© target gmbh i introduction - solarge.org · 3. planlægning – generelle aspekter dette kapitel...

Undervisningsmaterialet består af en række slides på engelsk, som er inddelt i nogle kapitler. Nedenstående giver et dansk abstrakt af de enkelte kapitler. 1. Introduktion Kapitlet giver en oversigt over, hvad solvarmen kan bruges til, samt hvilke bygninger, hvor solvarme er en mulighed. Der er givet nogle oversigter over energistrømme i Danmark, samt en oversigt over jordens vedvarende energi ressourcer. Der er også vist et scenario, hvor der vist en mulig udvikling i energiforsyning frem til 2100, hvor solenergi står for en større og større andel. Der er angivet en kategorisering af solvarmeanlæg: • Små anlæg: 2-30 m² • Mellemstore anlæg: 30-100 m² • Store (kollektive) anlæg: 100- flere 1000 m²

Der afsluttes med nogle eksempler på danske solvarmeanlæg. • Lillerød Boligforening • Hotel Frederiksdal • Ærøskøbing Fjernvarme • Rise Fjernvarme • Marstal Fjernvarme

2. Basis Kapitlet giver en kort introduktion til opbygningen af de enkelte typer solvarmeanlæg. Anlæg til opvarmning af varmt brugsvand, anlæg til kombineret brugsvands- og rumopvarmning og store anlæg. High flow og low flow principperne illustreres. De konventionelle solfangertyper (panelsolfanger og vakuum solfanger) illustreres, og der vises effektivitetskurver. Der gives en introduktion til solstråling, og der vises solstrålingskurver for Danmark. 3. Planlægning – generelle aspekter Dette kapitel giver in introduktion til elementerne i planlægning af etablering af solvarmeanlæg. Der beskrives hvilke aktører der kan være involveret i planlægningen samt vigtigheden af nogle indledende økonomiske beregninger, hvor alternativerne også belyses. Det belyses ligeledes, at der kan være fordel i at tænke solvarme ind i en integreret energiløsning. Begreber som udnyttelsesgrad, dækningsgrader og temperaturlagdeling introduceres, samtidig med at der gives eksempler på varmtvandsforbrug til hjælp til dimensionering. 4. Typer Solvarmeløsninger Kapitlet viser en række skematiske udformninger af forskellige solvarmeløsninger.

5. Design og dimensionering I dette kapitel gennemgås hvorledes komponenter såsom solfanger, beholder, rør i solfangerkreds, varmeveksler, pumpe ekspansionsbeholder dimensioneres. 6. Solfangerfelt Kapitlet giver en introduktion til de overvejelser man skal igennem vedrørende placering, sammenkobling af solvarmepanelerne m.m. Der gives også en introduktion til problemerne vedrørende stagnation i solfangerne og hvordan man kan reducere risikoen. 7. Andre komponenter i solvarmeanlæg I dette kapitel gennemgås andre elementer af solvarmeanlægget, såsom udluftning, påfyldning og udskylning. Der gennemgås ligeledes isolering af komponenter og armatur samt forskellige koncepter for styringer. Endelig beskrives typiske fejl og problemer i solvarmeanlæg, samtidig med at forhold vedrørende funktionskontrol beskrives. 8. Montering af solvarmepaneler på tag Omhandler sikkerhed, logistik og monteringsmuligheder i forbindelse med etablering på tage. 9. Normer og standarder Oversigt over normer og standarder der gælder indenfor solvarmeområdet. 10. Udvikling af projekt Dette kapitel beskæftiger sig med udvikling af projekter, bl.a. med identifikation af kundegrupper og motivation for investorer, samt en gennemgang af tekniske og organisatoriske aspekter ved projekter. 11. Beregningsprogrammer Dette kapitel gennemgår diverse beregningsprogrammer til at vurdere ydelsen fra solvarmeanlæg.

1

1I Introduction© target GmbH

Overview of Solar Thermal Systems

Source: M. Schnauss

Hot water

Hot water & heating

Swimming pool

Air heating / air conditioning

TradeIndustry

Cooling

Photo

s: B

lozo

en/

Est

if, F

raunhofe

rIS

E /

ESTI

F (2

), M

. Sch

nau

ss(4

)


Buildings for possible installation of collective solar thermal systems

Source: M. Schnauss

• Multifamily residences

• Residential accommodations

• Housing estates

• Canteens, Cafeterias

• Hospitals

• Schools and nurseries

• Sports facilities

• (Indoor) Swimming pools

• Pensions and hotels

• Youth hostels

• Campsites

• Public utilities, penal institutions, military barracks

• Commercial utilities with a high heat and hot water demand

• Laundries

• Car washes (for passenger cars and trucks)

• Industrial facilities

2


Structure of final energy consumers in Denmark

Source: Energistyrelsen

29,4 %

Target group forsolar heat

Households30%

Transport32%

Industry25%

Trade, commerce, services

13%


Primary, final and utility energy flow in Denmark

Source: Energistyrelsen

Primary energy100 %

1.883 PJ

Utility energy35 %

653 PJ

32 %

30 %

25 %13 %

Share ofutility energy use

Final energy43 %

817 PJ

Primaryenergy loss

48 PJ

Finalenergy loss

164 PJ

Non-energetic use: 12 PJConsumption in the transformation sector: 10 PJExport and bunkering: 995 PJ

total: 1.017 PJ Transport217 PJ

Households189 PJ

Industry 162 PJ

Trade etc.86 PJ

3


Final energy consumption in private households

Source: BMWi

Light1,4 %

Mechanicalenergy

7,2 %

Otherprocess heat

4,1 %

Hot water11,2 %

Target group forsolar heat

Space heat76 %


Overview of renewable energy technologies

Source: M. Schnauss

Geothermal energy Photovoltaics

Solar heat

Biomass

Wind power

Hydropower Photo

s: A

. G

rebe,

T . M

ahle

r, N

aturE

ner

gie

AG

, M

. Sch

nau

ss(3

)

Heat Electricity

4


The earth‘s energy resources

Source: DLR, Dr. Nitsch

Energy offerAll natural energy sources taken together offer 3078 times the energy we currently need at a global scale.

Directsun power2850 times

Wind200 times

Sea energy2 times

Hydropower1 time

Earth heat5 times

Biomass20 times


Changes of the global energy mix until 2100

Source: UVS, BMU

Other renewables

Solar heat

Solar electricity (Photovoltaicsand solar thermal plants)

Wind

Biomass

Hydropower

Nuclear power

Gas

Carbon

Oil

2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 2100

Annual use of primary energy[EJ/a]

1.600

1.400

600

400

200

0

1.000

800

1.200

5


Categorisation of solar thermal systems

Source: M. Schnauss

Small systems (2 m2 – 30 m2)

• Mostly one and two-family houses Standard solutions• Heating support

for one and two-family houses

Medium size systems (30 m2 – 100 m2)

• Multifamily residences Individual planning• Hotels• Old people‘s homes Standard components• etc.

Collective systems (100 m2 – several 1.000 m2)

• Multifamily residences Individual planning• Trade• Industry No standard solutions• Housing estates• Local heat networks


State-of-the-art of the technology

Source: M. Schnauss

Collectors:

• Well-developed products• Large collectors (up to 10 m2)• „Solar Roof“ – ready-made large modules• Roof integration• Ready-made mounting systems

System technology:

• Well-developed storage technology• Ready-made modules (charging stations, fresh water modules)• Intelligent control technique• Data collection and system monitoring

Infrastructure:

• Service and support• Know-how• Standards and guidelines• Planning tools• Technical literature, training courses

6


Market development solar heat in Denmark

Source: Dansk Solvarme Forening

.

Accumulated heat capacity and collector surface installed in Denmark


Multi-family house, Alleroed

Source: A. Rummel, Corona Solar

Constructor: Lilleroed Boligforening afd. 13

System use: Domestic hot water heating

Installation type: On-roof installation

Inclination, orientation: 45°,South-West (23º)

Collector surface: 53 m2

Storage volume:v 2,000 l (buffer), 2,000 l (DHW)

Production: 35 kWtherm

Start of operation: 1995

7


Hotel, Lyngby

Constructor: Hotel Frederiksdal

System use: Domestic hot water heating

Installation type: Flat roof mounting system

Inclination, orientation: 25°, South (0°)

Collector surface: 105 m²

Storage volume:v 4,850 l (buffer), 2,000 l (DHW)

Production: 267 kWh/(m2 · a)



District heating plant, Aeroeskoebing

Constructor: Aeroeskoebing District Heating

System use: District heating

Installation type: Ground mounting system


Collector surface: 4,898 m²

Storage volume:v 1,400 m³ (3 storages)



8


District Heating Plant, Rise

Constructor: Rise District Heating

System use: District Heating

Installation type: Ground mounted system


Collector surface: 3650 m²

Storage volume 4,000 m³ (1 storage tank)

Production 450 kWh/(m2 · a)



District Heating Plant, Marstal

Constructor: Marstal District Heating

System use: District heating

Installation type: Ground mounted system

Inclination, orientation: 30-40°, South (0º)

Collector surface: 19,000 m²

Storage volume: 14,000 m³ (3 storages)



1

1II Basics of solar thermal systems© target GmbH

Standard solar system for drinking water heating

Source: Blozoen, Fraunhofer ISE / ESTIF, M. Schnauss

Collector circuit pump

Solar station

Cold drinking water

Hot drinking waterTemperature sensor

Control unit

Collector

Storageof hotdrinking water

Heating boiler

Standard engineering in Denmarkfor a household of 4 people:

4 … 6 m² of collector surface


Diagram of a solar station

1 Membrane expansion tank

2 Safety valve

3 Pressure gauge

4 Thermometer

5 Check valve

6 Collector circuit pump

7 Volume meter

8 Ball valves

2 3

4

5

6

7

8

4

8

1

Collector field feed flow

Collector fieldreturn flow

2


Solar system for drinking water and heating support –System: tank-in-tank storage

Control unit

Solar station

Collectorcircuitpump

Temperature sensor

Collector

Mixer

Heating feed flow

Hot water

Cold water

S1S1, S2:Temperaturemeasuringpoints

Heating return flow

Return alerter

Tank-in-tankstorage

Tank of hot drinking

water

Boiler

S2


Solar system for drinking water and heating support –System: flow heater

Control unit

Solar station

Heating feed flow

S1S1, S2:Temperaturemeasuring points

Heating return flow

Return alerterHeating boiler

S2

Collectorcircuitpump

Collector

Temperaturesensor

Admixture

Hot water

Cold water

Bufferstorage

3


Configuration of a large collector system

Heat exchanger Heat exchanger

Exchange StationSolar transfer station Cold water

Hot water

Temperature sensor

Control unit

Collector

Storageof hot drinking water

Bufferstorage

Heating boiler


Solar systems with different volume flows

Collector

Storage of hot drinking water

T = 25° C

T T

40° C

30° C

T = 10 K

40 – 50 l/(m2·h)

Collector

80° C

10° C

T T

45° C

15° C

T = 30 K

15 l/(m2·h)

High flow Low flow

4


Collector types

CPC vacuum tube collector

Vacuum tube collector

Flat plate collector


Design of a flat plate collector

Source: Wagner & Co (wagner-solar.com)

supertransparentsafety glass

corrosion resistant anodized aluminium frame

solderlesscutting ring screw connection

integrated mounting rail

absorber with selective coatingthermal insulation

heat resistant ultrasonic welded joint

5


Roof integration of flat plate collectors

CollectorSide plate

Upper cover plate

Lead skirting

Rubber profile


Vacuum tube collectors – direct flow through tubes

Glass tube

Outher glass tube

Inner glass tube

Heat transfer

Heat transfer

Vacuum

Vacuum

Absorber

Absorber(inner glass tube)

Tube

With cylindrical absorber

With band absorber

6


Vacuum tube collectors – heat pipe

Glass tube

Heat pipe

Heat exchange pipe

Condenser

Absorber

Filling

Dry connection:Condenser is inserted into the fittingof the heat exchange pipe

Wet connection:Condenser is surrounded by the heat transfer medium in the heat exchange pipe


Definition of the collector surface

Aperture surface

Absorber surface

Gross surface

Transparentcovering (glass)

Frame withheat insulationAbsorber Absorber tubes

Gross surface: complete collector surface (outer dimensions of frame)

Aperture surface: translucent surface (reference surface for efficiency)

Absorber surface: energy converting surface

7


Performance curve of a flat plate collector

100

80

60

40

20

00 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

Eff

icie

ncy

[%

]

Temperature difference TAbsorb – TEnviron [K]

Area of effective thermal energy

1.000 W/m2

thermal losses

600300100

optical losses


Solar coverage and efficiency of the solar system

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

0 3 6

Collector surface [m²]

9 12

1 C

ollect

or

2 C

ollect

ors

3 C

oll.

4 C

oll.

solar coverage [%]

efficiency of the solar system [%]

8


Average daily solar radiation in Denmark

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

Jan Feb Nmar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Sola

r ra

dia

tion

[kW

h/(m

²·day)]

Horizontal 45º, south Vertical, south


Irradiation intensity depending on the weather

Share of direct radiation

Share of diffused radiation

Global radiation

9


Global radiation in the course of a day at an inclination of 45°and an orientation to the South on clear days

0

200

400

600

800

1,000

1,200

4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22

irra

dia

tio

n in

ten

sity

[W

/(m

²)]

time [MEZ]

daily sum ofirradiation[kWh/(m2·d)]

5.15

3.33.

spring/ autumn

winter

7.6 summer


Annual solar radiation according to inclination of the absorbing surface

100 % = 1,100 kWh/(m²*a)·

75°

60°

45°

30°

15° 0° -15°

-30°

-45°

-60°

-75°

-90°90°

South

EastWest90° 75° 60° 45° 30° 15° 0°

Angle of inclination

Azimuth angle

15° 30° 45° 60° 75° 90°

80%70%60%90%95%100%

1

1III General aspects of the planning© target GmbH

Players in the planning process of a solar system

Source: M. Schnauss

Subsidy donor

Consultation, supervision

Offer,installation,

maintenance

Information,orders

User

Installer

Architect

Consultation,planning,supervision

PlannerClient


Project development

Source: HOAI

Tasks of the plannerIDEA

9 Supervision of the object

Concept, feasibility studyCompilation of dataCost framework

1 Basic evaluation

System alternativesEstimation of costsExamination of support measures

2 Preliminary planning

Detailed planningDetailed estimation of costs3 Blueprint planning

Authorisation, if necessaryStatic certificate4 Approval planning

Practicable planningDetailed graphCalculation of costs

5 Implementation planning

Preparation of technical specificationsParticipation in placingEvaluation of offers

6/7 Tender, placing

Coordination of worksTime and cost scheduleTechnical control

8 Construction supervision

DocumentationTrouble shooting

2


Identification of the basic conditions

Source: ITW

• Estimation/compilation of consumption data

• Are the consumption data confirmed by measurements?

• Have the losses been taken into consideration?

• Are the consumption profiles (year, week, day profile) known?

• Have vacation times been taken into consideration?

• Energy savings at the object (insulation, renovation, economic armatures,…)?

• Is it possible to minimise boiler and circulation losses?

• Is an exchange of the boiler or a refitting planned?

• Are changes in the user structure imminent (modification, enlargement,…)?

• What is the life cycle of the designated roofages?

• Are static expertises necessary?

• Is there enough space for the placement of storages and system technology?

• Is the insertion of storages through existing openings possible?

• Determine ceiling height, tilting degree

• Are shadowless spaces available?

• First clarification of the cable rooting


Energetic overall concept

Source: M. Schnauss

• Registration of the wholeenergy need in the building

• Energetic examination of thebuilding stock

• Examination of all energysupply devices

• Saving potentials of building equipment and systems

• User

• Consumption profile

• …

Ventilation

Hot water

Heat

Fossilfuels

Renewableenergies

Climate

Losses

3


Available technologies and possibilities of supply

Source: M. Schnauss

Gas(Reference)

++ very good + good o satisfying - bad -- very bad

Criterion

Ecology

Investment

Operational costs

Maintenance

Evaluation

… %

… %

… %

… %

Gas andSolar

PelletsandSolar

Gas andCHP

Pellets,Solar,CHP

Heatingoil

Heatpump

Gas Heating oilCHPPelletsSolar thermics Heat pump

Photo

s:Kie

nas

t, L

auer

er ,

Para

dig

ma,

tar

get

Gm

bH

(2),

Wib

bin

g


Synergetic effects at renovation and boiler exchange

Source: M. Schnauss

Are renovation works for the building pending?

• Renovation of the roofage

• Exchange / renovation of the boiler plant

• Renewal of the heat / hot water distribution network

• Change-over of the heating system to another energy source

In these cases synergy effects can be used:

• Economisation of the roofing

• Installation of fixing elements without harming the roof panel later on

• Use of the scaffolds and the elevators

• Entitlement to adequate support programmes

• Reduction of energy need and losses

• Application of shared control and measurement technique

4


Possible saving effects

Source: Ambiente Italia

optimised combination of costs and saved energy

e.g. roof insulation, windows, solar thermal systems, CHP, PV,…

Electricity (Primary energy)

Losses

Hot water

Heating

-x %

Nee

d o

f fo

ssil

fuel

s[k

Wh/q

min

hab

ited

surf

ace

]

current situation

integratedenergy concept


Factors of success

Source: M. Schnauss

Which factors are necessary for the evaluation of a solar system‘s success?

• always hot water

• high water temperature

• visibly installed collector surface

• minor losses

• fuel economy

• _______________________

• _______________________

• _______________________

• _______________________

• _______________________

• _______________________

• _______________________

• _______________________

• _______________________

5


Definition of the terms

Source: M. Schnauss

Degree of effectiveness

Degree of utilisation

Share of coverage

Fuel economy

Production number

Capacity utilisation

considerconnection!


Degree of utilisation

Source: M. Schnauss

system limit

Qcoll. Qsolar

Qboiler Qcirc.

Qlosses

Qconsumption

Degree of utilisation ofcollector circuit Degree of system utilisation

ηcoll. = Qcoll. / Qsun ηsys. = Qsolar / Qsun

Qsun

6


Share of coverage

Source: M. Schnauss

Share of coverage (solar) Share of coverage (extraction)

Dsolar = Qsolar / (Qsolar + Qboiler ) Dextraction= Qsolar / (Qsolar + Qconsumption )

Dsolar = Qsolar / (Qconsumption+ Qcirc. + Qlosses )

system limit

Qsolar

Qsun

Qcoll.

Qlosses

Qboiler Qcirc.

Qconsumption


Fuel consumption with solar system


Heating boiler

K = 0,85

66,7 MWh/a

44,2 MWh/a

52 MWh/a

L= 15m

QV,RL

Hot water storage

QV,Sp.

1.100 kWh/(m2·a)

required heat output:Q = 150 · 30 l/d · 365 d/a · 1,16 kWh/(l·K) · 35 K = 66,7 MWh/a

Sys = 0,42

QSys = 22,5 MW/a

Hot water production in a multiple family dwelling

(60 accommodation units Ab = 50 m2, Vst. = 2.500 l)

7


Production number

Source: M. Schnauss

The system production number describes

the ratio of the utility heat provided by the

solar system to the electrical energy needed

for pumps, control and actuator.

Solar system output 20 … 50 for large systemsζ =

Sum of auxiliary electrical energy 20 for small systems

Foto

: Sta

dtw

erke

Kar

lsru

he


Capacity utilisation

Source: M. Schnauss

The capacity utilisation of a solar hot water system describes the ratio of the daily need of hot water to the collector surface:

capacity utilisation = need of hot water / collector surface [l/(d·m²)]

• only useful for systems for pure drinking water heating• it is important to indicate the temperature level (normally 60 °C)

Typical values for capacity utilisation

large systems

medium systems

small systems

big dimensioning small dimensioning

capacity utilisation in l/m² collector surface

8


Hot water consumption of different institutions

Source: BINE / Solarpraxis

Hospitals

Homes for the aged

Halls of residence

Vacation homes

Large residential buildings

1 or 2-family houses

Schools

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

Hot water consumption (60 °C)per person and day [l/(p·d)]

Summer Other timesDots mark the mean value

can approach 0 during vacation periods

in vacation periods around 0


Normalisation of consumption for the low load period


Norm

alis

ed c

onsu

mption for

the

mea

n s

um

mer

low

load

0,0

0,2

Beginning days of the week

0,4

0,6

0,8

1,0

1,2

1,6

1,4

Measuring period

Example

Measuring period : 9. April – 21. Mai (6 weeks)

Measured: 9 m3/d

Correction value for measurement: 1,38

Consumption for dimensioning: 6,5 m3/d

01.0

1.

15.0

1.

29.0

1.

12.0

2.

26.0

2

12.0

3.

26.0

3.

09.0

4.

23.0

4.

07.0

5.

21.0

5.

04.0

6.

18.0

6.

02.0

7.

16.0

7.

30.0

7.

13.0

8.

27.0

8.

10.0

9.

24.0

9.

08.1

0.

22.1

0.

05.1

1.

19.1

1.

03.1

2.

17.1

2.

Mean during 6 weekssummer low load =1(or 100%)

r

9


Development of the hot water need in a building

Source: M. Schnauss

EconomisationTrend

7

6

5

4

3

2

1

01 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Time [years]

Consu

mption

[m

³]

Implementation of an economy measure


Connections: coverage, capacity utilisation, degree of utilisation

Source: M. Schnauss

Specific investment costs

• Coverage• Heat price• Surplus• Collector

surface• Feed & return

flow tempera-ture

• Degree ofutilisation

•

• Consumption• Capacity

utilisation

•ProductionWorking number

10


Influence of capacity utilisation on important characteristic values


CS:

Cost

s so

lar

hea

t [€

/kW

h]


CS: Costs of solar utility heat(pitched roof)

DU: Degree of utilisationsolar system

SC: Share of coverage of extraction of consumedhot water

Capacity utilisation [l/(d·m²)]

Consumption and connection to consumer fixed; system size variable; optimised system with very good flat plate collectors; place with medium irradiation


Influence of over dimensioning, surplus

Source: M. Schnauss

Surplus

Growth of solar utility energy

Need of hot water and irradiation offer for different collector surfaces

Irra

dia

tion o

ffer

[kW

h]

Hot water need

MarJan Feb Apr Mai Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

In case of enlargement of the collector surfacethe surplus is growing faster than the utility energy

11


Influence of extraction temperature and return flow temperature

Source: M. Schnauss

• For a bath a maximum temperature of about 36 °C is needed, for a shower about 40 °C. As the storage temperature is normally higher, the consumer adds hot waterat the extraction point.

• A large part of the extraction volume uses the cold water pipe.

• The increase of the temperature in the standby storage reduces the storage output, as more cold water is added because of the higher outlet temperature.

• The storage output is decisive for the heat emission of the solar system.

• Low return flow temperatures increase the efficiency of the collector. Production and coverage increase, the heat price sinks.


Result of deviation of the presumed consumption

Source: BINE / Solarpraxis, M. Schnauss

effective operating point at 30% less consumption

planned dimensioning with 60 l/(d·m²)

effective operating point at30% higher consumption


CS:

Cost

s so

lar

hea

t [€

/kW

h]

Capacity utilisation [l/(d·m²)]

CS: Costs of solar utility heat(pitched roof)

DU: Degree of utilisationsolar system

SC: Share of coverage of extraction consumption of hot water

12


Advantages of a layered storage

Source: M. Schnauss

high degree of effectiveness

avoidance ofunnecessary supplementaryheating

early attainmentof the extractiontemperature

highfeed flow temperature

cold return flow


Frequent errors concerning system dimensioning

Source: ZfS

• wrong estimation of consumption

• no or insufficient consumption measurement

• no or insufficient consideration of (summer) low load periods

• insufficient consideration of temperature level of the effective storage output

• missing overall concept

•

RESULT:

• over dimensioning

• minor output

• high heat price

• bad amortisation

insufficient consideration of possible savings (in the conventional system)

13


Output and performance control (I)

Source: R. Tepe

Reasons for an output and performance controland for guaranteed solar output

• breakdown of collector system is detected very late, as the supplementary heatingis assuring the supply

• badly working system

• create safety and trust in the technique in the eyes of the investor

• promotional measure

• market stimulation

• demand of the subsidy donor

Procedure

• use of control devices

• acceptance control with mobile data acquisition

• contractual arrangement


Output and performance control (II)

Source: R. Tepe

Devices for the output and performance control

• Heat meter

• Registration of the pump run time by time meter

• Input-Output-Controller

• Control unit with integrated output and performance control

• Mobile acceptance data acquisition

14


Guaranteed solar output

Source: R. Tepe

Approach towards guaranteed solar output

• contractual arrangement in sales contract

• stipulation of guaranteed output on the basis of simulation calculations

• calculated minimum output:

- installer/planner can retouch

- installer/planner refunds output deficit

1

1IV Plant schematics© target GmbH

Large solar thermal systems – typical components


Boiler

Hotdrinking waterstorage

Cold water

Bufferstorage

Collector


Storage types : differences and fields of application

Source: M. Schnauss

Combinationstorage

Buffer storageStorage for hot drinking water

Small systems

• easy installation• limited water hygiene

Medium systems

• easy installation• good water hygiene• low pressure• corrosion protection

in outer storage

Large systems

• more complex installation• good water hygiene• low pressure• corrosion protection

2


Basics: interior and exterior heat exchangers

Source: M. Schnauss

• unlimited surface• good layer

• more complex installation• two pumps necessary• careful dimensioning necessary

Exterior (large systems)

• easy installation• few losses

• limited surface• no layer

Interior (small systems)


Drinking water connection: storage loading and fresh water system

Source: M. Schnauss

• The drinking water is heated accordingto the flow through principle before entering the hot drinking water storage

• A heat transfer is only taking place, whenwater is extracted.

• The hot drinking water storage is heatedby the buffer through a heat exchanger.

Fresh water systemPreheating system

Hot drinking water storage

Bufferstorage

r-

Storage loading systemLoading storage system

Bufferstorage


3


Additional heating alternatives

Source: M. Schnauss

Heatingboiler

1 3

2

1 Post heating into the buffer storage2 Post heating at the heat exchanger3 Post heating into the hot drinking water storage

Bufferstorage



Integration of circulation


Cold water

• undertake measures to reduce the losses

• determine losses as precisely as possible

• integration into the solar system


4


Temperature limitation


Bufferstorage Hot

drinking water storage


„Large small system“ with hot drinking water heating


Collector

Cold water

Boiler


Not recommendable!

5


Buffer storage and storage loading system with post heating into the buffer storage


Collector

Boiler

Cold water

Bufferstorage HDW

storage


Buffer storage and storage loading system with post heating in the discharge circuit


Collector

Boiler

Cold water

Bufferstorage HDW

storage

6


Buffer storage and storage loading system with post heating of the drinking water standby storage


Collector

Cold water

Boiler

Bufferstorage HDW

storage


Buffer storage and storage loading system with separate preheating storage and additional post heating of the drinking water standby storage


Collector

Boiler

HDWstorage

Cold water

Bufferstorage

HDWstorage

7


Buffer storage with fresh water system and post heating of the drinking water standby storage


Collector

Cold waterHot waterreprocessingunit

Bufferstorage HDW

storage


Buffer storage without drinking water storage and post heating of the buffer storage


Collector

Boiler

Cold water

Bufferstorage

Hot waterreprocessingunit

8


System with heating support: buffer storage with post heating and decentralised hot water processing


Collector

Cold water

Cold water

Bufferstorage

Boiler


System with heating support: buffer storage with post heating and drinking water loading storage


Collector

Puffer-speicher

Cold water

Bufferstorage

Boiler

HDWstorage

9


SolvisZentro/Solar-Energy-Central (I)

Source: SOLVIS

Solar system

Boiler or district heating

Consumer

Online plant manage-ment

Conventionalheat

Buffer andhot water storage


SolvisZentro/Solar-Energy-Central (II)

Source: SOLVIS

Collectorsurfaces40-200 m² Module solar station

Modulehot water processing

Moduleboiler connection /district heating

Module heating circuitModule solar heating

Module controlDDC-Control Riecon R36

Heating circuit

TS1 Collector sensor

HDW storage

Cold water connection

Buffer layer storage

10


SolvisZentro/Solar-Energy-Central (III)

Source: SOLVIS

Collector field 40 m²

Diagnosis

Data time:

Buffer operation? : NoBuffer load? : NoMV-KO PUFF.Way? : Yes

Collector operation? : No

Control HKS

Control HK1

Control

Control TWWControl SOL

Off

Off

On

On

Closed


Flat station with solar integration

Source: SCHÜCO International KG

11


Flat station with full equipment

Source: SCHÜCO International KG

Return flow temperature limiter RTBr

Thermostatic Temperature lead moduleWK-TTV

Actuating drive housing space control KHY, 230

Differential pressure regulator WK-DRG-SEDifferential pressure regulator in flat heatingcircuit WK-DRG-WH

Cold water flat outlet, with fitting piece for cold water counter WK-KWA

Dirt trap WK-SF

Thermostatic hot water controller

Outflow-Set WK-E

Ball valve connection set WK-KAS

TW VL WVLTW

TWW RL

WR

L


Legionella connection



Boiler

HDWstorage

Boiler

HDWstorage

1

1VII Further components of a solar system© target GmbH

Normer og standarder

• DS/EN 12975 Part 1-2: Thermal solar systems and components – Solar collectors• DS/EN 12976 Part 1-2: Thermal solar systems – Factory made systems• DS/ENV 12977 Part 1-3: Thermal solar systems and components – Customs built

systems• DS 2336:1987: Solarteknik – terminologi

• DS 439, Norm for vandinstallationer• DS 452, Termisk isolering af tekniske installationer• Produkter skal være CE-mærket• DS/EN 15316: Varmesystemer i bygninger

• Frivillig kvalitetssikringsordning (www.god-solvarme.dk)

Source: Wagner & Co

1

1V Design and dimensioning© target GmbH

Planning steps and planning process

Source: M. Schnauss

• Consumption• Consumption profile• Irradiation• Orientation• Inclination• Available surface• Desired coverage

• Output• Coverage• Costs• Surface

Budget

Gathering of basic elements

Detailed planning

Rough dimensioning

Estimation of costs

Simulation

Optimisation

Consumption measurement


Consumption measurement

Source: VDI 6002

TemperatureCirculationReturn flow

Circulation

Boiler

right

Branch circuitcold water

Extraction ofcold water

Extraction ofhot water

Possibly existingpreheating step

Inlet temperatureinto the futuresolar system

Circulationpumppump

000m3

000m3

000m3

000m3

000m3

000m3

Post heatingstorage

2


Conversion of consumption data at different temperatures

Source: M. Schnauss

meas meas

meas

meas

Consumption at 60 °C

Measured consumption

Measured temperature

Cold water temperature

Consumption at temperature x °C

Desired temperature


Typical key figures for consumption

Hot water consumption in different institutions

0 20 40 60 80 100 120

Hospitals (per bed)

Canteens (per meal)

Indoor swimming pools (per visitor)

Halls of residence (per place)

Homes for the aged (per place)

Multi-storey buildings (per accomm. unit)

Litre/day (60 °C)

3


Circulation losses


Troom

d

TFluid

s

Example of a circulation duct with a simple length of 24 m

= 5 K Pipe: 28 x 1,5

Tfeed flow = 55 °C Insulation: 100 %

Troom = 20 °C

Suspension of circulation:

2200–600

Theoretic linear pipe losses: 0,2 W/(m·K)

Realistic linear losses: 0,5 W/(m·K)

Thermal energy: 4,5 MWh/a


Dimensioning of the collector surface

Source: M. Mack, ZfS et al.

Capacity utilisation Institution Collector surface

30–50 l/m2 One family house 4–8 m2

40–70 l/m2 Small multiple family dwelling 2–4 m2 /accomm. unit

60–80 l/m2 Large multiple family dwelling 1–1,5 m2 /accomm. unit

60–80 l/m2 Residential homes 0,5–0,8 m2 /place

60–80 l/m2 Hospital ca. 1 m2 /bed

60–80 l/m2 Canteen (kitchens) ca. 1 m2 /10 meals

These indications are benchmarks for a rough dimensioning that is later tested and optimised through simulating calculations.

60–80 l/m2 Youth hostel 0,5–1 m2 /bed

60–80 l/m2 Hotel 0,5–1,5 m2 /bed

4


Dimensioning of the storages

Source: M. Schnauss

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24Time

Litr

e

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24

Benchmark: >50 litres per m² collector surface

Depending on • the type of storage• the maximum storage temperature• the consumption profile• the aspired share of solar coverage

Consumption profile

Maximum at noon Maximum in the morning & evening

Time

Litr

e


Dimensioning of volume flows in the collector circuit

Source: M. Schnauss

Flow variant

High flow

Heatingat 1.000 W/m2 *

13– 8,6 K

Medium flow 26–13,0 K

Low flow

Spec. volume flow

40–60 l/(m2·h)

20–40 l/(m2·h)

12–20 l/(m2·h) 43–26,0 K

* at 60 % efficiency

Specific flow

Total volume flow in the collector circuit:

V = specific volume flow · collector surface·

5


Dimensioning of pipes (I)


Flow [l/h] Outer diameter x thickness [mm]

28 × 1,5

35 × 1,5

42 × 1,5

54 × 2

64 × 2

76,1 × 2

88,9 × 2

Adjustment of the collector circuit

• Mixture water/glycol:appropriate dosage, in order to resist the norm outside temperature (-25 °C)TCalculation– 10 °C

• Low flow: 12 … 20 l/(m²·h)

• Copper pipes:


Antifreeze

Source: Tyforop

Tem

per

ature

[°C

]

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 % (v/v) Tyfocor

Antifreeze fluid with a mixtureof Tyfocor L and water

Ice floc points according toASTM D 1177

Pour point according toDIN 51583

fluidfirm

0

-10

-20

-30

-40

-50

Water mixture withoutexpansion power

6


Dimensioning of pipes (II)

Source: Förderverein für Neue Technik

Pressure loss per pipe metre for glycol with 40% at 40°C

Speed [m/s]

Pres

sure

loss

[m

bar

/m]

Flow

[l/

h]

000

200

400

600

800

1.000

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1,0 1,20 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1,0 1,2

A

A

15 × 1

35 × 1,5

28 × 1,5

22 × 1

18 × 1

15 × 1

12 × 1

12 × 1

18 × 122 × 1

28 × 1,535 × 1,5

Speed [m/s]


Dimensioning of heat exchangers (I)


·

· · ·

· ·

·

Plate heat exchanger, counter flow (without heat losses)

Q = (k · A) · Tm

Q = m1 · cp,1 · (T1,on - T1,off ) = m2 · cp,1 · (T2,off - T2,on )

with m1 · cp,1 = m2 · cp,2 follows:

Nominal capacity of collector field

Q =

(selected)

1,on 2,off 2,on 1,off

with

Tem

per

ature

[°C

]

Heat exchanger in collector circuit

Primary flow:

Secondary flow:

Heat exchanger surface [-]

coll coll

coll coll

7


Dimensioning of heat exchangers (II)

Source: Peuser et al.

11,80

11,75

11,70

11,65

11,60

11,55

11,50

Photo

: Am

bie

nte

Ital

ia

Price of usable solar heat

Logarithmic temperature difference [K]


Dimensioning of heat exchangers (III)


Boiler

Cold water

20 °C 20 °C

60 °C

55 °C

• Boiler performance according to appropriate calculation methods

• PHeat exchanger = PBoiler

• log = 5 K

8


Pressure losses in the collector circuit


Example: Calculation of the pressure loss in the collector circuit

Collectors (4 modules, 70 mbar each) 280 mbar

Pipes (Copper, 35 x 1,5 l = 60 m) 54 mbar

Heat exchanger 100 mbar

Mountings etc. (10% pipes) 5 mbar

Total 439 mbar


Dimensioning of the pumps

Source: Grundfos

Q [m3/h]

H[m]

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

0,0 0,5 1,0 1,5 2,0 2,5 3,0 3,5 4,0 4,5

SOLAR

1 x 230 V, 50 Hz

UPS 15-80

UPS 25-120

UPS 25-40

UPS 25-60

9


Dimensioning of the membrane expansion tank (I)

Source: M. Schnauss

Identification of the expansion volume

Vapour volume in caseof stagnation

Expansion of thesolar fluid:ca. 8 %


Dimensioning of the membrane expansion tank (II)


Adjustment of pressure in the collector circuit

recommended

pI (beginning) = water column + 0,5 bar 2,5 bar up to20 m difference of height

pMAG (Pre-pressure of expansion tank)= pA – ca. 0,5 bar 2 bar

pF (final) = 5,5 bar 5,5 bar

pSV (Safety valve) = pE + 0,5 bar 6 bar

• Check, that (p F– p

I ) / (pF + 1 bar) not >> 0,5!

• All building components/circuit components should be dimensioned for 7 bar

10


Dimensioning of the membrane expansion tank (III)


Dimensioning of the expansion tank

Content of the collector circuit: Vsur. = Vcoll (Collector)

+ VP (Pipes)

+ VHE (Heat exchanger)

+ Voth. (other components)

Thermal expansion: sur.= e · Vsur. (e = 0,045 water; 0,07 mixture)

Useable volume: Vuse = sur.+ Vcoll) · (1,5 … 2,0) (safety factor)

Nominal volume: Vnom.=Vuse · (pF + 1) / (pF – pI )


Infeed tanks

Source: Solarpraxis

Valve

Valve

Gas

Heat exchangefluid

Membrane

Expansion tank Infeed tank

11


Safety valves

Source: ITW

maximum pressure pmax = 6 bar

Tstg

= T’ (7 barabs

) = 165,3 °C

Qstg coll· 1.100 W/m2 · Acoll

coll coll(1.100 W/m2, 135 K)

Diameter

Capacity [kW] 50 100 200 350 600 900

Diameter DN [mm]

Inlet 15 20 25 32 40 50

Outlet 20 25 32 40 50 65


Control unit


Control

Boiler

HDWstorage

Cold water

Bufferstorage

Collector

12


Sensor

Heat insulation?

Sensor length?

1

1VI Collector field© target GmbH

Photo

s: A

mbie

nte

Ital

ia,

Choice of collectors

Source: M. Schnauss

Standard collector1,5–2 m2

50

20

Large collector5–10 m2

needed number for 100 m²15

mounting time in m² per person and day50

Solar Roof15–30 m2

4

100

Wag

ner

& C

o /

ESTIF

, SCH

OTT

-Rohrg

las

/ ESTI

F


Installation possibilities for collectors


flat roof / facademounting systems

integratedroof–mounted installation /curtain wall

Roof

Facade

2


Positioning of the collectors on the roof

Source: ITW

a) uninhabited attic

b) inhabited attic

c) Sports hall / industrial building

15°–30° 15°–30°

15°–20°30° 15°–20°

30°15°–30° 15°–30°


Flat roof: Fixing elements and professional sealing

Fixingelement

Weight/concrete slab

Mesh for protection ofbuildings

Roof sheeting

gasket

3


Geometry of the sun‘s position

Source: M. Schnauss

N

23.5° 23.5°23.5°23.5°

52.3°

Rotation of the axis of the earth

around 23,5°

Tropic ofCancer23,5°

Tropic ofCapricorn

23,5°

21. June

21. Decemberr23.5°23.5°

52.3°


Calculation of the distance between collectors

Source: target

Height of construction H = h · sin β

Base surface x1 = h · cos β

tan ∝= H / x2--> x2 = H / tan ∝

∝ min. (Berlin) = 14° --> x2

H

x2

h

x1 x1

4


Collector types and their possible interconnection

meander parallel harp parallel

harp in a row


Collector hydraulic - High-flow/Low-flow

Source: according to AEE

Traditional interconnection („High-flow”)Total flow:1.440 l/h = 60 l/(m2·h)

„Low-flow”-ConnectionTotal flow:

360 l/h = 15 l/(m2·h)

Surface per module: 6 m², necessary flow per module: 360 l/h = 60 l/(m² ·h)·

360 l/h360 l/h360 l/h360 l/h

360 l/h 360 l/h 360 l/h360 l/h

5


Collector hydraulic – Interconnection according to Tichelmann

Tichelmann-loop


Collector hydraulic – Series connection

6


Collector hydraulic - optimisation

Source: AEE

ca.40m

ca.5m

ca.2

m

ca.4

m

manual, temperature consistent ventilation


Colle

ctor

field

Heating house

eld




Favourable Hydraulic

Unfavourable Hydraulic

Favourable Hydraulic

Colle

ctor

field

Colle

ctor

field

Heating house


Compensation of the heat expansion

Source: AEE

Stretching loop inside the collector

External stretching loop with flexible pipes

7


Safety in the stagnation phase (I)


p

Pump and safetygroup

Collector

to heat exchangerof the storage

Ventilation

Insulation


Safety in the stagnation phase (II)

Source: AEE

Good emptying behaviour

Bad emptying behaviour

8


Safety in the stagnation phase (III)


Steam formationin the collector

Condensate

to storage

from storage

favourable arrangement of

return flow group

unfavourable arrangementof return flow group

Pump

Expansiontank


Safety in the stagnation phase (IV)

Source: AEE

Colle

ctor

Colle

ctor

Regulation

Solar feed flow

Solar back flow

Regulation

Stagnationcooler

Solar feed flow

Solar back flow

9


Safety instructions for stagnation phase


• It should be easily possible to empty collectors and pipes.

• Pipes with inclination

• Check valve and expansion tank in return flow (possibly pre-vessel)

• Precise dimensioning of the expansion tank

• Regulation system with all necessary functions

• Suitable fluids (e.g. Tyfocor L up to 160 °C, Tyfocor LS up to 200 °C)

1


Detailed diagram of a solar system

Source: Wagner & Co


Collector circuit – Flushing, filling and ventilation


p

pump and safety group

collector

to the heat exchangerof the storage

ventilation

insulation

flushing and filling

central ventilation

2


Ventilation of large collector fields

Source: Solarpraxis

• lockable breather or hand breather in the collector field

• breather temperature resistant up to 170 °C

• centrifugal breather, adsorption or absorption breatheras central breather in the cellar

• air collection tank

• moderating sections


Tubes – Insulation for the exterior

Source: AEE, Aeroflex, Armacell, Sonnenkraft

Attention: temperatures up to 200 °C

Suitable insulating material: mineral fibrous insulating materialAeroflex-tubesArmaflex-tubes

external protection necessary!

3


Tubes – Insulation for the interior

Source: AEE

• insulation of mountings• insulation of valves• use of prefabricated

insulation jackets

• 100 % insulation• mechanical protection• labelling


Hydraulic in case of several storages

Source: AEE

storage 1 storage 2 storage 3

cold water

hot water

storage 4

supply withspace heat anddrinking water

colle

ctor

field

conventional heat producer

4


Control

Source: AEE

T1 > (T2 + 7 K) —> P1 ON

heat exchanger = 5 K, primary losses = 2 K)

T3 > (T2 + 5 K) —> P2 ON

heat exchanger = 5 K)

rotation control of P2, sothat T5 = 65 °C

rotation control of P1, so

5-6 3-4 = const.

reduction of rotation speedof P1 and P2to a max. of 25 % of the nominal speed

T4

T5

T2

T6

colle

ctor

fieldT1

that and


Control through a radiation sensor

Source: AEE

T1E

T2

colle

ctor

field

• The radiation sensor can bea reasonable supplement forthe temperature measurement.

• P1 can then be operated throughthe radiation sensor (E).

• T3 is thus relevant for the charging of the storage through P2 (if P1 is in operation).

5


Additional control functions

Source: M. Schnauss

• Rotation speed control

• Collector protection function

• Antifreeze function

• Data recording

• Error display

• Error diagnosis

• Remote monitoring

• Performance survey/control

• Input-Output-Control


Heat meter

Source: ZfU/HWK

A heat meter

displays,

• the heat amount the solar system has fed into the storage,

and does not display,

• whether the solar system has been working properly,• for how long the sun has been shining,• in what way the customers have been using the system.

6


Most frequent deficiencies of solar thermal systems after 15-20 years

Source: Peuser, ZfS

Storage corrosionExpansion tank

Discolouration of the absorberControl

Storage leakageDiscolouration of the collector frame

Cracks in the collector frameAbsorber leakages

Ventilation problemsRoof leakages

Absorber corrosionCollector circuit pump

Release of safety valveBreakage of glass

Pipelines at the exteriorInsulation at the exterior

Condensate in the collectorLeakage in collector circuit

Examination of 113 solar thermal systems on public buildings between 1978 and 1983 (frequency in %)


Input-Output-Controller (I)

Source: R. Tepe

Why performance and function control?

• Malfunctions of a solar system are, due to the operation of the post-heating, often only discovered after a long time

(detection of the error by chance or in the framework of the next routine maintenance)

• A performance breakdown is leading to not foreseen additional costs.

7


Input-Output-Controller (II)

Source: R. Tepe

Additional costs due to a performance breakdown

Period between breakdown and detection

Summer month

Half a year

Whole year

Small system Medium system Large system

Additional costs of the post-heating in €


Input-Output-Controller (III)

Source: R. Tepe, Grafik: Fa. RESOL, Hattingen

Principle of the Input-Output-Controller

Performance control through daily comparison

of measured output

and expected output

of the collector circuit

8


Input-Output-Controller (IV)

Source: R. Tepe

Characteristics of the Input-Output-Controller

• minor costs

• steady and automatic control

• high control precision

• easy to operate

• trouble indication on the device and/or as message to a mobile phone

• certification of the devices foreseen

• can be used without adaptation for different system variations


Input-Output-Controller (V)

Source: ISFH

Typical input-output-diagram

Daily

outp

ut

QKK [k

Wh/

m²·

d)]

Daily irradiation HDay [kWh/(m² · d)]

measured value

expected value

notice of malfunction

9


Input-Output-Controller (VI)

Source: RESOL

IO-Control module of the company RESOL

1

1VIII Mounting and initial operation© target GmbH

Important aspects for the mounting of a solar system

Source: U. Hansen-Röbbel

Work safety

Collector field

ControlPipelines Storage

Start up Maintenance


Work safety – safety against fall and safety belts

Source: Bau-Berufsgenossenschaft

2


Work safety – roof safety scaffold

Source: Wagner & Co

< 60°

>3,0

0 m

>

workplace= building edge

workplace= building edge

acceptableworkspace


Work safety – roofers‘ seats, work on flat roofs

Source: Bau-Berufsgenossenschaft, Wagner & Co

3


Lightning protection and earthing

Source: target

Rules and guidelines*)

• Please list the most important rules and guidelines that exist in your country

•

•

•

•

*)This list is not exhaustive. The mentioned rules and guidelines are only a selection.


Logistics


Important logistical aspects

• storage spaces

• purchase order in time

• allocation of personnel

• barriers

• informing of tenants and neighbours

• request permission for placement of crane and barriers 2 – 3 days before mounting

• intermediate storage of materials

4


Logistics – mounting of crane

Source: Corona Solar


Mounting of collector field - pitched roof (I)


1


Mounting of collector field – pitched roof (II)

Source: DGS

ventilation brick

longitudinal bar

transverse bar

back flow line

feed flow linerafting anchor

collector


Mounting of roof-mounted collector field –border and corner areas

Source: Wagner & Co

2


Mounting of roof-integrated collector field (I)

Source: ITW, GASOKOL/ESTIF

glassinsulation profile

absorberframe

air gapwooden slat

wooden boarding/roofing feltinsulationroof rafter


Mounting of roof-integrated collector field (II)

Source: DGS

brick

collector

distribution line

flight snow gasket

distribution line

sub-frame withlead skirting

entablature

back flow line

feed flow line

3


Mounting of roof-integrated collector field (III)

Source: M. Schulz


Mounting of collector field – Solar Roof

Source: ITW, Solar-Energie-Technik

sealing profileglass

Teflon filmabsorber

heat insulationwooden boarding/roofing felt

roof rafter

4


Mounting of collector field – flat roof (I)

Source: M. Schnauss


Mounting of collector field – flat roof mounting


1


Mounting of collector field on a flat roof –light load carrying systems (I)

Source: M. Schnauss


Mounting of collector field on a flat roof –light load carrying systems (II)

Source: M. Schnauss

2


Mounting of collector field on a flat roof –sealing with the roof skin

Source: M. Schnauss

1


Mounting of collector field on a flat roof –sealing-in of a flange board

Source: M. Schnauss


Special construction pitched roof

Source: M. Schnauss

2


Installation of the storage

Source: TU Chemnitz


Longitudinal expansion of copper tubes

Source: target / Deutsches Kupferinstitut

length of tubes l [m]

tem

pera

ture

dif

fere

nce

[K

]

100

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

35

30

25

20

15

10

5

00 5 10 15 20

chan

ge i

n l

en

gth

Δl

[mm

]

3


Laying of tubes – rules for the fixing

Source: Deutsches Kupferinstitut

guide slide bearing

fixed point


Temperature sensor

Source: RESOL

4


Initial operation – flushing and filling

Source: Wagner & Co

Necessary tools

• filling pump orpump-fill-station

• refractometer

• filter

• flushing canister


Initial operation – implementation protocol


The implementation protocol should contain:

A Information on the following system characteristics

1. collector producer, type and size,2. collector interconnection3. type of mounting; fixing4. size and type of storage5. configurations of controller

6. test for leaks in solar circuit7. heat transfer medium: type and volume8. system pressure9. pre-pressure expansion tank10. settings of controller

5


Initial operation – documentation and acceptance


A Solar system1.1 general technical description1.2 hydraulic interconnection – map of pipelines incl. indication of breathersr1.3 description of control system1.4 simulation with accredited programme; if applicable guaranteed yield

B Technical documentation2.1 collector data (test report according to EN 1275-2)2.2 storage data2.3 pipeline data (volume, insulation) with documented evidence of flow through

and calculation of pressure losses2.4 evidence of fluidity (with safety data sheet)2.5 armatures (pumps, safety valve, expansion tank,…)

C Indications for operator3.1 acceptance report3.2 log of pressure test3.3 log of initial operation3.4 maintenance contract3.5 guaranteed yield if applicable


Maintenance


A maintenance should take place every 2 years

Four core operating capacities are tested:

• heat transfer fluid

frost resistance and pH-value

• collector field

fouling, safe fixation, damages

• collector circuit

leak tightness / pressure maintenance

• all control components

test of plausibility, documentation

6


Typical installation mistakes

Source: A. Rummel

• insulation in collector circuit incomplete

• insulation with inappropriate material

• sensor cable poorly fixed or poorly protected

• storage connections poorly insulated

1

1X Project development© target GmbH

Market development and potentials

Source: Dansk Solvarme Forening


Customer groups

Source: A. Rummel

• Housing construction- public companies- private housing industryv- cooperative societies, co-ownerships

• Accommodation sector- hotels, pensions- youth hostels, camping sites

• Social/public sector- hospitals, old people’s homes, residential accommodations- schools, kindergartens, sports facilities, (indoor-)swimming pools- jails, caserns, university cafeterias

• Commercial use- laundries, car wash- gastronomy, canteen kitchens- hairdressers, bakeries etc.- agriculture (piglet barn heating)

• Industrial use- food processing, beverage industryDistrict Heating companies•

2


Motivation of the investor

Source: GdW

59 %

59 %

55 %

53 %

53 %

41 %

35 %

24 %

0 % 10 % 20 % 30 % 40 % 50 % 60 % 70 %

pre-operating study

advance in know-how-

make experiences

serve as an example

image improvement

lower operating costs

environment protection

increase of ability to lease


Prerequisites on the side of the investor

Source: A. Rummel

• positive attitude regarding solar technologyv

• occasion (modernisation, new building, anniversary and the like)

• disposition to pre-project planning

3


Aspects of the pre-project planning (I)

Source: A. Rummel

Technical/organisational aspects

Technique• installation surface for collectors and storage• heating and drinking water system• user and consumption data• etc.

Finance• investment and operational costs• financing and support• budget and allocation of investment costs between tenants• possible marketing advantages• etc.

Administration• manpower requirements of involved departments• inclusion of external specialists if applicable


Aspects of the pre-project planning (II)

Source: A. Rummel

Emotional/psychological aspects

• Support of the motives of the investor

• What kind of decisions can the investor make and which ones does he have to make?

• Standard solutions and reference systems help to reduce uncertainties

4


Decision phases of the investor

Source: A. Rummel

realisation

measure1

measure2

measuresolar

measurex

1fundamental

decision

SFT*1

SFT2

SFTsolar

SFTX

3planning and

call for tenders

totalbudget

SOLAR:no!

4decision aboutconstruction

SOLAR:no!

technology

SO

LAR

finance

admin.

2pre-project planning

solar

*SFT = specifications for tenders


Pre- and after phases of the project development

Source: A. Rummel

• attention to solar technology, create „solar environment“

• regular addressing of potential investors

• support investors of realised projects with PR

• good project documentation for reference purposes

• inform and motivate involved staff

5


Investment costs

Source: A. Rummel, Solarthermie 2000

Cost distribution for solar systems (Solarthermie 2000)

• collectors ca. 30 %

• substructure for collectors ca. 10 % *)

• installation of collectors ca. 5 % *)

• interconnection of collectors ca. 5 % *)

• other interconnections ca. 15 %

• solar storage and heat exchanger ca. 10 %

• control ca. 5 %

• miscellaneous ca. 5 %

• planning ca. 15 %

*) in case of roof-integrated and roof-mounted systems rather lowerin case of mounting on a flat roof rather higher


Financing and support

Source: please insert source of information

• Currently no support programme in Denmark, closed down in 2001

6


Relevance of the requirements of energy savings

Source: A. Rummel

• Energy supply companies in DK shall work for energy savings

•

•

Installation of Solar thermal systems is a energy saving

Energy supply companies might be interested in buying the right to the energy saving


Profitability

Source: A. Rummel

• Determination of the costs of the solar utility heat

• Consideration of the solar heat generation costs

• Single values as basis for the calculation

7


Marketing for solar renovated buildings

Source: A. Rummel

• image gain through PR

• information for tenants

• information for employees


Realisation of the project

Source: A. Rummel

Phases of realisation

• information (users, tenants, employees)

• detailed planning of the solar system

• definition of the interconnection between the different crafts

• specifications for tenders, call for tenders, placing

• planning of the construction progress

• delivery, mounting, construction management

• first operation, acceptance of construction work

• monitoring, remote monitoring

• nominal/actual value comparison of the operating results

1

1XI Planning – Exercises and software utilisation© target GmbH

The purpose of simulation programmes

Source: R. Tepe

Utilisation for the system dimensioning

• exact dimensioning of the collector surface and the storage volume• comparison of different collector types• comparison of different system concepts• comparison of different thermal loads• detailed prognosis of energy yield• economisation of fuel in comparison to a reference system• individual concepts• optimising functions• profitability analysis• ecological evaluation• acquisition

Further areas of application

• further technical developments• training• fault analysis


Overview of simulations programmes (I)

Source: R. Tepe

Simulation programmes for solar thermal standard systems

• F-Chart —> rough analysis

• GetSolar

• Polysun —> time bin simulation

• T*SOL

• Smile—> dynamical simulation

• TRNSYS

2


Overview of simulations programmes (II)

Source: R. Tepe

Simulation programmes for specific systems

• systems for swimming pools SW-Simu

• air collector systems Luftikuss

Useful service programmes

• meteorological data MeteonormMeteoSun

• absorber design AbsorberMaster

• loss of pressure TubeCalc


Comparison of the simulation programmes

Source: V. Quaschning, M. Zehner

Product namecurrent versionmarket introductionbasic price [€], incl. VATinternetenergy yield projectionsystem optimisationtechnology comparisonprofitability analysis

ecologymarketing, acquisitiontrainingvisualisation

error analysisresearch and developmentexpert versiondatasets for (number)

collectorsstoragesweather data

3


Simulation programme GetSolar

Source: GetSolar


Simulation programme T*SOL

Source: T*SOL

4


Simulation programme Polysun

Source: Polysun

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