忠臣蔵とその現代的意味忠臣蔵とその現代的意味What is What is ChushinguraChushingura to current to current

Japan?Japan?

Norio OtaNorio Ota

York UniversityYork University

忠臣蔵伝説忠臣蔵伝説Chushingura LegendChushingura Legend

Confucian scholars’ debate Confucian scholars’ debate 室鳩巣 室鳩巣 Muro Kyuusoo Muro Kyuusoo ｢｢赤穂義人録」　赤穂義士 赤穂義人録」　赤穂義士 loyal retainerloyal retainer荻生徂徠 荻生徂徠 Ogyuu Sorai Ogyuu Sorai 「赤穂四十六士論「赤穂四十六士論｣｣「徂徠擬律書」「徂徠擬律書」

Joruri and KabukiJoruri and Kabuki浄瑠璃 浄瑠璃 ｢｢碁盤太平記碁盤太平記｣｣歌舞伎 歌舞伎 ｢｢仮名手本忠臣蔵仮名手本忠臣蔵｣｣ Over 100 performances up to the end of the Tokugawa Shogunate Over 100 performances up to the end of the Tokugawa Shogunate 独参湯　独参湯　 restorativerestorative 山東京伝「忠臣水滸伝」　山東京伝「忠臣水滸伝」　

明治天皇　明治天皇　 EmperorEmperor of Meijiof Meiji 　明治元年１８６８ 泉岳寺へ特使　明治元年１８６８ 泉岳寺へ特使「汝良雄等、固ク主従之義を執リ、仇ヲ復シテ法ニ死ス。百世ノ下、人ヲシテ感奮興起セシム。朕深ク嘉賞「汝良雄等、固ク主従之義を執リ、仇ヲ復シテ法ニ死ス。百世ノ下、人ヲシテ感奮興起セシム。朕深ク嘉賞

ス。」ス。」福沢諭吉　「学問のすゝめ」福沢諭吉　「学問のすゝめ」「世にこれを赤穂の義士と唱へり。大なる間違ならずや。」「其形は美に似たれども其実は世に益することな「世にこれを赤穂の義士と唱へり。大なる間違ならずや。」「其形は美に似たれども其実は世に益することな

し」し」教育勅語 教育勅語 Imperial Edict on EducationImperial Edict on Education日露戦争 日露戦争 Russo-Japanese WarRusso-Japanese War武士道の高揚 武士道の高揚 Bushido Bushido 井上哲次郎・新渡戸稲造井上哲次郎・新渡戸稲造乃木希典の殉死　乃木希典の殉死　 General Nogi’s self-immolation on the death of the Emperor of Meiji General Nogi’s self-immolation on the death of the Emperor of Meiji 浪花節浪花節 (( 浪曲浪曲 ) Naniwabushi reciting) Naniwabushi reciting中央義士会　中央義士会　 Central Association of Loyal RetainersCentral Association of Loyal Retainers 　１９１５　１９１５尋常小学国史　尋常小学国史　 primary school history textbook primary school history textbook 「大石良雄」１９２０「大石良雄」１９２０長谷川如是閑　長谷川如是閑　 Hasegawa Nyozekan Hasegawa Nyozekan 「唯物史観赤穂義士」１９３１「唯物史観赤穂義士」１９３１田村栄太郎 田村栄太郎 Tamura EitaroTamura Eitaro ｢｢忠臣蔵物語」１９３４　忠臣蔵物語」１９３４　｢｢裏返し忠臣蔵」１９４７裏返し忠臣蔵」１９４７GHQ’s ban on performances based on vengeanceGHQ’s ban on performances based on vengeanceFilms (1907-)Films (1907-)

忠臣蔵に代表される価値観忠臣蔵に代表される価値観Values inculcated in Values inculcated in ChushinguraChushingura

自己犠牲 自己犠牲 self-sacrificeself-sacrifice 大義　大義　 justicejustice 忠孝　忠孝　 loyaltyloyalty 勧善懲悪　勧善懲悪　 poetic justicepoetic justice 仇討ち　仇討ち　 vengeancevengeance 団結力　団結力　 capacity for solidaritycapacity for solidarity 決断力　決断力　 determinationdetermination 実行力実行力 power of executionpower of execution 一矢を報いる　 一矢を報いる　 shoot backshoot back 潔さ　潔さ　 uprightnessuprightness 判官贔屓　判官贔屓　 sympathy for a tragic herosympathy for a tragic hero

現代日本文化に見られる社会学的現象現代日本文化に見られる社会学的現象 Key notions and related sociological phenomenaKey notions and related sociological phenomena

Culture of Shame        : Culture of Shame        : Haji no bunkaHaji no bunka, fear of losing face, high self-esteem, vindictive, ..., fear of losing face, high self-esteem, vindictive, ... Vertical society        Vertical society        　 　 : : Tate-shakaiTate-shakai, hierarchical structure, junior-senior relationship,, hierarchical structure, junior-senior relationship, 　ｌ　ｌ oyalty, ...oyalty, ... Gratitude & obligation  : Gratitude & obligation  : OnOn, , GiriGiriPatronage & submission  : Patronage & submission  : OyabunOyabun--KobunKobun 'boss-henchmen‘ 'boss-henchmen‘ Loyalty & filial piety  : Loyalty & filial piety  : Chuu-KooChuu-Koo Dependency syndrome : Dependency syndrome : AmaeAmae Extended family         : Extended family         : IeIe, in-group identity, company man, ..., in-group identity, company man, ... Interdependence         : Interdependence         : Kanjin-shugiKanjin-shugi, mutual trust, group orientation, consensus-seeking (least , mutual trust, group orientation, consensus-seeking (least

　　　 　　　 common-denominator approach), lack of common-denominator approach), lack of individualism, regimentation, conformism, ...individualism, regimentation, conformism, ...

Public eye              : Public eye              : SekenSeken 'people, world, society‘ 'people, world, society‘ Proper behaviour        : Proper behaviour        : ChantoChanto 'properly‘ 'properly‘ Equal opportunity       : standardization, middle-class identity, ...Equal opportunity       : standardization, middle-class identity, ... Culture of jealousy     : avoid jealousy by being humble and inconspicuousCulture of jealousy     : avoid jealousy by being humble and inconspicuous Culture of octopus trap : Culture of octopus trap : Takotsubo-BunkaTakotsubo-Bunka, sectionalism, ethnocentrism, ..., sectionalism, ethnocentrism, ... Japanism                : Japanism                : NihonkyooNihonkyoo, ancestor worship, code of behaviour acceptable to the Japanese, ancestor worship, code of behaviour acceptable to the Japanese

clan, adoption and transformation of alien values, systems, religions, ...clan, adoption and transformation of alien values, systems, religions, ... Structure of Structure of IkiIki : 'chic' [appropriately stylish]: 'chic' [appropriately stylish] Simplicity & frugality  : Simplicity & frugality  : WabiWabi ‘taste for the simple and quiet’  ‘taste for the simple and quiet’  SabiSabi   ‘elegant   ‘elegant simplicity’ simplicity’ 

ShibumiShibumi‘‘ 　’　’ severity‘severity‘ Intuitive communication: Intuitive communication: HarageiHaragei  ‘gut approach’  ‘gut approach’ PrearrangementPrearrangement 　　 : : NemawashiNemawashi 'root-binding'   'root-binding'  RingiseiRingisei  'rubber-stamping‘  'rubber-stamping‘ Single-visioned         : monolithic viewSingle-visioned         : monolithic view Pragmatism              : adaptabilityPragmatism              : adaptability Escapism                : catharsisEscapism                : catharsis Discrimination          : Capital-city snobbery, Koreans, Discrimination          : Capital-city snobbery, Koreans, Buraku-minBuraku-min 'untouchables', ...  'untouchables', ...

日本人の心日本人の心Prominent characteristics of Japanese psycheProminent characteristics of Japanese psyche

Empathy-demanding     : agreement-seekingEmpathy-demanding     : agreement-seeking Source of energy       : enhanced by conflicts, constraints, limitations, ...Source of energy       : enhanced by conflicts, constraints, limitations, ... Intuitive approach     : based on mutual understandingIntuitive approach     : based on mutual understanding From form to spirit    : martial arts, fine arts, ...From form to spirit    : martial arts, fine arts, ... Vulnerability complex  : strength by Vulnerability complex  : strength by Kiki-kanKiki-kan ‘sense of urgency’ ‘sense of urgency’ Mixture of complexes   : inferiority and superiority complexes, Mixture of complexes   : inferiority and superiority complexes, gaijingaijin complex, complex, ethnocentrism, ...ethnocentrism, ... Mentor-seeking         : Mentor-seeking         : Oyabun-KobunOyabun-Kobun, , Sensei, SenpaiSensei, Senpai  'senior', ...  'senior', ... Reciprocal dependency : Reciprocal dependency : AmaeAmae, , OnOn, , GiriGiri, , OkaeshiOkaeshi 'return', ... 'return', ... Guilt-trip tactics     : imposing guilt on othersGuilt-trip tactics     : imposing guilt on others Clan-oriented          : overriding importance of individual's responsibility to Clan-oriented          : overriding importance of individual's responsibility to the groupthe group Confrontation-avoiding : Confrontation-avoiding : NemawashiNemawashi, ..., ... Knowledge is power     : basic operating principle, eternal seeker after knowledge, Knowledge is power     : basic operating principle, eternal seeker after knowledge, competitive education, amount of reading and competitive education, amount of reading and publications, ...publications, ... Transience             : Transience             : MujooMujoo, , ukiyoukiyo, relativism, non-religious, ..., relativism, non-religious, ... Volatility             : when pushed too far Volatility             : when pushed too far

国際化と日本国際化と日本Globalization and JapanGlobalization and Japan

国民的物語　国民的物語　 national epic national epic Japan Japan 忠臣蔵 忠臣蔵 China China 三国志演義 三国志演義 Sanguozhi YanyiSanguozhi Yanyi 単視眼的 単視眼的 single-visioned to single-visioned to 複視眼的 複視眼的 multiple-multiple-

visioned visioned 情緒的 情緒的 sentimental, emotional to sentimental, emotional to 現実的現実的･･客観的 客観的

realistic, objectiverealistic, objective 内向的 内向的 introversive to introversive to 外向的 外向的 extroversiveextroversive 二極的 二極的 bipolar to bipolar to 多極的 多極的 multi-polarmulti-polar 集団的 集団的 groupism to groupism to 個人的 個人的 individualismindividualism 刹那的 刹那的 transient to transient to 恒常的 恒常的 constantconstant 美感覚　儚さ 美感覚　儚さ ephemeral to ephemeral to 偏在 偏在 ubiquityubiquity ひ弱な花日本 ひ弱な花日本 fragile flower Japanfragile flower Japan 諦め 諦め resignation to resignation to 強かさ 強かさ unyieldingunyielding

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