英文書報0517 詹竣策m0017106

Thesis topic : DIGITAL FABRICATION(Modular rainwater collection system using sheet-bending and digital fabrication)

英文書報作業二論文寫作的結構賞析

模矩化雨水收集系統發展 -利用彎版與數位構築方式

Date : 2012.5.17Tutor : Professor Stephen RoeStudent : 詹竣策 (m0017106)

http://www.core.form-ula.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/09/987t0439.jpg

http://www.core.form-ula.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/09/interripples-ceiling-system-acs-30.jpg

Thesis topic DIGITAL FABRICATION(Modular rainwater collection system using sheet-bending and digital fabrication)

Introduction

Motivation , Goal

Motivation :

1.In digital design , the possibility of form blooms but when it turns to real fabrication , the wonderful form of curvature becomes pieces and is supported by additional structural elements that breaks the original beauty of form.


Introduction

Motivation , Goal

2.The development of digital design projects are more like works of art but not a real canopy that can support the load itself and honestly face the environmental issue like weather , rain , wind , sunshine and humidity.3.The canopies are made most in school projects having problems of cost , members of workers and finishing time.


Introduction

Motivation , Goal

Goal:1.To realize and measure the problems between digital design and real fabrication.2.Finishing the methodology of fabrication3.Correct and review the process of digital fabrication and real fabrication4.Developing potential form and material of fabrication that can decrease the gap between digital and real fabrication.


Body ISSUE ●ISSUE:The Problem and strategy of fabrication 1.Currently available techniques in fabrication 2. Critiques on time content 3. Critiques on cost content 4. Conclusion a. The systematic apprisal of existing fabrication techniques b. The criteria : cost c. The complexity(The amount of man hours involved)


BodySOLUTION d. The conduct between digital

design and real materiality(Issue of scaling from model to full size)●Solution:From research to design steps 1. a. The introduction of drainage issue process b. Process : Braided river c. The extract of folding models 2.


BodySOLUTION

a. Rough types b. The mathematics of folding cases c. Systematic types 3. a. Fabrication research b. The methodology of translating from digital to fabricated


Body PROCESS Process : Steps a. Design process in computer b. The interactive process : using models c. The output from computer(direct or indirect?) d. The production of parts e. Final assembly

Conclusion Conclusion and following-up development 1.cocnclusion 2. following-up development

I. INTRODUCTION

1.1 General Background InformationA. General Statements about Research

1.Tectonic: ●It is from Greek:”tekton”,meaning the carpenter or constructor. ●Afterwards , it means “the process of creation”,and roughly “the creation of art ”, even the culture , methods and concept.

2.A German Botticher(1852) started to mention tectonic in architecture territory. ●He thought that a building should have two parts- nuclear and cladding . The nuclear should reflect the intrinsic quality of nuclear. ●He also mentioned the concept ” part and whole”.


3.A German Semper(1951) classified the tectonics into four ways: ●Earthwork The harth The framing Enclosing membrane ●He emphasized that JOINT is the most important tectonics in forming a building , and also the tectonics to separate different materials in a building. Example: Tectonics of the frame Stereotomics of the earthwork (Wood,Steel) (Masonry,brick,Reinforced concrete)

4.Sekler(1957) mentioned ● the relationship among Structure , Construction and Tectonics in case study.


5.Vallhonrat(1988) mentioned ● how structures and technique influence the tectonics. 6.Gregotti(1983) thought ●detail is the principle of material and tectonics , and tectonics are the expression of a building. ●The structure is from the deliberating of materials. 7.Frampton(1990,1005) emphasized ●connection is the tiniest and most basic element in structure. ●He defined tectonics as poetics of construction.

1.1 General Background InformationA. General Statements about Research Tectonics vs. Anti-tectonics 1.Mitchell(1998) brought up ●digital process of design and construction ●anti-tectonics 2.Leach(2004) surveyed ●the digital works by UN Studio , FOA , dECOi… ●Classical buildings is mainly about Form(a motionless state). Digital building is mainly about Formation(a active state). Conclusion: Q:Is there any possibility that whether the analysis of classical buildings in tectonics can be used in digital works? ●We need a framework of new tectonics to generalize the classical tectonics and digital tectonics.

1.1 General Background InformationA. General Statements about Research Pre-digital , Digital and Post-digital 1.Architecutural history should be seen as the process of developing the tectonics. 2.The concepts of tectonics(view points from professor Liu) ●Micro-historical : are from prehistoric to post modern. ●Micro-historical : pre digital , digital and post digital 3.Pre-digital ●Antoni Gaudi , Rudolf Steiner , Le Corbusier and Jorn Utzon subverted traditional tectonics by challenging “making forms ” and “thinking spaces”. 4.Digital ●Because of the maturity of digital processes ,techniques development and the cooperation between architects and engineers like Ove Arup , the design of a building became less unlimited. ●Example : Frank Gehry , Peter Eisenman , Greg Lynn , UNStudio,FOA,dECOi… 5.Post-digital ●Toyo Ito,Renzo Piano, Richard Meier(Jubilee Church),Zaha hadid


Classic v.s. Digital (Research methods : The case study) Three steps ●First step: We use six classic tectonic factors (Joint ,

Detail,Material,Object,Strucutre,Construction) One new factor(The characteristic of sense and

topogaraphy , and it is the relationship among a building , its site and people)

Interaction We use these seven factors to analysis the 15 elegant

works of winners in the Far East International Digital Architectural Design Award ,The Feidad Award.


●Second step: After analyzing the 15 works by using the seven elements (Joint,Detail,Material,Object,Strucutre,Construction and interaction), we discover that some concepts from the 15 digital works are more than these seven factors,so we summarize that there are four more factors that should be gained and added in the analysis. Motion ,Information,Generation and Fabrication We use these four new factors to analyse the 15 works.

●Third step: We use four digital factor(Motion ,Information , Generation and Fabrication) to analyze 15 other realistic projects by architects . These architects have the experience of post-digital and digital design , so the validation of four factor will be the help of the establishment of new theory of tectonics.


Classical Tectonic Thinking We use the theses from Boetticher(1982) , Semper(1951) ,

Sekler(1965) ,Gregotti(1983) ,Frascari(1983),Moneo(1988),Vallhonrat(1988) and Frampton(1995) to explain the seven classical tectonic factor.

●Joint It is the smallest and most important element in construction,and

it can be seen as the generator of construction.It can connect the whole building,material and structures by different layers contacts.

●Detail It is the description of the quality of material,and also the

relationship of forming the building among the scale ,placing and making.


●Material It is the element to express the forming and

composition of the construction in a building. ●Object It is the parts of a building,just like columns ,

walls , floors , doors, windows…. The building is composited by many parts. ●Structure It is the concept,unit,or the process to deliver the

power. Structure is also a keyterm to influence the

tectonics.


●Construction It is the working process to achieve the concept of

structure,and it also possess the the relation in layer and the process in logic.

It makes the objects of a building arranging in order from small to large.

●Interactive It is the relationship between buildings and sites,people and a

building. It is established in the basic of topography and perception. Digital Tectonic Thinking ●Motion Digital design is the development of motive process,just like

form-making(形體操作 ) and form-evolution(形體推演 by morphing(形體混合 ).


●Information The immateriality of digital and virtuality makes the

material combined with information,and it is composed into the form of a building to be a new kind of material.

Information becomes the new material of surface on a building.

●Generation It is the process to automatically generate the shape

and the concept of a building by using derivation systems and calculating methods.

●Fabrication It is the process to produce the objects and constructing

methods by using CAD/CAM(rapid-prototyping,rp),(computer numeric control),(3d scanning).


New Tectonics? ●Because of the development of digital technique,traditional

tectonics have changed dramatically. ●We need to continue on developing digital theory of

architecture by systematically methods of combining digital tectonics and classical tectonics. ●How new digital tectonic factors are oriented from the classical tectonic factors? ●Is there any difference between new factors and old factors? ●How the thought of tectonics change by time passing? ●How the basic design process in the tectonics of buildings change

from classical,predigital,digital to post digital?

Five elements of digital fabrication

A . sectioning: Example : Space,LAN DEMOSEY&ALVIN HUANG,2008 the manufacturing: The designer cut the streamline shape into lots of projections,and the method generates lots of sections and plans which becomes the manufacturing skeleton to be produced. B . Tessellation: Example : DeiraSphere Dubai,IwamotoScott,2008 the manufacturing: the streamline shape is constructed by slips . The slips are connected to each other very closely to construct the planar or curvature . The shape and density of each slip desicdes the shape of the whole body.

1.1 General Background Information B. Identify Your Topic within the General Area

c.Contouring: Example:Church in Liesing,Erwin Hauer and Enrique Rosado,1952 the manufacturing: Contouring is the techinique to re-generate the surface.It is often used in architectural material.Is is the way like sculpture. d.Forming: Example:P_WALL ,Andrew Kudless,2009 the manufacturing:It uses economical and certain manufacturing to produce an element with lots of duplicated units.It is often used in the joints of a building like pre-cast boards,the joints of construction,the ornament,wall and even the whole building.

Five elements of digital fabrication

1.1 General Background Information B. Identify Your Topic within the General Area

1.2 Literature Review A. Citation■Mathematical surfaces and serials What is surface and series?☆Surface-two dimensional space , less than gossamer thin Series-one dimensional idea of sequential elements that build,within a defining relationship,a changing path ☆The difinition of intrinsic surface space and series governing growth or change are at the heart of the space-making process. ☆ Surface Surface Boudaries Interface of matter of liquid,gaseous,solid and space

1.2 Literature Review A. Citation

☆Surface are generally complex and dynamic at molecular scale. ☆In architecture,surface is predominantly a geometrical idea. ☆What ideas of surface excite the designer? 1.the notion of impossible thinnes(Gauss’s disappearing dimension) 2.the qualitative differences between surface as plane,curves in one direction or warped in two. 3.self-intersection ☆Some surfaces,when immersed in three dimensions,pass through themselves. ☆The Klein Bottletopologically non-orientable example ☆Ennerper minimal surfacedefined by its curvature


■TEN KINDS OF SURFACES ☆Thinness The search to find a form of materiality that dematerializes and leaves the suggestion of a two-dimensional threshold between space and another without substance or weight.Example:1.The tensile structures of Frei Otto2.Anish Kapoor’s Marsyas installation in Tate Mordern’s Turbine Hall☆The planeThe surface rarely experiences in the physical world except when built.Cartesian idea spaceinfinite extension in an idealized,three-dimensional,continous,homogenous space.Example:Mies Van der roheThe preoccupation back to the Renaissance and the development of projective geometry.


☆Singel-curvatureDennis Shelden’s ‘developable surface<that>sneak on you’ +Frank Gehry’s paper modeling design processTacit constraint systemPaper and its bending behavior☆Double-curvatureSlightly different Significantly different Set of conditions,intension Mathematics OUTCOMEThin shell structures1.expoited such shapes for strength2.the geometries of tensile fabric structuredAntoni Gaudi’developing an architectural language of ruled surfaces.Felex Candela They found surface throughHeinz Isler physical analogue modeling techniques.Lamis Xankis Frei OttoGerd Fischer


To designer using digital computation,these surfaces are now available as instant graphical representations from their algebraic descriptions. The challenge is only to consider fabrication techniques that embrace the design possibilities presented. ☆Self-intersectionNon-orientable surfaces(those with no clear inside and outside) Architects engaged with them on topology. It manifests in three dimensions but disappears in the fourth. Surface is an important concept in topology A surfacetwo dimensional manifold(differential geometry for a mathematical space)


Stephen Hydecurvature and non-Euclidean geometry as fundamental to the Modelling of matter at molecular and atomic scalesCurvatures are fundamental space-makers for architectural modelers.Since curvature,surface is an idea that has grown in significance. Curvature Extrinsic Curvature Intrinsic CurvatureA straight linezero curvatureA circle constant curvature equal to the inverse of it’s RadiusWhen radius the curvature of a larger circleWhy the curvature have to be embedded in two or three dimensions in order to measure it?Surfaces1.It have an extrinsic curvature that is visible whenthey are embedded in a three-dimensional space.2.Curvature is also intrinsic.As we walk across a curved surface in two dimensions,the curvature is still perceptible.


☆ Non-Eclidean geometryIt developed from 19 century.Fifth(parallel),postulate implies that for any given infinite line and point off that line,there is one and only one line through the point that is parallel.HyperbolicHyperbolic plane can be imagines as a saddle-shaped surface in three dimensions.Elliptical(Riemannian) ☆Minimal surfacesThe sum of curvature in two principal directions on the surface is zero means minimal surface.When a wire is dipped into a soap solution manifestats the familiar shape.Catenoids minimal surfaceEnneper surfaceself-intersect in three dimensionsHelicoidsCosta Hoffman-Meeks minimal surfacethrice-punctures torus ☆Mathematical surfacesThey can be described in analytical geometry.


Topologically homologous(equivalent) surfacesmaybe very different in shape.Mathematical surfacescan be described in analytical geometry,and belong to generic families that vary parametrically,the characteristics of their shape matters. ☆SeriesGregory Bateson’s ‘pattern that connects’refer to the genotypical and phenotypical variations within spacies.Every crab has the same number of legs and each leg has a recognizably chrracteristic shape,no two crabs are the same size and nor are their legs the same shape.Algorithms that control the idea of series can introduce the level of repetition with its implicit’genetic’variation into architecture within a geometric schema that allows ana overall meta-level of pattern-making to be real.

1.2 Literature Review B. Commentary

1.Geometry is the best way to achieve the code and algorythm of material and nature.2.Geometry is the transcendent between digital fabrication and real manufacturing.3.Surface is the most important part in geometry research

1.3 Research Purpose The possiblity of digital fabrication

1.It lies new possibility since Frank Gehry used CATIA in the architectural design and construction. 2.Previously the large number of standard and modular production in construction limited the freedom of design into horizontal and vertical elements. 3.Through Parametric Design methods and CAD/CAM technique ,the design can be easier to turn from the standard and large amount into the customization , and it is more possibility to discuss the shape.

1.3 Research Purpose

4.Parametric design could delete the digital information gap between the design , drawings and construction in traditional tectonic , and it makes the designer has a good communication with the client , even the consumer have more choices. 5.The topic of this chapter is to combine the parametric design and the digital manufacturing,and it focuses on curvature truss from a thesis “the parametric design and digital tectonics of curvature trusses” from Ms.Wang( 王燕晴 ),2011.

6.Ms.Wang’s thesis has dicussed much in Lisa Iwamoto’s book “Digital Fabrication,2009”.The book classifies digital manufacturing into five types: Sectioning,Tessellation,Folding,Contouring and Forming *the manufacturing introduction of the five elements

The possiblity of digital fabrication

1.4 Research Questions The establishment of a research goal-finding

problems Architecture has more possibilities and imagination because of the digital software using and virtual models making . From the words be mentioned in "Digital fabrication" by Lisa Iwamoto : Digital fabrication , in particular , has spurred a design revolution , yielding a wealth of architectural invention and innovation. The cases in the book "Digital fabrication" are very innovative ones that try to challenge the form in curvature .The works are beautiful but cannot afford the loading itself . The loading are spread to the boundary or the wall . Below I mention some problems of nowadays digital fabrication:


problems1.The Loading problem-the loading are forward the boundary that it could not bear by themself.

2.The structure are very light , using temporary material like wood and paper and it could not stand very long

3.The digital models in virtually are curvature in whole and wonderful shaping , but when they come to the real fabrication , they are separated into pieces . The joints between every single element are the problem . It could decrease the strengthen of the structure , and making the shape not the same as in the computer.

http://www.archdaily.com/165298/dal-canopy-design-digital-architectural-lab/sony-dsc-141/


strategy 4.Just like the Taichung Metropolitan Opera House by Toyo Ito is perfect in virtually , but when it turns to the real fabrication,it is slow,having the problem of cost(including material,employees and time of finishing)

5.My research is to focus on the best way-folding from five methods of fabrication from Lisa Iwamoto(sectioning , tessellating , folding , contouring , and forming) to construct a sustainable and ecological system of canopy and surface of building.

6.The canopy and surface are devoting on the water issue when the world is facing the extreme weather.

http://www.archdaily.com/165298/dal-canopy-design-digital-architectural-lab/dal_canopy_design_process_2/

1.5 Value of Research Case1,case2 use folding and

tessellating to form the canopy,but they have disadvantage of: 1.Labour Intense(using school cheaper labour to finish the project,but if we have to finish it outside it could gain cost of workers a lot)

2.Not self-supporting(Like the voisour cloud designed by Iwamoto,the structure are affordance by the press from the boundary.

3.Not weather -Proof(The canopy cannot be expoesed on the outsides environment like raining day,sunshing exposing or extreme weather)

CONCLUSION

1.5 Value of Research 4.More like Art Installation than

building(Because the tectonic of the structure doesn't afford the whole bearing,facilities....etc.)

Case 3 and Case4 are the successful digital fabrication canopies that not olny challenge the possibilities of the form,but also afford the stregthen and the weather sucessfully.

In "Translations from Drawing to Building,"Robin Evans expands on the inevitable separation architects encounter between drawing,the traditional medium of the design,and the building,the final outcome of their work.

II. METHOD

2.1 Research Design2.Reference and Case study(3 cases minimun) 2.1 The definition of digital fabrication 2.2 The general descriptions of cases 2.3 The fabrication processes of cases 2.4 Similarities and differances of cases and the conclusion(What is useful for the thesis?)

3.The Problem and strategy of fabrication 3.1 Currently available techniques in fabrication 3.2 Critiques on time content 3.3 Critiques on cost content 3.4 Conclusion a. The systematic apprisal of existing fabrication techniques b. The criteria : cost c. The complexity(The amount of man hours involved) d. The conduct between digital design and real materiality(Issue of scaling from model to full size)

2.1 Research Design4.From research to design steps 4.1 a. The introduction of drainage issue process b. Process : Braided river c. The extract of folding models 4.2 a. Rough types b. The mathematics of folding cases c. Systematic types 4.3 a. Fabrication research b. The methodology of translating from digital to fabricated 4.4 Steps a. Design process in computer b.The interactive process : using models c. The output from computer(direct or indirect?) d. The production of parts e. Final assembly

2.2 Subjects/Materials CASE STUDY1

◆How to make the model separate and form? The three dimensional petals are formed by folding thin wood laminate along curved seams. The curve produces an inflected and dished form that relies on the internal surface tension of the wood and folded geometry of the flanges to hold its shape. At the same time, materially, the flanges want to bulge out along the curved edge. This is what allows for the structural porosity within the constraints of sheet material. The flanges of the resulting dimpled, concave petals pack together as compressive elements and press upon each other. This attribute naturally creates vaulted forms and led initially to the overall design◆How long does it take to be built? Two weeks◆How many people work on this project? : 18◆How much does it cost? Unknown◆The inner area that the canopy cover About 300 meter square◆Date . Location . Purpose . Built or destroyed . indoor or outdoor opened on 1 August and continues until 14 September. has opened at the SCI-Arc Gallery in Los Angeles.


2 .Case :PET PAVILION Fabricator : Carl Christofferson 2010 Museum of Comtemporary art,Taipei Indoor (1)He spread the graphic Voronoi on the surface of the half ellipse. (2)The material are PET with 5mm in thickness ,and the construction is divided into 6 parts .When the pet is curved and connected with each other ,the rigitity of material gets higher (3)The joints between two elements are spiral


4.CASE:HELIOS HOUSE FABRICATOR:OFFICE DA and JOHNSTON MARKLEE & ASSOCIATES,2006-2007(1)Materials: The site utilizes farmed wood from renewable sources; bathroom tiles utilize 100 percent recycled glass; signage is made from stainless steel scraps from the project; all stainless steel used on site is recyclable.(2) Using a structural bay as a starting point, the cladding system unifies the column base, shaft, and capital with the canopy. Furthermore, the surface works parametrically to incorporate architectural and technical features using the same technique. The pay kiosk, the structure, the fin panels (as signs), and the canopy are shaped from the same faceted surface. The triangulated stainless steel panels reconcile complex, and sometimes contradictory, requirements of the site, program, codes, and zoning ordinances, and establish the site 』 s identity.


AlgoRhythm Technologies™ generates a wide range of unique forms from its genetic code. 演算法技術產生一個很寬廣範圍的獨特造型來自於材料本身的基因特性

Material flows under its own weight and other forces according to morphologic laws that pertain more to fluid motion than to static objects. By freeing the elements of construction from their rigid geometries, AlgoRhythm Technologies unfolds infinite opportunities to model a new architecture. 材料的動作來自型態學的規則所造成的自身重量與力量 .這依據於動態流體力學更甚於穩定物質 .經由將結構的元素從剛硬幾何特性解放出來 .演算式技術展現出無限構築新模型的機會

REFERENCE序號

書名 /論文名稱作者主題 /關鍵字出版社

1 現代建築構築性之台灣經驗－陳其寬薄殼建築作品

鄭仁杰現代建築、陳其寬、構築性、薄殼建築

國立台灣科技大學建築所

2 非建築 - 構築有感行為之微型態

陳良慈非建築國立交通大學建築研究所

3 半透界面 - 集合住宅之開放性與隱私性空間的界面設計探討

留銘男編織、構築、集合住宅、隱私

國立成功大學建築研究所

4 生態社區評估系統之研究林憲德生態社區評估系統內政部建築研究所

5 城鄉生態林憲德生活環境的生物多樣化設計

詹氏書局

6 參數設計與數位製造之操作案例實證

張展嘉參數設計、構築國立台灣科技大學建築所

7 仿生建築中的數位設計與組構

簡志明仿生建築、數位設計、構築

國立台灣科技大學建築所

8 物件、空間曾哲文構築、數位設計國立交通大學建築所9 構築：羅東舊林場劉栩杰地域性構築私立逢甲大學建築所10

新構築 : 邁向數位建築的新理論 : 第七屆遠東國際數位建築設計獎

劉育東構築、數位田園城市

http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/cgi-bin/gs32/gsweb.cgi/ccd=0H.NMz/search?q=kwc=%22%E7%8F%BE%E4%BB%A3%E5%BB%BA%E7%AF%89%22.&searchmode=basic

http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/cgi-bin/gs32/gsweb.cgi/ccd=0H.NMz/search?q=kwc=%22%E9%99%B3%E5%85%B6%E5%AF%AC%22.&searchmode=basic

http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/cgi-bin/gs32/gsweb.cgi/ccd=0H.NMz/search?q=kwc=%22%E6%A7%8B%E7%AF%89%E6%80%A7%22.&searchmode=basic

http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/cgi-bin/gs32/gsweb.cgi/ccd=0H.NMz/search?q=kwc=%22%E8%96%84%E6%AE%BC%E5%BB%BA%E7%AF%89%22.&searchmode=basic

REFERENCE11 Digital Design Manual Marco Hemmerling CAD、 Digital design DOM

Publishers,Berlin/Germany

12 Frank Lloyd Wright and Japan

Kevin Nute Tectonic,Oriented style 、 culture

Routledge(Taylor&Francis Group)

13 The Details of Modern Architecture

Edward R. Ford Tectonics 、 Details 、 Ornament

The MIT Press

14 On and By FRANK Lloyd Wright(A Primer of Architecural Principles)

Robert Mccarter Form Grammer,Culture Phaidon

15 The New Mathematics of Architecture

Jane Burry+Mark Burry

Mathematics 、 Tectonics

Thames&Hudsin

16 The Function of Ornament Farshid Moussavi,Michael Kubo

Tectonics 、 Ornament、 Culture 、 Climate

Harvard University,Graduate School of Design

17 Precedents In Architecture-Analytic Diagrams,Formative Ideas,and Partis

Roger H. ClarkMichael Pause

Analytic Diagrams,Formative Ideas,and Partis

John Wiley&Sons Inc.,Hoboken,New Jersey

18 Details in Contemporary Architecture

Jennifer N. Thompson Details 、 Tectonics Princeton Architecture Press

19 ClimateSkin-Building skin concepts that can do more with less energy

Gerhard Hausladen,Michael de Saldnha,Petra Liedl

Details 、 Tectonics 、 Climate

Birkhauser,Germany

20 Studies in Tectonic Culture Kenneth Frampton Tectonics 、 Culture The MIT Press

Thesis topic : DIGITAL FABRICATION(Modular rainwater collection system using sheet-bending and digital fabrication)

英文書報作業二論文寫作的結構賞析

數位設計與真實構築之接合可能性與落差研究 (以建築皮層對應永續環境設計操作為例 )

Date : 2012.5.17Tutor : Professor Stephen RoeStudent : 詹竣策 (m0017106)

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英文書報0517 詹竣策m0017106

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