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Equity and Quality of Basic EduEquity and Quality of Basic Education in China cation in China 中国基础教育：均衡发展与质量提高中国基础教育：均衡发展与质量提高

Equity and Quality of Basic EduEquity and Quality of Basic Education in China cation in China 中国基础教育：均衡发展与质量提高中国基础教育：均衡发展与质量提高

October 20, 2007

Basic Education Department

Ministry of Education, PRC

Wang, Dinghua, PhD

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1 New Circumstances我国面临新的形势

During the first two decades of the 21st century, China shall face a complicated and changeable international situation and more acute competition in the knowledge-based economy, and needs to actively meet and take full advantage of the challenges and opportunities of economic globalization. China will concentrate its efforts on building a well-off society of a higher standard to benefit its 1.3 billion people.

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必须实施科教兴国战略In order to better respond to the socioeconomic changes, China will further develop the market economy, improve democracy, enrich culture, foster greater social harmony and upgrade people’s life. The Chinese Government has put forward the scieThe Chinese Government has put forward the scientific development outlook of “putting people in the fntific development outlook of “putting people in the first place” and “promoting the harmonious developirst place” and “promoting the harmonious development of economy and society” and the idea of buildiment of economy and society” and the idea of building a socialist harmonious society. ng a socialist harmonious society. In order to convert the population pressure into hugIn order to convert the population pressure into huge human resources, China has adopted the stratege human resources, China has adopted the strategyy of reinvigorating the country through science and education

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2 China has made tremendous achievements in K-12 education, still

some pressing Challenges remain基础教育成绩巨大，但仍然面临挑战

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Over 98% population areas have realized nine -year compulsory education.

All students in rural areas nationwide enjoy free compulsory education now, free of tuition, free of misloneaous fee, free of textbooks.

Enrollment rate for high schools:59.2% in 2006.

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Central and local governments exercise responsibilities respectively to guarantee and promote development of K-12 education.

Private education consists of about 5% of total primary, middle and high schools/ students.

Most of the 10 million K-12 teachers are well motivated to teach.

School building constructed and infrastructures improved to a great deal.

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Primary & middle schools

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The Dropout Rate of Primary Education(2000-2006)

0. 55

0. 270. 34

0. 59

0. 45

-0. 22-0.3-0.2-0.1

00.10.20.30.40.50.60.7

2000 2001 2003 2004 2005 2006

%

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1991-2006 NER of both genders for primaryschools

96.9 9797.7

98.3 98.698.79 98.9 99 99.0799.01

98.6198.9399.14

99.29

0.080.04

0.01

98.53

96.8

0.09

0.070.070.1

1.8

0.210.350.711.3

1.711.86

0.14

95

96

97

98

99

％

girls

boys

Gender Parity

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The Proportion of Qualified Middle School Teachers Meeting State Requirements(2000-2006)

87. 0088. 72

90. 2891. 98

93. 7595. 22

96. 33

82

84

86

88

90

92

94

96

98

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

%

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Inequity 差别较大

Although K-12 education in China has made significant advances, the overall development has been quite uneven and imbalanced. Obvious gaps exist between different schools. It can neither respond well to the needs of rapid socio-economic development, nor satisfy the aspiration of the broad masses for balanced basic education.

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均衡发展的三个层面： Three different categories of equalities : 地区之间的差别缩小 equity between areas

群体之间的机会均等 equity between student groups

学校之间的均衡发展 equity between schools at a same area.

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Quality 整体质量有待提高

Quality is lifeline for education. High quality education not only refers to advanced infrastructure, but also refers to qualified teaching contingent, improved teaching process, better management, and proper philosophy of running schools, etc.

Quality of K-12 education can not meet the increasing demand from the public for a high quality education.

Quality of some schools can not meet demand of the parents. Esp. in the one family one child era.

Quality of teachers needs to be improved. 240 thousand teachers with lower academic degrees. 450 thousand non-registered teachers.

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3 How does China take measures for basic education equi

ty and quality?均衡发展和提高质量主要措施

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3.1 Implement education laws and policy measures

依法治教，增加投入 Compulsory education law as a precondition for equity. Balanced development of compulsory education, between east and west, between urban and rural, between schools at a same region. More financial input for school infrastructure

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3.2.Setting up fundamental standards of schools制定基本办学标准

The development of basic standards for school 办学标准School standards教师编制标准The personal standards of teachers教师工资标准The standards of teachers’ wages公用经费标准The standards of public funding

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3.3 实施国家课程，实现基本要求National core curriculum to ensure ba

sic requirement.The MOE developed national curriculum standards, including all core curricular areas. The MOE sets guidance for provincial level curricula designing, yet does not interfere in its autonomy. Likely, each school may set its own school based curriculum. According to teaching hours, national curricula consist of 80%, provincial curricula consists 15% and school curriculum consists 5%.

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From 2001, over 550 counties started pilot the new curricula during their compulsory education period, usually beginning from grade 1 and grade 7. By the year 2005, all primary and middle schools in all counties in the whole country’s 31 provinces, municipalities and autonomous regions carried out the new curriculum. In 2004, 4 provinces began to pilot the curricula at their high schools. In 2007 altogether 16 provinces carried out the new high school curricula. Before the year 2008, most of provinces are advised to conduct the new high school curriculum.

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(1) To understand China’s history and her current status thus become ready to assume responsibilities for their personal and national development, in the meantime to respect other nations and their cultures and to be ready to participate in international development and communication;

Objectives of new curriculum in China

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(2) To master the basic skills for reading, writing and arithmetic operation, basic knowledge for culture and science, necessary skills to express themselves and communicate with others, capacity to process information, to acquire basic labor skills, so that they can adapt effectively to the learning society;

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(3) To develop, through observation and experience, a scientific understanding of the environment, sustainable development and ecological ethics, and to be able to identify, analyze and solve problems in their daily life;

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(4) To understand and care for the society, to form appropriate moral values and behavioral habits, ready to serve the

people and the community;

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(5) To develop sound self-consciousness and independent personality thus to take good care of life, learn to rationally plan for and assess one’s own development and to cope with frustrations in the social life; to be accustomed to engage in regular physical exercise and proper living habits;

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(6) To develop healthy interest for esthetic appreciation of the beauty of the nature, society, science and art; to be inclined to join in different cultural activities.

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Increase Decrease• multiple solutions for problem solving.

• concept of space development.

• content of statistics, practice and comprehensive application.

• calculator and computer as tools.

• difficulty level and speed.

• conceal deliberately-man made questions.

• some complicated and seldom-appeared contents.

• complexity of formulas and terminologies.

• requirement for identifying skills.

Math Innovation:

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Increase Decrease•link of student life experience and social demand for chemistry.

•chemical experiment and chemical social survey activities.

•In the light of modern sciences, add some contents of material, new energy, nutrition and health.

•via chemistry learning, enhance consciousness of students to environmental pollution, enhance capacity of self protection.

•some unnecessary and boring chemistry concepts.•chemistry calculation.•demonstration experiment.

Chemistry Innovation:

3.4 重视教师发展和教师交流Teacher professional development and

rotation among schools

Build upon the current teacher’s training, attract more

talented people to join the teacher’s profession.

Implement the “Gardeners Project”

Free education at six normal universities under the MOE.

Reward excellent teachers by the Teacher’s Day

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建立以校为本的教师专业发展机制To build the mechanism of school-based teacher pro

fessional development

基于教学素质提高需要的专业培训

the professional training based on the need to improve the teaching quality of基于新课程实施需要的远程研修

the distance research based on the needs of the new curriculum implementation基于教学问题解决的校本研究

the school-based teaching based on of problem solving

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To promote the professional standards of teachers

提高教师专业标准提高教师的学历标准To promote the academic standards of teachers小学教师从中师提高到专科To make Primary school teachers from the normal school to 3 year college 初中教师从专科提高到本科Junior high school teachers from 3 year college to undergraduate提高教师教学能力要求 the requirements to improve teaching competency 课程开发能力The ability to develop courses信息技术能力IT capacity创造性教学能力Creative Teaching Abilities

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encourage teachers to rotate among schools for equality reason. special positions at western rural areas. hand in hand project among schools internet training.

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3.5 Quality improvement of all schools改进考试制度，提高教学质量

Grade instead of 100 marks

More encouragement

Qualities at all aspect are encouraged

Continuous innovations toward entrance examinations will be conducted

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Interactive learning

Hands-on ability

How to fish instead of giving fish

Social activities and society-participation

Project oriented study

Team work

Teaching and Learning Innovations

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Through introduction of ICT, qualified educational Through introduction of ICT, qualified educational resources might reach all schools including those in remote resources might reach all schools including those in remote and poor areas. and poor areas.

3.6 ICT is widely applied.

广泛运用信息技术手段

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4. Conduct educational supervision and inspection

教育督导和学校评估 improve educational administration, leaving more flexibility for each locality. improve school management, welcome proper involvement of social walks and parents. send supervisors and inspectors to different provinces to ensure national educational laws and policies being carried out properly. School effectiveness indicators and Child Friendly School criteria.

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中小学办学水平督导评估Inspection and assessment of Primary and secondary school level

中小学发展性督导评估Inspection and assessment of the development of primary and secondary

义务教育均衡发展评估The assessment of balanced development of compulsory education

中小学督学责任区制度the system of inspector’s responsibility in responding area of primary and secondary school

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督导责任区督学的职责 The inspector’s duties of each area

重点是规范义务教育阶段学校的办学行为，主要内容包括：Focus is standardizing the period of compulsory education school operators, the main contents :

学生每天在校时间。学校双休日、节假日组织学生上课情况。 the length of time that students in school every day. Students are in

school or not On the Weekend or during holidays. 规范收费情况。 regulated fees. 学校布置的学生家庭作业数量和教师批改情况。 the quantity of students homework ,the situation of teachers’ correctin

g .课程安排，特别是音乐、体育、美术及综合实践活动类课程开设情况，

以及学生每天的体育活动时间。the curriculum, particularly music, sports, art and practice of integrated

courses, and the students daily sports time.各种考试次数和组织竞赛情况。The situation of various examinations and competitions.

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教学辅助资料征订情况。 The subscriptions for teaching.师德建设和教师有偿家教行为。 Morality of teacher and teachers’ tutor acts for fee. 学校举办实验班、重点班、培训班等情况。 To divide the students in different grades by remarks对教育工作中普遍存在的重点、难点问题进行调查研究，提出建

议。 To investigate the prevalent problems and difficulties and make

recommendations. 及时通报责任区工作情况和学校典型经验，特殊情况随时报告。 To notify the work of responding area timely , and report special

situation at any time.

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5 Enhance international cooperation for basic education equality

促进国际交流与合作

Our collaboration and cooperation in the field of education has brought us closer. And we hope more.

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Thank you very much

wangdh@moe.gov.cn