processors and wireless net
On top of this substrate a On top of this substrate a software software management management frameworkframework will be overlay network experiments on will be overlay network experiments on
the substratethe substrate
GENI Facility Concept (6)
Four key ideasFour key ideas substrate components will be substrate components will be programmableprogrammable - -
possible to embed any network experiment including possible to embed any network experiment including clean-slate designs clean-slate designs
Substrate will be Substrate will be virtualizable virtualizable -- possible to embed possible to embed multiple slices in the substrate at the same time multiple slices in the substrate at the same time (allow experimental services and architectures to run (allow experimental services and architectures to run continuously) continuously)
GENI will include mechanisms that allow end-users GENI will include mechanisms that allow end-users to to seamlessly seamlessly opt-inopt-in to experimental services to experimental services
GENI will be GENI will be modularmodular ( (architecture and interfaces) - architecture and interfaces) - possible to extend GENI with new networking possible to extend GENI with new networking technologies GENI will not be a static artifact but technologies GENI will not be a static artifact but rather a rather a dynamic infrastructuredynamic infrastructure that is continually that is continually renewedrenewed
FIND (Future Internet Network Design) ndash NSF 2006 (1)
FIND asks two broad questionsFIND asks two broad questions What are the What are the requirementsrequirements for the global network for the global network
in 15 years in 15 years How How would we would we re-conceivere-conceive tomorrows global tomorrows global
network today if we could design it from scratch network today if we could design it from scratch FIND program solicits FIND program solicits clean slate processclean slate process research proposals in the broad area of research proposals in the broad area of network architecture principles and designnetwork architecture principles and design
FIND (Future Internet Network Design) (2)
FIND research might address wide questionsFIND research might address wide questions What will the What will the edgeedge of the network look like in 15 of the network look like in 15
years How might the network years How might the network architecturearchitecture of 15 of 15 years hence best accommodate sensors embedded years hence best accommodate sensors embedded systems and the like systems and the like
How might the network of 15 years from now How might the network of 15 years from now supportsupport what users really do (and care about) How what users really do (and care about) How might such functions as information access location might such functions as information access location management or identity management best fit into a management or identity management best fit into a new overall network architecture new overall network architecture
What will the What will the core core of the network look like in 15 of the network look like in 15 years How might the changing economics of years How might the changing economics of optical systems affect the overall design of the larger optical systems affect the overall design of the larger networknetwork
FIRE (Future Internet Research and Experimentation) ndash European 2007 (1)
Internet has Internet has growngrown to an unexpected reach to an unexpected reach as for the as for the numbernumber of users of users capacitycapacity of the of the links broadband penetration to the links broadband penetration to the homehome servicesservices
ProblemsProblems spam viruses denial of service spam viruses denial of service attacks complexity of managementattacks complexity of management
Internet drawbacks and Internet drawbacks and limitationslimitations ndash to ndash to scalabilityscalability suitabilitysuitability mobilitymobility transparencytransparency securitysecurity
require new radical approaches to require new radical approaches to fundamentally redesign its protocols and fundamentally redesign its protocols and architectures architectures
FIRE (2) FIRE is an FIRE is an experimentallyexperimentally-driven -driven longlong-term research initiative on -term research initiative on
Future Internet Future Internet conceptsconcepts protocolsprotocols and and architecturesarchitectures encompassing technological industrial and socio-economic encompassing technological industrial and socio-economic
aspects aspects acting as proof-of-concept of the newly proposed acting as proof-of-concept of the newly proposed
technologies and services technologies and services FIRE RESEARCHFIRE RESEARCH
Long term multidisciplinary research on future internet Long term multidisciplinary research on future internet paradigms paradigms
Open to Open to fresh bottom-upfresh bottom-up ideas with ideas with no backwards-no backwards-compatibilitycompatibility constraints constraints
Building on the FET SAC initiative ldquoSituated and Autonomic Building on the FET SAC initiative ldquoSituated and Autonomic Communicationsrdquo Communicationsrdquo
Considering at the Considering at the same timesame time technological economic and technological economic and socialpolicy aspects socialpolicy aspects
Build in from the outset and on all levels the right Build in from the outset and on all levels the right balancebalance between security accountability and privacybetween security accountability and privacy
FIRE (3)
FIRE EXPERIMENTATIONFIRE EXPERIMENTATION Large scale experimentationLarge scale experimentation of new paradigms and of new paradigms and
concepts for the future internet and related service concepts for the future internet and related service architectures architectures
Learning through broad experimentation Learning through broad experimentation Integrating and validating new conceptsIntegrating and validating new concepts
Federating and extending Federating and extending existing testbedsexisting testbeds and and research infrastructures research infrastructures
no backwards-compatibility constraints no backwards-compatibility constraints European approach and develop a European European approach and develop a European
identityidentity
- Slide 1
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
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- Slide 109
- Slide 110
- Slide 113
- Slide 114
- Slide 115
-
GENI Research Opportunities (4)
GENI discussion GENI discussion First we interpret Future Internet very broadly to First we interpret Future Internet very broadly to
include innovations at include innovations at any levelany level of the architecture of the architecture alternative protocols and architectures running alternative protocols and architectures running
inside the network (as overlays on top of inside the network (as overlays on top of todays network) todays network)
Second research should employ Second research should employ clean slate clean slate thinkingthinking but this does but this does not imply that an entirely not imply that an entirely newnew Internet will be necessary In other words Internet will be necessary In other words clean slate is a clean slate is a processprocess not a not a resultresult
Third opportunities Third opportunities betweenbetween two perspectives two perspectives exploring how todays architecture is best exploring how todays architecture is best
evolved to support emerging overlay services evolved to support emerging overlay services
GENI Facility Concept (5)
Facility ConceptFacility Concept experimental platforms for experimental platforms for bothboth research and research and
deploymentdeployment filling the filling the gapgap between small-scale exp and mature between small-scale exp and mature
tech tech GENI evaluate new network systems on large-GENI evaluate new network systems on large-
scalescale
Two levelsTwo levels Physical level Physical level GENI substrateGENI substrate will consist of a will consist of a
collection of links forwarders storage collection of links forwarders storage processors and wireless net processors and wireless net
On top of this substrate a On top of this substrate a software software management management frameworkframework will be overlay network experiments on will be overlay network experiments on
the substratethe substrate
GENI Facility Concept (6)
Four key ideasFour key ideas substrate components will be substrate components will be programmableprogrammable - -
possible to embed any network experiment including possible to embed any network experiment including clean-slate designs clean-slate designs
Substrate will be Substrate will be virtualizable virtualizable -- possible to embed possible to embed multiple slices in the substrate at the same time multiple slices in the substrate at the same time (allow experimental services and architectures to run (allow experimental services and architectures to run continuously) continuously)
GENI will include mechanisms that allow end-users GENI will include mechanisms that allow end-users to to seamlessly seamlessly opt-inopt-in to experimental services to experimental services
GENI will be GENI will be modularmodular ( (architecture and interfaces) - architecture and interfaces) - possible to extend GENI with new networking possible to extend GENI with new networking technologies GENI will not be a static artifact but technologies GENI will not be a static artifact but rather a rather a dynamic infrastructuredynamic infrastructure that is continually that is continually renewedrenewed
FIND (Future Internet Network Design) ndash NSF 2006 (1)
FIND asks two broad questionsFIND asks two broad questions What are the What are the requirementsrequirements for the global network for the global network
in 15 years in 15 years How How would we would we re-conceivere-conceive tomorrows global tomorrows global
network today if we could design it from scratch network today if we could design it from scratch FIND program solicits FIND program solicits clean slate processclean slate process research proposals in the broad area of research proposals in the broad area of network architecture principles and designnetwork architecture principles and design
FIND (Future Internet Network Design) (2)
FIND research might address wide questionsFIND research might address wide questions What will the What will the edgeedge of the network look like in 15 of the network look like in 15
years How might the network years How might the network architecturearchitecture of 15 of 15 years hence best accommodate sensors embedded years hence best accommodate sensors embedded systems and the like systems and the like
How might the network of 15 years from now How might the network of 15 years from now supportsupport what users really do (and care about) How what users really do (and care about) How might such functions as information access location might such functions as information access location management or identity management best fit into a management or identity management best fit into a new overall network architecture new overall network architecture
What will the What will the core core of the network look like in 15 of the network look like in 15 years How might the changing economics of years How might the changing economics of optical systems affect the overall design of the larger optical systems affect the overall design of the larger networknetwork
FIRE (Future Internet Research and Experimentation) ndash European 2007 (1)
Internet has Internet has growngrown to an unexpected reach to an unexpected reach as for the as for the numbernumber of users of users capacitycapacity of the of the links broadband penetration to the links broadband penetration to the homehome servicesservices
ProblemsProblems spam viruses denial of service spam viruses denial of service attacks complexity of managementattacks complexity of management
Internet drawbacks and Internet drawbacks and limitationslimitations ndash to ndash to scalabilityscalability suitabilitysuitability mobilitymobility transparencytransparency securitysecurity
require new radical approaches to require new radical approaches to fundamentally redesign its protocols and fundamentally redesign its protocols and architectures architectures
FIRE (2) FIRE is an FIRE is an experimentallyexperimentally-driven -driven longlong-term research initiative on -term research initiative on
Future Internet Future Internet conceptsconcepts protocolsprotocols and and architecturesarchitectures encompassing technological industrial and socio-economic encompassing technological industrial and socio-economic
aspects aspects acting as proof-of-concept of the newly proposed acting as proof-of-concept of the newly proposed
technologies and services technologies and services FIRE RESEARCHFIRE RESEARCH
Long term multidisciplinary research on future internet Long term multidisciplinary research on future internet paradigms paradigms
Open to Open to fresh bottom-upfresh bottom-up ideas with ideas with no backwards-no backwards-compatibilitycompatibility constraints constraints
Building on the FET SAC initiative ldquoSituated and Autonomic Building on the FET SAC initiative ldquoSituated and Autonomic Communicationsrdquo Communicationsrdquo
Considering at the Considering at the same timesame time technological economic and technological economic and socialpolicy aspects socialpolicy aspects
Build in from the outset and on all levels the right Build in from the outset and on all levels the right balancebalance between security accountability and privacybetween security accountability and privacy
FIRE (3)
FIRE EXPERIMENTATIONFIRE EXPERIMENTATION Large scale experimentationLarge scale experimentation of new paradigms and of new paradigms and
concepts for the future internet and related service concepts for the future internet and related service architectures architectures
Learning through broad experimentation Learning through broad experimentation Integrating and validating new conceptsIntegrating and validating new concepts
Federating and extending Federating and extending existing testbedsexisting testbeds and and research infrastructures research infrastructures
no backwards-compatibility constraints no backwards-compatibility constraints European approach and develop a European European approach and develop a European
identityidentity
- Slide 1
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
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-
GENI Facility Concept (5)
Facility ConceptFacility Concept experimental platforms for experimental platforms for bothboth research and research and
deploymentdeployment filling the filling the gapgap between small-scale exp and mature between small-scale exp and mature
tech tech GENI evaluate new network systems on large-GENI evaluate new network systems on large-
scalescale
Two levelsTwo levels Physical level Physical level GENI substrateGENI substrate will consist of a will consist of a
collection of links forwarders storage collection of links forwarders storage processors and wireless net processors and wireless net
On top of this substrate a On top of this substrate a software software management management frameworkframework will be overlay network experiments on will be overlay network experiments on
the substratethe substrate
GENI Facility Concept (6)
Four key ideasFour key ideas substrate components will be substrate components will be programmableprogrammable - -
possible to embed any network experiment including possible to embed any network experiment including clean-slate designs clean-slate designs
Substrate will be Substrate will be virtualizable virtualizable -- possible to embed possible to embed multiple slices in the substrate at the same time multiple slices in the substrate at the same time (allow experimental services and architectures to run (allow experimental services and architectures to run continuously) continuously)
GENI will include mechanisms that allow end-users GENI will include mechanisms that allow end-users to to seamlessly seamlessly opt-inopt-in to experimental services to experimental services
GENI will be GENI will be modularmodular ( (architecture and interfaces) - architecture and interfaces) - possible to extend GENI with new networking possible to extend GENI with new networking technologies GENI will not be a static artifact but technologies GENI will not be a static artifact but rather a rather a dynamic infrastructuredynamic infrastructure that is continually that is continually renewedrenewed
FIND (Future Internet Network Design) ndash NSF 2006 (1)
FIND asks two broad questionsFIND asks two broad questions What are the What are the requirementsrequirements for the global network for the global network
in 15 years in 15 years How How would we would we re-conceivere-conceive tomorrows global tomorrows global
network today if we could design it from scratch network today if we could design it from scratch FIND program solicits FIND program solicits clean slate processclean slate process research proposals in the broad area of research proposals in the broad area of network architecture principles and designnetwork architecture principles and design
FIND (Future Internet Network Design) (2)
FIND research might address wide questionsFIND research might address wide questions What will the What will the edgeedge of the network look like in 15 of the network look like in 15
years How might the network years How might the network architecturearchitecture of 15 of 15 years hence best accommodate sensors embedded years hence best accommodate sensors embedded systems and the like systems and the like
How might the network of 15 years from now How might the network of 15 years from now supportsupport what users really do (and care about) How what users really do (and care about) How might such functions as information access location might such functions as information access location management or identity management best fit into a management or identity management best fit into a new overall network architecture new overall network architecture
What will the What will the core core of the network look like in 15 of the network look like in 15 years How might the changing economics of years How might the changing economics of optical systems affect the overall design of the larger optical systems affect the overall design of the larger networknetwork
FIRE (Future Internet Research and Experimentation) ndash European 2007 (1)
Internet has Internet has growngrown to an unexpected reach to an unexpected reach as for the as for the numbernumber of users of users capacitycapacity of the of the links broadband penetration to the links broadband penetration to the homehome servicesservices
ProblemsProblems spam viruses denial of service spam viruses denial of service attacks complexity of managementattacks complexity of management
Internet drawbacks and Internet drawbacks and limitationslimitations ndash to ndash to scalabilityscalability suitabilitysuitability mobilitymobility transparencytransparency securitysecurity
require new radical approaches to require new radical approaches to fundamentally redesign its protocols and fundamentally redesign its protocols and architectures architectures
FIRE (2) FIRE is an FIRE is an experimentallyexperimentally-driven -driven longlong-term research initiative on -term research initiative on
Future Internet Future Internet conceptsconcepts protocolsprotocols and and architecturesarchitectures encompassing technological industrial and socio-economic encompassing technological industrial and socio-economic
aspects aspects acting as proof-of-concept of the newly proposed acting as proof-of-concept of the newly proposed
technologies and services technologies and services FIRE RESEARCHFIRE RESEARCH
Long term multidisciplinary research on future internet Long term multidisciplinary research on future internet paradigms paradigms
Open to Open to fresh bottom-upfresh bottom-up ideas with ideas with no backwards-no backwards-compatibilitycompatibility constraints constraints
Building on the FET SAC initiative ldquoSituated and Autonomic Building on the FET SAC initiative ldquoSituated and Autonomic Communicationsrdquo Communicationsrdquo
Considering at the Considering at the same timesame time technological economic and technological economic and socialpolicy aspects socialpolicy aspects
Build in from the outset and on all levels the right Build in from the outset and on all levels the right balancebalance between security accountability and privacybetween security accountability and privacy
FIRE (3)
FIRE EXPERIMENTATIONFIRE EXPERIMENTATION Large scale experimentationLarge scale experimentation of new paradigms and of new paradigms and
concepts for the future internet and related service concepts for the future internet and related service architectures architectures
Learning through broad experimentation Learning through broad experimentation Integrating and validating new conceptsIntegrating and validating new concepts
Federating and extending Federating and extending existing testbedsexisting testbeds and and research infrastructures research infrastructures
no backwards-compatibility constraints no backwards-compatibility constraints European approach and develop a European European approach and develop a European
identityidentity
- Slide 1
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Slide 5
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- Slide 115
-
GENI Facility Concept (6)
Four key ideasFour key ideas substrate components will be substrate components will be programmableprogrammable - -
possible to embed any network experiment including possible to embed any network experiment including clean-slate designs clean-slate designs
Substrate will be Substrate will be virtualizable virtualizable -- possible to embed possible to embed multiple slices in the substrate at the same time multiple slices in the substrate at the same time (allow experimental services and architectures to run (allow experimental services and architectures to run continuously) continuously)
GENI will include mechanisms that allow end-users GENI will include mechanisms that allow end-users to to seamlessly seamlessly opt-inopt-in to experimental services to experimental services
GENI will be GENI will be modularmodular ( (architecture and interfaces) - architecture and interfaces) - possible to extend GENI with new networking possible to extend GENI with new networking technologies GENI will not be a static artifact but technologies GENI will not be a static artifact but rather a rather a dynamic infrastructuredynamic infrastructure that is continually that is continually renewedrenewed
FIND (Future Internet Network Design) ndash NSF 2006 (1)
FIND asks two broad questionsFIND asks two broad questions What are the What are the requirementsrequirements for the global network for the global network
in 15 years in 15 years How How would we would we re-conceivere-conceive tomorrows global tomorrows global
network today if we could design it from scratch network today if we could design it from scratch FIND program solicits FIND program solicits clean slate processclean slate process research proposals in the broad area of research proposals in the broad area of network architecture principles and designnetwork architecture principles and design
FIND (Future Internet Network Design) (2)
FIND research might address wide questionsFIND research might address wide questions What will the What will the edgeedge of the network look like in 15 of the network look like in 15
years How might the network years How might the network architecturearchitecture of 15 of 15 years hence best accommodate sensors embedded years hence best accommodate sensors embedded systems and the like systems and the like
How might the network of 15 years from now How might the network of 15 years from now supportsupport what users really do (and care about) How what users really do (and care about) How might such functions as information access location might such functions as information access location management or identity management best fit into a management or identity management best fit into a new overall network architecture new overall network architecture
What will the What will the core core of the network look like in 15 of the network look like in 15 years How might the changing economics of years How might the changing economics of optical systems affect the overall design of the larger optical systems affect the overall design of the larger networknetwork
FIRE (Future Internet Research and Experimentation) ndash European 2007 (1)
Internet has Internet has growngrown to an unexpected reach to an unexpected reach as for the as for the numbernumber of users of users capacitycapacity of the of the links broadband penetration to the links broadband penetration to the homehome servicesservices
ProblemsProblems spam viruses denial of service spam viruses denial of service attacks complexity of managementattacks complexity of management
Internet drawbacks and Internet drawbacks and limitationslimitations ndash to ndash to scalabilityscalability suitabilitysuitability mobilitymobility transparencytransparency securitysecurity
require new radical approaches to require new radical approaches to fundamentally redesign its protocols and fundamentally redesign its protocols and architectures architectures
FIRE (2) FIRE is an FIRE is an experimentallyexperimentally-driven -driven longlong-term research initiative on -term research initiative on
Future Internet Future Internet conceptsconcepts protocolsprotocols and and architecturesarchitectures encompassing technological industrial and socio-economic encompassing technological industrial and socio-economic
aspects aspects acting as proof-of-concept of the newly proposed acting as proof-of-concept of the newly proposed
technologies and services technologies and services FIRE RESEARCHFIRE RESEARCH
Long term multidisciplinary research on future internet Long term multidisciplinary research on future internet paradigms paradigms
Open to Open to fresh bottom-upfresh bottom-up ideas with ideas with no backwards-no backwards-compatibilitycompatibility constraints constraints
Building on the FET SAC initiative ldquoSituated and Autonomic Building on the FET SAC initiative ldquoSituated and Autonomic Communicationsrdquo Communicationsrdquo
Considering at the Considering at the same timesame time technological economic and technological economic and socialpolicy aspects socialpolicy aspects
Build in from the outset and on all levels the right Build in from the outset and on all levels the right balancebalance between security accountability and privacybetween security accountability and privacy
FIRE (3)
FIRE EXPERIMENTATIONFIRE EXPERIMENTATION Large scale experimentationLarge scale experimentation of new paradigms and of new paradigms and
concepts for the future internet and related service concepts for the future internet and related service architectures architectures
Learning through broad experimentation Learning through broad experimentation Integrating and validating new conceptsIntegrating and validating new concepts
Federating and extending Federating and extending existing testbedsexisting testbeds and and research infrastructures research infrastructures
no backwards-compatibility constraints no backwards-compatibility constraints European approach and develop a European European approach and develop a European
identityidentity
- Slide 1
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
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-
FIND (Future Internet Network Design) ndash NSF 2006 (1)
FIND asks two broad questionsFIND asks two broad questions What are the What are the requirementsrequirements for the global network for the global network
in 15 years in 15 years How How would we would we re-conceivere-conceive tomorrows global tomorrows global
network today if we could design it from scratch network today if we could design it from scratch FIND program solicits FIND program solicits clean slate processclean slate process research proposals in the broad area of research proposals in the broad area of network architecture principles and designnetwork architecture principles and design
FIND (Future Internet Network Design) (2)
FIND research might address wide questionsFIND research might address wide questions What will the What will the edgeedge of the network look like in 15 of the network look like in 15
years How might the network years How might the network architecturearchitecture of 15 of 15 years hence best accommodate sensors embedded years hence best accommodate sensors embedded systems and the like systems and the like
How might the network of 15 years from now How might the network of 15 years from now supportsupport what users really do (and care about) How what users really do (and care about) How might such functions as information access location might such functions as information access location management or identity management best fit into a management or identity management best fit into a new overall network architecture new overall network architecture
What will the What will the core core of the network look like in 15 of the network look like in 15 years How might the changing economics of years How might the changing economics of optical systems affect the overall design of the larger optical systems affect the overall design of the larger networknetwork
FIRE (Future Internet Research and Experimentation) ndash European 2007 (1)
Internet has Internet has growngrown to an unexpected reach to an unexpected reach as for the as for the numbernumber of users of users capacitycapacity of the of the links broadband penetration to the links broadband penetration to the homehome servicesservices
ProblemsProblems spam viruses denial of service spam viruses denial of service attacks complexity of managementattacks complexity of management
Internet drawbacks and Internet drawbacks and limitationslimitations ndash to ndash to scalabilityscalability suitabilitysuitability mobilitymobility transparencytransparency securitysecurity
require new radical approaches to require new radical approaches to fundamentally redesign its protocols and fundamentally redesign its protocols and architectures architectures
FIRE (2) FIRE is an FIRE is an experimentallyexperimentally-driven -driven longlong-term research initiative on -term research initiative on
Future Internet Future Internet conceptsconcepts protocolsprotocols and and architecturesarchitectures encompassing technological industrial and socio-economic encompassing technological industrial and socio-economic
aspects aspects acting as proof-of-concept of the newly proposed acting as proof-of-concept of the newly proposed
technologies and services technologies and services FIRE RESEARCHFIRE RESEARCH
Long term multidisciplinary research on future internet Long term multidisciplinary research on future internet paradigms paradigms
Open to Open to fresh bottom-upfresh bottom-up ideas with ideas with no backwards-no backwards-compatibilitycompatibility constraints constraints
Building on the FET SAC initiative ldquoSituated and Autonomic Building on the FET SAC initiative ldquoSituated and Autonomic Communicationsrdquo Communicationsrdquo
Considering at the Considering at the same timesame time technological economic and technological economic and socialpolicy aspects socialpolicy aspects
Build in from the outset and on all levels the right Build in from the outset and on all levels the right balancebalance between security accountability and privacybetween security accountability and privacy
FIRE (3)
FIRE EXPERIMENTATIONFIRE EXPERIMENTATION Large scale experimentationLarge scale experimentation of new paradigms and of new paradigms and
concepts for the future internet and related service concepts for the future internet and related service architectures architectures
Learning through broad experimentation Learning through broad experimentation Integrating and validating new conceptsIntegrating and validating new concepts
Federating and extending Federating and extending existing testbedsexisting testbeds and and research infrastructures research infrastructures
no backwards-compatibility constraints no backwards-compatibility constraints European approach and develop a European European approach and develop a European
identityidentity
- Slide 1
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
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- Slide 115
-
FIND (Future Internet Network Design) (2)
FIND research might address wide questionsFIND research might address wide questions What will the What will the edgeedge of the network look like in 15 of the network look like in 15
years How might the network years How might the network architecturearchitecture of 15 of 15 years hence best accommodate sensors embedded years hence best accommodate sensors embedded systems and the like systems and the like
How might the network of 15 years from now How might the network of 15 years from now supportsupport what users really do (and care about) How what users really do (and care about) How might such functions as information access location might such functions as information access location management or identity management best fit into a management or identity management best fit into a new overall network architecture new overall network architecture
What will the What will the core core of the network look like in 15 of the network look like in 15 years How might the changing economics of years How might the changing economics of optical systems affect the overall design of the larger optical systems affect the overall design of the larger networknetwork
FIRE (Future Internet Research and Experimentation) ndash European 2007 (1)
Internet has Internet has growngrown to an unexpected reach to an unexpected reach as for the as for the numbernumber of users of users capacitycapacity of the of the links broadband penetration to the links broadband penetration to the homehome servicesservices
ProblemsProblems spam viruses denial of service spam viruses denial of service attacks complexity of managementattacks complexity of management
Internet drawbacks and Internet drawbacks and limitationslimitations ndash to ndash to scalabilityscalability suitabilitysuitability mobilitymobility transparencytransparency securitysecurity
require new radical approaches to require new radical approaches to fundamentally redesign its protocols and fundamentally redesign its protocols and architectures architectures
FIRE (2) FIRE is an FIRE is an experimentallyexperimentally-driven -driven longlong-term research initiative on -term research initiative on
Future Internet Future Internet conceptsconcepts protocolsprotocols and and architecturesarchitectures encompassing technological industrial and socio-economic encompassing technological industrial and socio-economic
aspects aspects acting as proof-of-concept of the newly proposed acting as proof-of-concept of the newly proposed
technologies and services technologies and services FIRE RESEARCHFIRE RESEARCH
Long term multidisciplinary research on future internet Long term multidisciplinary research on future internet paradigms paradigms
Open to Open to fresh bottom-upfresh bottom-up ideas with ideas with no backwards-no backwards-compatibilitycompatibility constraints constraints
Building on the FET SAC initiative ldquoSituated and Autonomic Building on the FET SAC initiative ldquoSituated and Autonomic Communicationsrdquo Communicationsrdquo
Considering at the Considering at the same timesame time technological economic and technological economic and socialpolicy aspects socialpolicy aspects
Build in from the outset and on all levels the right Build in from the outset and on all levels the right balancebalance between security accountability and privacybetween security accountability and privacy
FIRE (3)
FIRE EXPERIMENTATIONFIRE EXPERIMENTATION Large scale experimentationLarge scale experimentation of new paradigms and of new paradigms and
concepts for the future internet and related service concepts for the future internet and related service architectures architectures
Learning through broad experimentation Learning through broad experimentation Integrating and validating new conceptsIntegrating and validating new concepts
Federating and extending Federating and extending existing testbedsexisting testbeds and and research infrastructures research infrastructures
no backwards-compatibility constraints no backwards-compatibility constraints European approach and develop a European European approach and develop a European
identityidentity
- Slide 1
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
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FIRE (Future Internet Research and Experimentation) ndash European 2007 (1)
Internet has Internet has growngrown to an unexpected reach to an unexpected reach as for the as for the numbernumber of users of users capacitycapacity of the of the links broadband penetration to the links broadband penetration to the homehome servicesservices
ProblemsProblems spam viruses denial of service spam viruses denial of service attacks complexity of managementattacks complexity of management
Internet drawbacks and Internet drawbacks and limitationslimitations ndash to ndash to scalabilityscalability suitabilitysuitability mobilitymobility transparencytransparency securitysecurity
require new radical approaches to require new radical approaches to fundamentally redesign its protocols and fundamentally redesign its protocols and architectures architectures
FIRE (2) FIRE is an FIRE is an experimentallyexperimentally-driven -driven longlong-term research initiative on -term research initiative on
Future Internet Future Internet conceptsconcepts protocolsprotocols and and architecturesarchitectures encompassing technological industrial and socio-economic encompassing technological industrial and socio-economic
aspects aspects acting as proof-of-concept of the newly proposed acting as proof-of-concept of the newly proposed
technologies and services technologies and services FIRE RESEARCHFIRE RESEARCH
Long term multidisciplinary research on future internet Long term multidisciplinary research on future internet paradigms paradigms
Open to Open to fresh bottom-upfresh bottom-up ideas with ideas with no backwards-no backwards-compatibilitycompatibility constraints constraints
Building on the FET SAC initiative ldquoSituated and Autonomic Building on the FET SAC initiative ldquoSituated and Autonomic Communicationsrdquo Communicationsrdquo
Considering at the Considering at the same timesame time technological economic and technological economic and socialpolicy aspects socialpolicy aspects
Build in from the outset and on all levels the right Build in from the outset and on all levels the right balancebalance between security accountability and privacybetween security accountability and privacy
FIRE (3)
FIRE EXPERIMENTATIONFIRE EXPERIMENTATION Large scale experimentationLarge scale experimentation of new paradigms and of new paradigms and
concepts for the future internet and related service concepts for the future internet and related service architectures architectures
Learning through broad experimentation Learning through broad experimentation Integrating and validating new conceptsIntegrating and validating new concepts
Federating and extending Federating and extending existing testbedsexisting testbeds and and research infrastructures research infrastructures
no backwards-compatibility constraints no backwards-compatibility constraints European approach and develop a European European approach and develop a European
identityidentity
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FIRE (2) FIRE is an FIRE is an experimentallyexperimentally-driven -driven longlong-term research initiative on -term research initiative on
Future Internet Future Internet conceptsconcepts protocolsprotocols and and architecturesarchitectures encompassing technological industrial and socio-economic encompassing technological industrial and socio-economic
aspects aspects acting as proof-of-concept of the newly proposed acting as proof-of-concept of the newly proposed
technologies and services technologies and services FIRE RESEARCHFIRE RESEARCH
Long term multidisciplinary research on future internet Long term multidisciplinary research on future internet paradigms paradigms
Open to Open to fresh bottom-upfresh bottom-up ideas with ideas with no backwards-no backwards-compatibilitycompatibility constraints constraints
Building on the FET SAC initiative ldquoSituated and Autonomic Building on the FET SAC initiative ldquoSituated and Autonomic Communicationsrdquo Communicationsrdquo
Considering at the Considering at the same timesame time technological economic and technological economic and socialpolicy aspects socialpolicy aspects
Build in from the outset and on all levels the right Build in from the outset and on all levels the right balancebalance between security accountability and privacybetween security accountability and privacy
FIRE (3)
FIRE EXPERIMENTATIONFIRE EXPERIMENTATION Large scale experimentationLarge scale experimentation of new paradigms and of new paradigms and
concepts for the future internet and related service concepts for the future internet and related service architectures architectures
Learning through broad experimentation Learning through broad experimentation Integrating and validating new conceptsIntegrating and validating new concepts
Federating and extending Federating and extending existing testbedsexisting testbeds and and research infrastructures research infrastructures
no backwards-compatibility constraints no backwards-compatibility constraints European approach and develop a European European approach and develop a European
identityidentity
- Slide 1
- Slide 2
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-
FIRE (3)
FIRE EXPERIMENTATIONFIRE EXPERIMENTATION Large scale experimentationLarge scale experimentation of new paradigms and of new paradigms and
concepts for the future internet and related service concepts for the future internet and related service architectures architectures
Learning through broad experimentation Learning through broad experimentation Integrating and validating new conceptsIntegrating and validating new concepts
Federating and extending Federating and extending existing testbedsexisting testbeds and and research infrastructures research infrastructures
no backwards-compatibility constraints no backwards-compatibility constraints European approach and develop a European European approach and develop a European
identityidentity
- Slide 1
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