論 文 寫 作論 文 寫 作

論 文 寫 作 論 文 寫 作 (( 一一 )) 黃 聰 亮 教授黃 聰 亮 教授

國立臺北教育大學資訊科學系暨研究所 系主任暨所長 國立臺北教育大學資訊科學系暨研究所 系主任暨所長 美國財務金融管理學院美國財務金融管理學院 (AAFM) (AAFM) 院 士院 士中華民國國際學術交流學會中華民國國際學術交流學會 (CIAI) (CIAI) 理 事 長理 事 長

國立臺灣大學電機系 國立臺灣大學電機系 (NTUEE) (NTUEE) 電 機 博 士電 機 博 士國立臺灣大學電機系 國立臺灣大學電機系 (NTUEE) (NTUEE) 電 機 碩 士電 機 碩 士國立臺灣大學電機系 國立臺灣大學電機系 (NTUEE) (NTUEE) 電 機 學 士電 機 學 士NEUSTNEUST 州立大學企管系 企 管 博 士州立大學企管系 企 管 博 士NEUSTNEUST 州立大學教育系 教 育 博 士州立大學教育系 教 育 博 士國立摩納哥皇家大學國立摩納哥皇家大學 (I.U.M.) (I.U.M.) 財 管 碩 士財 管 碩 士

December 2007December 2007

論文的十個基本構成要素● 封面 (Cover Page)● 摘要 (Abstract)● 前言 (Introduction)● 方法 (Methods)● 結果 (Results)● 討論 (Discussion)● 結論 (Conclusions)● 謝詞 (Acknowledgements)● 參考資料 (Reference)● 附錄 (Appendix)

十 個 要 素 分 解

標題標題 封面封面 所屬機構名所屬機構名

作者名作者名所屬機構所在地所屬機構所在地(( 投稿著作才需投稿著作才需 要要 ,, 可以寫可以寫 EmEmail)ail)

標 題 標 題 (Title)(Title) 標題是論文的門面標題是論文的門面 ,, 必需用必需用 適切的單字來簡潔歸納適切的單字來簡潔歸納●● 標題中除了冠詞標題中除了冠詞 (article)(article) 、連接詞、連接詞 (conjunction)(conjunction) 、和介係詞、和介係詞 (preposition)(preposition) 外外 的所有字的所有字 ,, 都是以大寫開頭。都是以大寫開頭。

標 題 範 例標 題 範 例●●Decoupled-Level Optimal Output States Decoupled-Level Optimal Output States

Feedback Controller DesignFeedback Controller Design● ● A Chart A Chart forfor Estimating Estimating thethe Distance Atte Distance Atte

nuation nuation ofof Flanking Sound Flanking Sound thoughthough Open Open WindowsWindows

● ● Simulation Model Simulation Model forfor Pedestrian Movem Pedestrian Movement ent inin Way-Finding Way-Finding andand Queuing Queuing forfor Arch Architectural Design Theory itectural Design Theory

標 題 的 寫 法標 題 的 寫 法(1)(1) 盡可能簡短盡可能簡短(2)(2) 指定內容指定內容(3)(3) 不要使用略語等用語不要使用略語等用語(4)(4) 吸引人而實用吸引人而實用

(1)(1) 盡可能簡短盡可能簡短 ●● 一般來說一般來說 ,10~15,10~15 個字以下是比較容個字以下是比較容 易閱讀的字數易閱讀的字數

●● 無論如何都無法讓句子簡短時無論如何都無法讓句子簡短時 ,, 要用要用 冒號隔開冒號隔開 ,, 並於其後加上副標題並於其後加上副標題

不 良 範 例不 良 範 例 A Chart for Estimating the DistA Chart for Estimating the Dist

ance Attenuation of Flanking Sance Attenuation of Flanking Sound Passing though Open Wiound Passing though Open Windows in the Exterior Wall of Andows in the Exterior Wall of Adjoining Rooms and Its Experidjoining Rooms and Its Experimental Verificationmental Verification

(25(25 個字個字 ))

改良後範例改良後範例

A Chart for Estimating the DistanA Chart for Estimating the Distance Attenuation of Flanking Sounce Attenuation of Flanking Sound though Open Windowsd though Open Windows

(13(13 個字個字 )) (( 估測通過通風窗口之左右兩邊聲估測通過通風窗口之左右兩邊聲

音的距離衰減圖表音的距離衰減圖表 ))

不 良 範 例不 良 範 例 Assessment of Two Laser DopAssessment of Two Laser Dop

pler Velocity Measuring Systepler Velocity Measuring System by Measuring Acoustic Partm by Measuring Acoustic Particle Velocities in Enclosed Soicle Velocities in Enclosed Sound Fieldund Field

(( 標題太長標題太長 ,17,17 個字個字 ,, 但為表達但為表達論文內容似乎均無法減少論文內容似乎均無法減少 ) ---) ---

採用“副標題”採用“副標題”

副 標 題 範 例副 標 題 範 例 Measurement of Measurement of Acoustic Particle Acoustic Particle Velocity in Enclosed Velocity in Enclosed Sound Field Sound Field : : Assessment of Two Assessment of Two Laser Doppler Velocity Laser Doppler Velocity Measuring SystemMeasuring System

標題避免使用之用語標題避免使用之用語A Study of ---A Study of ---Studies of ---Studies of ---An Investigation of ---An Investigation of ---Investigations of ---Investigations of ---An Observation on ---An Observation on ---Observations on ---Observations on ---

不 良 範 例不 良 範 例 A Study ofA Study of Simulation Simulation Model for Pedestrian Model for Pedestrian Movement in Way-Movement in Way-finding and Queuing finding and Queuing for Architectural for Architectural Design Theory Design Theory

改 良 後 範 例改 良 後 範 例 Simulation Model for PeSimulation Model for Pe

destrian Movement in destrian Movement in Way-finding and QueuinWay-finding and Queuing for Architectural Desigg for Architectural Design Theory n Theory

不 良 範 例不 良 範 例 Studies ofStudies of Instructional Instructional Methods for Values in Methods for Values in Environmental Environmental Education in the United Education in the United States of AmericaStates of America

改 良 後 範 例改 良 後 範 例

Instructional Methods fInstructional Methods for Values in Environmeor Values in Environmental Education in the Untal Education in the United States of Americanited States of America

(2) (2) 指 定 內 容指 定 內 容 應具體呈現論文內容應具體呈現論文內容 ,,要讓人光看標題就能要讓人光看標題就能預測出論文的內容為預測出論文的內容為何何。。

不 良 範 例不 良 範 例Modeling Room AcousticsModeling Room Acoustics ((室內音響的造型化室內音響的造型化 ))

改 良 後 範 例改 良 後 範 例

Modeling Room Acoustics in Modeling Room Acoustics in Non-Concert Hall SettingsNon-Concert Hall Settings

(( 在非音樂廳環境中室內音響在非音樂廳環境中室內音響 的造型化的造型化 ))

(3)(3) 不要使用略語等用語不要使用略語等用語 A New Type of Battery ConforA New Type of Battery Confor

ming to the Standard of ming to the Standard of AABMAABM ((符合美國電池製造者學會標準符合美國電池製造者學會標準

之新型電池之新型電池 )) AABMAABM 為為 Association of AmericAssociation of Americ

an Battery Manufacturersan Battery Manufacturers

改 良 後 之 範 例改 良 後 之 範 例 A New Type of Battery A New Type of Battery Conforming to the Conforming to the Standard of Standard of Association Association of American Battery of American Battery ManufacturersManufacturers

(4)(4) 吸引人而實用吸引人而實用

不良範例不良範例 The Decoupled-Level SysteThe Decoupled-Level Syste

m States Feedback Controlm States Feedback Controller Design Via Time Varying ler Design Via Time Varying Tuning Estimator Tuning Estimator

改 良 後 之 範 例改 良 後 之 範 例 Decoupled- Level Decoupled- Level Optimal Output Optimal Output States Feedback States Feedback Controller DesignController Design

封 面 樣 版封 面 樣 版 (( 學位論學位論文文 ))

國 立 臺 北 教 育 大 學 國 立 臺 北 教 育 大 學 資訊科學系碩士班資訊科學系碩士班

碩 士 論 文碩 士 論 文

指導教授 指導教授 : : 黃聰亮 教授黃聰亮 教授 論文題目論文題目 利用糢糊基因法則之指紋辨識晶片設計利用糢糊基因法則之指紋辨識晶片設計

研究生 研究生 : : 陳一鳴陳一鳴

中華民國九十六年六月十 日中華民國九十六年六月十 日

封 面 樣 版封 面 樣 版 (( 投稿論投稿論文文 ))

Decoupled- Level Optimal Output States Feedback Controller DesignDecoupled- Level Optimal Output States Feedback Controller Design

T.L. Huang T.Y. HwangT.L. Huang T.Y. Hwang Department of Computer Science National Taipei University of EducationDepartment of Computer Science National Taipei University of Education Email: tsongliang@tea.ntue.edu.twEmail: tsongliang@tea.ntue.edu.tw

ABSTRACTABSTRACT: This paper addresses the design of decoupled-level large system controllers using an optim: This paper addresses the design of decoupled-level large system controllers using an optimal reduced order model whose state variables are all output states. The reduced-order model retains thal reduced order model whose state variables are all output states. The reduced-order model retains their physical meaning and is used to design a decoupled-level linear feedback controller that takes into aeir physical meaning and is used to design a decoupled-level linear feedback controller that takes into account the realities and constraints of the large systems. The decoupled-level control strategy is used account the realities and constraints of the large systems. The decoupled-level control strategy is used and a global control signal is generated from the output variables to minimize the effect of interactions. End a global control signal is generated from the output variables to minimize the effect of interactions. Effectiveness of this controller is evaluated and example is given to illustrate the advantages of the propoffectiveness of this controller is evaluated and example is given to illustrate the advantages of the proposed method. Responses of the system with decoupled-level scheme and optimal reduced order scheme sed method. Responses of the system with decoupled-level scheme and optimal reduced order scheme are included for comparative analyses.are included for comparative analyses.

1. Introduction1. Introduction The design of large system , can be formulated as an optimal linear regulator control problem whose solThe design of large system , can be formulated as an optimal linear regulator control problem whose sol

ution is a complete state control scheme [1]. Thus, the implementation requires the design of state estiution is a complete state control scheme [1]. Thus, the implementation requires the design of state estimators [2]. These increase the hardware cost and reduce the reliability of the control system. These are mators [2]. These increase the hardware cost and reduce the reliability of the control system. These are the reasons that a control scheme uses only some desired state variables such as output states. Upon ththe reasons that a control scheme uses only some desired state variables such as output states. Upon this, a scheme referred to as suboptimal control is obtained but only some state variables are used in the iis, a scheme referred to as suboptimal control is obtained but only some state variables are used in the implemented control scheme while the others are omitted for convenience [3].mplemented control scheme while the others are omitted for convenience [3].

作者名作者名 (Author’s na(Author’s names)mes)

姓名的寫法有好幾種姓名的寫法有好幾種 ,,若投稿若投稿處有規定就按照其規定書寫處有規定就按照其規定書寫

黃聰亮黃聰亮 Tsong-Liang HuangTsong-Liang Huang T.L. HuangT.L. Huang Huang, Tsong-LiangHuang, Tsong-Liang

所屬機構所屬機構 (Affiliates)(Affiliates) 若作者所屬機構各有若作者所屬機構各有不同時不同時 ,, 要分別書寫要分別書寫出來出來 ;;並對照各作者並對照各作者右上方的號碼右上方的號碼

Deutero-Eigenstructure Deutero-Eigenstructure AssignmentAssignment Output Feedback Stabilizer DesignOutput Feedback Stabilizer Design

T.Y. HWANGT.Y. HWANG11 C.W. Liu C.W. Liu22 11Depertment of computer science National Taipei Depertment of computer science National Taipei

University of University of EducationEducation 134, Sec. 2, Hoping E. Road, Taipei City, 106 Taiwan, 134, Sec. 2, Hoping E. Road, Taipei City, 106 Taiwan,

R.O.C.R.O.C. thwang@faculty.pccu.edu.twthwang@faculty.pccu.edu.tw 22Department of Electrical Engineering Tamkang Department of Electrical Engineering Tamkang

UniversityUniversity 151, Ying-Chuan Road, Taipei County 251 Taiwan, 151, Ying-Chuan Road, Taipei County 251 Taiwan,

R.O.C.R.O.C. old_liu.tw@yahoo.com.tw old_liu.tw@yahoo.com.tw

目的目的 ((重點重點 )) 方法方法 ((重點重點 )) 摘要摘要 結果結果 ((重點重點 )) 結論結論 ((重點重點 )) 建議事項建議事項 ((重點重點 ))

摘要摘要 (Abstract)(Abstract) 的寫法的寫法 ●● 摘要的長度最好不要超過摘要的長度最好不要超過 300300 個字個字，摘要的意，摘要的意義是即使不閱讀文章整體也能夠掌握理解全文義是即使不閱讀文章整體也能夠掌握理解全文的內容。的內容。

關鍵字關鍵字 :: 目的目的 : The purpose of this paper is ----- : The purpose of this paper is ----- 方法方法 : using ----- : using ----- 或 或 --- are employed to ------- are employed to ---- 結果結果 : As a result, ---- : As a result, ---- 或 或 Consequently, -----Consequently, ----- 結論結論 : In conclusion ---: In conclusion --- 或 或 We conclude that--We conclude that-- 建議事項建議事項 : It is recommended that ---- : It is recommended that ---- 或或 It is suggested that ---- It is suggested that ----

摘 要 樣 板摘 要 樣 板 (( 中文中文 )) 摘 要摘 要 本論文的本論文的目的目的乃乃對大型系統控制器之分層分對大型系統控制器之分層分

離式設計離式設計 ;; 控制器設計的控制器設計的方法方法是利用最佳降階是利用最佳降階模型並採用輸出狀態回授法模型並採用輸出狀態回授法 ,, 分層式控制策略分層式控制策略則利用整體回授增益以解離子系統間相互影響則利用整體回授增益以解離子系統間相互影響的效應。的效應。本控制器設計的本控制器設計的結果結果顯示顯示 ,,最佳降階最佳降階法可在保有系統物理特性下利用輸出狀態回授法可在保有系統物理特性下利用輸出狀態回授即可解離及控制系統特性即可解離及控制系統特性 ; ; 其其結論結論可大幅減少可大幅減少控制器之硬體投資並增加系統可靠度控制器之硬體投資並增加系統可靠度 ,, 本文亦本文亦對所設計之控制器與傳統控制器之效能做系統對所設計之控制器與傳統控制器之效能做系統響應的比較響應的比較 ,, 本法將可本法將可利用至超大型系統。利用至超大型系統。

摘 要 樣 板摘 要 樣 板 ((英文英文 )) ABSTRACTABSTRACT: : The purpose of this paper isThe purpose of this paper is to address the design of to address the design of

decoupled-level large system controllersdecoupled-level large system controllers usingusing an optimal reduced an optimal reduced order model whose state variables are all output states. The order model whose state variables are all output states. The reduced-order model retains their physical meaning and is used to reduced-order model retains their physical meaning and is used to design a decoupled-level linear feedback controller that takes into design a decoupled-level linear feedback controller that takes into account the realities and constraints of the large systems. The account the realities and constraints of the large systems. The decoupled-level control strategy is used and a global control signal decoupled-level control strategy is used and a global control signal is generated from the output variables to minimize the effect of is generated from the output variables to minimize the effect of interactions.interactions. As a resultAs a result ,the effectiveness of this controller is ,the effectiveness of this controller is evaluated and considerable savings in computer memory are evaluated and considerable savings in computer memory are achieved. achieved. In conclusionIn conclusion, the controllers determined at the , the controllers determined at the subsystem level depend only on local information operating to the subsystem level depend only on local information operating to the particular machine. Example is given to illustrate the advantages particular machine. Example is given to illustrate the advantages of the proposed method. Responses of the system with decoupled-of the proposed method. Responses of the system with decoupled-level scheme and optimal reduced order scheme are included for level scheme and optimal reduced order scheme are included for comparative analyses.comparative analyses. It is recommended thatIt is recommended that the proposed the proposed method can be applied to supper large system method can be applied to supper large system

(1)(1) 研究主題研究主題 (2)(2) 研究主題的必要性、重要性研究主題的必要性、重要性 (3)(3) 研究回顧研究回顧 (4)(4)歷年研究中未解決之點歷年研究中未解決之點 前言前言 (5)(5)目的目的 ((重點重點 )) (6)(6) 方法方法 ((重點重點 )) (7)(7) 結果結果 ((重點重點 )) (8)(8) 結論結論 ((重點重點 )) (9)(9) 論文的構成順序論文的構成順序

前言前言 (Introduction)(Introduction) 的寫的寫法法

前言的部份是摘要論文前言的部份是摘要論文 的內容並加以說明。的內容並加以說明。

(1)(1) 研究主題研究主題(Research theme)(Research theme)

關鍵字關鍵字 :: The work presented hThe work presented h

ere is to -------ere is to -------

範 例範 例1. Introduction1. Introduction

The work presented here isThe work presented here is toto address the design of address the design of decoupled-level large system decoupled-level large system controllers using an optimal controllers using an optimal reduced order model whose reduced order model whose state variables are all output state variables are all output states.states.

(2)(2) 研究主題的必要性、研究主題的必要性、重要性重要性

(Need/Importance of research them(Need/Importance of research theme)e)

敘述是什麼理由選擇此敘述是什麼理由選擇此研究主題、以及關於此研研究主題、以及關於此研究主題到目前為止究主題到目前為止 ,,已進已進行過的研究歷史等等。行過的研究歷史等等。

關 鍵 語關 鍵 語Recent interest in -----Recent interest in -----In recent years -----In recent years ----------is well known ----------is well known ---------- have gained considerable ----- have gained considerable

attention in -----attention in ---------- has been recognized as ----- has been recognized as

----------

範 例範 例1. Introduction1. Introduction

The work presented here is toThe work presented here is to address address the design of decoupled-level large system the design of decoupled-level large system controllers using an optimal reduced order controllers using an optimal reduced order model whose state variables are all output model whose state variables are all output states.states. Recent interest inRecent interest in designing the designing the stabilizer of large system , can be stabilizer of large system , can be formulated as an optimal linear regulator formulated as an optimal linear regulator control problem whose solution is a control problem whose solution is a complete state control scheme [1].complete state control scheme [1].

(3)(3) 研究回顧研究回顧(Conventional research details)(Conventional research details)

介紹並討論在研究範圍中介紹並討論在研究範圍中已實行過的研究已實行過的研究 ,,也就是也就是其他的研究者其他的研究者 ((也包含作也包含作者本身者本身 ),), 過去在同樣的研過去在同樣的研究領域裡究領域裡 ,, 所進行過的研所進行過的研究內容。究內容。

關 鍵 語關 鍵 語 It is well known that -----It is well known that ----- ----- some papers ----- some papers [3 and 4] have [3 and 4] have

discussed -----discussed ----- Recent studies have suggested ----Recent studies have suggested ---- Various methods ----have been Various methods ----have been

examined by other researchers examined by other researchers [6,7,8,9,and 10].[6,7,8,9,and 10].

A number of strategies have been A number of strategies have been developed in recent years to ------developed in recent years to ------

範 例範 例1. Introduction1. Introduction The work presented here is toThe work presented here is to address the design address the design

of decoupled-level large system controllers using an of decoupled-level large system controllers using an optimal reduced order model whose state variables are optimal reduced order model whose state variables are all output states.all output states. Recent interest inRecent interest in designing the designing the stabilizer of large system , can be formulated as an stabilizer of large system , can be formulated as an optimal linear regulator control problem whose solution optimal linear regulator control problem whose solution is a complete state control scheme [1]. Thus, the is a complete state control scheme [1]. Thus, the implementation requires the design of state estimators implementation requires the design of state estimators [2]. These increase the hardware cost and reduce the [2]. These increase the hardware cost and reduce the reliability of the control system. These are the reasons reliability of the control system. These are the reasons that a control scheme uses only some desired state that a control scheme uses only some desired state variables such as output states. variables such as output states. It is well known thatIt is well known that a a scheme referred to as suboptimal control is obtained scheme referred to as suboptimal control is obtained but only some state variables are used in the but only some state variables are used in the implemented control scheme while the others are implemented control scheme while the others are omitted for convenience [3].omitted for convenience [3].

(4)(4) 歷年來研究未解決之點歷年來研究未解決之點 (Unresolved points in conventional research)(Unresolved points in conventional research)

關 鍵 語關 鍵 語● ● However,However, ---- ----

● ● Unlike the studies made extensively Unlike the studies made extensively on ----,very little attention was given on ----,very little attention was given to ----to ----

● ● To the best of the authors’To the best of the authors’ knowledge, no research has yet knowledge, no research has yet been carried out to ----been carried out to ----

● ● In contract, there is little data In contract, there is little data available concerning ---- available concerning ----

範 例範 例 It is well known thatIt is well known that a scheme referred to as a scheme referred to as

suboptimal control is obtained but only some suboptimal control is obtained but only some state variables are used in the implemented state variables are used in the implemented control scheme while the others are omitted control scheme while the others are omitted for convenience [3]. Obviously, this approach for convenience [3]. Obviously, this approach is arbitrary and cannot be accepted on faith. is arbitrary and cannot be accepted on faith. Performance degradation is not evaluated for Performance degradation is not evaluated for general system sunder different conditions. general system sunder different conditions. The recent approach using optimal reduced The recent approach using optimal reduced order model is obtained [4] [5].order model is obtained [4] [5].However,However, the the optimal control strategy is also used for the optimal control strategy is also used for the reduced order model of the large system, the reduced order model of the large system, the computation of an optimal controller becomes computation of an optimal controller becomes extremely difficult and time consuming as the extremely difficult and time consuming as the order of the system increases. order of the system increases.

(5)(5) 目的 目的 ((重點重點 ))(purpose (purpose main point) main point)

目的 目的 ((重點重點 ) ) 是敘述是敘述為了解決歷年來研究中為了解決歷年來研究中尚未解決之點而在本文尚未解決之點而在本文中想要達成的研究目的。中想要達成的研究目的。

關 鍵 語關 鍵 語● ● The purpose (goal) of the study is The purpose (goal) of the study is to ----to ----● ● In this study, ----have been In this study, ----have been evaluated in comparison with ----evaluated in comparison with ----● ● This paper presents (discusses, This paper presents (discusses, suggests, deals with) ----suggests, deals with) ----

範 例範 例 However,However, the optimal control strategy is the optimal control strategy is

also used for the reduced order model of also used for the reduced order model of the large system, the computation of an the large system, the computation of an optimal controller becomes extremely optimal controller becomes extremely difficult and time consuming as the order of difficult and time consuming as the order of the system increases. the system increases. This paper This paper presentspresents the method that the overall the method that the overall system is decomposed into separate system is decomposed into separate subsystems, each subsystem subsystems, each subsystem comprising one machine. comprising one machine.

(6) (6) 方法 方法 ((重點重點 ))(Method (Method main points) main points)

寫出為了實現目的寫出為了實現目的 ,, 本本論文所使用的方法之重論文所使用的方法之重點點

關 鍵 語關 鍵 語● ● by employing methods by employing methods such as ----such as ----● ● by using ----by using ----● ● by incorporating ---by incorporating ---

範 例範 例 This paper presentsThis paper presents the method that the method that

the overall system is decomposed the overall system is decomposed into separate subsystems, each into separate subsystems, each subsystem comprising one machine. subsystem comprising one machine. By usingBy using the optimal reduced order the optimal reduced order model method at the subsystem model method at the subsystem level, an optimal feedback controller level, an optimal feedback controller is derived by output feedback of is derived by output feedback of each machine.each machine.

(7) (7) 結果 結果 ((重點重點 ))(Results (Results main points) main points)

簡潔寫出本研究所得 簡潔寫出本研究所得 到資料或事實到資料或事實

關 鍵 語關 鍵 語● ● As a result, ----- the proposed As a result, ----- the proposed method is much better than method is much better than before .before .● ● As a result, ----- shows good As a result, ----- shows good agreement with -----agreement with -----● ● It is found that -----It is found that -----

範 例範 例 By usingBy using the optimal reduced order the optimal reduced order

model method at the subsystem level, an model method at the subsystem level, an optimal feedback controller is derived by optimal feedback controller is derived by output feedback of each machine. The output feedback of each machine. The order of this model is obviously lower order of this model is obviously lower than that of the overall system and the than that of the overall system and the method proposed in ref [6]. Thus, method proposed in ref [6]. Thus, considerable savings in computer considerable savings in computer memory are achieved. memory are achieved. It is found thatIt is found that the the controllers thus determined at the subsystem controllers thus determined at the subsystem level depend only on local information level depend only on local information operating to the particular machine.operating to the particular machine.

(8) (8) 結論 結論 ((重點重點 ))(Conclusions(Conclusions main points) main points)

簡潔寫出邏輯性分析資簡潔寫出邏輯性分析資 料後所得到的結論料後所得到的結論

關 鍵 語關 鍵 語● ● From our results, we conclude From our results, we conclude that ----that ----● ● We, thus, conclude that ----We, thus, conclude that ----● ● The results indicate that ----The results indicate that ----● ● Experimental results indicate Experimental results indicate that ----that ----

● ● In Conclusion, ----In Conclusion, ----

● ● In summary, these investigations In summary, these investigations suggest that ----suggest that ----

● ● It is concluded from the simulatioIt is concluded from the simulation n

that ----that ----

範 例範 例 In conclusion,In conclusion, the attractive features of the attractive features of

the two-level optimal output feedback the two-level optimal output feedback stabilizers design are as follows:stabilizers design are as follows:

(1) The output state variables are some (1) The output state variables are some desired or available variables, thus, the desired or available variables, thus, the state variables of the reduced order state variables of the reduced order model retain their physical meaning.model retain their physical meaning.

(9)(9) 論文的構成順序論文的構成順序(Order of configuration of paper)(Order of configuration of paper)

寫出是按照什麼樣的構寫出是按照什麼樣的構 成順序來完成論文成順序來完成論文

● ● In the following, ---- is explained In the following, ---- is explained in Chapter 4; ---- is explained in in Chapter 4; ---- is explained in Chapter 5; ----Chapter 5; ----● ● In Section 1 we recall ----. In Section 1 we recall ----. In Section 2 and 3 we derive ----. In Section 2 and 3 we derive ----. Section 4 and 5 deal with ----.Section 4 and 5 deal with ----. In Section 6 and 7 ---- are discussed. In Section 6 and 7 ---- are discussed. Finally, we comment on --- Finally, we comment on ---

範 例範 例 As a matter of fact this paper is an extension of optiAs a matter of fact this paper is an extension of opti

mal reduced order method proposed by Ali Feliachi mal reduced order method proposed by Ali Feliachi et. a1 [4][5] and the two-level optimal stabilization et. a1 [4][5] and the two-level optimal stabilization method proposed by Y.L. Abdel-Magid and Gama1 M.method proposed by Y.L. Abdel-Magid and Gama1 M. Aly [6]. Aly [6]. In Section 1 we recallIn Section 1 we recall the background the background of optimal reduced order model. of optimal reduced order model. In Section 2 In Section 2 and 3 we deriveand 3 we derive the control strategy and cont the control strategy and control structure. rol structure. Section 4 and 5 deal withSection 4 and 5 deal with syste system study . m study . In Section 6 and 7In Section 6 and 7 simulation and c simulation and computation results are discussed. omputation results are discussed. Finally, we Finally, we comment oncomment on overall control structure and eff overall control structure and effectiveness of the controller.ectiveness of the controller.

前 言 樣 板前 言 樣 板 ((英文英文 )) 1. Introduction1. Introduction The work presented here is to The work presented here is to address the design of address the design of

decoupled-level large system controllers using an decoupled-level large system controllers using an optimal reduced order model whose state variables are optimal reduced order model whose state variables are all output states.all output states. Recent interest in Recent interest in designing the designing the stabilizer of large system , can be formulated as an stabilizer of large system , can be formulated as an optimal linear regulator control problem whose solution optimal linear regulator control problem whose solution is a complete state control scheme [1]. Thus, the is a complete state control scheme [1]. Thus, the implementation requires the design of state estimators implementation requires the design of state estimators [2]. These increase the hardware cost and reduce the [2]. These increase the hardware cost and reduce the reliability of the control system. These are the reasons reliability of the control system. These are the reasons that a control scheme uses only some desired state that a control scheme uses only some desired state variables such as output states. variables such as output states. It is well known thatIt is well known that a a scheme referred to as suboptimal control is obtained scheme referred to as suboptimal control is obtained but only some state variables are used in the but only some state variables are used in the implemented control scheme while the others are implemented control scheme while the others are omitted for convenience [3].omitted for convenience [3].

Obviously, this approach is arbitrary Obviously, this approach is arbitrary and cannot be accepted on faith. and cannot be accepted on faith. Performance degradation is not evaluated Performance degradation is not evaluated for general system sunder different for general system sunder different conditions. The recent approach using conditions. The recent approach using optimal reduced order model is obtained optimal reduced order model is obtained [4] [5].[4] [5].However,However, the optimal control the optimal control strategy is also used for the reduced strategy is also used for the reduced order model of the large system, the order model of the large system, the computation of an optimal controller computation of an optimal controller becomes extremely difficult and time becomes extremely difficult and time consuming as the order of the system consuming as the order of the system increases. increases.

For an nth-order system it is necessary For an nth-order system it is necessary to solve an n(n+1)/2 Riccati equations in oto solve an n(n+1)/2 Riccati equations in order to calculate the controller gain. And trder to calculate the controller gain. And the problem formulation itself is not straighe problem formulation itself is not straight forward as it is complex to determine tht forward as it is complex to determine the design parameters in the performance he design parameters in the performance criterion as the order of the system increacriterion as the order of the system increases. To overcome these difficulties, the forses. To overcome these difficulties, the former paper concerned with the developmemer paper concerned with the development of multi-level optimal stabilization of innt of multi-level optimal stabilization of interconnected power system in ref. [6] is aterconnected power system in ref. [6] is applied to the proposed approach. pplied to the proposed approach.

This paper presentsThis paper presents the method that the method that the overall system is decomposed into the overall system is decomposed into separate subsystems, each subsystem separate subsystems, each subsystem comprising one machine. comprising one machine. By usingBy using the the optimal reduced order model method optimal reduced order model method at the subsystem level, an optimal at the subsystem level, an optimal feedback controller is derived by feedback controller is derived by output feedback of each machine. The output feedback of each machine. The order of this model is obviously lower order of this model is obviously lower than that of the overall system and the than that of the overall system and the method proposed in ref [6]. Thus, method proposed in ref [6]. Thus, considerable savings in computer considerable savings in computer memory are achieved. memory are achieved.

It is found thatIt is found that the controllers thus the controllers thus determined at the subsystem level depend only determined at the subsystem level depend only on local information operating to the particular on local information operating to the particular machine. And, since only the output feedback is machine. And, since only the output feedback is used via optimal reduced order model, the used via optimal reduced order model, the control strategy can be implemented easily. In control strategy can be implemented easily. In order to take into account the interaction order to take into account the interaction between the different subsystems, a global between the different subsystems, a global controller is designed at a higher level [7]. At controller is designed at a higher level [7]. At this level, all subsystems will transfer the this level, all subsystems will transfer the necessary information to achieve the global necessary information to achieve the global objectives. In this paper, the global gain is objectives. In this paper, the global gain is obtained from the optimal reduced order model obtained from the optimal reduced order model of the whole system by using only output of the whole system by using only output feedback. feedback.

The evaluation of the global gain is The evaluation of the global gain is much easier than the overall system much easier than the overall system optimal state feedback gains because optimal state feedback gains because the optimal reduced order model is the optimal reduced order model is used. The control strategy proposed used. The control strategy proposed here is applied to a, two-machine here is applied to a, two-machine system. The effectiveness of the two-system. The effectiveness of the two-level optimal output feedback controller level optimal output feedback controller are presented. Aare presented. A comparison between comparison between the performance of the proposed the performance of the proposed controller and that of the optimal controller and that of the optimal reduced order method and the two-level reduced order method and the two-level control strategy is also included.control strategy is also included.

In conclusion,In conclusion, the attractive features of the attractive features of the two-level optimal output feedback the two-level optimal output feedback stabilizers design are as follows:stabilizers design are as follows:

(1) The output state variables are (1) The output state variables are some desired or available variables, some desired or available variables, thus, the state variables of the reduced thus, the state variables of the reduced order model retain their physical order model retain their physical meaning.meaning.

(2) Local controllers determined (2) Local controllers determined depend only on local output depend only on local output information pertaining to the information pertaining to the subsystem and a considerable subsystem and a considerable

savings in computation effort at the savings in computation effort at the (machine) subsystem level is achieved (machine) subsystem level is achieved and no estimator is needed.and no estimator is needed.

(3) Interaction between the different (3) Interaction between the different subsystem is minimized by the use of the subsystem is minimized by the use of the global controller gain at a higher level global controller gain at a higher level using the output state variables of the using the output state variables of the overall system via optimal reduced order overall system via optimal reduced order model. The evaluation process is much model. The evaluation process is much easier than the optimal control strategy easier than the optimal control strategy and the transient response is much and the transient response is much better also.better also.

As a matter of fact this paper is an extension of As a matter of fact this paper is an extension of optimal reduced order method proposed by Aloptimal reduced order method proposed by Ali Feliachi et. a1 [4][5] and the two-level optimai Feliachi et. a1 [4][5] and the two-level optimal stabilization method proposed by Y.L. Abdel-l stabilization method proposed by Y.L. Abdel-Magid and Gama1 M. Aly [6]. Magid and Gama1 M. Aly [6]. In Section 1 we rIn Section 1 we recallecall the background of optimal reduced the background of optimal reduced order model. order model. In Section 2 and 3 we deriveIn Section 2 and 3 we derive the control strategy and control structure.the control strategy and control structure. Section 4 and 5 deal withSection 4 and 5 deal with system study . system study .

In Section 6 and 7In Section 6 and 7 simulation and comput simulation and computation results are discussed. ation results are discussed. Finally, we coFinally, we comment onmment on overall control structure and ef overall control structure and effectiveness of the controller. fectiveness of the controller.