-I-

1

1

3

4

4

5

7

8

8

19

26

33

33

35

60

77

82

83

95

100

-II-

103

109

110

110

148

174

195

195

196

198

A 204

B 209

C 211

D 213

E 215

F 217

G 219

H 221

I 222

-III-

2- 1 75

2- 2 76

4- 1 84

4- 2 89

4- 3 97

4- 4 101

4- 5 109

5- 1 112

5- 2 118

5- 3 147

5- 4 151

5- 5 154

5- 6 173

5- 7 179

5- 8 194

6- 1 197

-IV-

1- 1 3

1- 2 6

2- 1 36

4- 1 85

4- 2 86

4- 3 90

4- 4 91

4- 5 98

4- 6 104

4- 7 105

4- 8 105

4- 9 106

4-10 107

4-11 107

4-12 108

5- 1 111

5- 2 114

5- 3 124

5- 4 127

5- 5 128

5- 6 134

5- 7 135

-V-

5- 8 136

5- 9 137

5-10 138

5-11 138

5-12 139

5-13 140

5-14 141

5-15 142

5-16 143

5-17 144

5-18 145

5-19 145

5-20 149

5-21 153

5-22 158

5-23 165

5-24 165

5-25 166

5-26 166

5-27 167

5-28 168

5-29 169

5-30 170

5-31 171

-VI-

5-32 171

5-33 176

5-34 178

5-35 187

5-36 187

5-37 188

5-38 188

5-39 189

5-40 190

5-41 191

5-42 191

5-43 192

5-44 193

-1-

86 300 89

-2-

4,406,374 400 90 91 4,562,546

4,317,096 ( 1-1 )

-3-

28919482830978

36204133963825

3767838

440637445625464317096

0500000

100000015000002000000250000030000003500000400000045000005000000

84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91

1-1

-4-

-5-

( 1-2)

()

-6-

-7-

1-2

-8-

(2000)

(

2000)

-9-

-10-

(carrying capacity)

(

2000)

1930

Lapage (1963)

-11-

(aesthetic recreational carrying capacity)

(biotic carrying capacity)

Wagar (1964;2000)

Lime and Stankey (1971)

Frissell and Stankey (1972)

Stankey (1979)

(unacceptable change)

-12-

Brown (1977)

(1988)

(Bureau of Outdoor Recreation)

(physical carrying capacity)(social carrying capacity)

(

2000)

(2000)

1.

2.

3.

Shelby and Heberlein (1984)

-13-

(ecological capacity)

(physical capacity)

(facility capacity)

(social capacity)

-14-

(

2000)

(2000)

(physical capacity)

()

(economic capacity)

-15-

(ecological capacity)

(social capacity)

(1989)

-16-

(management objectives)

()

-17-

()

(ecological and physical capicity)

()

()

(self-repairs)

(Sowmann,

-18-

1987)

(social carrying capacity)

(Lucas and Stankey, 1974)

()

-19-

()

(

)

()

()

-20-

1.2.3.

(experience parameters)

()(satisfaction model)

Graefe, Ditton, Roggenbuck and Schreyer (1984)

()(perceived crowding model)

-21-

Graefe et

al. (1984)

()(perceptions of resource impacts)

1.

2.

(Vaske,

Donnelly, and Heberlein, 1980; Bultena, Field, Womble, and

Albrecht, 1981; Ditton, Fedler, and Graefe, 1983)

()(behavioral adjustments)

()

Becker (1978) Vaske, et al. (1980)

Nielsen and Endo (1977) Anderson

(1981)

-22-

-23-

1960

1970

1984

(the concept of social norms)

1970

(matrix analysis method)

Tivy (1972)

-24-

1.2.3.

4.5.

6.

(economic profit analysis method)

Fisher and Krutilla (1972)

(willing to pay)

-25-

n

(system simulation)

Hammon (1974)

(rate)(level)

()

-26-

(map over-lapping method)

Jackson, DesBsynski, and Botting (1976)

(Saskatchewan)

(mapping and evaluation)

(overlap)

(Bureau of Outdoor Recreation method)

1975

(Urban Research and Development Corporation,

Bethlehen, Pennsylvania)(BOR)

(

-27-

2000)

()

()

()

(instant capacity)

(the capacity of a given resource area at any single point in

time)(turnover rate)

1.

2.3.4.

5.6.7./8.

/

-28-

+-0

(expert committee method)

()(Delphi technical method)

(Rand Corporation) 1948

(group decision making process)

(Delphi)

1960

(2002)

-29-

(1986)

1.(anonymity)-

2.

(interaction with controlled feedback)-

3.(statistical

group response)-

F

(1984)

()(analytic hierarchy process method)

Saaty 1971

-30-

(2000)

Manning, Lime,

Freimund and Pitt (1996)

(1989)

1.(

)2.

-31-

(

)3.(

)4.(

)5.

(

)6.(

)7.(

)

(2000)

1.(

)2.

(

)3.(

)4. (

)

5.(

)

(2003) (2000)

1.(

)2.(

)3.(

-32-

)4.(

)5.(

)

(2000)

()

(Schreyer and Roggenbuck, 1978

1988)

(1983)

(

1987)(1988)

()

(

)(

-33-

1987)

()

()

()

( )(

1987)

()

(

1983Graefe et al., 1984)

(Graefe et al., 19841989)

()

(1983

Graefe et al., 1984)

(1990)

-34-

Canestrelli and Costa (1991)

(tourists using hotel, TH)

(tourists using nonhotel accommodation, TNH)

(day-trippers, DT)

(1978)

(BOR)

(1984)

-35-

(1989)

(

) (

)

(1989)

Canestrelli and Costa (1991)

(1994)(

)

-36-

(1995)

(1999)

(2000)

(2003)

-37-

(2003)

-38-

(total quantity control)

( 91 6 19 )

8

()

()()(

)( )

()()

( 91 5 22 )

9

()()

-39-

( 91 8 8 )

11

( 92 2 6 )

( 92 7 23 )

1.

2.

3.

4.

-40-

()

()(2000)

(1990)

( 2-1)

-41-

-42-

2-1

-43-

(Increase Supply)

(substrategies)

()

1.

(1)

(2)

(3)

2.

(1)

-44-

(2)

(3)

3.

(1)

(2)

()

1.(real area)

(1)

-45-

(2)

(3)

2.(effective area)

(1)

(2)

(3)

-46-

(Limit Use)

-47-

()

()

()

()

()

()

()

()

()

()

-48-

()

1.

2.

3.

-49-

4.

50

300

20

500

20

500

()

-50-

1.

2.

3.

-51-

4.

(2002)

(12 2 )

()

1.

-52-

2.

3.

1.(

) 2.()

1.(

)2.()3.

( ) 4.(

)

-53-

()

1.

2.

()

-54-

1.

2.

3.(

)

4.

(1999)

-55-

1.2.

3. 27

4 7 2

1 9 4

(2000)

()

(Reduce Impact of Use)

-56-

(2000)

()

1.

(1)

(2)

(3)

-57-

2.

(1)

(2)

(3)

()

1.

-58-

(1)

a.

b.

c.

d.

(2)

a.

-59-

b.

c.

2.

(1)

a.

b.

-60-

(2)

a.

b.

c.

()

-61-

1.

(1)

(2)

(3)

2.

(1)

(2)

-62-

(Increase Durability of Resource)

(Phillips, 1995)

(lighting rods effect)

-63-

()

1.

2.

-64-

3.

()

1.

2.

(2000)

-65-

1.

2.3.

-66-

-67-

10

20

25() 8

26() 300

( http://www.nps.gov/)

(1997)

11

-68-

100 50 20

50 30

50 20

()

400

1,400 19 3,200

-69-

(Engler)

66

441 3200

()

1.

30

30

400

-70-

500 50

()

2.

()

3

3.

1.

2.

3.

-71-

4.

5.

6.

7.

4.

1.2.

3.

(2002)

()

10

3.3 1.7

2.85 10

-72-

66

87

89 8 1

()

1.

350

10 30

-73-

50

2.

3 1 10 31

9 4 678

3.

1.

2.

3.

4.5.

-74-

5.

6.

4.

5.

()

-75-

5,800 526

479

526

1,500

61.67

()

-76-

1.

()

(

)

2.

400 200

3.

-77-

8 3

8 3 30

5 30

4.

5.

1.

2.

-78-

3.

4.

5.

6.

6.

()

79

84 7 1

-79-

( 1,813

)

10,873 20

74,730 85,603

()

1.

5 1

10 31 8

5

2.

-80-

1.

2.

3.

4.

(

)5.

()

-81-

()

()

6

2 12 12

()

2.2 (

)

()

-82-

2 24 38

10

38

26 38

Leung and Marion (1999) 93

()(spatial segregation)

(solitude

-83-

oriented)

()(spatial containment)

()(spatial dispersal)

(

)

-84-

(travel zone

quotas)

(linear dispersal)

(total dispersal)

()(spatial configuration)

2-1

2-1

-85-

Leung and Marion (1999)

2-2

(

)(

)()(

)

2-2

-86-

(leave no trace)

-87-

(

)

()

( )

8 3 (

) 2 6

-88-

1.

108 109 111

2.

3.(

)

4.

( 07:00~18:00 )(

) 07:00~18:00

( 07:00~18:00 )

100

50 20

50 30

50 20

-89-

86 9 26

87 6 27

88 9

11

91 1 1

15

300

59

50 30

6 65

-90-

09:00 16:30

09:00 13:30

10:0011:0014:30 15:30

50

1.

2.

10 60

5 60

-91-

1.() 2.

()

1.()2.

()3.() 4.

()

20

500

20

500

09:30 16:00

1.2.

3.()

-92-

4.

5.

6.

-93-

-94-

-95-

()

101 ()

101

( 4-1)

4-1

PCU V/C 901.8 0.90 E 349.2 0.35 B 78.0 0.08 A 371.4 0.37 B () PCU 1.5 PCU

0.3 7

-96-

1000PCU

( 4-1)

4-1

()

-97-

( 4-2)

(

)

4-2

()

8

-98-

3

()

()

()

-99-

()

1.

2.

( 230 535

25 9 508 )

3.

-100-

( 4-2)

1-2

4-2

1 2 3 4 5 24.03% 44.81% 16.23% 11.69% 3.25% 2.25 29.79% 49.65% 7.80% 11.35% 1.42% 2.05 21.43% 60.71% 12.50% 3.57% 1.79% 2.04 24.82% 52.55% 9.49% 10.95% 2.19% 2.13 25.88% 49.41% 10.59% 11.76% 2.35% 2.15

()

-101-

( 4-3)

()

()

( 4-4)

-102-

4-3

()

8 3

-103-

4-4

()

-104-

()

4

()

()

1.

-105-

2.( 5

260

303 15 230

535 25 9

508 )

()

-106-

()

()

()

-107-

-108-

-109-

10

20

25() 8 26()

300 (

http://www.nps.gov/)

( 4-3)

-110-

101

( 4-5)

()

4-3

15 10

10

92 4 3

50 25(30 40 20 )

60 40 25

80 80

-111-

40(40 65)

40 20

4-5

8 5

-112-

() 300 100

30

-113-

(1998)

4,713.74 4,741.93 503.39

10.6% 6 8

194 1,800~2,400

5

16.4 29

2

10~11

79.13% 20.87%

190 (40 /) 95 (20 /)

B.O.T ( 4-4)

-114-

4-4

4,713.74 4,741.93

503.39

10.6%

6 8

194

1,800~2,400 /

5m/sec

16.4

29

2

10~11

79.13% 20.87%

11 4 9 ()

190(40/) 95(20/)

B.O.T

-115-

1,800~2,400

4 450~600

-116-

B

-117-

()

237

59.1% 40.9%

()

30() 40.5%

31-3536-4041-4546-5051-5556-6061-65

71() 66-70 18.1%10.5%10.5%8.9%

6.8%1.7%1.7%0.8% 0.4%( 4-6)

-118-

30()

31-35

36-40

41-45

46-50

51-55

56-60

61-65

66-70

71()

4-6

()

38.4%

( ) ()

23.2%19.8%16.0% 2.5%

()

( 4-7)

()

()

4-7

-119-

()

87.0%

7.6%3.3%1.1% 1.1%

( 4-8)

4-8

()

59.9%

16.9%13.1%9.7% 0.4%( 4-9

)

-120-

4-9

()

71.5% 28.5%

()

7.0

32.5%

22.8%

21.9%19.0% 3.8%( 4-10 )

-121-

4-10

()

28.0%

21.5%14.5%

12.4%10.2%7.5% 5.9%

()

( 4-11)

-122-

4-11

()

32.1%

31.2%21.9% 14.8%

34.6%

32.1%

21.9% 11.4%

33.3%

27.4% 22.4%

16.9%

40.1%

37.1% 15.2% 7.6%( 4-12 )

-123-

0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%

100%

4-12

-124-

60%

( 4-5)

39.3%

4-5

14.8% 31.2% 32.1%

21.9%

54.0% 11.4% 34.6% 32.1%

21.9%

54.0% 27.4% 33.3% 22.4%

16.9%

39.3% 7.6% 15.2% 40.1%

37.1%

77.2%

-125-

()

( 5-1

)

-126-

5-1

()

-127-

( 1971-2000 )

( 5-1 )

4

10 ()

30

()

20

5-1

1 269.3 86.5 20 15 11.7 15.8 88 79 15.3 18.9 9.2 13.32 277.3 165.7 18 15 12.2 15.9 89 82 15.8 19.3 9.6 13.63 240.3 180.0 18 16 14.6 18.0 88 81 18.8 21.9 11.7 15.34 207.8 183.1 15 15 18.1 21.7 87 79 22.4 25.9 15.1 18.75 275.3 258.9 16 16 20.9 24.7 87 80 24.9 28.8 18.2 21.96 294.7 319.4 14 15 23.5 27.4 87 79 27.5 31.9 20.9 24.37 248.3 247.9 10 12 24.8 29.2 84 74 29.4 34.1 21.9 25.88 446.0 305.3 13 14 24.5 28.8 84 76 29.0 33.5 21.8 25.69 588.1 274.6 15 13 22.7 27.1 85 77 26.9 31.2 20.3 24.3

10 837.3 138.8 19 12 19.8 24.3 87 77 23.4 27.8 17.7 22.011 521.9 86.2 21 14 16.4 20.9 88 77 19.7 23.9 14.2 18.612 320.1 78.8 20 13 13.3 17.6 88 77 16.8 20.7 10.9 15.1

-128-

4526.4 2325.2 199 170 18.5 22.6 86 78 22.5 26.5 16.0 19.9

(http://www.cwb.gov.tw/)

()

8

3

( 5-2 )

1.7

0.76 0.74

150

150

( 5-2 )

-129-

30%

-130-

5-2

9

9

()

( 108 )

5

8

()

56

20

-131-

(1998)

60 73

78

70

45 74 75

80

(

1998)

100

90 80

(

1998)

-132-

()

(

)

-133-

470

4000

168 4

672

5-2

5-2

10-20 10 7 10 3 8-12 20-25 30 20-25 15-20 20 10-15 2 10-15 15 10 / 10 10 3 10-15 10 6 20-25 10-15 15

-134-

20-25 10 / 10-15 10-15 3 / 20-25 / 20-25 6

5-2 ()

20-25 4 20-25 5 / 15-20 5 10 10 10-15 6 10-15 10 10 3 10 5

()

10 6

-135-

17

15

340

4

85

150

4 37

168

154 322

()

470

4000

-136-

322

4

1288

()

-137-

1.

a.

8

b.

-138-

c.

2.

-139-

3.

()

1.

2.

-140-

( 5-3 )

5-3

3.

-141-

4.

5.

( A)

6.

-142-

()

1.

2.

340

( 5-4 )

( 5-4 )

3.

-143-

5-4

-144-

()

1.

( 5-5)

-145-

5-5

2.

3.

4.

322

322

-146-

5.

6.

()

1.

-147-

2.

3.

4.

20

5.

-148-

6.

()

-149-

C

D

-150-

E

()

1.

31

54.8% 45.2%

18 44.4% 55.6%

-151-

212 45.3% 54.7%( 5-6)

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

5-6

2.

36-40 32.3%

41-4531-3546-5030()51-55

56-60 25.8%16.1%9.7%6.5%6.5% 3.2%

46-50 33.3%

41-4536-4051-5531-35 56-60 27.8%

16.7%11.1%5.6% 5.6%

36-40 32.1% 31-3541-45

30()46-50 51-55 26.4%17.0%15.1%7.6%

1.9%( 5-7 )

-152-

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

56-60

51-55

46-50

41-45

36-40

31-35

30()

5-7

3.

45.2%

( ) 41.9%9.7%

3.2%

()

66.7%() 16.7%

35.9%

( ) ( ) 34.0%

20.8%7.6% 1.9%( 5-8 )

-153-

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

()

()

5-8

4.

94.4%()

5.6%

84.9% 7.6%

5.7% 1.9%

5.

80.7% 19.4%

100.00%

-154-

71.7% 24.5%

3.8%( 5-9 )

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

5-9

6.

90.3% 9.7%

61.1% 38.9%

45.3%

37.7%

17.0%(

5-10 )

-155-

5-10

7.

3.79

39.6%

22.6%17.0%15.1% 5.7%

( 5-11 )

-156-

5-11

8.

81.1%

60.4%22.6% 17.0%

( 5-12 )

9.

1()-1.5()

35.9% 1.5( )-2( )0.5(

)-1()2()-2.5() 2.5()-3()

28.3%20.8%13.2% 1.9%

1-2 ( 5-13 )

-157-

0102030405060708090

5-12

0.5()-1()

1()-1.5()

1.5()-2()

2()-2.5()

2.5()-3()

5-13

-158-

10.

71.0%

/

/ 41.9%29.0%22.6%19.4%16.1%

12.9%6.5% 6.5%

72.2%

/

/ 61.1%50.0%16.7%11.1%

11.1%11.1%5.6% 5.6%

/

77.4%

/

/

62.3%58.5%43.4%41.5%35.9%34.0%26.4%

20.8%

( 5-14 )

-159-

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

/

/

5-14

11.

45.2%

29.0%16.1% 9.7%

45%

38.9%

33.3%11.1%11.1% 5.6%

( 5-15 )

-160-

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

5-15

12.

74.2%

22.6% 3.2%

48.4%

41.9% 9.7%

54.8%

29.0% 16.1%

93.6%

6.5% (

5-16 )

-161-

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

5-16

100.00%

55.6%

27.8% 16.7%

72.2% 27.8%

100.00%( 5-17 )

-162-

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

5-17

79.3%

17.0% 3.8%

54.7%

22.6%13.2% 9.4%

66.0%

20.8%9.4% 3.8%

88.7% 11.3%

( 5-18 )

-163-

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

5-18

13.

61.3%

54.8%38.7%16.1%

9.7%

72.2%

38.9%27.8%27.8%22.2% 16.7%

92.5%

71.7%66.0%47.2%39.6%34.0%

20.8%

-164-

( 5-19 )

60.4%

0102030405060708090

100

5-19

( 70.97% 72.22% 62.26%)

(

71.70% 24.53%)(

45.28% 16.98%)

-165-

( 5-3 )

5-3

74.19% 100% 79.25% 22.58% 0% 16.98% 3.23% 0% 3.77%

0% 0% 0% 41.94% 55.56% 9.43% 48.39% 27.78% 54.72% 9.68% 16.67% 22.64%

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()

( 5-20)

800 1000 1081

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101

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10 823.4 138.8 20 12 17.8 24.3 92 77 20.5 27.8 16.0 22.011 578.5 86.2 22 14 14.5 20.9 93 77 17.0 23.9 12.6 18.612 369.2 78.8 22 13 11.3 17.6 92 77 14.1 20.7 9.2 15.1 4892.4 2325.2 218 170 16.7 22.6 90 78 19.9 26.5 14.4 19.9

(http://www.cwb.gov.tw/)

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()

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860

()

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( 1971-2000 )

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()

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5-33

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101

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29.3%

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20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

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29.3% 30.4% 19.6%

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26.1%

51.1%

-219-

-220-

6-1

(

)()

()(

)

-221-

-222-

6-1

-223-

Anderson, L. A. (1981). Land use designations affect perception of

scenic beauty in forest landscape. Forest Science, 27(3), 392-400.

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Sowmann, M. R. (1987). A procedure for assessing recreational

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Stankey, G. H. (1979). Management options for limit use. Paper

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of crowding and resource quality by early and more recent visitors.

Leisure Science, 6(4), 395-431.

(1989)()

(1998)

(1997)

(1999)

(2000)

(2001)

(1996)

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