,1 **+%*'& ri' state surface frei'qiht 'translpolrtat[,on ... · -1 1 ol ,...

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State ... L'evel A,c,cid,ent fRates, o:f Surface Frei'Qiht 'TranslPolrtat[,on: A R,e'ex;ami nation

.ANUE8DITM- j ~ .. Q

R'AHSP,rDR"TATIOINI ECl-lN (; LOG Y R:&D Cf:!N 1'~R

C~~'1Iter YOit' liransportation Besaa'arc,h Ar9lolJ'llne Na:tiona r Labo~'atiO't)r Oper.a1ed by nl!:~ IJoi'la,rait!J' ,;::.1ChioElQD, Ufu:Je.J' C:':)J~ln~(;'1 ';f.'·3~·~'DF.H;nY-!ii8, r,:)J' 1:11~

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State ... t'eve[ ,Alcc[,dent R,ates, olf S,u rrfaC'9 Fre!ight Transportation: A Reexaminati',on

4_ i§M¥ aMl

The Centp.ir r(:,r Tr{'H:'I!::porl~lr.il}n Re;;esirch, Ener~r:'" S}'.51ern:) Oivi::;klrll, lo,.l'g(;.nno Na'liol'l,ill Labcr,:':!tnl'"Y:. '9~{,ao Scuth Cuss AvI81'f,U':::. ":'.rg,:mn,;;" 11Iin.>:)i::; 60Q~~;9

Apri) 1999

'1.fork $~;)c.;lf::u~~sd by Uniled Slat-es [.:iepa.rtmen1 of :Enorg~ii ()iIEc,e ·or F"nel~~~lY :E:rb::::io('?;;~' cJ;iid r4er'lewcuble EnE!rg:~r, under Cor11rac~ ~N.a1.1{16'.ENG .. ·:38

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CONTENTS

vi

,~nST·H.l~'C:"1' ........................................................................................ "",.,,.,, "",., ................................ .

INTRO{)UCTION·-·~BA,.'CKGiR.CH)NlO ,A.ND CiBJEC'llVES ...................... ,."""" .. ,., ... ",.",.

2 PRIM ARY ACCIDENT REPORTING R!EQVIRlE~,'H1NTS ,6;.ND DAT;\ SC)URCES-EVOl.lJTI(JN srNCE THE 1990~ '''" .. "" .......... "''" .... ,, ................. .

2, 1 A(!(:i(,k~rr:lts ofTmc.k:s OpBliat{X~ by Cl'!ln1LrilJcrci[lj~ ~~'1:c.tor Cru'j'h;~'8 ......... " ... ,,,.,,",, ... ,,""'" 4-2.2. Ratl (~·:jJ.LT.i,{';t' J'~!.!cGkJetlts atr~d Ittcid;;~lltS................ ............... ............................................ ......... :i'

:2.:3 /'Lccide:l)(~>; ~l.1ld lr~c:id~n[s In 'I"OtVilig, c.:)l:nrtl::.m:::~al Shippung \!(:s5!~15 OiiJ D()me.>;Lic

2,,4 :I);;11:.'1b(:ls(: SCiUl'{:CS , .............. , •• ,",., •• ". ",., .""''''".,''',., ••• , .............................. ,., ... ,.,, •• , •••••••. ,' ,.,

:1 PROCEDURES FOR OBT.,"o.JNftNG, C:()1VU~n:UNG, /",ND I?ROCESSIN{~ DATA ............ .

3.1. l'j i,glt\"po'ay l\c{:;jden L~ t-!!ntt r{~JJh~$ ........................................... , f f! t , f fil" II" '·'·f'I'f't' .. '· ....................... · ....... ·•· •••••••••.•

'71 .", ... I .. ..!.. R,ri lr()~j(~ [f<:;·]tcs .. ~'! ~ ~'! f~!' •••••••••••••••••••••• ,., ........... _-_ ••••• ,!!,!", r, r IIII filii' r r:r.r "1"'l":~!"~"~"'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' ••••••

J.J '~'J,l ;fLLt:!j'1l'r}~y :~~.~~I:L~;:;, J, J J J J J" J"""" r"'.'., •••••••••.• ' •.• '~--"r'r' ~, I I. I ••• 111111" I ~ Iii'; 'O- ............... .;.l',:la.::<rt,.,.~ .. .,..~ .• ~--- ..................... .

4 R.E·Sl . ..f l~[·:S ...... , ............................... , .. ,., i. i i II. II'" II •• ... _ .. " .... " ... ' "."," ....... "" .• • ' ............................................ 1 I .. ~~ .. ~ .... ;, .. IIIIIIII

5 [),.1Puc·~~:rIONs or FTNDINGS A.ND R!ECOI\.1c~·-rENDED

~I' ,

9

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F1JT1)RTI .t...(:::Tr\f]~r·y 111111" I f"f ,,"," ••• " •••••.•••••••••••• •• ,,· ......... t't'tt·t't't'!'t·t!l't·t·t·t!'1'!.~'lll' I tltttl "', ••••••••••• ' •• '............... 17

'1 .'

STATISTICAL, )) ... \,1'/1. i\!\!D ']"/ .. B:LHS CliF RP(fES.,--·HUGH'v./AYS ............ "., ................... .

STATUSTICAL DAT ... \ .. ,~ ... N[l TABLES OF R.i .... 'TES-lRAILROADS ............... ;o ...... , ....... ...

2.1

35

g STATISTrC.A.L DATA .AND TABLES or RATES-"':Vv·./'.IERWAYS ",........................ 45·

9 R!P'!'FEF~.E<r--lCES ........ ' ...................................................... ;;. "I .,'''' ................ 1; I , ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• '. 1111111"111111' I ,.,"'1 '~""'l 53

55

i\I'p·Et,rrJlx. I~: "'::orrndoff }\.nr·d},s.is. 11111111111111' 111'111. I' I ..... ~ .. ' .11111111"';; 11111" 1 .............. ;;, ....... :,>: .. .Ja"·I""·I .. ~!·~,·~· .. ·····.··· 61

~<L R,epnni1bk ,Accident.. Fafj,l!;nlt:o{. :iJilJ!d Injury COI.llnt::; fbi' Sr;,iu.l~S • ... ·jl.h F;K:ihly-Spec,inc LCIC.[l[](Jfl Datill in ~99'4, ]99'5, ,tnd 1'%"6 for Interst~lte-~f;l i"'" ..... ll ~··'l~l·r... -r J.l it.iJ: I,",' lrl "~r· .... I. ; ·· ... 'L'I;. ""11 Tr'"'.il,il··(.· ~""" .... I;;,:: r..; 1.,:;I.,l ~''"':t.l t}' _ .. >t,. ~~l} .. ll, ,~I ... .t. !. UJI:-'!'''.;:t ........ ~ .. ~ ...... ''t.t.''!ttJI'J'' ••••• , ......... ''' ....................................................... ...

1 b iRep[}r! ;~bUi! 1~,cddC:rrrJt. Far:,l1.tity. :and It'.~il.ll)J COlltU:;:; fe,t S~,;Ut~S i~ .... f:i:5siIl'Jg l,.o.~:~tklJ) Dam i~J .1994, .I 995, 2IEld [99'(1. t";nr 1inr.Nsr",~tc-R(:gbteTc,d He:a',.,'y CC4.l:1bttlr1r.:i1c'tfl ~r rLt.'c·~:~ ........................ ~ ~ .. , ........ fi .... r<r'I't f'j I \ J I. I I 11'1." Ii;' ............................................................... _ ........ _

"2 iE!;t~l:n::rt·::d PI [)'.\,':5 jn 1,994, 1995" nnd 1996 for hl~.e[':1ti1[t!,-R~!,.~d:5r.(.!p:xl.f.lh::.:l'1vy

CGmbim~t:J.cin Tnl.cK5. by Rc)ad C.la~s:;if:icaQi(m ...... , .. "" ...... '''''' .. '' ....................................•...... ,

3a At.::d.den.r. Ralie!1.,F;:t:Il!lfi'i l y 'R,ltl.(l:5, ~I'nd :ifnj ~ary R[!;h::S for ~:n~t2:L'~r;il[e ... RI.:!,gl.s'-t.:::r,l:!d J·[e;!'L'~)1 Cort~tbin;:tLa()n 'Tr:rl)~;~ks 1"n ],1994, ,~~ .'.'''''.'_0'.,0'' .................................... '.,. 111111111 t t" 1'111"11 t IIII t 1111111 ...... 1.,

3b Ace id.!.!"n I. Rai·::;s. F(I~ [Mtv R:tl.tes, and~n ·1·UrV' Rf.llt!S feJr ~Jw.;rs~.ntc,.Rc.f!i::;ter,edJ Heavv J .. ,. . .. ..

{)YI11hin.;;t.Jon Tnl,:~l.;;:s.in 1'3''3'5, ................. , ...................... ,''''" •... ,., ................................. , ..•••••. , .. .

26

2.7

3c Ac(:klcl1l Rar.i.:::s .• Far:iiHty Rf.lll.:!S, "nid ]nj llry :R~I.tl~S il::c-f ElITJ((',rsr..n:te-Re:~j~;r.>:"!:r:',:=d H:=;£i,VY C<}mhin,t);tkl<l) Tl1Ick::;itl 1'9·9'6 ...................... " .......................................................... ."."...... 31

4 C~IJ:n Jlo!;:Er.>:"!: llJ'l}4-1996 }\c.;:id{:iJ1It. Fatal ky',. and Injtl",Y Rill!:!::;; for Il]t.;:r5t.!~tC'· RI~gj.~r.tr>:"!:Ll H(!;tv;{ (\)J11binad on TJiLlc;k~, ...................................... , ............. " .............••••••......

5~~1 Rilia ]7f'(!ight A.cGidcl1ts., hK.ide")r:,~, :r:;a'I~lir:i,:!!), ~lndF,lli1j1.lr.i.:::s (If Tjespas:::'f.~r!::. jjE~d N r.m I. r,cr:;p It 5::; CfS. P~I(IS iEsLi fru!i£ed (~i-lir-Knll)mcr.cfs. by SWJ[e, ~:J:I'ld T(TI ;~] I U 9'94 .• , ....... "'"'" "." ..

51.::· Rail Ffe.lgln ACtldenl!?-: lm:j.d-l~f;itt:S., Fl:lilJJllit.k::s. an.;:] h~j:u::je:_5 of'n(:spaS5(~rS :!J.110 Nonlr"{!:spasse:r;>:;, PUriJ!j E:$I:JJ11iJ1tcd Ciiif~KU{}n:18r.el's';, by S~,;ltl~ i;lTJd T(I~.iJi~. [995 ...................... .

50::: Rai [ !F:rei t~h I . .A..:.:cklcnts. Jincidem~, F[j~(lju'ilit.s, <l11d Inji,~rnc-5 of Tt"espL'Js!1e)I~!1 ,ilnd Him I r{~::;p,;I$Scrs_ plJ;;lS Eqitni"li[ed 'Cr!:r-Kikmlt~t(!:r:5" by Stale a:nd T(:1£.fL~, I, 996 .......... , .... , ... , .. .

-6 COUD:posi,tc 1994·1996 St~n,\!-L\.~"'(~l Rail Fr{:JgiIK l"'cc:idf..!:rII}FtjwJ~~yl[njl.l.ry R~!.tcs per Ca.f-:K.i ll)l:nele:r. ..... , ..•. "'." .. ,,,.,., .. , ... ' ... , ............. ' ... ' .......... ,., ............... , ....... , ............... '.'.'., ....... '.'.'.' ............. '.

7 .1995 !md 199·6 USCG ::lnd USA.CiE D(,j\:f~ f~o·:r \:Vr~t(',rbm·E~e "ilti!:s$t.:!llnv()J'Ir.:~m(~lll:s .• F';~toJitk,;s {+ )"'H~sing). imd If'TIjllT.J.cS.. by State, ;illld ,1Y1aj{l;r \\,olucn·,ray TYIX~ ....... " ................ .

Sa 1995· a 996 Iv1 t'!,m R~llCs. pc:r 50f)·,tt,m .shiprr~l!i!~t f()j '~V;l'~crbG'rne VeS~:8] In \'{r.I .... (':mcn~.s. F aml~tie:s (+~ .. Tio:;!:-~eng)., ~rnd~rojurj.e!1 SIJ!S;L8111(!':] dlJijjng 111V(d \h£:.l.nel~~,S" iby' State; ........ """" I I' J ~ ~ ................................... ~., "~,!,.~ .. ,.,, I I. I I I I III I I III. I I III.';. ......................... ..

33

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8b Mt:a:i~ Ri!!~(,!s PCIf SOO-tot?! ShipmcLlt-KHomcH;-1i for \'1".' [:jteTb{H'J1t~ '\lessl~;l II.l;vol¥{~mc'l1r.s .. FRtaJ it]e~ {-J' ~'r'1fissili1lg), and. ]injuries S u~tail'leld dIJrin)3 Inv·l)lv·et11enn;s" by 'CI()tJlt!, .. ~Qit ,;I;l a[el.'·i~iJa}r T)f·pe ...................... , ..... ,., ....... "'.'."'f .. ~!!f'tl' IIII f 1"11"'11 t'I'n"',, 11111111111"1111 50

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The .f.I.~';m~opa:nem {r.f Qllis repl1!1'1. "\,f~l$ Jlu;;d·c pos::l.ible IjElde:r tb::: i;IllSP~(!C5 cd' ')ir.J AI.'g(Hl1l~ Nat~ofIi!a] Laborawty (AN~.,) (:(ln~r:1':;;t' ,,',d ttl: 'T'R\'il, .One:, The :~".~~h:]'rs 1,vj;:;I:-J 1:ocxpr·es.i1 [Jje.; r: fllppr-eciatfiol:'l! to Dr. Sr.t ... '.!!:n M~br.:r'·lsof Sck:L1ce. .I'q;;plJ,;::m:i.t)ili'$ J.rIH::iliITKitLOn;7l) COtp}l:[Hor, (S ATC) and ~(} Lk S.-I", Che.:liM A:rg{)~m~'s En.."ir,o:nlUe[~(£Ll ASSf.!:s·smr.:n~ D1 V~S]o:n; ',vb!) pmvi.d:ed 1J5:::f~~] d.i.r'ec~.ion,md gJJi,dr~rH:!~~ ~hT>.')i;;Igh:G'ut. ;the re[pOtt lH'eprm~r.:i,()n PTQC{:S:S ... A] l CO,K.luliJ,;:ms dn! wn .i n the. repnwl 'rrt.:! lbt:! n~s]Jolnsibmty of the ::mth(~r,s ~ml .:ki 1:110t l1CC(:ss.ru:'ny .r,::.~prt,e::;j~~n[ [l.;:',Sili(:on.5 I:~~;;cn by d,(h(!T ANI, (IT SAle.

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SI'ATE~LEVH':L ACCIDENT lli!JcTES Of'SUIU'Acn: F'REIG-I-IT TltA.N.sIJO)f.~.Ti\.TI(H\l: .• >\ :IUt'[i'XA1\i:I[N:\r[[ON

C,.L. SaJ.icks and M. iM. Tl)r~:ipkin.s

St~IJL~-l(}vd ~K:,~;~(.,knl lrailes f~}:r ~l'utk ,r,ail, ~1,mJb:;l1rgl~ lr:n'!sp()!i[iul..:m1 lI,n. ve beell up!,:!.:;,tc,:.:! fQii mid- J99G.:; sbJpping c{)iI'ldill(1m~. Tihc.~ l!pr.L:~t(;d :~(;.:,cid(!;m, f:!J~f!fi:it:: ... , <,u:ld unjllTY :rates. reflect mnlti)"Cl;[ d~IJ ~ fOil" iO:tc:rS~")it(:;":regis:te:rc:d higbw,l~y' £!Jlrri,!!:rs I t\]uc:rfiCRll /U;.sOd3dC!l1 ,of R;~U:rU·.lLds m(!l1l:tI{~[ '::;l'1.rnrkrs {i.e",. nIl (til,S::; .I amfl Chl!';l-: 2 t'!.'dlroilids). :and (;oi~st.:rr.l and bif.J~(':rn :~~ 1,VW~P;Vr:ty b~IIge: tITi.ftk. i\djlJ;51r:f.l,cnl.~l h:~vi.'! b~!(!l1 J)):lld.z: ~(1 .[;CC(lrLll1)~ fc.r the shalTe:: 'c.f high'i'~";ly (,:G'l1i')bitu~ti,i)ll·tnlcJ;;. tmffi'::: iLcl:mdl.y attriioiM.ublc t(1 int(;:rst;;rl:c:-rcgh;n{~ro(:d ,:,~l;lrrnc:rs t'md for dupJki.litc{l,or ':Jlh:!;r\'o·i So!.!'

j n:i)!.;;(;I;;lll-atlt~ or IJJnusilibue e.nH·~e~:; III r..hc vublk:"'uSr~ 3ce:ioe.nt diilt:a nJes :11.pp.licd. St'7I1f.,!:-~'!)'Sr.atE~ Ifii,l'iatiotl .in fate:::!" r'E:i1ccting fe,cent del ... eLopn.HH'ttS fin freight fll)'.\,'5, 1 h,:.~ ])OS~ iNe e:ffeCl {~f ~'wef.!,d liinL( chanee:s on h.i~::!,'h·""'.j]N' fates, i:md ~:ho:::: stL'ltbH]q',r of rnJ(:s I! ... ~ \_, r' ,.,

o'~'e(' liJ'I'Lot:, 85e ,disCIlSl;.;ed. Caril'h::.r,spcl,.:irrlc: InJ(n'rn~atioJj'ij";;:Li1 u5e.d r.(:to (:onfmn lh{~ geI'lel'(~arL::l:Ur:!Jt}' of L~ie ';:;()l'fl['n.ned .l~!LMS fl)i' bj:~:~ll,vay ~bj]1:n'!,a.jr:::t. Study conclu.sions "r'{r""""l lr''''Ir, '! LI~""~ r""'" (. 1'1'1 'J.'u' l""~ 'u",:·/I'<-IJ r1·li". '11' .';10' [ ~"b', '''':r··'I,U 'I.1"''''lr·~ I-II"1'o[\;'l':l'e)" fl'ttr'e~' ,;~ • .J~It.:I"".::'I jo,I'. '.1 _,}'-:~ .... u,."! • .;): .... i ·1100 ~, ... '"' L... ". ' _ . - •• < • u ... to... ,I.. J...... ., .• , ... !'.; f 't ,,,,oj Oi ..

ir~ ... ,·,t::::;'ljg~LI t(m is sr •. lgt';:!!;lt.:1, \'lir.h i n, r.'i;'i() n{f [hrt!e }'i:!tLrs, lO vedfyc,r rejeci.. the :!m,;!:rg(!'1)(:'~~ {l·f ~I. 1r{~!]d ((n'li:lTd bigaler r:n;Jck ;;'!I::::jd(m,l :r~Ll:.:!S iIi s;ij,i:'J(e.~, nh.:J.t raised bigh· ...... ,ily sp:~~~d :Ii mh::; b~~l ',vt~cm U 995 t:llid 1996.

1 [N,['H:(}m:.rCTION-BACIK:GROlJND /\NO O)B;JECnVES

]n 1994, .A:rg(mrr!:1:! NiHl·Q;i'!i!d ulb':Jmtc'Qi' (ANL} puhlj,;;;bed Lo.~rgl1r,(.dlnfJl ft,!r"',;{JH' c{ S(mf.'.-r',,··· ,,' 3, .... ,'.· ... .,.· ,("." ';','1 ... ,· [,., l~- -r',lr" ·f 1",.". "d.·.I'" F',.y·,.·r,r "i!,'N'q 'EC'D' '1-N[~'·;in r .. S·"·r·I .... ·I' ..... ':JI'd ._ ve • . '~· ... I,_.',~~ . .f.I,' .)",.Jl •. h", .. ~ .I, .• r •.. ·a.' , rl,. '" t'~1 .u,~,r.'IL'.,'-- ,~.[.};;,« a;", ,L ~ ... " .... "" ~L. '-'_, "~<U'~''''''''''''

Kvi[(.!k 1'9'94). [;1] h)Vc.:;r.lgl~tj,tm ()f high\),,':u:y, :t11i!, 1.md W~U,L~rl'iJQm(~ fH'(dgbt S::L!i>t.[y. em :a ~:tme.·hy",:;.ti71te baSlS, .as [o(::vc:aJo(::d by mkl-19<8(:ls r.r<1:n.~p(1j[1.LI.!(m sr"njsU!(!~" The f>!.::P(JIiI "k}l::;nr.)t:lli!,e,d an i:malys:is: (!Qmplet.edea~f] iet: 1n th/~ ac(!,[;de lh:;t( h:~d bectliJ !perforrrne;d. fOlf ~hf.3 U.S, D,!~pf3iiCTIl':.!:n[ of El1~rgy (DOE} Offit(!, ()f Ci"iiHilJl H.,[J;d~O::1.cthre "'Naste M:[lIH!.got:tnlf!;nl (OCR7~rl\.·1). 'The. aU:I1.lysi::; hl~d b{!):,~11!

c:,:j<lldn(::I·!,~d to jnupr{}\'e the pr{l,spe,;::[s fOr safe ir::mtlspcwl, uf ho.zardou!1 :s~~]prJ1:em:s under the DOE's, p".lrV~t.!"v> In('~lmiJang t:Jx!:nt tuuc:]ea~ n,ne'! m:ld r'21cili(J1.K;r:i..,>!! l:ili~d. [it:dxe.d o;\!;:L;;~e::l. fl'(f,.i't·~ DDE ifilCilir.i,::;s. '111 (.!: s:;\f~r.}' r:.rf such!;]:dpn'l!en:t~, has a high pTi()'~:ly, ilIii~d ::;blpping Ci!lm~l;:rigli~~ [-n,r $n.:::.h ',vaS,Lt:!, m:~~~;:r.u~i.l~

',\Iil! b~~ htgnly v.is.ihI8_ COljCertI (!)(is(s :1b(mn I!'h{~ rdnli:I,··oC rj~ks (If :~u,d~ C8mp'iti,gl:'J:~: br:)~h :;tml}ng transport m(:lde~ f.llid wilhriITl ~l given mode am{)ing thE; Sli:tte:o:;, hc.!r:.:tms.:,'; th:t':::{ "'liTI be condl!.ctl;;";d 0',1(:,1' tl p'~i~i()d of i';';','crjt! y.:;an:; and (!louldJ .invo]ve nmlUp,I{! fIK1dt!S and sh.ipmL::nt IPhUl5, d~,,;pcLlding 'D,ft co:~[ llljd s:,lf t!'l y.

Tbc pCitcndaJ ~~~·Il()~' ... erE:l(mll (~f n~ll!~ j,pac-nlG<k:: shlpb':!l';:I'il CiJurtp.:r.igrts uLi),:!,:l f()T H C(llrt.pamtjvi'::' e,Ki!!mllla'liO[l tLpplying 1h::: !~lt(!::.t kfIJQ\vlcdg.e .ilH:-::Ltl h()',,,.. o:::ach m{J,:k, foJpt!ml:::s, MO!i(: pruti-::::lJllia:t'ly, :il hmd m1'l ht:l.!'n d(~tc:rll1lt;ncd whc:thtcr nV(l k,e;y jdi'::.l1:!.i:I~r;!d e!:I,i;JnIJnts 'I)f s~lipp:i[jg Li5~-: fin r;h~, h'ltiet' 19&O::;';~"l:!:rc: mil~:g::;I~f.~d Glvcr r.hc intcn'cning ye:'l1s:

1. A::. r:(~(:CTt'Lly [~S 1988, a !f:e~:J,! sCate:;:; 8liB h?ld 'U])C{)il11!pktedi ,I.tnks. ]1) tlle~J {I~:~ iglunca ltllt(:ISr.:o.[E; ~lj,g]n'r'<l~! sy""r:t~m ru.!!~',vr,:,rk:5. IICGC5SHming. thoC rdn:tEveJy ll.ns~lfc practicc o:fcmnbiriatnOl:1 ll'I11Cks ]w, ... jng to dCPiJ!l't .j},cCi2:SSe,coItil.l'oEed, mjlt~dkm(:, bj,g]nvay,~ fo]' IPii.'(J-\ am!, f\:HttlS..

2. 'I'll:=: ;5;tm-;::mt'c ()f the U.S. :rtLi~ :r~~ight :5yst.cm ',,'.1:21.$ e,xp:::I.'i,f.'!r.I.':::itlg C{:,t'1;~jde,abrl.'!·

tmbl1]e;nce" wjth cOb~s{d i di!Jt:i~)1i hothof th:: c:ru:r.ie:i' 1.):)"p()I~,r([t()[~::i: :i.L'lld {:f the! h)~[;jvt$st ffelgb[ .:I'Ir.lVt:1'I'1i.mL:;' ()rUO fc\yc[ [~nd fe~.v.el' ~ilje:5:, ~ICC{:'ltlpl1n i>::!'d by cc,no:),mi latH elgJ:nim'llit)rt {~f ··IX~{l~rnd~lnir· C[~pl,.(:ity.

3. An ;n(: re::LS(! ill :speed Ihnats. was en;:;cf;e.d in mos I 5I:al.'t':5, ftl\r bC'.ilb ac\:;,;:::ss~ ';"::(m\,()n,:)d and aa-grade high:w.a;y:.'i, hy <L frutt(l;r of up to 36 p-er(:e])t relii,ti'.'e [0

mid-J,98-Ds v.alt.ics (WWl a S1imifictuil im:n:·iI.S(! OGCllTf.ill2" in manv sr...ates: • • • • ;,.. • • • _' • ..1

iii, Tbc nmnbcr ofdomcs{i.cal tyC:(Jll1r{~1 kd C] [:;5S 1 rmbl carde.l'Si 1,:I,,'m: .'edui::e,d w se\"cil. with a (:()t't'espr:rnd!liJ5, r>l!(h~(:~ i.oll in tilE; ] ithe haU!~ ['1)IJ('i ng {)ptj';'ms f:lvall ab~e j n lh·f!; n1d] rnode (AA R J ~W1),

5. ~1'IC:t'ea:,.dl j'1111~ml~)dfll ism, impro""ccn triil.c;k, llll(~ i'!Jet ... "!~n~;(.!d ~~x:u1;nollJ'gy for I1(!',V (:(tmL TIHlrty rdrllil() h)c;()J]1I)tivoCS cort1;b~~'"ed sillbst:mthdly to impr(l'.'e, mi.~ freight fi()w.s l;1J)d ~.p(!~~ds r:,.1JJ n1.i~if\)~~ds notpbg.r!)ed by tr:~ff1c cCI,ngesdOl'li djftkljlties.

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L Updabe [be: l;I(:\:idl~n~'-I'isk-fac[(":I1' dmiLh~~SI::: ''''''i,th suct8 drHa for ~'9'~14-L 996 as '[;'['8 a1,l;i1J lable ~Illd {~()mpJt[t!, fo~h)~~ii rlg prl):;:c!dlln~::; ('lS identJ,;::i:l] i'l~ p(lS~ ibLe ((I r.h(l:se e.rnp:k:,,Ycd in dC:'oF(,:uOiPm(~m of th(.~ 1994 TC':porL

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kk~ntg:fy :[n.;] docrmwnt cha:nges .i.n diaJta repcmin:g1tnd fOii1lTW'lting ii(:ql."ir<~ml::nr.:s th:l11 may n.e.{·e!~:1'i[;:-Ll·e mod:it1catio'l'I::i if) [hest.): pre,:;;ct;:dl;l£,CS..

Corl·([u,;:L b-IHh (~r()ss-:::{~r.~ioml] ;il[1.d kmgitt:il(]ino;[ s:taHS1i(:~'Llle~t~ 0]] r;be; .l'e:i'U1l5llg $L8r.e'-I':::Vl~] dmf:l., for the 'jJ1.1f:P>OSC of l'-evEHILing e.j'['.erg::m[ ~.rl.!:lid~,; or ire 1 ftl·k!'n.~hip8 ()f • ... ·hj·:~h 'pllJiL1:11ers elf hi71zardous ,\vas1ie Sh!])]:l:ing C:il:'Jl1'i:li!~~lS !)h(lukL bo:;: l'J\"mpl! •

• '1J .......

d, D.dh·c:r ,[!; consl:stent set. (,1' sttrlir.e;-Le:V6~ :1(:dc.knI: iHl~e5 tlr.l dcclrc . .nic form for suhscqt~em I.l!llei tl tr.iEtl!'JJ{l1jl~ti(m r~$k models, '''''ith m('lgl:1iuij.lldes snpJ)oo'Itediby comac[ w.iLb ~i!ldj ... idLL[11inLt:!;r$r..iH(!-n~gast~r.:::(] spl~d:8.1ty cilirricS'[sas. .11 me.ans of 8Jnp:itictlJ COn ti rnl1<lLion.

The ro~l'Jwail1g :;c;c;I.nondc::;..;::drDC.5 chang·cs j fL <lc(:idelli!. :rrJp"',lrti ng L'l1g':Jirem!.:ll1Ll; and prfK't:dur~l:i ~h.ill nnd~:: tf.JC c::tlcrJit dcrclIJucnt,ed in tbiii r·:::~p()r[ diffr;:T!::;n1 fro:JJn Ih[:l~ of ~~.') prl!(k!':.:;:;::i80I. SoL'ltliun 3 PTC$t::[[!It.S the: '1~r(lc)~:dm{:s the r~uth(lrs fbHo",v,ed in . .([e\··t:!](Jping ~1116 r~C!'w rate~ f~Jr Lbr! 199{)ls. S~::::[i{l'Il 4 ht~::~ 01311 '1 h(~ rC5ultlng fhl.::HllgS. 'by 1.ri:'1[ffispottat~()~i siwJdt! ......... ur;'h re~spl:!Cl If.) (n:md$ ()rbs~ii\lcd tmd !~L8~i WI j(;~d I;CS\$ iPcrfoll1ned ~ ~,his. S:OZ;Ct.iOUl .aaso di ~(.:::u.sSi:!S ~h(,~ ·~()nfirm';Hf.)rYl!;:o;,~IHti,i:~:;J'I j,OifJ of baghw.HY (.:mT.k:r dar.a. Sco:::tj,o:n 5 .ct.L::;"CI.4:::'S i.% tine.pc~£::iibl.e impJi.:::~~l{ms (1f 'Ihl..~ flndillgs ~ITj.:.l :~t'{:;;lS of fnrl.hl.~r prc·,duc:t~\'c research. Sectj.c"ns 6·8 p:fe~en[ :o:;[aLisr.i·:;:~ll d:Hi;I :;lIId H~bl:c~; ()f ii8~(~::; ·" .... :hh !:(:spc:ct t.Q h~gh·""·';lys. railroads.. attd V .. '.iHe.f";vays.

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:2 ]J.R[~!IAR1{Acc:nn;:N"[' Rn~IPOR1'[NG REQUIlrttRt\'fl1N'I'S AND DA,:rA SOVRCES-EVOI"llT[ON SINCE 1'H.£ 198Q)s

2,1 .AOCUlENTS OF TIlUCKS Ol).flli\TED :Eli' COJvltv[ERCV\l, l\IK)TOR CA.RR[EltS

; 1 " 1> 1" '4] l' l'.... ~~. . . ., (' 4 j' 'J"] 4'" f'l r.·' .• ,,..,, r r:: I" ,. ~.,nllil 1'.· .. :;tJfcn·. }};), ~'\ili1 j./' o· . H.e ;.r r.):: 1J!~ 'l-oa ... ,· oJ ..r'~·(J!!t.ra~ j,~c.grr ei~i'um.)' trcquJ.rclJi m()~';'.lr ,\~(1rr.i':;:rs to ;3.u.bmir. accident re:pnrlS- 1:0' (hc! F,~cf,:'::~· .. t1 HigrNfuy J'uLmj1Ti.::;~[,i~I;~O~il {FH\VA) in l.he so-cr~ukld H50·/G'" lE!J!(Ji!'Ling fo;rilJ1~t1, The n1?Jst.;,!;:rElk. coml)iler.J fr.:Jm {!n"f..~dr1:g tine d;li;)l on thes.e reports itr~ FH\~ll"":i Offi.l:)l.:: ()f MUI.'(Y[ C!!:rricrs (otvIC) \V·ffi!i· the bil.~j,::; ~Jf ,[li::Jcldc:nt. fata.l.i.Ly, .lJ.nd. itlijul'jI !'.ffire·s; del;'\e~oped f~)T lhe 19~1';1 AtI,gonrnc Natkm:o.l L:al::{~I'at()ry d()r:umeil1t By Fin.lIlRuk:: of f;ebmafY '2, 1993 [:5 8E.i'.R 6726,], ~hc: [fCport.i ng ~·eql.lJr'Bme.jn "',i~'IS r\~m.(J"'r..:d: unstead of sllbtil'l5iUEcr~g reports:. c-;~rrue:r.~ w'~.m! mnv rcqrl~iTi.:')::1 ~,t) llHl.iltl!miltl! a 1'.egaSl!3!r (,'lf~c(~l(il8n~.s me;·etJng r.he. de:ljll:il~(m {)f 1m ,:u:tidenl {;~c~.:: b"~I.('J·,\,') for a. peri.od ·0[' otle ye<rl' an~.!:r $QK!b :l.tL1 aocklel:u ,;X.'l;::ur'I'ed, C;'!Jrril!"~:, Wl..~r{: to .In!'lkt} ~ h.:; {!Oir;,r.cn~:. of tfl·:::s.e registe,'s iJ ..... a:i laf!)le [() FH'W.,oi, agcnts.i.t1lve.sr.ig;,ulng sJ'lt,~iJi.c .1I,::·~:id~';:lltS.

Th{~y W'~~ii(!' a1so rcquirc:d [0 gi.'· .... e'·' ... all :l'E!.rllj{}Iii~blt! l:'I~s.is~!mc('; in the it:L';.···esllg~lli()r1 of ;Lr1 Y 3(!.;;:i.dent in·:;:]udin.g prc,'.riding a full. lnl:8, .uKl C{)I'['.ec[ ;1!i~swo:.!r to :1m}, grlle~'i:i()!ii '~JI' i.nL[ui.ry,"· I.() !L~vl!~d '.ivlu::tlKu: D-itzarrhms mal'.::ria]s othe" [han ,sIT,il Ui!'::] fl,ld from tbe ft~eJ tanks , ... ttm~ r·:~k(ls(~d, ~lJId 'j{> f'u rn.is.h. c(~plc:s of [:l1l 8ra~e.-!'e,~'Uil't!d G1(:ci(tt:!s~t r'i![p()ii\::; [4'9 CFR 390 .. 15]. TbL~ l'l,'::;lSOn fQ:rI.hi& CD:7i.ngE: ~n runt!; ': .... as t'he enb;:rge.nf.::.e of ,m trU'lornH:!.!~(t sWlc: Ilcckle:tlt J'e:P[~I'lEng S}'5'1{':fD) CI)1l1pulcd fr,o:n'll Ii3N,I cnt'C,rcemc,nt L'J::c:ide;I]~ r":!'pO:H!S (h~~I." !;mrs-u:mt. r..O prr'ovj~~j.:JnS (Jf 1bcJ.J)~Crl:ruc,da~ :SUl':f;:tJI.)~ TnlIlSp((fitm.i·c,n Effl!::icn(::f ,iVI ([STEAl of ]9~~] [PL ~(1i2-'240, J.0.5 STAT. 19J4J. W.a.'i being: csmb[js~)ed ul'lde:r lfu.:: M'GIOr CJrrJcr S~fc~y }\ss.istaaj(:t; P'ro:.1-gr,am {MCSAP)_ Under Scc:r.ic;·1'1408 'nf 'J"] r;' r f] ... f' C···' .\ ,. n t) ') F ~, I' '''I':t:: ~ 'I'~ r . It e .Ii'~ {} [ it! t.' ()tOlf '".,;~rn,cr hct -Ne ~ ':L, a ':.::c)rn[p()J)cnt 'IX ~iL:..J ~.; r.. )>e; ~e(T(!ll!Jry q :

'il'nu)spolij(t[i-rHi is ,:lI.1I h,jJd :?;cd II) mak.e gr;:m~s to sLa~{!:s it!: (.1>fo~k.r t,~ heJp tbem'tehie··,';,;:. un i.fqml ]mplerll.em<'Ll~(Jrr~ ()f lht! pr,)Lj(:,:;: f:1f.!,;::iI:t(:n~ reporting ,sy!:;:[{ml f();r '!f1JI,;:k rind bom:; a0~~de3lr.s; .'e(:(')J'I'lTn':::i;1J(~l~d by the NiJ,r.j·'}lt'il {1()vern>lH'$' A5sc-:;:Q~rtn(In. '(j naol' this ::'YSt(!H1,C'lHcd Si\!FETY NIET, accitbi;1J[ d;U::l r.ec(l·rds @;!:!c~t!:ril'!ed by each stl;;tc folIo·, ..... .tdet1!r.j·caJ ff.):r;JJliUtln,g :m.l!d. Icontent in::;tl~LJ{::[]o::ms;:, lbl~ i!'L~(;,,::·td5 rt1e elli!.·:'!:t·t!don ~ppro.;.;imat':;,ly <l "NeckJ}" baslis iE~W a fcdcu.ilty ma11'lta:ined r.l,uab;:j~,:,!:_ Thi:; dr;l~j:'lba$c

~s i rt tu 1'1'1 c(.)J11Jri k:d ,1J)(;~ :n1:;',11.'H~gcd by a iDO!l'(:(Jl1r..r,il::;:tO:f;;'s. part of tllt!. ~I'1N()r (:,lLrrier }<1;~n::'!gc:rllel1t Inf·arrrLar.irm SytH:;:m (l .... lC)lBS).

N.~otor ;,>lfJJeI' Jt!11()!r;i£Lg tLJk1.$ i,~ 49 CFl{ 3·90.5 defil:1ll} nTI 8!::-;·ddent :lls;:mc,cet:Jn"n'em::e i~v()]vJl1g a 'COtl1ltE'Je:rcl.ul Ht(HN '.'ehit'f{!: o!}P,P. ... (J.ii'ng ~'I'J (L pubN.-:: road th::1.t D~.S'-l]1;S tn {l)il f;((I.ality (.!\Tld,"(lr (2) bodily a!ajuil'y to it ptliiSon lh~1'! rcq;;illrcs. nwcEjc,iLl. ~n.~;~t,J1lent :R'i!.':o.y from ijhe. i:'JGc:idf.!:l'Il s,'l.:t!m:; :mdlor (3) {~l'Ie. NI'I'I';lW ~JlV()] \,f.!{l mulor vehacles i 1'I{:~U[r.J.[1jg d.is:tl.bulng dimnilge: a,::; <:!; :re:~;!]ll ~J.f j he :iicc:Ldem ",ncb Ihitl, Ih!~~ .... (~hk~l(~ Jl1.USl h::: to·\~t>f~d rfr·(Io.m the scene_ Specj[i·::.:aHy (!·:x:(:lUl:k~d fn.ml tl.liUS d".:djJiil3(lJ) of";~ccidcnf· ~JJ'';;'; o(';clJrrcl:1!ce.s lJ'I .... O:J-d:Y1lg (l]tly CII)a;'.;Nllig ;;md ,;tlighl,ang fJo])) a staHotllary \'>t:b~dL~, j]w(lJ .... ing only' r.ht~ JCot~oing. or Unfi();:'lding of C:afgO, (J:r 11l·.·(j] .... i,liiIg (.! pl~$5cngcr cm (IT ()tl)!~t'

rntn]1 i.jl-H!rpor-;r.::: pL'is$e~~g·er ··,:-,ebic:lc ,::nvned hy ~h-l': c:!l.ITiet' r.h<H jcs In~r.~::;;pl)rl:ing nci.l:t')er p:iLSSt-.;.nge['!-l. fo!:' hJrG nor pI i7lc~tr;j-qu.il.nt~r.}' hll:zardo'!.l:!; [trl~):I,~~dill$. The ] rmcr (!;;';!:;:~Ij.:J$UI;:.ns represent a ke:y di fr;..!:rl.'!nc.:(~ b.etl,·l,I·een ~hi)l de.fllll:lion (h(Ld tbe inmleiUa.l(J re]Kmil1g rcql.li'[cme:nts. fbr ~l~G_ur{km:5 nn::l~(~r.j.d.s.

Inc:jdewl.l~ ltrul.:'!:r 49 C ['RI7l.J 5, ·"..hid) stl;[)11.Iar.e Lbt;: fono".v3ng crHer.i rJI:'

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,F~le,. 1')I'eaktI3t!·, s:pilhLge" (IT $1;I:,jpc(;tcd mdfioacn"'li!; omttmuj~rnatioit~ d.u:ring ",biplnelil of rml.{(.~I.J't.:i'l..,(;' m:"H~ij~ll.

.• hrL~, lJf(;:~k:;!g~>, spil b:l:!i!c, or s;usp:i;:v.~ted com:urujil'l:atioli durElig 5ihipn~en[ nf f!r~olt}i!ll~{~ t~gcn~:s

• RI.::tC(ISC ,of a maxine pc,~hm1tr~(, if I Qi.i!t'JJlil.iC)' e;>:J!(!~xH[lg i~ 50 1i,t(~r5 (119 g;l~il) k',r Hgu8ds. IX .:!inJ' kg {882 ]b) foJ' sotl(L~

• .A decision by rhc' C{l.rt';"'r (hUl tl N!l~J()J;-t~l.hh~ :5jtut~tk:'Jl (c.g .. , continni.ng da!ng;cr ;'(1'

Ere at the ~:::t!]ie.) e~~ iStS;,

Ttms" lE'11r.un:lbtc:! i~:'::l:ilLt!:nl3 n:mder ~'jCSi\:r'" arc far mo~'e. E\;.;:du8lor.Jal)' than for repoJ'~.ilbl.e hL'l7.:ill'l:LmL~ 1'Il~ll ~:iii,d.::: $jt\l:~~ions, w'hic:h .i.lldudc ]lICit only r,eJeast.:!! ·(,)f ,caJ'gp' 'i~.!herc\f,e[' 1'1. ttlay f:·::::·el~[, bl!L also imp"lcls ()nl.lninvl)~vcd pp,rt:k~::: (j.e .• ~.h'~ genera] ~)U!b2:k:) iLnd al.::;..c~ g:iv'':;:: I'epr:.njlig dis'::relj(m £()

(:fuTi,t:nj, n,,-ll f:lltthmtl>;;;d lI11-d,e:r kj1.v-cil:JfClifCC]l1:e:n~·-hus~.d l[tcjde:nl ~l(:C.l)J.HL[i rlg~:;!.J,lt!1TIS,

2.2 nAIL CARRmR ACCIDENTS AND INc]DENI'S

Und.!.tJ: J~9ljSC 2090 l, rai~ curtiers iIJlllSt. fHe-iIi r,e[pCl[,[ l,J,.·jth [he, Sect'-eiLut'Y' ·M'T['aE~::i,p';)]1.2i[iori, not h~t(!T ~h;m 30 d:;'Y$ ~lfl,t':ii lbt:! t;lld of ~.!*,.d] mm1~h itL 'il.'hid~ :~ij~ 8(:c~dtmt ()r. iti~ci~k;nl (:'ttll;rs:. I:fi~::l~ ~:[tl}~S the Iliiltm'c,. cause, :.md c.:j:r:.~tlmslxm('.es.of [he: reported .ltcdd·::;:t1It {l'r .Lir.Jd.dem. Th .. ::; for.mat for s~LGih re.PO'.IH is l}j(lvkl~d by'the Fedcral Rainr()~d ,Adm.lJ1Lstratlot1t {fi[(Aj I.meier 49 CPR 2:25,] 1. ~i"j .' , r . I' . , - . '~ . l ,1 .'1' ..'i C' (-'~"'I']' ~ . " , .. -~. lC en ll.'!Tlit H)[ a n:~p·;)1'lL1 :)UE'- iilCClaeu'rlr.,or ll1ClC.~CT.l~ C:Ll,n-em y '~!'~(;(h:Je,:J. "~l 4'.J . .II"-~. t'~ul ..;..':;!.) t1ll'8- .~::;

foHo"."s:

i .. :nt'~'·~""':·'''·'-···-'-~···'·'·'··-····'···'

.. An it1J1P::i(:'1 O(;(:lmg be[\"I'.ee'l~ ('.iljlr'08d on-~r~l':.:k {:q;ufiprne,nL <:md (~j)l~ 1tI.I)w:rj-;~;l!d {~r

nG'n··;n'({~1 r;.r!;zcd hi:~!iJ~"i'f~Y'N fanru vehide i {b) ~.l pedl..!stjj.;ln, or (~:) Ol:aK~r hi,gb'I,V;~y mel' tl.l. i~ h~gb·i/in~Y"r~I.i] (:r{1ossjn,g,

.. A c(I·ltisj~Jn., def.l.l.filmem, fire, cAplos.i')n,~;er. ((f O(1d, or oth'~r g\"-::I.l.t .i.ll·'/o]ving lb~~ CllPeratiol:1l of standing or 11f'JOvi()g ra.i I r'I};u;l, ol.l.~t!,ac:k. equiprnent results iIi :.;;ggrcg:[te dmnage (to (lJ~.·trackegiUjpm~'nt:, ~.igll('J~s_ iJJ.j),<::k ~u:ldlo[' olhe!!' Lrack smlctUl"CS .. llrHllol.' roadbed) u·fmo'i!. r:'i1:ill1 $6300 (''is (If L 996).

• A.n e·\'cnL ,;tri::-.ing from railroad operation r.h.n !reS~l~r;s i.n {,(.) thc dCiJlt.h of 'C'I)C (If m(m!: p~~r5()nS; (b) finjury tt,o one or rm~m p~~r5QnS, ,Nbe]" that) E·<li.lt'()~ld

ernpMoyt)cs. thrlt. n::qllires 11;1jedi{;~il ~re,i!;[m(:m ~ (c} lnjUL)" vO 0ne.OL' rf~(n'e

~~mp~QY'cc$ tba~ f12.qllit'es tlIle.dic;'L~ r.(·ellL~l1~:Jl'! or ire$U:~r.s in ,·esuJ.:::r.Jo£L {;,f \J.'ork til-m,r.~lklJl kiLO one O!f t'li)Ofe. da~rs, (me· ()[' rLlI()rl,!: 11)51 '.: .... ork (1,;):)'$, tu·ansfe·j' W· .:l.rlmber job. tcm:dn.iJ.ti{)~:1 of e(npBo'j'menL., q[." 1;()~5 of (:cm~ci.mHi.lie'::;$; .ilrLtL"'(l, (d') ~tn.y

'.:rccup;:;iti·;).n.:J.l il L[u::'>:1 {:rof ~;ln~il I:'r)::td c;Jl.1iploy(:c d.i.agflo::;ed hoy a HJ~:I}·.si,r.:j;~n.

O~l't.;;dn n,:-,pes i)f r<Li]TO,~:l c:~n;'i(}I$ ;il,r'~ <c:xemp~ti:.d fiyJJ'1'I 'IJI<l!::;e r~~,~~~jn~mcm5, spedHcalLy (1) tJlo$.·e owning l)r (JPi!;r.!Ll~ng ~Jin l.ir~II:;k cntin~ty 'Wir~)j))il f'LCi,Jil.y iiilotpart of the @811cral fE'e.igln raj! W~jd sysr;ri!.m; (2) rili I l(rh;m nu~~.s tmn&it opei'tiLi(J:11SI'I(J1 (:onnc<:ted (I.} ~h2: genera] t'iJil r'i'l','Ld t.f0.n:st)ot'r.atlO[L s\'~;;;r.ern~ imd (J~ those O:}';"'n]ug ,or Cri';{::I~illinl'~ :';L1 (.~;.;(;k~5uveb·' passcin'!!er~b'1~j]i.tI.£!,

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L"1JIi.lrolul ,ctHireLy wj~hin a~~ inst:alJ:;I.L~o·n is:o~ated fr'on:~ [btl EL':nc.:ntl fn::ig]It rai.tmaa sys'tem. (Th i;!:

ddjn.it~r;m (~f ~$.()[miort, or irlS,\.II,~rhy,. of operations ~'J lh~:::; Idsi. (.::51tc.g()ry .excludes .RI.1Y siDjation$. invol ... j n g 'C'IK~; Crt' nWre, tL!l-gribI.k~ (.:,r';Jssnngs ·of (aeti ve) jmblic :rr:);;Jds or (!.tlnl::r miIJoads.,. im-ldge:,; (~'.ie'r

pl.lbUc r~)\i'l.d:::; mcr.)l:I'I'I'I'I¢n:~~dti}' n:"'VJg~I:Lcd \vat>er ..... ~t.a:ys:. n'I' o]Jt:nI.lj';)[Js ·cornGuct<'.=:d \vEr;hin 30 feel of ;::J~liy (,IUber (tK:r. i ".e} JiLi [,oad.) P.;IItial reJief frrom requi l'e:[[~eEClS is :~]so ;[l\r.~U]:Rb~E'. for rail .;:::at'r'~e.t." witb J.5 c'r 3:C'o,\lcl' E'l'npkl}'i!(!,5 (:{!-v(!:r·t':d. by the; horLlif$ of.~el·Vj.;":~ ];t' .... • of ,y:9' USC 21101-21107, OJ' th8( ':)<.'.'.1 or e'pe:t'ate [t'ack c:u:lJ.l!.'.i.vcJy off the gr2:tle!fal sys;r;..em. F:Yr p~JrpGrs':c:s (If :t.111s. amllysls.. lh-e elili,ri.1!:$. !;ubj{!;ct to fltt] (~.r:-"~r1 i rig r':::q l.IirellK';nts .lU·C slIHlc:j,eml y ,:=orr;:!pr{~h!~lls:i\re ..

CI[rk~r5 c.;y·.re;r~dby r.hc~e i. .. e:41U!jro::.~[nen~$ ITIIL1St fnLEI I. lle,·,'.t,r;:!i~ ~(1okk('!:·r.:lPjng tiiisks. HtA I'eLL uires 5~.lbrniua.l of iii tl!1OEUhly :\:tar:I.l.~ !it:rp:)fl., ,c\~~cn if th,er·fj · .... 'tT¢, nu ii(!]};Jrt:;libl,~ .evems dlUri~lg tb~ p.eru()(L A.(.:{!~dcn:LS ~lI)d .inddentli nmst be. f{~pl)rted on the-FR.A. :sr..fmd:~!7dj~i;cd f()nn, but eeJli!J~.)

L)'P{~::; of jn'8LGOrrm; rcquLE\e Lmnl·e:d~tri·e, l~h~iPhone; nmjf:iCi'!lLl011. t.J)g~5G.f b()th rcportahi,e in~j:urle'$ and ,. .. . .. .. .. , ·L·l.. I'" I' !.., ] ..I 'I' ., ,. {J'1l ·tri)jcJ{ j nClaems lWlt~[ ue m;!Jlli'1:1m~{ v:~,· C;JC.l r.aL~r()iil(l ()1:1; '"r 11!CLil t le.y QC(:ur, ::J.n':J. a . l£t~li,g ul S~"CIiJ

~.~V(:r:1ts .lUllSil be Pl~!)~~.!"d tmd ri!)~lde ~.Iv:aijli\b~('. iI:C, e:l'l'Ip]uyce:5 ,md. to the FRio,., aklll,g '"""ilb r(~.qui.r(;dJ

r;; .... .(:ord~ .and repl!.rl~, 1,If.!',m :rr:.!qTI(~!:;'I for the::m. The .ccm5ol:klmod data entei,e~"; e:x [,iilCll!d {H.nn ., h!~ FIt ..... rep(;'I:tE:l~g f.tmn$ me c(1J:Is()ljd~I:t(:d im0 ane;(:(.::kk:ntiinclde.m ·di!J(;;:lh,;lS';~, 'lh;;11 s(,~p.;miltC:5 re!port:abk~:

t~t'(:ide:nrs fnHTL graCil.::.cr-oissiC1lg .r.t,l.r:ld<!.~)HS. Th~sJ~ are. athtUiP.iJ])"Pf<!J(:.:..~s::;cd lnto ·~v,et1Jt. fataIEt}" ;~nd i njtl~( count tab.lesl!!s. p.rut of the. .Acc.idem,t.(rrcido'Jn! Br.fUetr~~ ([:;'RA 1'991~-1996) plliblL~hed (m ~ht.~ l:;~~<~rn.;::t by lLle Offk:e of SaJer.y fI( gO]l]'I(!'r;/igl)pll.er'.d(1~1 ,.g!()v~7(1l i ti lfr.i1:lsafetyh'rs.i1f,Ny;'lJirH~r)'lflp:~j.

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2.3 ACC][lENTS AND INCIDENTS Ih\T'Ijy'OLVlI:NG ()OLVDrfERCIAL SHIP:PINf; VESSI£LS ON DOMEST[CWA·I'.EllWA YS

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U nd~r 46 0$(: 61 () t -6l OJ, cTi~erEa have heel] e,s~,;~b~i5[ht~d for the rcquIr,ed Jcp{}{rI.~ng (by 'li{~~g(!J (rpcral,or.s amE O· ..... ·IlCTS) pf marin.~ 'Da::;~.:tal[:i.e)j,il;nd in:;;j·:l!Tlt5 in .... o]vltligtiiU] lIinhcdi Sl:ates; ffuag ·I.:,esse-ls occlJ:tTitllg ttJi},wh.:::r{!: .i n th·!.'; \"'()J"1di~t;l:d ~.~imy fQ·p:;ign Hf:lg 'I,'cs:s:cl ope3';;l1it~g ,0.11 '.var.ers SlJJbjo~(1r.

to ille jI8t'Es-dlcr; i on Df [he! Uinhr.::di St:[I:tCS .. ,t\.ril inc;]d(!:nt 11.111.1,5:[ be reportedll.vjqllirt[i\f,f!: da}·:1. if it r'~!~~u~~S [j~

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The t(lst ,crttcriotl! shol.lud he dir.ec:t~}' C()[~]filiIT~Lbk~ to '.·c-5$(:1 s:p"iUil.ge Th"::portlng requ~re;n.'Jjeljij,S ~lm:ll.~r 49 CfH, ]7 B. fi5. di~cussed, abo··.le" U 8]t{)hr)~ ;~bU5(!: , .... q~:::. (h::~(!:111,il~m:(1 to be f:l ,~oLltrlblltlj)g

f?(!wr, nhis must als.(:· 'bee r.eponed. Indivldll,iLL St.t1i;:S :~l5() colll,':(:~ ':;::.JslU~hy" d[~t.~l. for 3ir.1cid:em;~ (}CCI;lLTlimg .in navlgab,I'e'.va~.e~'.I .. 'ays w:ilbiJi nlB!~;r ::;Hltf..~ b(lroC:r;3;" :Rnd a ull~fmT.n s.ta:te luat'ina:::; c:i!ls:u(!!~[y rcportlng $~'stern hll.l1lx~eE" crei'!lLed f.()r LriLnsm~r"jiITJg ~h~sc reports tel federal jm'JSdk:t1ou (Le., tEJe 'U.S:. Ccr·lli.·ll Gf:j;:i:rd); h{'p;\'~v(:!:r, :Ih{!: ~Ibil]ty of fedcT;(1.l ::'I:un.h(!'.\:,j,ry to 1~5,e (he illf()C'.n:ltlon is r.£~:;[,'jdt!d

W.ith~al 11'1e. ~:lmellmiL~; ~IS ~huse appli(!:libk t(l tbestilte prci·, .. idk~g n:he :-e])(iJ1. FiJiilut'e Il{~ .i1ee-£' r,eportilig {}hligilti-tmsc<Jn fl!$tLtr; :in1~ c~,,'H [pc:Illdty" llot (0 exceedl ,S2.5,O·n-;j', .impos{~~dc.n, [he ve-$sc:] 1)· ... ~J)e.I', (:h<i:r~er>tr, rc:!Sml,gill.[! op',:n!;lOI, ~Igo:.!:rtt, llms:teT, or "jndividlulaJ in c~~ii1J'ge-."

U.S. Coast GU(llfd Headgl;;lm1ms ~eCf,:,l'l/eS (gml!ft~~dy (~KLirlil(:I!:\ -r.:,f the } .. {min:! S:~fcty

Intorn.un~Cln SyS'bClf'11 (MSlS) developed fr·0t111 [l'le .. ~e. S(:'I,U:'·:;::'::S •. 10 .. 1:51;5: i.s. ,;~ m:twurk d~I'I::lb;;ISl} i:L~sjdillg 1n tvlanii):.=>bmg. \Ve~l VlL'ginla .. t~1Ne.?;r.:igatiOt~ r::.l$U$ ~ITC,: (.~nl:crcd at·car.h :I1:tarrlnc :5~I.fi:::ty lIni~ 'by Coast Gu£'Jt',d inve.s~ig~l[(JJS . .t'LmLlY85s ofcLaHl ~s (:{mdu,:;tcd :lll: Headq)UJarr.e;r.s ;~lsung a R.ct:iniornal D.t!.tahtlSe MatH'Igl!tnt!nr. :Sy,w.m~. Th,:! a-[N~d'~~fi~lJjK~r~ .omc>::: ,off" Dnvesr..i.g:n.timlS £uld /inal.ysi!i compUe;::;. ::ltHl pt()(:(!!'S::;I,~l) t:i)(! (_:.il$~l~:lIl,y :n~r:{JrIS :i nlO li;t~VCnl;l formats. and. p'at[~~ i,Nllf!!cl dwtft 5:..::ts thatnlake Ij~l the 'L.l-']"~ I' ". . .. " 'ct' .. ~ 'I···· ..... ] ]'1" '1'1 f" k ,!~'. S u.) of. ,i~I.:;IOt;!Sr::. .I.I.co''''~~:r.s man I nTl::,~ ::teet ents., L.i1ta L(.I':!!:;':, InJ'!JirJe'$, <r1l(J po U[KHl .sjll LS 83 ar Il~<L~; "

tL~ J94li (!1.h:b(lillgb lh:!~: fHt::! is (;{!.,mpk;tc. m1l1y [OJ' "fb(;m~ 1991 {~mv<liid)fmd i:;. tLv;~nl;~b~e, rir(llll iht~

Natio]lll.l Tec:lm:k::a~ IlrrIforrmltiODil S,ervlce (NTIS) On CD-IROlo.t

2.4 DATABASE SO'URClES

Untit the. early L 990s, la!f©t~ d~llIiI sets arehivLng tbe. infonmui,on fo[',vbj(;h lh·;:: viiu'iou:, ::=tgcn,:;:ics off the U.S. Dt!p<JrtHH!flt '8f TraDsportat~ot1J (DOT) ' .... '(!;ro:;: respomilbJc: e,yukl b'i:: ob[;i!h~ed, gene.r,illly on ope,u-r:!i!] t~qx~s or :f:!,0PPJ' ansks" dhe.c[ly f:rom 8:11 oHlce, \\I,ilhir~ ':;:i'lch 3gell(:Y_ n ' ] l ' • .!i.!l" "j," ~ ]]" h" 1· ~ T'I ~ .... e('l,(!;m y, tL~e pr{k:~~:)smg ~nll 1]18r.rJ 0utlOn (titS"'K: :1 (ul.<iimI,..5f,~~, ,:m;: ~ar,gc, ':f nee·n ,;:n.lt·S0urC,e(~" ,,'IUS,.

f()r e.xilmplC!, r.h(!FI{WA OmCrk; of 0,.·k~tor CUI't'i,ers, (OMC) .Il:O'~'i,r makes L(S (S;[~Ir.e; uit~i/-{!;nf,l)p:.;emelltM

@~~,(!r~tll!d:) commcrc.i ~11 tm~k <I.lld bus ;~L:(,:i ttt~iITI~ d [~tahffis-ei'!Na.i lablf.~ (m CD-ROI\'1: '! hrollgh VlrL ex~~rn::~] vendor. Rlii]rl,)~ld d;ml (br;)[h $['iLlI:l-],~vd \flcdd'Clryjts :and Ult'[(l::J(h; h:lJi,dkd) ~In~ 5'iiJJ l:{vaihble at 110 ,cbarg.'~ on, re.s:peclive]y,. 1h~! FRA ,imd .'i,ssocl:lJ.tkm {)!f ,A,me:rir::~m R;~llroads (AAR} \\Jeh:;ites. High\"'~I.y flC1';'" dam {:f"()t~1 rH\VA,'~ lligi1',',!I1Y S~''{ui!J.rk:s} c~m fbt; d(), ..... nloadedi ~'r,l}]U tll8 DOT iBUr{~mLl ·of 'IT' :fam;pr.H~illl(l:n SI.at:istlcs 'Pa~c on tl'rle, Intet£~t!:[ (DOTrF\H\l./}\ 1 %1'5· (997) .. h)c.idf.!;rt:L~LI ~y, uti! ~zitlg (h)~,rt, ,iL \I,iLi ~"Ihk 'D1) r. he .mr.ern{;t is :proh;:lhl ~r the sJlilgk most dlrmnmk ch:n:I'I,ge expe:ri I.'!m;ed. it~ c.~rt1piHI~g ~la[i~;(i.:::~ sj:n(:(~ lmciCili..akin)g (he eadi.e:r <In;~l}'s]s .. UnfOrLUt1r'l(e.ly. DOT's ()ffir::(~ r.;'~~'

HigJn~.'<Iy '[nd~C~rtTI iLl1(lrl lVl~mr;g.;::li.oent (';~'hi.;::n~ ((f::'J"'e]u:ps EJ'ig~lwa)~ Sl'aristfts}, dl.le [':1 ::;,u.5pe)ctcd p.l''''1.blem~in dar.~L ~1(;(':I.II,a(:y, no ~ongej' r.:dTer~,: a s:p:r(!.fidsh..cet ver::l.i()tL {If S[~flf.!:-I,t:!v·l.'!l dar:lL (~n:~bli,n,g hi ii!Jl ...... ·tl',.· rni ks 0.'.1 11(':[wv c:omhi n ar.lot'L tL'U{;['::s It) b::.: (':;t{tmcte,d (.Hr(;,'L~!ll .. ,? 'ThL'!s:,:: ,:;;h:~ng{~r:; (:()llect~l~('..lv

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hii;V,t! n(.!r,:.~~sOr.,;LI(:(~ some re.vl~,lotl (If [lie, t.:!,(Lrlie[ [)[l)c:edm:it!s, ~':t;;e.d L() r.k:· ... ·d();p i nddc::nt n 1I memtOr'S. tLnd [():.:!:;.Lr:m~IH~ t:r;71IITl[~PO r:t ,i) .. ::;r. i vir.}' de!lOnli[~a~{H·s.

Tw!) Ol.bC:ii dL;.~v(';IQpmel~15i ()[ inLereS'1 sbolllo be J)o;'Jled. V'litblh:!~ rC:5tJ1;,](;'1l1ring of .its d,ua &~~ ri bUl.ioill: (;halln'~ls. DOT '!'t,rtS en~lbt(!d ~Id,dit:i,onil[ me pr-l!.!p;;lri~Ij{!,.I1 Jmd Illr1lLli'ilg,cl11cnr. ledl[~jqUt!!.s, !:'LH::dl :~::: PIX~:-Stll1C1l.lt'i ng r.tl faei li:t;~w data q~LCr'jlJ:S. [0 g~":t r;:}nv~l:rd. Thc MSIS (:aslIilr[y fj,Ji;!.S t,) p~I'J;j i(!ll1nf .have. bee.n prl'''!:pr{r-::::.:!:;;scd W ':.m::~f'I.:,': Jrj,mlCL',(:iLU, ,u.'i.ly'jl~~l:ry spirc,1.dsihcet·compt1:tibl,f.'; fill'£!:s· '<J\' i I.b limited p,x,ord ~ii~e$ lh~L [tlr.gcL sp(!dfJc ~re;1l.$ of dara i!~.:!{!:d (e.g •• ship"s mgi!'iH}I', it~c:idel'lL lyp:~, j' ~ , . 'I" ""1- I' I ,j"1 " '.~ .' I ,;! r-" I L h " l;'lll~uJ 1::1" caus,es). ~ I) it _~l,g~~JI,c::'lnr, (!.;\;tCJ)~" illS .U,l;!; J'8clllf'~r,>!.~(uu.sc OL t :If!Se. f.Jap..it. Un 1 'If.!; {II, g!:[ ,:am:a. nC1oVobs(<Lc;[.es w d<.n~. (~;>;I;r.;I~:I.J'm Da'.re e~-:J1el'e.ed f()f SOL11C c:Me9'Cl'I'i,:::::.:;. V,,"hi h:! i'l 1,'I ... a~ [()rmcdv _. ~ . pO~"5Jbl.::: 'Lo jdemi cry s]lt!c i fie: fi'\'iil frdgl:iJt :f1jm";1 V()..Illn~C!!5 hystate fr~llII: the Ct,1 dH"~[el;;'[ill.t C(JJllI1DC:rcC Comm.iss.liotl (Ie,c) 2 % W (1ybHI Sample, raHr,t)i!!cl e'lJl'p0rJHe CO])S()]j.;:\,rt,[:i(l:ti hitS reSUllt!d in fl.1J3l!lJy

~! :"~tcs b":';[tlf:! se, .. ved h .... ':ml'oj {mc IT1J0rLlIfH!; r.iJ.Ht'o;''Ld .. Rl~~3nnit1g in the, [a:li(!; I. 980:) I >::(m fi d:t~t1it:i.t'1HLV \.'<' ,.' ,. ,10- ~." .:;;; ~:.... ' . . ..

II.! les c,smhl i:.:hed f,;Jr '::r,)lll:x~lj'~l:n ,of the sr'lmp,le tb~cs pf{,:cluded idlel~li:Fiie,r~[l(m ~:,~f s'l:~I;(;S of (ITigin .and de&tjnali(m C{JT shi.pnf1cnr.s bC':~L!;USJ2: htwcn.:lld r,t!su.lt in [;J/J:t(ljtl!an.ic: i-ti:.::n.tl fi':;;\'i~ion ·c.f the: c::urh:::L ·nlt.:!. low{!:s.t r.epl:.r!ing k~vc) "bJ;x:;;I!r.nc. tne Bi\.Ue,ilU of BCI)Jl·omic /\n,aEy~is ermA) rcgj()n., SG'Iue of vlhjr~h Sp~lj'II'It!!{[ lWil]:iiplc sHHcs. 'I'll::: 2/i:i: WayhiH S~t:mple tS; stiHl colk·:;:c(,!{i and m;JIjnt[~&ned. t;ou:t hy [he. DOT Surf~I':;':,': TL'IJiIlSJKI~·r.:n:L~on Boal'd,ll0I'n:inal s:t1(:ce$!1~}r Ix) ~hl"~ ICC. Currently, then't.c;,sr. rdj:~bl.c

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3.fIU(nnNA Y A CCIDENTS AND n.A.:rES

H:::l.'Iv}'comhinL1th::.'n-lm~k accidem CO~m t!:', 'i' .. ·crc {:xn.riJ.c:r.~d! hom tl.H:: M·;}101'O~rril!r

J .... lr1t"Ja£e:nwm [t~fbl'mmt(JEu S .... ~lem (MClVnS) ~\':)cldl2:nt flies nr:Jainlairled h',' the, on~o:".:f.!' nf ~M~ot.(lr ",« ' ..,.... . ";,,' _.

Carrier's of the fede'n~l H'i,ghw::'lY .,'\.dm:inislif(ln.i.oll (FH\\··i\). Sir.~L:t!. 19'n, (his· me h;% b(!(~n rraHt fiiom accirlenr, r-~p(m;:; :mbmlttco 'by t:nv e.nforcet11H::m or'ga,)i~:}ir.i(:on::;,. if~ll.bcr l!hr:m ~i'::Hll Jeports tiled by Ih·e O::::~lilTkf8 lh(!Jmdvc:s. under the. "SOoT" :[o;::ddr."!;rlL repl)rtlng syst(~m t~lnl.t '.vas I.I-scd jn tfhe prEoJ"' ::1m!.l.ys:is. Thc: first year of d;[tab~L'ie. de:·.,retl(JpulJt!n I lIn.::kr tU:ie. nl~."'" s:r::;~{:m (1993} vvir..nr."!,s~ed

con:51dcf.lJ.lblc. lJ)c(;'nsisr.cnr.:.:y in dfH"[L ql..i!i:d iry rrr:.Hn :,;J:ar.e 10 st~:te.: ~WJ!tl:y sr.::l[e~],eve~ [',ecords "'lI!n~

fOii.md not to be useable. hec:au~~e (:.f [uli.ssang; (md incomple~e Qfl.ta fi..eld!1. Ovel;:'Ll.U d;;"Ll;~ qmLl ij~y hnpro' ... .(;:d stE:adily ffOB'l 1994 [hii()l.~gb J 996, hut $(lnlC prc:b,lem.~ .'e:mai.n. Se,\,let'~1g S[;;I.~C!; r;"!.ilbcr dQ nOI f!\lfnish ~oc.Vitki<l)-spec:ilii.c iMotrm'flir.:m {:ren<k~dng 3s~,igt1Jme.n:t :to a hlghv'/a.j,t r.ype i.mpossi'bl-:.::) or provide; .it in .!l, .;::oded J:n;:tli:li(~rl.l1riTlt~:lIjgibl,c ~.o tw.:: g,eneral mer. Tbj~~ ll'i'J;)hlem c-rHlldr..!.~ r,:~::::c·lvcd

for Texas, t1"ltLl'lk.f: l()t:()(}pr:ITl;Hi.OJ1; frollil 51l~tc"Jevel pe,r8().H~el HU:::irc .. J·h.)'I/I,r.:.::vcr, G(!{!·r.[!i:;, C ... ')"(rr5i!:!lI:1L'1,

>-I,e· .... \' Yr::rtk, Ol't!'.f:,!:m, ~rnd S()'ulh Cl~rCltl:hu~ ~a(":k rates by road t.}'pe. , .. \~s(), H hlUldfull;:'{ ':::flher S~i~tcs, indl.Hlijllg rlL)rid~I, ;""3:~iDc;, ~\·'!.i~ryJI;;l1(.I, North .Da:.l::or.a: Oh~{J., i!md T(!lm,r;:s:::~,~:::, airC misSLing data from po;rticms ()f (m(! ~);r nv.).rc YC.Rrs, JCCp.1.i.r.lU"'.lg IJj5 to rely O[t (mfiy ~h(.!; .:;:(,)mplcv:~ Y'G3I(S) of d.~~t<l fp;)lrI. these :iL;:n::-.:i [.:}f '1 h·~~ [;)WT.!C'JSI':; of d(~\r-.::l(1:()in!:! {mes_ . .. lit"' li :,..'"

On I y occidems i n v·c.l·i/~J~ghea'i,'y o:".:-t:·nihi r,,:;Ir; i.oll: tnK:ks. (bobr.:ui1 (0 t'-~mpEke triple:} M lnl.t::;$I;.;rl{!:-pcgjstC:.md ,;::arrie:rs are ~!:Jdl.tded ill mtlullc;mtOJ;"" t(,)r, I;~S~ r.lo s..Lt?lg]e."nllir. ~.ITiCJ':;::J t'lt'e ~a)t:I u:ded. TI"lf..~~·:KMTS Ci~tc.gorjes me sho'l,'vn be]o:':',', \vir.h l!h{},5(!. in,::;~udcd .itlldJkL.1r;~d bu-l :Ookl.

A bimtry {YlJ-..f) :~,~!ld in lh;;.!' ::vlCMffS :nl,e! .i l;klJJlj fies ,.vbcthcr the '!}T};::rar..or ,of at"!: inv(]·I.'·,re!d ~ rucki s. l;cg~s.tcIT.d for jlW~r.S'U~l(! h;;,riA]agc • .iJ;tul ~I] l ICcmd S \'i.lith '"N" in thm Held ...... 'e·re: excl ud.etL EKCll1ding J:lo:n~inl'(::rstL1t('.-]i;:.gis[.!::rcd carrieJ:;:; r.:.~rluced the cOI,liJbinatloH-truc:ik a(:ci[~em o:".:{I'I.:mr: h·)' 15 ~o 20 .1:;el',;::;etH ttt~ rn'osr; st[:jt(::~, :E ... r(~ry· [:1cl:::lde.11'l in .... olving n';',,'OQr moO'I'e; $,-~ch v·eHllde:»-;:md r.hr:.!:r~~ js l~ . . IT.cord fOr" Ij.il:;:;b vehk;k in r, hf.~ j\,lCl\>USme-,vLis counted a!1 [he. I1l.1lm])i.:!.i.' (:ff {qiltLi u ryi n.,g) lmr,f.:s

unvl)[ "cd" H~},; ... ever', .;iJ seco[ul pas~ llln'{liLl,g;h II h{~dr~t8. '; .... as r,eqnired w e:nS:ur>t: [hal f(.j(~LI ~r; ks l;\ifJcil byjm·tcs s.llsr.:ai.led in muhj·-'1rLIck ;~t.:::id':,mLS ·ii'n.!p~ 1)'.)1 dmJlbie,·c,m:IIiH::cL Tbjs ()~)l~r~II~QD yil~kkd. nine r C _

(I)) SetS ed' Slme-Ur.:: .... 'tl, mlm(.!.r"u()~li-ig~ (!~Id~ y·~aF for -each s[ane fL)r '", .. hk.h: i;iHocaluoD by road ~;i'pe,\l.,'a.<:; pfr..s:;ihle: r.h,lLli S, lhircc Gllgh'!,''lay c.lflssiflC:l.ltktiltS rol', l'of!:sP~!{;I,jvdy, lIlccl:d:8~Jr., finvolvemenls, far.:'LUil.tl'!8" :md inj 1,1 ri:::s. PH:rli81 [{)o aJmost -complcr:e; de ... re~()pu:l'l;5!nl of nunl,:::riJitO[[S "vas possihle by using lh(~ ?"i(Cv~ns d,,[w for ~9'94. 1995. Cindl ]996. TI'I,e::;{!: nUIJ1(,!JiHors are shovi'n in Taib]e,::; l,tL and lb (SC(..:IJor:1 6),

Three ;:;~iJj(e-h::" ... e] den'nr(~nil~~LlOr.S f()T b')~gib·;.v,i!JY c;omhi 1'1 ;U]r.'IlH'ruck ki,J~Jm~~~(,~r.::; '!,,',Cire [Jceded. far e:i'JC:h t'itta]ysis ye1.tr t(l ,t(m1p:kw ~he ~lCcld(;nt HLL-es by ttSi ng [he.! ~11.10·.,,:.~ d.u;:;I. :Estinliilt~:s oj" 1,:t)f['tbirtmiIXL Lruck nr;t"r(!~ on (1) lm(~rs:tat>cs" (2) mhei" pra~~Cipl~~ llliglnvays {g'~11'8[j:d,ly. o1.he,r. ;.:orrtp(l'l1en lS (1 f th(~ N :;}r.jOI1;~] Hlgtuvi[:;:l;Y Sysil!et'l[J),i:ltld {3) (:tl.b~~r r'::H~ds (J ,e" CCiI.!.tlty higlt';t,'<"LY::l:, fitrr.l.-I()-rnuk;::~ r{)~ds. k1r:;:l~J ;SHeets) for ]994, R995, .;:md 19~J6 l.ll-ere de·~··,e](I~p.;;'!!d fi'OlU tllt!; FH\VA'~ ~mml~1I [p~tb[\k::8~ iml l-lig)r",'aJi'Si(ni;sNc:s, Tab]if!:g V}lj'- J I;ihirol.l gil \".1' ... 1-4 for fi 99:5 a!l~d ~ '996 (f:r.:)111; ~hc:! BUife:;!U of 'fnl.lu:pmtar.ion St~;;.tjsnics Vleh pft~:!}.

'lidbk: V·M·2a of Hiighway Sl'~!;'.\'/i.c,x r~ovic:k:s {upd8:1e:d) .MIrI.1i.rd s[ttJe:-l(::vd, \lj'o,Irr b}r fUD(;ni.Ol1.C1] sssr.ern f:;} I' r.hi~ pl1(n' y,(::8:r. V,S, '/Mf to~:al::;. by hi.8:h',v::.,y ':'::;J'Io:::gory {inters.tar.eimlK',!' ltrteriaJ/ot])(' . .r) L'lt)d ve,l'ii{:];5!, [:ype tU"0 f()~lIHt in T iilbli.;-; \"'M~]. Tbe, shan.!: ()f :5tHtC-],:;,:c] Vh·rr r:distmlce. lnlNded) ac,;)oumed f()[' hy .::(m~bjmttj'\.l:n ~rl.lcks (s.ingle (!It:'ld .rnnlrjpk:: l;r~tik:r} 1,l,tf;!sobt;;dne.d from inr<)nnatlOl'1 jn. Tahle VM ... 4, w]ri,:.:hc()IITJSDsts of .0; !ie.tie~: (J.[ ~;!lb~(!:5 th~J,I: !provide the d.istdbutif.N) ~)f

,anm.lal yr·,i.[']' by ~:d~~(:le ~tnd r,!Jt;~d c];:?is-sifLc:atfimL Itt g~m:::r;:ll,. I;be r~)~I:d. class.iflcmk:1II cMegm'je:s tCIf::It1d ,in Table, 'y'M-4 (:Qrr{~::::p{,1<:nd to< those. t~) Table. "'/r .. '1-2:~, ,;d.iho'l1gih SOl1"Je aggregation (:If thl! 1.c1tij~.i' table's r.{;ila]s.; is T(.!quir,:'!:d, T~Ih.k: '· .... '.lva·:2:a tN<1I::l. f(l'.I' ;J';L'Inl.l mj;nor :m,cr.i~J.l, mllljor ce·ltect()l', rtlllli(lT oc,l.lcetCol'.iI.tui aocill n)m3::; Wf.~IX~ (:()mhi.nca into (he (:att!;,g!~lry ";!;1.Lr:~J Qlh::::r ... • .md the. lt1JJc:,,;: SI,l(H',e fn)m ; 'rural .n1:i~uOE' aEceria1" found in Tl;b~e 'V,},llj, '~vas t'Jpptied. SrrmJ.b3Tly, ~hc S:ULYJ of urhan. '''mino;r o.rterial." "c:r.JIfir.::Cl()r,'" ~IDd ';'local" shares from Tab]i;'!: \i"~· ... j.:2l.J; W~J.5 (';c·nsr.}ltidated as TabJE:, V}l."r..l~·S

''til hoiJ1 [,li'li(IT ;'Jiiii.:;ri:;t1": thins 1,vas used to .e~:tal'i'ltJ:t:! tb~~;·i)ther unbarf" tnlck \.r;:..,.rr, .,H' ~"~ T;iibl~! 'lvt-.{_ ~. (C .ban V ~ ... fT j.l)1:8.1:5COl~1d Ot1:~}' b·£: (~a] ib;:'8".edl()"i~~t(!r:5t(l:tc" and "otl.1>E:r," (h"eil!ggJ:'f.!:g.a[j(m b·\t'(~1.

(If T2ib]if! V~""H.) At the end of [his pmcE:,S$,. lh,~[\~ \""erc tl1re-e sets. of st;lte, ... I>t:\.'e'l 'Vr,.,H 'i{!<I::.'lh, Cl'i'ITi.:!!Spondllng to tl1l':: respect~ve {;o":nl:rin~[km-'In.u:;k fraction (If nt'J[kNHl~ Vi\'~T f(JJ" 1..!':1Cl:i hlgh .... ·ay l)1J~~ in T!JIbk: 'l.r-... l~].

Tcr)l:); dis[,jh'IHi(m <Jf I.nnd:. VMT by sta~.~ 1.vas wrnpiLre:d 1,v~~h (1) ::;,tf:l.l1:: dmt:a. on higll'J.lay diesel ("'spec.i a'l fl.ut! h;"':1 ::;,;dl~$ (lNghw(l), SwasJiics, TrubuE:. MF ... 2, l), :.~Ij'Jd (2) [I::sl~l:t.s I)f::tll i!lna]ys.i~ l)f ] 993 (rock ff1 (nv.~ In the 'C()mmGHjl~·y ·T'rat1lsp';::'.I':l,;j[i':}li Smdy performed by .oak. Ridg:e N~[l~}IiJtl Lab(IJ<LlWY {ORNl Hi9'8). ,Adijl1st:llwnts vit(~E',e nw{k~l)n. the br1sLs. of this cro!;s chf..!>:k. hi ~gt.!m:;r;d., the )l1,;~W ~,h:m~s for dk::sf;;,;l sale:!; ['r,mn TabJe ?v:fF-21 and! (adjnsted} tiud: InLlf.,!;::; [ravC!ktl w{~r>!.,:

(:orrL[Htr.:~b)c. In :;:l:dd it.i'.)~). the. lil1eJ.J..n a:nd WJrj,ftll .. x~ of tl!i:e re.spe.:::t~""E:; dls~l:'ibmi()r1 s ()f sWI,:;-lc\lcl. cl}rnhiu['lt.ic.n"th1;,)ck VMT sllilres atHil s.per::i:~~ fiUcls ::;;;:Ms sbare:>: ·\",r.:..~N!! ]11;,1'[ ::;i;gii~ifj~aiJ"tl}' diffCJi,:,"';!lt .st'i,tl:-;:t3crtLly. Final Sf-at,e r.'Dtaas '[OJ' e~jth 'of the thme yetJ:r.~ ~ITC.! ~h::'p;1,.';n LiD Tffiblc 2.. vdth the. c;:l}rre$pondjng :r.:rL'::!!$ iEl T'.lb'I.::::S 3.·H.: (S<!):;!tion 6}.

J t

JI JI JI ]1 [J 1-'1

U

l"1 J

u

U!.··.· ;: ,

\'1 . , " : "

LI

r' L

u

c

o [:; I .. .j

[

'''1

! :;,;;tf

" i .• j

M&.k;s, fOIf tfr~e d.e~~l.)mii.H.'ltO:t of each SI1.n.te'5i tate· "' ... ··,C!ire: cO:)[{'l>(:(;1;cd ~Q ~d:II)rnc'I':;:i::::'imd r(~(b;;cd by 25 peu-ce.n t to paU'allel [hee:xchHlif:.!'I of acc:nderus ,:~f u:I()ilil-~n\.:;:r.5r.,l.I:c: (vocal :fmd i:'cgJ(I.md) COIT.k':Iil::, fr··Mr'l r;h~. r~IJi[ne,I'f.J.[Or. T]:ri.~ adj~)St11'l.~nl is. slhppo;rted hy d:~t~t from til'':: li 992 r:n,(.c,t .f?i:venrOJ)1 ,f,lI'J,d Use. .)'un.·.f;'Y CIrrus .1'992), T[~buia't,~d un:f(1:rmat:iOrll frOlITfl TTUS indicar.e.:.." th:lt ·Qf the 41.9 bjl.iliol:). mik~ {67/1 b·.i Iliu·n km) of l18:tnolThwiclie co:mbl:rl::J:tJon trn.K~knw\r.e,tmm~r. in ] 992 ~hi1:t c(}uld be eli tecHy t7\ss.lgned to h1lt,;:-.r.:::r.ate . .intmsmle, (}l' lOC:::lflly r-egustered C3il'irjo:'!r.5, 34.lbj,[lli(m {54 .. S! htllt():n km, fX

about g l'%) 1.Vas by (:L1!!T~eJ;,,::; ()f irUeIS[t(le. J'f~gi$tu)' .. Thi~: might ::iirgul!.!: ~bJlt ~h(! 25 IPE;n::t.:.nt di ~(:'o~~nt. is ((j{J (:(ms.,e(·'.,'r1r.l·,."c atr~d ~.h{}·ultl hi:: s!:!:~ c]c:,ser [(J 20 per'::;!;:11'!. HO',V(~V(:ii., S;I}mc 29,6 bimon l:;!omhjuMiol.l. r.ruck tJ):i les. i t'l the TllJ'S C{nll d m:~1 bf~ S() a:,;sigr~t!d dm.! :10 I.TlIi~.si ng dar, a entrrlC'"5 OEi the smvcy daH~ f()rm .. \Vf.:i t'L';f,;u.med ,fl slo~bUy grf.~;~~(~r pr()pl!!n~:;;~ty on '1 h,:~ P-iU't of not1i"~~)~t,::;r.:;tilt(>carrier:. to 10a\'0£:; th.';:: needed (,~nlrj(!S blimk, [md tnr;.;lS allc,cattca W t.hC';se carrie]':'> a higho:'!'r PI'{~p:}\11i()r. of ~.h.e I;lSl~IH"'~1}ni.:1b]f.~ kilomc:tC':fs (35Sl,) r.han n]K'.ir share (If (Il.e r,ecClyde:d L'lt1:~ib"l1r.ablC! kikJl'l'le[;.~:rs (j 9L;:);:). This Jlr{ldlJl(;l.~d

r:he. tlniiifi 75/25 spnlt as.3\igned to each of the. tl'wee ~nKly yeaTS,

The fi,~3] t21r.es (jet! pr·\.':~:::nl(!{l :in Tl:'lbk~ ~.~ ,~Scei.iol.l. 6). .Ut1i gCll'~raJ. I;) un" 'CIL1r!rCm n!CU'lTlJnt!ind,lli(m 'is tq ,.~ppJ.y th(~ 1996 nM"~ ftc-r inlcTSt.'J:te hi.gh·i .... ays. H'Ir.h~;r tili!lrt the [h;'i.:~e; ... y~;i:Jt' ~L'II(~rjlg(~ •. \yt"t!:r~! [l1)s:sibk, in ~1.I1Y sLl~t.(:. that in;d~if...,:d its ~n~'.:::rstL'lte hjg;il"J'I"/ilY : .. peed uin:~S~ be.l·~L,'oilBnj 1995 ;md 19% ilnd fo:)C' which j;~t.;!;rslWc.o$rccifu,:; .nlt.cs arc j)'.!aiJable fot' h:::n.h. ]995 ;il.nd ] ~I'SI{: •.

. , '0';' 'I T·····. 1';'-."- "',., 'I" . .," , '''y', t.ole·"t:·~, ""f "1',:" . "t'" '. ,'.L ' ••• ' ~.. T· .. l . 1 : .. /. ,. I"" ,.' I'rL I .':10'" ,n ~ lC p.]OY .::ma .. ,:..:;].:;. IJ l • .1.,1;o.HC."," ";;', U'L' h}l ...... ,; It:· .ld .~.:;. .~L~~.!""l.I III .. i::I~' C"", ,J, d:." :-:;l)LL:.:,II.; lnl ·!,':;!r;:~mini!i!l!'!; :~c(:.kknt sL8ni&Ll(~:S !fe.k;ascd !ol]' ,carr.i,8E·S m~d bv OCHil;1l:r.in!i! [be, CiU'I~ieJs' (:(J]11(mu:~ .e ~ .". .,..,' 58fc:1V (~JrC(:lOrr$ ·P":'!TSOlTha.llv hv r.e.[e:r.l[horne., .Data Vo ... ,et·e, O~j~.i1:~"~ed Jor th:.'! folk::o;,vlni:: ci!Jttie.rs, <til. or .' .. ~ It ...... .

wruDch (:1.)1);:;11,1(; I. bl.l sjni:~s::; ',-,.'it]) one ()i' mor·!) E1allcmal lab(}I~;);[():rje-5;: 1

..

'k

(':i)rt~(llidaij.:;d Fr,eagbr.',;vaY!1, a (::i)tlln:tCt c'-'!ttcre.,· for the fuJ] spe.::lii'l!au) ~}f mo:)t(lf fr.::!:ighn., :re:Jl(!r~5; L)n il::~

'.''1' eb :,>5:{e (CF 1997) :LI'Lill[ :ig ,;wf.:ir;1H pil'ev·eulr.:ahle ;i'~::::c:j,d¢r,~( i;{IIj.:;: i.s l:;:~.s r.h;lll (HH~ ptr mi l.liOl'1 mi l~s> <Lnd tlull ~jb()l~( [0 a)erCenl ()i" ils drivL~;rs h~lV(} Pr.J!:is(!(I lh(~ t\:;,'{;· .. milliolJi-mik m:;l;r~: ,v~~hnl.ll

e;xp!!:ric:m::'ing !.Lrlil..::t:ido:'!.nl. R[)(J(3w~Y' Bx.pfi'~;s::;,. ",l,lhk:h haElldncs be·to truekll)t~d rmd l{~~!H.b.lilE1l

I nt,~::kload {1.·{~);!Sbt of ~dJ kinds, hl~)f. Jnlblishccl OtlJ t~;s \~O\::;b site (RE ] 997) $latis:th:::s jndicaHrJ;~ t1lat, <!}·.'e.r Ute P<'Isr. t',r"IQ YC;;If,5, its. d.rLvcrs b'K'L'Ve ·colleC:la",!e.ly lex~)eJienced 8fbo:ur.. 75 (},C·n·::;1 m:iles be.t\','e,et~

.!lccide.nt!1, '.v~:d.h:: abOlhr. 350 of th1ese. dl'.i' ... r{!~'s have jjtc{:,n~p~i~hed (l"'!o:'!,f 1 ... '.'{It m~] IjOll It)j].es ',N i[h()fLi~. fm attkkn l.. Pr·t!s:umr1bJy, (he.se. e:t1i·J'i·er~. assi gn ~h(~ilf' h:,!:st drj ','(jrs 10 r.lwilT Dl':}Sr. li!:;:n::;,j ci ...... ~ shiprr~:;:lj~~:S,

}1

whk:h Ciill8tdcsan (\ccidi,;m'!t:!x~):.':rjen{:e. (~f nrll~ tL(x:~den[ it~ n(1 tk',:;"l!;r that t\·'l{!' mnnOt1J rn:iles of {}VeL'-

the-road s:ervlce [0 be iLJ'lpr(lprl,rH! fM1!lrLc[ l'ep'reSen l~l'ltW~ ()f (:o[J:dixieons ['(IT slbippung cm7lsigt'1Jn1e:n.ts of hazar·d{)OllS at1!d l;:ir.11mlf':li ... (! \\,;'.!$I,:::. Tillis sl::Jr:isI5c H:;~!DStl,HCS to m1 .iJ:(:ckkmt Hlil.e ·of J..J 1 .x, 10-7

aed demf., pet' [Ji!~d: k~]()JJR~I:CJ. *1. Vlil~rllC jl~::;I. 'l,lnd(~r tbe medilall {;,5' the. iiUej'stme higlli;ViLy :rim g~~ atr(lS;S iLll :;:U!Jf:es (r~lhk!: 4),

'J"'I)c ol~j~L' ,~~,~'I.::; '~,f ~l'I'''' ,'~'" '1'1"1' ""'L'S direct~'tl COIH·'Ic:rtfi.o'l h'" I'" k'·p·]lCF .... · '\'.~Lrr'· ',,,kr·d ",. 'b' c·t"o·;c if "I ,. ~ .... a-:'UJ.; '.t. Iv 'lIoI,u., , ....... '. "' "~I . • . L. •. _,,, ," )10:0. ," .1", '" ~H!~,' • .~., •••. · ... f~ h. I.· M" 1,'fiJ " .... I.i , .' L·

r.eponaib]e. t';c:ckleu1i( invol .... 1er1)[m[ I'«~e in tu)e r"'LI't:t'!. ()f (ml~ to fl','eper tc:n mimon (lo'!) 1,:}'WJ3 tru.;::k mili:!.s (i..e: .. (,-62 .~[} 3.1 ~ flcci.(l(!,;:!s pelt real ~~l'IiU~(1J) kUc(mctlZ~rs) 'iJil,!J.S cm)s.is~e:m 1,\··Jth. h:i,gb8r [H);;lJ'l, ()r

If.)wel' fh~m the firm's I:!XPt!ril'!~Lt:l! in iieCi!,nl( y(~i~r5, Girne mgreed that (his ra!!~ge \".':;"L-s eCln~]S[em, \'I'itb (hl;!~" exr:i.!Jie,n(:{~, ....... ··hi k~ 1 hr..~ ';J'!hcr spj:;dtl:i(;~IJly cited a three-yea:!' I[ 199'f:.-l99R) <f'/8;':?2ge r.:l1t: (If j~lSl C) ...... ~r.

0.7 <Jtc:ide.)[s per mitlkm (h.dcn +- cJnpl::/) trmck :nTl~ks,or 4.4 >~ 10.7 ae6deHU" p:::r kik]mt!~er-1""cU 'I,",'il hin tbe :ill'l{~r5W\I:.!: l;lnd prin'lJary higiI';t.·('l}, range shov .... n ]]) 'T'ilbk, 4 {C()()nt.y I. 9S'g; G(1(!1:;"-; ]998), '1i'r, .J' • ,., I 'l'l '[' ·.f 1 4 . 1 J;' i Ct:~5C '-.!]SCW>SLOI15 ~·cLt'!!uorcc· 1 )c. p;nm.'l:lse t iJar. t 'le . '<'1)" e" ";!It.;,!,s ,;m.!' IJI, t.1le.! (;·:m:,!,!;:;:1; J::mg(.!' :mo JlU~y telfJOl tClwiiUU th,;:: ({~n$eLv.ilti'oI·('. 1,'/hen ~l:ppli~d to ;::;pe(+n.L~zed ci!l~ri·:.::r,~,

Rmes fl}r ru.ih();.ld npr~nLlj(1:m:; {"~;:c:i,::L:.m.lslj'l!ddc;n:tf!lfata.l[[jr£!.:; by raiilc.al'-kilon:ller.ei)I.':t'1! hii!$I.'!,d on ~~io.·e sr.laighL[.lllrWi'llrd dil~'L. The mlll1'I~m~r.i.):rs "oVC]),;!: dieri'i .... ed Imnt [U~E! J994. L 995, ;':01d 19S'r;. C()ll![L[~: ul' trail1 t!t:ci,:]t!mL~ (col] i~:j ()l]~, (kr.;~gJ.n'iiC:ilTlts, higbvvay cm~:::;3J)gs,i'l.nd ()[her 0(;(: i·den LS.},. 3:r~J,;.k~

cE'os';:;ing iw.:i.cler.ts, f;tlnlitk~::;, l;l[Jd InJnrk:s. f,epoHr£!:d anl1u;:ll~y by .SH~ll.'! IrI lht! rRA's /Lcci.d.(;.'m'/lm:{d.f!7i~ Rull'.(!i'ln (FR~~, 199(:1-1.996::1,. ;r.lv2:se diaitiJ ti!ib~e,." tll;e ;,),ho ,l .... ,lit<lb](!, on Lhi:! brl':'::iii!lc;l, Tn ruS]J()rtS~~ to (,:':JITIJn·:~nls I:h(!~ tbc pri(X anaty.s.is 11adit:llpJ'(Jpe;r1~ ... :!:xtluded. fiu;;]liLj(!$ ~n1.J i!i!!j'J,JriG::;, inv())ving p(!fs(mlvc:hkl·;:: :intc:ractkIDs tlu;tV.'ClUkl tt~or;. oc:cu r in [P!l(:k Lr.:mspl)rl ()pt~nli iG'fj$ btl t ').1.'e1'(;'

sllbj~.~ct, tolcg~nimor.(·. acc(:'nntit1!g i.n I'ul1ro;:)o,o,d ~l.Cti·,'i.[·i.f!!s: Ed] ~r~!S{Hl.s,'j.i';~r a.tJ~~' .no.tl-trt;:s.pa.ssc'.,I' faloliti!.)s, silild jnJurk:s. have IK1'i,'·r been .included. Ihm i~, c;:l"I.Lilll)" ~f.)jiflJS i~rc no· lir..mgcr restricted 1.':} counts of i:ililr'U4Iiu c:mpl oyc~.s and v k::tims of g:radie!,cr(J.ssiu~g acddfml:,'j, (J .(!" m0'st gri1idc-erossiIlg ,'::'jienn:s. :<Ire, diLssnficdas fncld~),\\·tS, ...... Thierj arc tal.Hllaijt~d for bMh public ::md prj',n;te higlnvlily·rail crossi!f'Jgs}. COl.lnl.s and ('.:;drr:1ar.ed ·~i.1s·-t\:H:}nlMCrs. by s.tate f(n'l!;nch (Jf tbc thrce YC(1TS ~f.[I2: sh{li\"t,iL1 In'r~(bLc$ 51lj-51:! (S'ccr..J.cm 7), ~..; ote ll'lim ,as. reported in [11.:!, FRA. ACCiidc"j'u/bicldent l:hdl,~~rln for ] 996,. aplPrClximately 3.3'1;{, (14 fi) of {he 4,257highwjly-r.~U acdde:nts. re:po'.I1,ed in ]996 excc-eded qJH~

darrnag.e lhre~bf,)k.l :reqt;!Ji:led fo"' [J';airr~ acddenlS, In JlU)st ycru:s, thus tm.o,L js \ ... 'e.L~ I..md:er 5 pe'l'cellt

TII(~ Cl~r-kit(:lml~r.~~r (lr m::~ve:mt!:l1l, whkh is tine c{:iun:I.:!rp:;ii!t to cl)t.! shipiTiL~m-mik~ of k ' , " , ./ 1 .'. L b ' ," " .J '" , , , r.nlt ':Ill.!::! ('I!l1(" w~nc:r LrCl,g]'l trat1!sport, '"Y(~::;' sc ·ccwa as h~i.'! ~fjS]S Cot nU]TQ.71t;,) I,~rm ns.=.:e::mmlJit]{)1l I.L'I:

r:ht! (;uITcnr.ly :a:pp'.Jl.l,~d DOE m{lio::1~;I.i .... C :imdmhe·d ',V<"lsf;e: $fhipping mod,ds, ']f., for e:;o;.RIl"lple:,. spent r~~(1(.:l:or fll(-l shipn1!.2:t1ts. ',vere toe, be moved unifot'm]y in .;;j.:::dkuted {Il,lTJh) trajns of HJ·20 C:;;'U" ].engths, jl \1.'(Jfllkl bi;;'. appr,oprhl(: to modify titds nn it ti sk m(!:aSllJ:;i!:t1!~e~~t bt'!s~ to H'~e {t(i'h'i-kiloi'['~ele.r. Heiwever. r.hi$; :i5; W)t GIl(l'.emly advis.L!ib~e., for h""(l rCl~S{)ins.

~, :FI.I(!I IL')serrLh]y (;ilSk-(~i:L ·rui k:~l:r cClu~s.ignntenl.s-fOIr I;b:~t m,;LIJ'EI'"iLny b~:rg,e r(!di()8CLi""I:~ ()r [nixed ~:'ia:;le ihipmc:t1it-rJ1<LY ~.tm J1:'JOW.:!: in blor;:k$ ()f L-;::Ii:~ {elJ C'':C:D

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I I L.i

i'\ ' . L~

u Ui 'l

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!J ':"j '. ""~"\o.

:~.".J'.' ;: ,;,' ..

J J 'J" l D

1""1 I , U

[ .... . ,

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o o ri U r'~

L

u o

[] ,~

r:; LJ

r.ll U

o

~JS indhljdl:1JaJ Cill'S) h~ v m:if.lh 10:::-.:: I)n:sist I,mjm" lJmil actual ::;:tJi,pll~em C(mr;rtICr;s

'.;,'hlm r.i'.!:iu ,crJ!!tlet!> ~l!!e ttl pi ittt!, S'll(:b ~I p(lSSfbil.ity c[i;n.nol he, dism.i!1sed_

2, Conve,l':f>torl ()f (.l lJni~ tmJn r,[He to :a I"m~r. t'iilulc::l!' rf!J[l!, {}T ~h(.:'C()iiP'!r:;;-5(.:, r{~,qlli:rcs

i'.'1pplicf.lli()f1 elf stat:istkal -intb:Jlr:na>tion .iJ.v.ai~ab]e, (m~:y for ti";;dns 'I)f i/m ";:Po'cmgi" lellg(b of (CTlftr,8t'ttly) ah,;)t!l!r. 68 Cill'S. As de!~':':irib:;:d !ilbcoV,z;" thus ,count of c;;us '.WJLll.d m)t c.~ 'Gon::;1stem w'i [h i!!1t aCCUr8ne pr{~fi I-e ()f unit cask~.!-lhippJ ng trai ns. AL~()"

m~~it:i:pjyj!ffig .0. tr';[li n-knklllie,l'l!r-hlL~ed ;n;1r;f.; dcrh'E:d ft',on:1i '::~IJlt'rei:'Lt Sl~[jSL~cS by ~I;

fl~CtOt" (If ['0:11 •. f1S a ::;llilT{~!,~;;ul':; f,::::r ~mir. c,ll..sk tmfiullS ':"~E',e.li,'Unlf~bU'\" :I~) -iK!:::()1.I1l1 fOrlll(~ - .. -,.;." - ., . '!i . . .,. . . .--

ne,ed for f.::~ur ()m(!;3 ttv~~ n11ll1br':!:r erf t!l'l:rins) is J~I)[ Sli'~[~$I:k:~ll~:y df..~ff..~nsihk~,

Rate. tEtm':HnimttOfs (:::a!J'-ktt]on1;e~,~rs.) 'C()J:ne djff~.;;:t]y frQ]l1J AAR' s. stmc·level duf.<l ()U~

ciilr]oads hacr~d'\.::!'d hy ),(:,;Ir, The: sta'listk::f:, f(H 1995 <md 19'~)l6 have becii p{}.sted <:m rhe V'l (!-h for e-ilis-ier i!!cces.s (A.,~R 1998'). 'fhCiJlVCHu:::e d:i:li~,[lm::e '! r;~",",~~k.{1 {in kil:orneters )bv rai leill S hi.[}Hl'~~Ii~ts i,1i1J

• ""'.". '. r eo

e;iLeb :s~,alt;! is o8scd on the d:i~"r.anc:,::: fr(Jl'r1 [lw nJ:i l '\~{:tlJtrcdd" of e,ach .s~.~[e r.{~ Ibe: n(:;w:~!:il bord.c~'~

e:-;:(:';::!~lr. fOlfcclnrkl(lr sta,res cletrdy- domi n at(,~d hy tlrlt'Ough-flS ('l}l:-{LsJ.:!·:l If) ()r.iBin;IJJng m'lidJ '!~rmjni~L]n,g-h[nls, f;}I' fO(;:h S[,w;:s., ~lvt..~.n.~gl~ ht:ll,l] Jc:ngth '.va:;; ir.I:I::rL'!tLSe:d hy 25 p:.~(':':l~nr.. Ex~mlpl,es:

indmk Kansas. lVl~s:1i.:;:~np~Ji, },irOIJWD~I", Nr.,~"v Mexico, :an . .a N(~I:J1h D~lkot~l" T]](~ pr{}d1.1(;;t of the, AAR munb-~L' iilllnes, the [e~;lll[ing d~sl,Hm!(~ 1.Vas then rl1uHlplied by lbc,~ n1~.io of uJlaj' c:Rr~mi.Ees te' l.rMde:cl C:iJI·ulIliles Shi.)\'.'1'1 ill [hL~ "Frdght n~r } .... mes" figure, elf ,.!.\'AR'~ ;;mm.lJtn pubHcattOtli Rafl.r(N~d F(~ct.~" In re..ceiifit ::lears, nhi.S nfltJ'I]< h:51s fhlctume-d closeRy ;o.l'{mnd 1.68., Fill1lally, the sta~~ ]e\',eu [mals ():f (;:~r.kHOL1fJete;r~, thus tli!:t:'~VL.:d !ilfC S~,m1:11l8dj f:or c:o.n:'tJpa[js()~~ 1:0 the 'COT.liu',()l tOtiil~ jbr j'aik:~8r miks, ([;;jjJ)mevf!!rs} i.tl A • .?.[R"s ~mml(11 puhHcatkr:n R(Ht'toad Facts, The cOfi'J~.rol total fOE' each y::::ar 55 ~hL~

(mett'lc~c()nvt!:rr;f.!,:l} \":~h~c [br toml U.S, frei.ght Car m.~k5 ill1l the ··'.fre;iglrlt. Cu' .Ml],::,s.·' P,'lLbl::: (f.~,g ... }\/-\R [997, p, 34), }\,ny discre:p([).ncy \v:i rb re~~pl!c l tu 'lhIs control total j ~ cortee~.d by llni f(JTmLy adj'(ls~.i.ng :!ht~ ;.~v'c:r~lgc huul Jet1igt[1I [0..1' "HS~ffi[es, 'libc:, [J;;;s.nlting c:oIllpos,ite {J994-199t)} r~*.~l) i:iIT:

S.hf:iwjJin Tahk 6 (Sect~o~~ 7),. t\1.t~ml!I!gE~ ca]liHll iITllpr,ovCLil)Emt~ em Cla:;;:; ~ ri!J~lr{Ii.~:b (:untam~cd

"p,1(:o!!: (hlring ~h('; 1 '994 ·l996 pet'jod. Gl() ii;!'Li lln)~ld rolJrlllJ:;tJly raised r[~ nluil1l.~Jlesp:::,~d lim.i I; ~1(::r':).5& th:t bNlifd; hc;ncc, ult1iHk~; th,e ,:::a~)e {~f in[t:.rsnftl~!· high';"Jay rate e::l1i:!l'I~:i.rion, foil C(l11TIX).s5~ing; .is mot imlpp:roprj [W~, Again. i' .. er.(;,::::s are r,::::patl!~l!d by the: n:~ti·o<]):l1.L tj:le-,Ul f.(l'r lffle, ci!i(e~pry_

3.3 WATII1R.'V'ti'A Y RATICS

R~w::: fG·r '.;:r,fHcrWf;:if or..:::mtl0n s (accidel'llsl~J)(:i{k~nts/fatrtHHe;s by 500·shOl.t~tor~-!1hipn:Ll:.m~knlorr~(:r.('~r by '.va~,;::rwa}' typ'e, C1lfl1d by 5>OCI-sh{lrHo[J shipme;nt ~:;iH' s:taf!.es. noc:iued Oll 'vr~[t::nv~ys)

have l""';)(:[1 dC'~l,eJ(lped by c(ln'Lhlna~lg 11 :!Jr~ :I~].~ dlHa [L"01l'1 tile O),'1S[ Gtll~E'(r s N1 ;~ram: C!;SlWJly and iPoJ~;1A~ion DamhiL.,e (DOTlUSCG 1(98) ~lDd smmm'U"y tEjfonmHioll from T~lbll::~ 1-4 ,Imd 4- g ,of the, U,S., Al'lnv en'J1J:~M EI:I!;llle..er.s' ~lDmwJ n'JlbHcatet,)u~ \"Jlau:rb'o.rne. COnm,I,f;Tc·e. or t.lll} (}li·lbN.J Stan':?:

". ....~.... .. for 1995 ~md ~ 996 (lJSfo.lCf. .1997-1998). The lrmer p~~b~lC;:l~ti{t\n reports 1'OIll1ii1gC hy stL'lte~rHL [(JJl-

t'll1iles hy W~11,t~Ii''''''';Ly 1)'j1e (,::::(n'lSl'!Nl:-iI'~, lai\;:c:wise" hfLi:!:nmll. Jmd ~m.r.uport~"".F..h'::: lost ,or 'wtli{~b hfL>:; b:::t!l) ,cl)mhined '~vir,h (;,I;·i;,.:::'I·....,j;~t!)_ Th(~ StD{l'-sihort-[Oth 1i.;:.f<!T(~n!ce val.ne is the srurne, i'.'15. rhat ;flp'p'li,ed in thL~

pr·tvaous study (Tobin, r'.;1,~~;hk'(}' .... ,and Jm~es .~9:s.5). i\s in th~ pl'i~}I' '>J;,I'{)rk,. [Q,I'I-nli.k ,:::::;,ljm;I;I;[,~s ',:,'ere ,:.u.vkkJa h'y Illl,:;: 50lHon shjpm'~~nt wdgh~, lbl~n ("olwened 1f~ };hir:'I'rN!m~r.l(m-kilc)[m:!r:f.!'r,t.;,

1"4

AI [ idcml jfj.i1;blc instam;"~& j nUB. hnern:::J] I ]~tk!:'::·.IJ.ise., (Ir C()'lgn';\,oj;s(! domc:stk: "'''I:Jl:et''''I.:l~'S d <111 a(:cidem im'o;},lv'c:mcnt {It' a Gcmm1crcial v'f!:S$r!l. '.vhcthel' I;)f d(m)t!:sti(! or fordgn reg~stf::l" hut ex.dmling krry boat ,CiperiJltJofls (often [he ltlT.l:,!(!st sln.gle; :;ou:rcf.~ ()f ~1(:{:identmreJi.1Jted lt~j:!.)j:ies) Md cv(;nlsin A],r..skRnand Hawa:iiaJj] '~'var:er~ ;.\,iN{~ i'l1(':I,uded jl~ r:hf.~ nJ.lmcmtors., Al(hou~h ;:d~ in-:lividt!lctl . . . . . ~ .

r"(J\'.·'~r(~d vcssec ,in\'o]\f{::rJll:!-n1.S '11,!~!nl ~:oumcd" t~)e tl,:JmbcT of (dul:'!!:lb) b'lr.gesinv{,lvecl jn brea.k:a:ways. V.,\·,a:s- "l()[ Sf~.P~;[~t(!Jy \.j~bllJ.lJ;l>tZ:d; Ern the i[~rt!n.!:Ot of Il:'~ajntiil:il'lit~g .;!: .pr.r:-:::r:di;Jijc (:onsjsw~~t \vitih thar. us.ed fOr r;~~] ~j(:d,(~l~l'K:; (wllcrcno jndi'llitlLU~J ,~a!l' cOUrtts r;.'~ri1L:(:.iIL~;n~ '''V(:[C ,)bt;;cin.abl(:!. j ' ] 1!:'R' ] , .... ' "j . -'1..1 ,I 'I" . '···k ' j" • • • Torn to :Ie. Ii' .. ,1\ $Ltmm~lri (lall~.I,. r.GCHJem types mC U".10:ja~ .. LSlCm};; l.S,Lrl "lng (I 1scr:;qHng ~!g;Llim:5t

~tm i,o.n.n.l".\' stnlc:r:LJ·f\!~S)., ·eom!i.iorl!& ~'b(':tw'E:en -;,'es!';ei::;. (IT lt1lvoh.oJj'J!:! iL· •. ·e~.;:-;;L~·I,md ':U.1otbe~ ml)' .... ill'i~ r ' . . ,., • OJ' . ,,~ .,. .~

, • I . L 1,' f~ ]' d' . . . '1 f "J "l "" , . v.emc ,e), LJar;~(! l"!ir.~~a~~~aW[tys, . Ire!; , -eKpO'S:l{~I'IS, .[!:rN~J];·LaJgs,:;1.I'UCrl!l;r~1 .:~U. me::;, t OOCilJ)g, c,upsn.::mg .. :~ndi'iinking 1:b;i1~ ,c~)GJJlr(,ed all U,S,inl<'mdwa;JCTS or (i.d.e"~[:ifii:lb)}'::' .. c,rithin 100 mHe.;,,::; of lhec(}~stli.Ll'c" ~n(:i(L!~rH.)t.I pcrscm c.o,sua] tje.s E~()r. dlr~;;[1 y :rc$ultin,g; fL'·r:;.[[) ;Om ':=V(:TJ~ In'',,"olving t~)e.""c,s:';8] -j 1.l5d::f ..... '(',:re ,:,x,Hll1ted sepmD.teJy, Df.lla IL~;r;!d in d(~'ii'{:]oipitilg the 199:5 .:Lnd 1996 rates~re slWWl1 crn Table 'r.'.vlth ';:1)llilpC·sj to J<'t'tes Rl·r .... c·s!:'·:=l (!,!!Su;;ddes (50me '.'iiLth Jhlr."L1J! ic~ m~d!lor .i l'Ljlt'!e:ies)rmd p~!:rson cl.'lsnruDHe!'1; {only) g,i Vel) :i n T flbks 8n-o and 9 I re.spe<;r.lv.ely (Sf.!,~ti':)'J1 S) .

• '~ ., L .. ,I' I L" • DOr.: J; 'I .,. d ] . ' ] 'dJLL~ r~spr:c"l to a~:!; $PC!l'J~ .re.ac:lor Ji.:IE!· ~:1I1PpJ.iJJg optJ';)l):';;" _. J.'~ ,):5)$ KcntlHc '.:r cr.nnmen:ll~. J)t:Jc.lei.1l:' PO\'lf.!:r p]~rnt sites at ·,Nh.ich proxi,rrnily L() iliI::n'igabJ,o:!! I,ViHe:r.S , .... ,·()~lkl permit cask pi(~kLl.p b>' b~u·.§;e .• fCI]I(r.Nc,d by tmnsshipmetu 1'0 tail at [ht~ nl.~~flr,:~sl (errnimil ,ta.p~ll)k (!If a(;(:Ol:rmvC\dmt~~g ~I.l(::h a rr.:lIlsfC!T.:2 The lisr. heJovr' lde,nliri~s: e~j(:h 'l)f' these sites;, iJ.s 8C~~t(! of Jocaliorn, and tj:JI.:'- ·Nar:er· ... ·f;I,y type [0 ·;vbjch shiprm.:m

.":1' a L· 'I f '", '1' b] .;.." /"', ~r; 3:5 :[Iii J acent aJl{J O\'f.::r 'i'll ue 1, :or prL~rp()!1I::.5: (11. ;~pp~ymg t1 .>E:S ,)a i'.'intL ~,' nn{~::;. pelf' ()ii" 'Tabk :gb .J'.iHi'::~" per "~hjpn:·)(:J)'I,-ki1omete"·, ir)f; b~lxg(~ liink to th,,;: l'illlhe;lid\volI.Ud be

N udc~~I~~~~~£!~"~"!LI...::.S..:..t:.:.:.~,n.:..;\e:..· __ -+....;;\="\':~·tJ;,!~·~,·a11'·lT~rpe BUO'~\,'rJ s :r.t,Iii\, A 1~!?,,~1l11f;1 T~nm!s~££,r.;: . .l[nle:rl1i!1.l ~::8~v(:n Cim~ Jl,.I~iii\'].:rrud Ci:Io£\$iJ:Pl~iJh!llJ;a\'/En'lo!!'m[liI]1 COOpCil' Nebl'~rf:k~~: M issr:::lJlt'i .R.lgfl;L;~;8l Ii

r5r~bl():':"-:(~';:-lJ-u:~-.o-n--I":(:".:":;rt':::;li~~:::;Oii:"':' r':':I1:-(il ';"'~ Pi.l::.:ifkOl;~~;.jl:i~I'Q;i~s~~;;;-l ;1 Gmn(N (h~if '~lj~.ses:~'p'pi I t ... ~{~;i'i:q.i piDi ~~;,{imt.~rr.'f:Jij .

1

.. ij.'?.pC:-S:~~!!>!!:l;; De]a\,,·ijr.:.:.p.zd~!'\','oll.e. R..llnr.~,"iJ;L,-=-Kt'.w~111m!t~ ')"lisC:l}ilISjill '-;s!<;\::Mi.:::hjg'llll'Lt~kt;Yt:l!'i>~'~~.,., OrSLer Cretjk ~ Nr:: ..... J(:r.~e'" }!~~tEl:rnk:: O;:::eanlCr:::~,'[sr·."'U!i{!

I-=r:...·,j):...:lj..:::;..::..i),(:..;'..:es;;;..;;.,;;.:.:..--r&ifchi !!;:~n L~;kl! r',3'ichijp,;7llIWi :nl::,!;~~~~""" 1..:.:..,;..::.:.:.;:.;.:,;;;":.:.-----i-';..;;.;:c;;.;..;,,,,· ... L··· .:..:.--+-=.:::.:.:.::.. .. :.;,; ...... ,~" ... ~.;;;;..;;;,;:..::;;=="'-"-.:.--I

P.:;rinr: lkf:lI::h V·l:i.s:"':LJl!:-;~n LVJke jV~:ich£a~~~:H_:(kc: ..... i$,,~ oSL l1ECb~ ."::F,.::.QO~.I~j,.::.<:lc;.;.~ __ I~LQt[iK~<.ljjlSr.;;tl W .fLny.e1f1,i~i .. ,,=,~

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ii3f.L$:i.;: oek!:5c::ripthre: SilLFlt,istlcS w·cre g(:ne,nlted. f();r i! hl,~ mtc:s pertahdng to :iLC.;::ide,i'tts ()f :i n!{!: [S'I :;;tf..!-:rf..!gb;t(::.i.·i;~,d c(lrnbi[Lar.jfC:lrL~n1';::ks. 1 n 1994, 1995, ~J;[ld 19'9'6, Tlle ((IiLL'!~ aecidem 1:·jJ[i:!' (')Ver all. Toad (ypcs fc.r ]9~J4· was 2.98 (lO·' ru:;ddem:~hcrl(jck··km):; for 1995, 2.97 (I O·! (jccide~'[SllnH.::k-km);. ~lIId for u996, 3.46 {1O.7 i1ccid::mtshmck-km) .. Their CCIl11pOS i [e· ,'aM:: i::;; 3.2 ~. The .:liJ:r:,~n.!nc·cs ovc:raJi. aIt;;' n(!:t s:taJ!.i.~t~c.o.ll}' 3a:5u~~ fj.t;'Llil {St:{~ i\iPiPendJx A). E-Io'oJ .. 'ev·e.r, '!h~ iLrI ('j1ysi s. ~l)lJght to ILmcovef pf.'J:'>~ ihle e:q:d ;1r~an,i(ms f·IJf lfr3(! .obl.',\~rvcd incr,;::a:=:.e, jn the ilil-:!iTS,I.~Ir;(~ ~)jglnvay (J(x~ldc:nt Irate i.ll 1.996. ,L\ ppro;);~;i m~tely 25 sn:ates raiSl.::d the 111:[(.'{iL'lfJtnn s:pe,erl Ii [mti 11 ~h,::.': ] '9'95- U 996 tilnc frame. lht,! ;m~! iln ~I(:ddlcnr; ilTJlc -em intcrrs.tailc .h~gh1,1r'Zl;},S ~;L"i'i' th::: g:ror;JP of stat,cs. tl1i.'1t raised tl1e sl~{:;8!J gitni1 bc:nv(:cn ]995 :[nd 1~J'96'.,,!a..'i 5de,ni.f~caml.y hj!:~h<~r UIiil 1996 (h:lJJl ~bt' 1995 [3.69 .. !s. 2.JO 0. cr'! ;fl.1.~cldC'.nt5itl,l.1,(;!~:~kl1t'J)Ii. Th·e ru~;;:rn 1.Lc:ci,d~'f'lr;:;t(~ on ~iJlJte;J:;l;~;[te hlig:l::'i\.!.a.ys !f()[' states Ih~j~ dj.:;L not change (he. m.a:dm~.:JJn s;~)et!d Hmil \· .... :;1;5 not :s:i.g:Ili.ncant~y hig;hot:r i,n 1996 [1. IS: ·~'·5. 3.2.2-(lCr' tt.;:>c:jde,IHslll'L1d.::-krn)l. Thi~~ is::;;~H! js di::;·::::m:;::;ed ~n J))OJe· dr.::.[ail ir~ Pq::-Femllx .{!., .•

The::;.::. 1994-l996 ms'.nJ1.5f~r:{.': nol djr{,:ct~y c(lrn:pf.I.I'uble. ,; .... ~~h lbr:jy 1 '~}8-6·· :1988 pf0dccessot'!,. from Si!lric:ks Q!rul K·.'.ild~ 0994) b,:,:cfj~J$eof r..hc ditre,i'ci'IC''::!~~ ~:;a sour,::!,': ~md rroe~hr.xl by ',vitilch th..:. acci,cte.,[ (hu:~ wt!;r(! (:ulkGled ~md rc:ported, asde~c.'ihed 'in .sec.: li()I11JS 2.] r~lld. 3.], at .is. r~gt'~ril[tibHe: b()[h [bar; ccm!~i ~ I ~~;nr. di;l'l;~ :~rc not ;:'1\.';i1.il:tiib~e to de~et'mine ,,,-"h,:,::l;hcr a ~C:flicn!.l dO'i.'JI!1.Vt"1t'ciJ t,elld iii r8(e,S exiSIL~d prior 10 the ,increase in lnterstarr,:.e spet'::d lim;ljr,:5 .l1.ftcn· ti99.5.tlI:1Jd: th.r~t it is. r.{};}::Jarly, v·,riLh ;rc;:;pt::(!i! t() d('l.l~bf:lse ~lvr~H[!;bmty, (0 disc-:()v,er , .... ·h::th·!.~[ the: 19~NS resuLt::; r~pr~se:nt ;[J. [11L1'I:5;jo::.~nr ur rlw bl~ginnjngc.f :a mllitlyeai' rUp'~vard r.:I'o::~rld. T~J(.! d(llL~ {k) a:ppear if;) SnO'iN tl1:m, all~)(),.~gb !;hc~

likdj'hooci: of ii'l}tN)! In accide.l'Il~ irl\"oRving bern,')" ~:()m!;:dml:ttm~ tJ'ilCks i~ higher f(~r most !;,L~ri'!;~,. the 1i k~.~bb()od (If beine: killed .i ~ ffihn{:·.::;t urti[:armlylowt;!r. Th.is Inav be due E)tiJ'flii.I'ilv 11) ;!ill i r,.C;iL~~lr5C; nn

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l)f.~:~t be.lt '.~~,e rmd ~.tl.rrer vehicle desigm~,i ac] l,.Iid~ng ~I.irbt'tgs ::J.nd {:ithe." a,;'.;[i','t. res.lrailllS, r.:uha ~lu~[Jj to' g,t!;nr:rali.y saih roadw.;}.y condi[lf:il'I$, btJr. [~~(l '[{)fA (:mI5!':; re.I.l1:ail'ls unknf~"""ll. If, [hal'lks (J~. Il~~15r, in. part. t.:.) the ine1,V re:s~.r.n.irH !1.'~:o:;r;;mus, '.Yh(.l~ ';l,Io~lld formerly h:[v~ h{:;e~~ f;~r.~Lla~i:::$ (-)I;'(! n(l'.V ijin'1,1:r.i{~S. Instead.

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The r'.!'r)ulI.s.o,f tbc nlil COml)ntat~ons rri.1b~e!=i 5 ~lTId 6, Sec~.i.on. ':n silQ'w that dome!1i..lc J'ai.~ j.. . .. . l "']' . ..:1. ., ~1 I l·... . I! ,~ 1 L .J' A r.eJ!:;m aCClt. ':~nt;h tala .lU·:::s,. anu mllLrLeS Ot1l L ·:1S~~ :1m.f: T',;UhlrOiJIClS JHl';}'·e aTl 'lK1TCnLV !llL'iI)~, iZe{1. (I'r .... ,. I;"'U .. dec 1 i nEd l.'.IiglutJ)' sfince the l~l!t,e l 980:,;. Rethnt~ i (.l!;1!::;, in faij,ruUa:t.ies and injuri.,e:,>, diue i.n ~J;:I,rl. £(1-jncre·i!$(xl ,gmdc·cros5.itllg salf.ery fUld It,.:\R's "Ope:ration Ufesave.(' progrrum., ure e:,;p:::ti::llly n()le' ...... ortluy, .Hov,e:'~t!J·, Iht~ coru::luSl(u'I is. ba~l~d on applyjJlg de"~oJ:nil'li)jWIS [hut (Eo !J·f}i~ jm:I.~J(k:

[r'l.i n 'l.l1d c·ar kll N~~E%f::[,!1. f.L':':{:()l.lu~r.(.!\d f.t~.r by ,i nte;rmod,~J s.h.ipme:l)ij.5i (C(Jlllail'Ir.::'fSi ':Lnd.Ir:~5k~(;s,-~Jn·

11l~1I·:::aii) nO( IOil(Led by [he {:a!!'iil(.!rs Ih~~m5dvcs. Thus., the actljal .d.ettO[j)in.[LI,():rS ~j:rd pr·u·1Mbty bjghcr, and ~ho;':; r'aw,.,;; c::ms(;q1,l~[1I.~y lowc.:r. Nevelthek~s.::;.. ttl.:;; (:I..Ir:nm'l cstim~I'H::s m·~ approprJtlJtely cmI)Sf.!:j'\"f~[i '~~! jn th~l.t including aH1mermodiJ:n cal' ship"r!L~:nl5 (fm 'Nbjch sr.[~tc··l·cve] d~i.ta L'lffe l~O(' uniformly ~!,',r.fliJahJc) ',\'or,lkl pwbably ili!tC:.l'ea~;i.'!. [he Hlr;(~ dem:nninatoTs by a!b(JrL1~. 20 pt!~'ce;j)t, thus, decn~,l;sjng n h~;::. fates the.:msel ves: by :a ljke a1Tlc)~~nt,

\V f!tJ.en ..... <!ly r,~~i'l:d l~: (Tabh!:s. 8 [~-b ~lDd '~.~. Seer..iNI. 8) .o.ls{) .::;h()\·l,o' ;!J g:::ne:r,1Ll i n~I~)[o·~··{:mc:nt (lv(:r

mkl-l980l;. r:Lll!s, Lh,mk" posgib~y [U h!.!t'~c:1r (I·'.'el'('!r! n::'l\·'~g::lr,i(m Lech,nu.lx)g,r ;-!Jt1:d th'~eli[rninali';)1l of

1'1'1a.tgi,tli:t~ (:~'In-er;s. Ik~',i/e''!t!;I, the:!'€!. is: O!1;C exccpt](I]) to lbi::i ,:)b8eiv:~ti,o'n ,CD',:J.S~:~"'lse c'c:,;u,d ty in '.'!.}I v.:!:r:m~~lTIt r~lijr~,3; <q)pekr l() ba,ve ri $o:;n ::;,ht;rp~}' cOrL1:par'ed LO ... vh:~t ".'I,I~jS rccord{:d. {Em {}I' S{~ )"o:!:::liTS i;lgO, R~w diiitaitHlicttr.e r.h,[1. 'ITI,lld~ of this ns[;;cco1.1rIted r:;f~r by hLgh"'(!5scleasni!l~n:y {:()LI.nL:'; in Gulf f '~1' , 'IJ h t,· "1'" 'i t' -, .... ,', I ,·1 (I N CX]('.lI) ';'r·ac~:r.;;;"ESr:'~~],f! .. y 4 .'I}SC R(I"'lttti~~g ·eXtL~ fI,w~}·y(!:ar ~(Itj)a (I' .::. ,:Jotl LnVl) ''''''i.:H:Km,I;::;') ;nJl:u,

LmJds1:a:n:n. {~I;V'(}'yl!:"Hr L()t~ll of ~53 .Llllf,olven1:ems). The prevlGous rC;P0H {Saldcb:; amtl K"",itck ]9'9'4} illi:\lj ::ldvj;~ed r.har. ~h(!n;~H~ of Ci/tSfLlaity ~nvt,)l"l,eme.]l'I.s, n~c(.)rrdcd ~n Gulf Coast \'i,',flli.::r:::;; b:,~ mCillitCITlE:i;:) fc)r' p(~,::;sibllt!, ~,pl,um in su:cceedting yea:IS. and mid-19908 dlala appe;~l:r r,tl] h;:p.,c ·,'.al1dated th2Q l':;:C;(HHITlt:'!:ndIHiol1.

In e~u'l:ierii.n,ii.l )'..St!5 ~h;~t ~I:pr;licd 'c:xt;;~m,i 'IJ"f:! :-;~:fJ.L~:sti.;;:;tJ t(~~aiiITlg tClRLu :r.rli.liacc:j.jeIH 2nd ir.wide:o:t f-tCOE'dis itt r.he FRA dt:lr,,;!'b~:-;e: for 19084 (hn)ugh ~9g.8, ::;:trorilg .andeOM,is~er.u p(]gEr.i\r(~ c(::.rrctaiUon ,tI."t:~ djsL:()\,,'l!:r~~,d het'.vee)) QCt1!1~:II~J~ltu['.eextr'::~11{~S ~rnd :lJ.(:ckLe~1lt: fl'eq:u;::.ncle::-; (I..t!~~~ ::!Ind. SarJd;:s ] 99] ; S~i:rids ,(lilt:] J amiSCITt 1991}, An iU2Hal 0EhaJY8j:g 1,'/'8$ pcrfOHlledl [0 dt'!i:etE~lilW if this pfhCnClme~llCtD) ,itiS,{> t)t:[:I;llr..:~d f>:):r Huck ,r.:;ec,kkmt8. S tates W'(~irC 'Pl~rtitfio!ned !ntC'tt [31E'ee: pri m(,liryl~::tst-\"rCSi U)jgJp,'I,"::LY c'{?rridNS r':;:pr{::5~~nt..ing different seasDnal 'l'i!m]Jr.::n:HiLlif'e. re,gi.tiK~s. Ak)q~g ,:;:;~c.:h (!Qrddo:r,. thre,.e y~aTS nrl' .... fcM~S tnl,~k lK!ckle.nt CO'!lIHS';!.!t!;r(~ partiti,o,n-ed 1nto 'lhrl:'!t!-mo:.m'lh gr-o'llpings ~Ippt'i.-';t:in"meuy

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E~lrJi.cr 1n :the replH'1,. fi ',if.! r.e~tlljV(~ly n::(:c.:nt d(~'! ... c]oprne]'lts. ''''''';::1'0::: ]d~.l'ItEfi~d ll'3 p()::;;5ibk Lli:tCu:!Jjfying .influe~tc;e(;;; on sWI~~-kvd acd~cnt Invo]vemem l'iHe~s of s',~rf~Ic-l.'! r!jL~i.[!hl 1,r;flnsporT..tl;ti(l,n, rc3aH .... e tto (he-I.r l'n.i·d· U ':)-SO~ (!Of,mtcrparts, rrh·t': fi.wi. of tl.1:e~e, c(m:qJk~tiol::i: 'l]<f £be Inl;crst81(': Highway Syste.rtll. a~)pe<l:r~:> 1,(1 h~I)'c oO])1.ri.bnted p'l).sit1vely to C(ll1Qiml]:ng mha,g;atkJ]] of lh,t':se. mtes.. lFr.}r e>~;[lInple" Wes.l \lirglIlia 'o;,I',ilS mlle of r~he last starres IT) s~.~:~ (:':::;I11lple:t]{)iJ). ,of ~ts designated, irUer;i)~,lLI,~~

1'1 i sth· ...... [~ .... · rH~t',VG\[k, TrJt;[e" ~h.;:; accicHe;nt i nv,I}I ... ··:;~m('~nt nHe fm' it1lter!ila(e-i·e8J:i:"~te.d 'he.: ,I,'''''''''' r-t / 'v ,.'

r..:ombinl:'!tkm ~:rrtcks o(}rt (he. I'~i'imat~' (nol~-irlll~;r8r;,al,c) rnn:grnw.oJ'i" SV'iit:eEJ')-.\KJ.lrt,e (;.r \'i/hi.cb inlhl,~ I1rdud~ [ .' ". - ,. I!'

J 980" \;l.:-i;!) c:;l.rrviD'!! tl1lck nl'affir.:: dl',rerLed fT(Uni nl erst ate h~'!:!:~rw'i!lvs tllidet:' c(msltll:::::[i(111--d:~(!] i,nee] J ~ . V r

by ~u: h::~lst M pero;::em. The: f~[:c)li[y r':lh~ {lr-op[x~d by ove]' ,5G' pl:!TCenLi!Jm3injmy nlH.~ by over 70 p'~~rccnt E'>.'e:n (]'I(.(!)gh, J(1if :r(:f~$<l1·n5 (!.itcd earHeJ', the ~ 9·8 l i -1 '98.8. r:Uc.:s ::~r{~ not;. dirc;ctly ce,mpar:o])[e 'i-t,.ojth r.'hf,'Jgc: ff.~P(lTjj,:~d. if) this stlL~d}'. a redUClo(m l::of thEs gCl1:c:r-Jtl ul1agnLmck: (:mmm, b~ disre:gi'lit'ded {;:'!.ILh(mgh ar;:5flh;;()~r:.:J(C wJI.I.·e is. ft.u'lk:nov .... nj .. Tnt,;::rsr.,lnc ini,glr;,\"8.ys m··::: C(t-IllPiJiL'iujl,'e.l.y :~j))f.:.:;

(Ipit.n:ui ng .en virr(mmcnr.::: for ~~trgc tl1J(:l-.:f.-, and a ne.t· .. \"';}rklh::~\ p::;LilJlits thch llnbrc,k,;:>n u.tili za'li(m F()r an \, k:,nu·d i SlmH.!C ho1.l] should eXif.lerj-ence. u:ew\er aco:.:.i(tL~iiilt:5 IDCI unit. of H'i.lve.L

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l ] f f ... ~ .. . '. c·, ' ... I'· • " . 1..' -'I • I CitP:·)l.) e (), s:~cr .. mort;'· ~~ El-CJtl]'I'l op:!:ran l()['I$... ]'J;JJg.\-:;S m eCOrl()r:~il';:' C{~n(cErJ (mf'; ")::I',.'(! ·:.:om\VLFl.CI~1 "Ill:t: .:!-iamil'1!l;lli.on of'\::xcess~" 1.f'.uck a:nil:::$ ~,i) n);ring ~1.bol1t ;:;lli~f(s i.n S[<lll;!. :;har,c:s ·nf ~';JlaJ frdght fln';I,.';:;: fC'i.' e·x :~mJ.1]'~, l1l:('Ij{)f [~~Cg·etL"e·:>:: :'1I't. (!: .... i dc:;n~ (1]] 1lK': (emUi.;)] irtl;;H{!:d~1 1:Ii1;mk ~:i n:::s .i 11. .5(:vcral C~ll[n'<ll"

:n()rr.h'~rn. ('InC! '.veS[e!!El :O:;[i(litS. ,1\ cnntinlling sbif:t of ShOL'[eT h;~u~::; 10 ~rlJ{;ks is rcd 1.I(:LiOg (O;';:I.! raj.bil' I, ,.I'..~ ·E·· 'I .'1 , • . ~. I.. '~~" ']. ..] .• [' '1~"·' I' /, . J~}l,V 11.10 "" cVing ,Ul'l{J allC! In S()rm'! OJ '''.h~~ l\I~.LCIG! C i·'.[ :[UHaC: '}('ll~S" ,ms :i;ttl;(~r pm:nOlTII;::non Ci.l'.JJse::;· iJK~r'::::rm::nta] ::L·;)(:jdt!!;IlF:S Nl havt:. ,;m ~,:,.;.aggcnJ;t.cd eff.ect ~:tli Sr.iti,c-lcvd ra.1:·cSo an the .l!.n-fi2l..::ted <lr~·i1!'·. Al.t.hou,gh tbfis <l1'lidysl;, cUl.lkl nrA p{fshjv;~ty ,idcm.iJy i.1 c{)ns:iS'I,:,~[ljt rnid·1990s JC:dlLlctiol:l :in ac:c:idl:!,~t r{J~es. relative ~{f rlrid- t 980):: (!t)J1cil~~ iOrfls {in ft);cr., (]le, ;),lti()mlJ m~c is Sij.:::,(.LSHCli,flJy un.;::!liln.gi:'!.d), ~! did [11(1((:: :a ,;:kl,iivnlum if!; IT~0!)1 h:11ailhy and .injury rar.e!=; .. Thi,., 3,g;oin. may be. the i!'esu[( ()f i.n::':rt!;:l:'jt.:d a1,vrtr(~J'tr~~:S .;, f t~I}C~d Sl;f.C:ty f.ir~I'~tJC;C h::~th ,on th(~ .'al h\,'JtY:j ,imd tU'nong (he getw~'al prrlb]ir.:: ilL rili llT()~ld

crossit1:g::;, dim: '10 5;:~cb o',~trc,1dl ,:::fforls. as Opermi{m l.ifl::saver.

TJlerc. is .Iilrnit,ed o::ri/tdellC';:. lbm lb(~ third dC"feLopun(~n[, jncrL'!~t~;(!d high ..... :;I,y sp0cd limjts, ::$pl~(:i:;)lly O~~ ~.hf.!: ttor.e·t':':;[i::l1l:'; s:ysLtlln, poses aVi.:,nJd cont::,;:rn, ~s (U()[!l!lm:,~ii:I£cd ;;i)i}'.'(':and ij~

App.:::ndhx A [() chis li.'!]l()rt. i\Lldi['i{mi~l ,;:!;f]:;)]Ysus is 'iVLiE'r'8')((.!,d 'Iii.':h>!.~ncv(!:r l~ ]·ong:cf ~Jme serk.31 of data that it1:c:h:ldt!!:'; ~ll k~a:~1 Ihm:~ yL~~I:rs before :ilnd tbeee an(~r. 1996 b:::comes .l!.vrtilaiDk .. Su:eh <rn t"l(c:rv;d: ' .. "iH bo:::: nl;!(:(.~$srlJ)' ((I rcvc::j] ,,vh·ethC';r hlgr~eT 1996 r.ates rOl' smte.ii [hat t;!ii~ed r.h:.:. :;p:,:.:~d liimit re~)J·e;'a:!n~1 ~n l'Iil'lomak~us "hlip" in dw cime s¢['nc$., or 1h·~ begiltlling of f.! :i.L1.);lalne,.J l":~v,:!rt::;11 of loj),g~ te .. I'rn dry,I,I])1,1/il!:'d acekle:nt r.!rends €:;::wh.eavy c.!omblrnatiott [irIJlC k:~.

T~~e firtu] ['i'I'{} (teVek1jHnents c:it(~d in the fi r$l s~~cthon ,n[ ~hi;:; f(~port .lu5gifJt n«} ](I"~ger be ] .• 'I· . . • t" I ' ., d' OJ L I rc C"'j)Jth[ to am: I nl(:nSH't! :; n[Jtmlg cmnp,mgL'llot:' 1j.g.l~COtl!s.Lgt1l:Tle,nls Oc m' ,uoactf'.'e. all(J 1~;!Jj~tlr( 'iJUS

mate6fLl::;.. R1}IJli.il1g optjqn:;. arC! l1r.n ..... gc:ncraJly c.:m:I$I;rf:l:incd by pub~js])e:a; g'[lkliJltl:ce, l:nn OplU(.m::; fh.t.I: [o~m<Liru for rouljng vi':l Ih,~ r~j'lriHLd::; ,con be w()r.k·:::di om di[·oc::t3y 'iViti1 c,;:u:'t'ioJ!'i: dll.rin~~ ';:ontm(:t

ne:g.'[llL~lql [m::; ,and,i 11 ~ny c.lJ.se, do l~ot :n.ppear fn)m rr.(.:~.~n t daHll t.o poss..E!ss. (,0t~~E:t faCll)r.s bc:iI1g; t;>gUi'.tt) ,1 de(1dy ":f,arCr" f(ll1tit1lg dl(l.k:e ir. lh·e t'lJrren! ~.dcGt.jon set \Vltb feSpeC[ Ht, [he fi,lJ:a] de\"dt.)pmc.ml {inl.cnn,od:allsmo.nd :helc:hol()]{l.gi>t:&] iJdv~IfI(.:':;:h eUrred)t p'! i'l.iS rotH' ~he $pt;rlL re;~r:i(lr flJ;el :sbijpping c:Rl1ilpalgn gener,:'t1~y ':::::\Chl,tk~ i;1]l bm m!'~~cs.sary nem·-:;;;j~ . .e mlnsshjp'ml~]J1. (iil!:', in the b:ll.rg'.:',-;!,o-nt.i~ ca&-es· dt,ed t!.i)i['ult,r) I with c*I.:sks mo .... Jl1g by ,cjqhei' ri1Jlrf:'i'!.d (If higl::l'~"q~J" ((,::.;;.;di';~$i vely) from p]mlt sit(', to ttepo$lQ .... }I'}'. If I.K~dfir..iona~ lraflJs,shipui:ef!ilr., Op;Ltr:m::;. '\\,'(~f':':: ~1(:.1:]·.'(~l:f undef cO[lsJdemr.i;}fI, [Hji! effect .n.nd r·ehili .... e s;d~~y of iuterlmodal bm) lage',vol.l!l(3 ITIi:~rn~ fu.rtittcr dl~iCI.1ss.im1. L't'llt SIK:r~ <11'l:rtl.ys1s i5l n,D"'.'.'· .l}Jtm.atlm.~, J~.lso> &tL'ldstics appear to irdlic:m.·:! Ihi~t tn)e adopdon o{ high{~r (lpcl'.injll:!f. s!pL~(xls ()Vt!T iEi!1~)I!'()V{~d tmek in adV;an0[!!d-tec:I'II'I{~l()gy' li)G()JTiotiv·es doesnm C{H·rlp:r(J:rnisf.!: $.;~f,:~ ndl.rofldl ()pt!JalL()Il:.

There ha& been ();:l\I'lj'[!!C:PJlre [h,u r,h~~ O(;C;UTr(':flOC of :a f;;-~tj]Jhly in LUlt;: t:(llrr5(! f)f :m ~I!:):::ffiljen:t

cCIILlkl be J.~ reUable. :';lm'{:,g~I'I'(:! f()f I,h(~ <ilcc:klcnt':;;. se:o.'e,l'i[y. Th~s (:OilTljr..~l~r.Uf'l~ lS lliIot S,ti?l!1i.:itlc.rtl2y teSi;,lJJ)Le for :lhi$ :llJ'ti.dys is bl.!:(!(lrlsc th(~ dalflba:sc, I.'Ipplie(u [,i}r 31 d'I)(!S [J(li c.:)l:mtOlilJJ nnfm'mMioll ()ot) ~,ho!!:

5e:\f,er~~y (cnl$h fl)er:e:~, p~lrtc(~Jn~~" Jlirol.cmpcramre.) {~f [he il,C.:::jdtml ~1'lJd I:U:tJ.JS f~d.~s ~o pfo,vkle. a \V::iY [(I exmrLl~~e (he ex ~:$t(!m:i'; of sll:ch il re,la~ion.lihip. Thl..~ pr.{)poftion ,of .if!)~,erstj},te-,'e:g;j:;;;rc'f'\!!~J

·8ombj n::llj(l:t~ Im:::[;;, "l(~{:j(knts f,or vdlicba fmallty 'I;V8S iTc!(:/,Jrdcd ]$ ~!;ppr'G.xHmateny 3.5% of Ih,tlr.~I.(~] tOUn[ ()f sLlch :~~:(; i"r.k~i;ilf.::; ~in e::1J,7;11 ,af the three :i.ludy yl!~lrs, It is '001' J lQdgemf.!;tH thar:, in lht:! ah5L~i1iIC(! of mOE'e e,),:npk::l(! d*1'1 ~~ (o~~. g.. :?J. N adO.lHi:tl T:mn~l)Ojr.;;u~r.Jn :s ;:~fr.:ty B Ortlfdi repoJt} 0bollt e:ach of t h~~.5c 3.5% I)f accirll!!i)r.s ~tn,d why the,y 1.ve:re. fat:a~. lh:: e)d::::'IL~nc(!: of :;t. falViHty sbolJlkl [LO[ be: ll~(!d !iIS a S:tIn'():l!'me [{(if ,lv.:r:klenl. ~,:;:.,rl.~rlt\'.

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... C~Ol1.tinl]C i{t< :l'nvr;sr. i.g~tc .Oilld le"lttJ u al(.~ pr~)C,~dllrc~5 110 lrr.flJ1fc,·ve (!$[irn.[1[:i{11l () f armua.l c,c'mbin;jtl,o:n·tl1.l,~k h!galwayn1i~k~~g;c: by sUIte,

~ Ui'lde,I'lake r:!.ffo!fts f::leJm-e. tbe. (~J1d of yezlI' 2000 L()idetLlify li'ibJ.:!Hu::;r tbc Rpp.iJJ,;:;:nt IlpLu:m 'in accid:ent r,a.te:3> frr.ml 1995 10 [996 ,i n th{:·se; SL::fl/.!S ~h~t r;::dsectl lIl:e m;:l.~irimm~ ~~peed :limit OJ] La)(:brte~'sL&no!,.~ High'iJ.'~I;Y Sy:;II!JTl (and pm;:slhlyml:1Br' maj'or road:~} :rt::p:r,e~ajms (a) a ,$J'I():n:-t~.::rm i1iL1om81y. (b) ulldorr'o rre:porrin,[: M t'lGcifdc:ms in 199:5 Jrnod/rxG 994, Or (c} HH;;iJ.C[itlal. Lv.::gtllilllidng of iid;·mE:c.!r-llf.~rn't t.rend .

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'~!;:tT~l ~t[1bfi] i[}, itt ri~a(l;Hld {:'P!!:r~I!Ii()!!iI~ 'I hIm theJr pre.de.;::ess';:Jls i.~ [be S L'lE'icb; and iK Vtr.ek (1 '994) n.:porl, nnd shr.Hlld therl~:fore. t'ep] ilt!! ~h';'l/,a.'!. nli:::!!':; un risk rt"JL),kJs I\)T ~rn in d{!:I];nhe J),~rlo(t Tot01 (a,,·er:D.8,c·:1 !::.t<l~t: r;*'$ ~m~ r;\;P;Pi;"f.}pr~~rtr;: b(!(:::rl.1sc

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Th·~ hypothel'>ll'> of ()p::!r.lli()ll;[LlSl8bil i~}1 Lin tbe(:l~n'en~t mil['oL'ldl en Vn,()mTlI!ml

s\;wllld be 'tested. ag:ait~ befoE'·e thi!: end of year 2000 by exal't'~31ti.ng :fit le.[LSl fi ....... :: years of l'i:"lid- r:.O I ane- 'I '990$ di·~t<L iiiil three-year tIIOV] fI.g ;;L;,rel·,agr.:.~,.

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• ,l\n t~;!I:r::t!P~ i On l() lbisptt;(lJIummdatlon \,~r'CiuM ~r~s:! io) [bee .... 'e;l~t tbm iL revi,::;~()r,l i 11 p~~mni ng (;;;1.1 ~L.!d for nmr'c: harg:~: tn:ms.pa.rL8£i (m (If (J:~s,k~~ · .... ,i lb~ll ;ii •• d ;,klDg the r,:,l)i'!$'IX\] ~IT(!,il5 of tbe GuH of t\·'],;:::xlc,c;,. C'UlT~.!1l1. (~nd f.!1XJj,!;~:t(~d} "'~Jhtm(!5 of beltl!:! ('G<RSlwis(;". Rna if:lr.enml watet\'~rL'!y ~.:;fi1j]Jping in that eorrudor app{~;mr ({)o h;::.ve .incrcased HIC risk d n:dnoL' r.osignifi(!:il.nt fn::ight ""'8::;StC~ accidcints, r>i;;hl't~··,,·e. [0 t1 ndir"g~ (If cr.h.e pr,evio'Lls fll'aLl ysi s.

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TABLE 11" R:cpo.f~~blr:! Accid(m •• Ii'~lhIJj[y~ mttl Illjury Cuunts fm- SLate:;: Missing L(~C'mHun nata in 199<4, .995, .md ,[996 foy r:nt!l;l'$t:'lt(!~R(~g):]:~(!l'(!d H(;ftVY Cm~bb~nrQ~i·on Ttl.1<ck:;;"

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'9 REFERENCES

i~.j\. R 1997. J'?aij\"oad F(H."I,~'. 1997 ,Edl'i~i,o,rL A:;'::;(II:;i;Jltlon (I f AI'n'::::rEC,lLn Rtli Ir();~d!:i! \V ~I:shh'llgt(m, D.C., S~~pr.. [':;197 ..

2'5bb02392t)a99c J 98525 63(i~ 700'760b:/4 ?Ope~t rv'iel"i

cr u 998, C0l150,1 i~('JIt,:::d Freigbn1,lay~" [i ufr)'@{';fwy .. COTIl],"Con!ii(1I lcE3r.t!,d FJ'ei.l.~hl'll"~ly$ Driver Honored for Dlfh'.ing 4 ,[I,.m~:i{~n ,,~.':::L:i'l;~:!YlJt-Pr{:(: Miles" [lJ:RL hl'!p':il~I·'··I·'·"'.·.(.:bi'}·.':-:O;I~,I!/~il;"i'.Js/ 97.tl.f.~'" ,,'ObJI,t.ml {:n:5 of NI)v. ] >0. ] 9'97}], ~"1':::n'I'I) Pnrk, CaUL 1997 (j},ece~sed J,!![,_ YJ, J '999).

Cc>c>n,t.y 1998, C.~I';:ll~e,y, l" rJirx!t:t(l(' (Jf S~lfet}', TrhSta1t,;; MO~(l<J' T,'.!LflSil, p::::r!5{:,n.id commlm§c:atllOfi~, Der.::. 22, ~ 998 ..

DOT 1992. 49 CF,r;~ 3f)7..l01 ei $,,-'0'., Subpan D: R(m!r,ng 4 Chi.SS 7 .fRfl.dfo.l~.t't'.iv(:'} Maj'r..'.r."a[·:: • .tLtLd{!:(~ by 57 FR ~~4 [i 3 i I Sept. '24, ]992.

DOT/USCG 199:8. I).S:. D':;:plJIrr.mem of TI~i1n:11Ku·li!J[:i(:·1l11.J..s_ t)J,iISI: G',~;;Erd, "Marine C:;:['mahy & p() 11 uti,nn [)~Ili ,tb;~::;I~~, Ci.m::f:Jt tftJifCiLlgfh Jun~; 30" 1998," STJl1-544[ , ,i~v:.~il!.'tbk .. {:'I) tn-llO~ ... ·[ (1) from ~N a~ i.f.)rtl~;d ~r e(: hrd(~tll Ullfonl1l:Rtj·Oll) S,et~rVle,e, l) .5: .. Dt!BJ(J~TrM~~~t ·:.J·f C·0.l1l1mer(:<E:" S,Ptt[t~gfLf~']d., 'ill ;!L" OCL 199B.

foRA.. :! 99·:1-1. 996, U .S, D~~palltl1i!lmt ·of Tnlnsponatiotl, ] 994:, 19'9'5 I a 996, A.f:cidem~Nn(ddtmt Blf,'hJ'iin. mll1l1l~E pllbUc.Lfltk~n Mel JIHf!JiJt(!:t p():~l.illg, :~v~dl:~b].::: from ]~'>t(Lert1] RaiJroad i\dn1ini,);lmr.i0'n, Offi.ee of Sat:NY, VV~LShin:gt(liP, D.C., :~i:11d :jI,t 'URL: ~;~',ar'lll.(ft:/;/gO.i·}.hf .... dl){.go·~':70/ 11 ~:f:'·.!1l.!M~li.rty/r:rS{f/~'JJv~t;;J·n{Jr:,:l)r!.rJt:ri ..

Gl)l::t:~~ 19'98. Goetz" D..,. [D,ir,cctor ,of SM;';:!r.y., Health,. ,rLfl.;:l Eli'.·jr(mm(mt, ):"c:Umv Freight. COIl1: ptlJLly , :;:1I:::Tsomd (;omrrIlrtmk:i3Itk>l1. De.:::_ 21, 1998.

Le~: ::LJ~d S:iLl',k:k:1 ] 99:1. Lee, T.-S., and C .. L .sor.k:ks, "'Stgntfk;:a!f'Jr. F:iJ.o;:;Wrsin R~~]Frej.ghli ,I\'-;"ci-d.{mrs;;: f.L Sl[1[istic,ti P..nl~ly$~):; (Jf PJi!~di(:t]l"C and Severity Indkcs .i.t1l1ile FRA A~:.;;i(ll!:nli[n>:::ijcrI:!Jl~

D;~t"L B'~~I::" ifa::'11'WJ Transport '91, pL~blisJH,:di by No['th"'\'-es:~em UnlVefS~~)', E"'~I;n5t~J'J), Ill. o~}9n,

.54

NSC 19~n. A{:f.:ldentPac'ls. 199:7 Edili(}.rl. Natnom:t.L Safely O':I'I.l:nc iI, Itasca, Ill. (199':,':1.

OH.NL ]99:8. Chill. S.-M .. J.H()~Jsr:,n: ;,In{l H.,-L. H'w'\!lng, "'EstimRtJIIg Stl,.tlZ:·Level Tn:Jck l\ctivHics tii!il ,'\mcrlca," J. Tn:m.'ip. and Sla.l'. J (:1);63-74 (Jan. L998).

R E .1997. R{ttJ..:+~""~IY Explfess [wchll1:r~stcT@Toad. ,>vay.c.l}m], ., E 997 AnlHm.l. Report" !fl.JRJ .. hIl'p:'·l.t~!,~n.'m/_.I'"oLi·.dr.l,lay.{?on\l'investo;:s/98(.m3tedlcat{!d.h1r.fu'1 ~mr.L "R(lad'.vay Expre$::! Safi:::t:/' fURL l!!~p:19·wl,'/w . .I'"(.Ia,f1!il"'(~Y.Co.~.~,L,·'(.r.b~)·,!~.r/s~1fety_.l..Ji;~n.tl'l .• Li~krr)rt, Ohio" 1997.

Sark;ks and KVti,ek 1994 .. .s<rrick~. c., l!.I!!~d T. K ... itek" LOitgil!.!dL1Wl R:e"'iew· ,,~f Store,l"jn, .. <:t .Acclde.tl i St(j,ri sUC's l.{jT C.{,J:rrie:r:!.' i;f lr,II'ersrr.a~9 Freig.Ji<r, A1'g(1;l;~e. N::ni.~mJ.1 L..;ib-lJ'T,1'1{>I}' Report .. \NUES DlTM .. 68 (~v~aL'(:l1: ] '9'9'.!~).

S 3a·kk.!i ff:rul J 2!rL$~~e"l B 99l . .s~lri'!:ki), C. t .. , .tmd L J ;::1.:nS~J8El, "R2Iil Tr~ITIsiP(xtl'lr.ion Risk (md A,:-.~id:!:[H S'ffl,,'I.:!nlV: ill SU1[i.~~i,t.:a·1 F ... m:ll .... sts 'c.fVar.il;b~e:s in ERA's .!-\cc.:id(!;nllh:II:::jd,~nt D:iI.tf:l Base." .I"r(,'(.·. 84i'h .{ .0/'

Ann. MIg. "H ... & HlaSJe i'r'fgm!. As:.-:~~." \l[!jllCOIJIVel'. H.C. oiJ~~u)t! ~6-21., 1991}.

TRJS n992. U,S. Bureau of tb:e CetHl'iJ5i, O:m$.(,I$ I)f Tmnl:ip.:::Jftl~tk"n, :n'i',,',ck lnvt'.m·'·H· ... t:i1W' '(}s,~ '. ,

Sur,'ey tTlU.s,i; 1992 EC(fIKnuic: Ce'i'I~iris. V()Uum:= J, n:dcr·odt1lt;T1. fide on CD-RO~i[ (i$;..:;:m.~ >::I;:ll:;:: .h~nG l.1995).

Tohil1, McsfhkCtV, t'if!!idi Jones 198.5. T(,h:in, RJ .. ,., N.K. Meshkov, ,iJ.lld R.JL J()rLt!:~, Pi'"eHwln(u~p Asses,u;'j't,'\,\,\, ,ri ,rljlJ' Costs a.r.ld iUsk.'!: .f<{ Tn:msr.NJ!~·!il~.g Sp.t?nt F,'wt by I3~JTge, Argc.nnt:: N;?j.1i.on~.l Ll:\bm'atorj! I{BPOt'f. ANUiER·TM·,85-2 {Dec. 1985},

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PI,}:,)~I.!!U Varia.m.:l' JI~"tp!)r.~I:~StZ,td ~e'l{!'.i.l'Il Di~feE'tenc;.::

ell" r. S·w".

2.70 :3.05 23

3.M o

4ft

3.22 4.:::6

]~;.

IF'(T<=(~ <:jrl~4(\i.!1 O. 1.9' r. Cr'llic:.d {1ll>£Hr10] 1.>58 ..:....::==:...::..:~=----~ ... ""'~,= .... ,= .. =. ~-.:..:.:::.~--------~

t":T"::'Sl; T"'t'D-Sam ph:: '~§.~!;!E!!~~g; J~q.::u=:l1I::.I...;,,:...:r;";;;:J:.::.'ij.:;.:.~~n:.:;:(:;::~~~:::;.;;: ______ _ ,i.r.e!.'1 l\i].~.,m

' .. t :triltlTIC(!

()I);':I:!rvJi~ kJl1:~

P\-::.:)~c:f1 'V:"ri nnc,;: 1'1 YrjO[h{:$t;.>j:~d ~ ... l~nl'! u)iJf0ri{~I'I(:e Df t St,~t PI:T<=t} (Ine,,;taH r. Ci!'ir.c(:~loEji'.~tL1~] ..:....::..:.:.=:::::.....:.:::.::....::=------~.-"".~ .•. ,,=, •• " ..

1~]rG,!(i~~ ,/t. j~.!r~)~.ll~ l~

3.69' J.l ,~. 3.93 23

5 .. 62 o

41)

0.74 (12J lJ5S·

7Ji~'1:

19

==~~~-----------

11

U iT I ,I

U

;'J .• ,

J u o

····:·1 ..

.. ~~

:J"1 , .

u

o

u

[1 Ii I i L..i

r. ';:

4, Tht! m~tm i1(;(:.id·~.:Jt r\;J~e. folf' Gr{H)p A {.rais.ed limits} :in 199(; is ::d.gni.fk,;uIII,y Jj1,ghel' than j 11 ]'995 (3,.69' 11'1 1996 '115 .• 2.7([1 :in !995), Ttle tmJl hypcotlhiesis. is fOrrl1Hhlled !!:l} tf.!·~Q if thi'::'i:e i.ll ew:mgh e ... :idt"mcl:! (0 ·cm1icludi~ tb~I'1 'the rtle::rl'l at,;;::~dcnt rare i~ higb:;!; f(rf Gro::m~' i\ i.n ~996 rh<LIi i.LlI 1995 :~( r.h(~ '9S % leve.1. Trnere~or·t~" HI{~ f.i!ppropdate te~"r. i$:

Nul] H}'pc.'[lijes~f.':

.. \fitr~rn[jti\r,e HYGJ(:1lill,ei:.ls:

n· T,l"s( ~ l"wo."Smi1lfP~(! ASSi:J:fl~tithg E~~u;tIJ~ V;arr~an.'!!E::~~,=~,~.,=~,~_""" •. ,,,~

(jmllp A M{!;;Ln

Vm-:i8t1>:c. Ohsc:r .... ::itiom,: ~'c,,;:.l.ed 'V 8riiLnCe

H:'pi.-..thl::::;,b~!:!d Mr.:,nJiJ Diffclrc:ncc cit' tStal P(T<.-=ty r.me-t:~~~ ~ Clii t~Cr!i[(I:n:l!>·taii

/996

1~

3,4~)

L) 4~

1,:8] O,Oi~

1,M

1995 2,70 :3tOS

Ft'f:'m 'the aif)I)'i/{: test. we: <::ilt1J cl)ndlllde. at r.he 95 % co["!&lool'lcii:: k;',,r~I. tlli1[ rh·::::me.ii.n m::tidenl1 !rare. [or Gn)U:p A L£. higher ia~ 19'96 tiliP.t'L ira 1995.

5, ~rh'l~ :.~c{:i:(Lt~nt r}Jr.e [(IT Gr~t~u]? f~ (di,d n(,)~, lr~d$(} lim.:.it:;.) ~!; :3.l4 ill 1996~ (~1)[1tlpm[(:d t~) J.t':~l in 1995. Til:ti:s d:i ffer>tm::e. ~s n(lil $agrrl'i ~'i.t;~rnt ~I'I ~hc 95)% ·:::(mfi(~ew:::e' ~(.!\'):.~L Th(,~ t,,''''{)··I:;~il io:,:::;l Lndfic.atcs ~h.i!.t I.hl~il'L:! ~::; mH l~n':nlg;h L:!.vhk~m'!L:!· to mjlx:1 (Iw null hY]J(11h:;::::.i:::. tbat the mc.;Jns 'I.rl.~

'~qUi1].

Gn·;'111) .B 1\~(:81rt

V~I'i""i1;C'{:

Ob&!Jv~lq i,o(IS iPf):::ded "lor.·i;~nt~e HYPIJr.k~si:i::ed ),lte:i'JJI D~ffr.:~re~I:~e Df r. Sr.::II. P{l'<=t) L',J,:u-lU,lfi ~ Cridca] J:wo·r.~lil

1996 1995

U9' oS.'!J?

(I

36 -0 .. 08. 0.93 2 . .03

3.22 4.3(,

19

58

6, Tne :rtC.c:JdeiH r.lue f(l:r (he. 3iii('J[es (hat mhed ttrJelnaxin:Ji~~m sp{!:'l!id Hmit to 75, l't"!Jpll c.r ;;.bov{:; lS 3. 97 it~ 1996. Th,:! mcan ::l:c:c:klerH ~'8Jte for states '1.~,Ii[h ~t HfJQ'Xirrrum: speed be . .l:ci,,?1 75 mph is 3.26 .. Tb~$; {Liffere:li(:~~ i.::i. ll'ot star;iSlacf.Ll~}' gignlf1ci'!!m {i.~E':I ~.her,e js nOI; ciThougll e: ... kle.ncr~. to C(ljlcluM [ba~ ~~~,;He:5 wilb :.'I speed limit i~b()v,e: 75 mph hav.c: f;! nighu ;fh:':'{!~dcn~ :ml,e) ..

t~'T(-;s~; T~\"o(J~S('j:i)~ple A&:;lLi!a~~JngJ(ofalli·ljmV.·~rJ::Jl!lc~·~" ... rn'''''7"=_'''_'' _

C.~m~p /jGror'll~? B 3.9"/ ),,26

'·''''?m'DiJ'''IC8 Obser ... ·il.LilJm; P>;)oledV~I:rbnce

Hyp'.:!!!]~~~slzt!'rJ L ... ·k ... rm rJiffcrr,c:nl.:;(: Dr ( S(u( P(T <;:;1.) {)[Je~Li1il t Cifiti(:(l;I! ,(I'I'~,·l~~J

4.41 n

5.,S9 ()

4() OAt5 0.2(:1 1.63

5~99' 3.1

}\f'ote [ball pri()" ll) o:.:ondm:I~~g qh'.:,; '1J);)·,rt,~ re~t~, rrnl:ilimin:~ry t~:5~$ (I,n [be \'atiL'l[JI;)~!~; w(!:r{~ p~~rfQrmed. In j}lH '~CJ~)e::;.: If ... ::; nuH hyp()thc:C;JS c011kl not be Itej.r:r::t>td ~lIId cqU<1.1. \r.j).rim~(;t.:::;:; \1;.'':·1''::: "L~SlLrr:~L~d,

Siniilar Slar,iij~ic:(t1 It~$ts wcrc 'L18ed to eXi.J:min(!' ~my dif:fe.rm1:c:e5:in rtJli~~jly I;'t~t(! i:::II:::t',veen ~.he tv.'O gr.:,!.1,1 P$ 'ot st()lc5.'rhc: fC,U<P.Vlllg !rti.'1r.es · ... ,r.:~r{: ·cx.cll.u:lcd fnxt'i lh.·:::: MiLlysis b:::':;:L~U.S(': of itt(;(nl'l~)k;J;:! i~)rf.)rrnmll()~'I: G(~O:rg~~11 LC:iuisiL1iil<L, Nbiru:J, Nt::w' Y·ork,. Ore,g,(J.ll.. :fLl'ld S01:Jr.h Cmcd.i.IH~, ::-"!(:·te 1hiH <t11. [i~r.ll ij~)' Ii;;*~::; m.·'~ (:x[Dl~CSSi;)d. in lm~~s; ()f I. ITs n~t~I.lMiesitru.d:~~:~L

'7. Th·!.~ m::~:.m fht~ltj;[y n1.le .in ] 995 W',(l$, O.81,compRredJ r..0 .il: ttjt:~1Jl f~ll;~ilhy r8.'~C: of 0 .. 92. jJl U996. Th<~ Qn(![!::!.as"~" h{!;W8V(ej', is Jl(J!l !ijg:nia~.;:mlt,

Jv.{(!rtrt

'\lt1ri illlCl~ Ob:~~ rlitl inn.!';

0.92 0·.37 (~ I.

:t,(:·;)k:d "iari :1;nc~:: 0.33 Hy~>O(Jle.$t2.l~d M·~'m Diffcr,encl'; {I

Df 80 tSLuL H.19 ~)cr"c=l:} (~ne-I,j).i[ n.22 l 'Cri li!;i.J.1 ·;.me-L;!)cn 3.66

41

---------~,~,.,.--.. --

.WI

.J

"'J '"

u J u o '''j

"I .. "

]

! 1 u

['

D' .J ;

D

u r'; u u

D D·~.'· !

i

D II U

59

8. The me~m fatality r;4tc!; in ~995 for Group i\. hi 0.82, COmpiLTo!!.d to 0,81 for Grcoup 13, TIK!; dHJerence L~ J~O[ ~":i.t::Jiificmrt.

t..'Tf'..st~ 'iI.";'f>t1'":S:~mlPle "'!l.SSJtlj~~~.l.Elig ·~:qQ~\iil·'!ll.·urrn:rI:r:u::'i!:;: -,-------~.= .... = ...... "'~.. .. .......... ..

. ~ ____ G_·)_·o(='~~E.;~ . Gi"YJ~,:pj'1

"'i"'ifj~~Ii'I'~1i! Obl:i~r'''t'1tjons

Ponied Vnri.:JIrICi.:: H~/'j)l)th(:z.h:ed }oI.[ean !Dif:f:~rcm:l.~ Df r. Sr.<Ir: P(T<\:=() Ort!>~;iI~~ t Crr:j\k\~J OM:'(8iJ --".~,,","~.,= ... ~-----~

0,82 0.:$] 0.22 0.39

2<3 .1.8 1),2:9

.0

n.OG 'I}.47 1,68

9. Th.:~ rrJR~l~r.r1 :f:;tl[~il:ity .mt.e ~n a996 rm' Gr·I}I:lp.A is 1. H). C(;il1f:!prLTed to 0.68 f(li; Group B. The. rt);eaJ) f.'I.tt'tlity ran.e lis fr ignm,~amJy hjgheT :in ~ 9% :t01' thoSe5i~.iHe,~ ~h j);[ htL"'(! ,I, spe'£ld l~nLi [ ;:I;lmv~ 70 mpl1.

V.u.riunc:; Ob:;e:n'·.,rlin!l!; Poo[i!d "'i ~mrl:::ncc: H},IKltrh{!.stz·{'~~l M'i:<lITl Djnfi:.!;r~rtce. Df l .s liLt P(T<=r,} (\j)<:!,,,w,il l Cri lieal {JUloi:AlI,it

0040 23

o

OJI'I 1;6,~

0.25 18

lO.lhe. In'~;!m fi!:[;'L1~r.)' I'IHt· in 1995 lili1" Group B !s 00.81, compaJ'eJd ro 0.6:8 l.i;~ 1'996. Tbe m:~;:m r<l!1 .. ~ui l Y Til.lt:! ~:s n·iJl .sign i 'Il(::m I,h' higho~r .i n 19906 tD'I.' tl1iC)s,e; stme.s r.h:u h i~V·:! ;~ spc0d lin~dt b.:;:lo· .... , 70 mph.

1995 J'9.~t,!5 --~~-----~ .•• "",,.== .. ~.~""~--~=------":"':":""':"---Gt·orJ.p. B ;"'[c8n V::trhmcc ObEi[!:rv:.tijons p(){)]i;.:(! Vru+i'UlOe HY:PO.l:bljsi:lt'dMt~;:1UI :O:iftl'err:nce Df t Stat P(T<=r.) (n~ii;-ij:1'1 i I t Ciritk.:::11 c,nB-·Li),il

O.S) IJli.!:!; 03:1) 'O,l,.) is :J;g

0.32. p, "

34 CI.68 0.25 ] .1::;'9

h t. Tlte nl.eilt'l f;;:~tiJUjty mLe in 1995 fOr GPl11JiP,i4. 1s 0.8.2, cOi:'Ellpal'ed [~) ~. W ~n 19S1.5. 'Thot': JI.l';?';j)J!:L

fatality !!a~re is signn:fk:amLy hig;h(!t in 1'996 thr tho&e~~tme~ that have a ~"peed ]:ir~,i~ (:of 70 mph (If above. N()1,e tba~ 'the [-wnisak is onty stnglht.ly fjjghe;i: th~[~ [he l:tiiic<·t1 ..... r~~I:J(!., m(!~ln:ing: r;hat 111.-::: pre;(j\il'biHLY .;)f {}l}u!rin i.~~g !.~ cnj·cuklted t-::lli..o.[]stLc at lefHil i~S ex I.I;'~ml(!; ',I/hen thCi'Jilll1. hypt)[he:>;E:~ is (,net! i.s m~ady 5%,

lrc',ln } ~i'95 JI 99.~ ----------.:.........:..........:. __ ~.,.,_.,.,r.::t:=·_....:r .,

Gr,olJf'! A M.e.U:nllS2 l.10 ·V;.'JriiLllcc Ob'E!~r'ir1tta·n~.

P()-r.llcd Vnrkmo(!: Hy~;o~l:lesh:ed lV~eM DJH'er;,:;ncl;!: Df

'0.22 23-

O'Jt

t s,t::tt • L.69 P(T<=t) OKt'H<'Li I 0<.05 t Cliitj(:~I] (HitHili I. 1 .68

·O .. ·riO 23

------------~~ .. , .... "' .. = .... , . ~~--------

Now (ht.L[ lJ.:ri,fjT [() C'l)rHluc.:r:.i n?~ II h·~~ ~I bl1· .... c tc.sts,. T.rlfc.iir.ilinar\'· teSn5ion. ijl!ii!. "hltirLIJ';::':'::S, \'n~m PL~Tk'rmL~d, , . - '1'," ..

[r~ <'1.11. t~L~es, the 1m 11 byp(~l.bL::Sj:5 c:or;l]d not h~ r~\l8c~e:d. i:mdJequaL v''jj·jalt·;:::es ' .. veTO:: .i~::;LLr,rn~~d,

ObV].::lllsly,. mmty f~~ct(t:r.s '.::nter im-c' ~hre dHfeJellC{!; ihe'I.' ..... r;!·:.::"~ ·fm .iB,:cl,:knt occurring nn'llC! .its being . 'd d A .. I. t" I,., TI "1' t," .• .:r·t " ] . d. :[I.VQLOC ,1:i~1!, spec,~ ~s 011 y one 0' lLuetl'J. .. 'I~ ~Hn. ~iy 1;(:o;~(~Jllst to:} ~I, rra(phl. Of IlcveolHng . ang:.::rrnl:5

sltl.lmll)11 Ol~ H'tei.'f.)~l:d~c:an be imp'i1~iit!d :-!rt hig'h(!I.'-.spccd drt...,·uiI7lg, bm under SI}n:1:e .;:::i"··(:lJ1tl~st.anCe:5 spe..::.d differ·e,tc:es ·,','Wrij'1 the It;:lf:fiiC :l;:r;J(~;~m,. n;t.hcr thiJIlf:J hs ll!lH7Ixinnnu spee:d:hii. ... e gJ'e.atcff i m~j('E'(.[LrJ.;.'tL Ai; dO!1ct'ibed in .s f!cili()!!il 5, without ;11.0CCSS. to cN!l1!pa'chcnslve I'epnrl.s (lui ndi viduiilH :,),(:C id,e[l[s,trId ~heili C~I~j:";I.:!:5, i[ is pm'mrl.~lr{: to judge \,rl.l.eth~:r :[11. inc:r.casc ~li s:pe.td I imi I.:; pe..I" se is inh~~ii~nt!ly t~::;$ :$:~f~~ for he.:;,.,')" ':.:ombcDa.'lbon t!l1.J:ck t1.f1OVf:!'I'l'IenLS,

J J

Ll

u J : .... ·.· ... ·1 d

J -.. J .... .. t.

[J

'["I U

[

0'.:1 ! I

6/

Al;)[JoEN])IXJJ~

COR1UDOR ANA.I.,'l:·S]S

h:'J.:jd~!n I. inv(}l v·t~m(!nt (;(}unl.s of i ntcrstaQe-i'{::gi.::;;teJl.'!d he.!,;I ... ry cOI.nb~IT!lation tmcks. fi;)f the. )It.!i1TS n 99·'1. ] 99 5, and Ei% 'iV'Cire pooled to c)ondiUcl r:h(~ f()l1~},.vjng tests. frOL1:1 Ll!!OllthLy C:OIJ!r:~[S, it .~pp{~:~r(:d th~1l tihere b:; SCIiIS}OU,r:J~ 'r'8Ti,(lniolf"J J.n the, m1!mb(!T (JJ ii:I(:dden~5 for the; I}QiI.1l1i c:orddoJ' ('Nest f.)f Chkago) ::md tess pr')L1oul.1!8cd V,;J;rfi:lJ.tl>;}H in tbe :~()~"I:h (!orrid:or (entire: Sun Hell}. R-L~::;'ulL5; f~}r Ih~-; oCl1trraJ Coo'ITJd{}f are m[xed and may it1!'I/o]ve diff(~r(~nces b::l:t·(IFr,;'!.·8n fOlltes {such 3~., fM:!xmnpk,. 1-70 and 1·80) tl:!!a~ \""1;;:[,,8 n(ft inve:9Hgated. For ~)~~rpG'sc::; of th~s anal.ysis,we.';viLlHtd t{l lc:S.I ·\"lhf..~I;[lcr Ute murlb .. ~l' of .il:ccidents i.n tilt.?! wh'ftecr' m(m:lh.s is $ignlf]cr~L1t]}' hjghe.I.' thal'L i]~ [he :;.urnm-:.:;r m::mths. TI:v.1! rt)Oruhs {:f DeCtr'clbe:r. J ;!J]l~l;a;ly'., tln-d Fibmm.}' are cilesjgcilat{! . .::til.!1 1.Vill~!!!;r: ;~ml Ih~~mol1ths. of J1JUC, .hlly. lHld }!'.JLgL1Sl ~t:IX.~ d[~$jgnmed as ;:;J;m)flk~r. The [-[(2)I:S '!lo:!.!r.)'.,., gi!;ldjq:~t(: t.b:i11 t.here is. a .sr::tlj:sti.::sll':/ s:igni fi(:~ml. d i m!:r;cm:(~ in th·;:: central c~')rtid():r, .alr]]()JJgh the; ~:-;~r.,ati5ti·:;: is frii~dy ]0'0'." and, itS Jndk::;tlcd 'lh-!}vc" dU{!:1) nor, ;;I,e,count for pr,)!1.sihl:.:: -diff:'::flmte.;g aJn!lJng sped ftc: foutes.The. j.l:1:tc:r;s;C:~js('Jr:1J;;d daffc.fCn·cc ~n tbc nortb cm·u·kL·Q·,r 5:~ :J'mJ.5t pron'I}UTIccd ~JDd the t-st;;ltis.t.k~ 18 quite hie,h, . .... .. irHnC<'l.tlnl! u; VO::::L)" s~'1!!u'rdfk:(tnt di!ftf:erre:n,~e..Tht!T'C :is rtO sj 2,nj fk'!t:lfl1lt ciiiffercncc in (]le. nUIy.~ber ~}f

~ p ~ ."' ~. -

;liGcident.s. ~l~ 'w'it-:'(Ii:ll' v,s. ;:;rt:tnlll:1:etr in the :;'OULUl c(l:nddor sW.tcs, A p(}$sibk ·c:m~c:llJ:1klll i!i 11HlL ~r1JJck

tn·;;t:nspNt fisk is. ;;-;cnsitlvc to C:0E1IdJtlO:J1:5; 21s$(1(:i:~r,.;;d 'with · ... 'inN~ii drhr iL1lg, SiL1Ch as :5;bOrl d::l;'!'i, and BOII.t-. Egbr. (:ot1d~(iorLll. SllGN.'. sJ,eel, and k::t!, btLlrx.!olmi·~'·dy insc;mud Vi;: to conditJ·Q·.n::; ili5;'';l)ci:.Lle-d '.vur:.h CKr.rei.LlC hem.

North; (daJ1o, :;-.... 1id'" ]I.:k., Mont., N, D., Ore., S. D., ',;'<" as.!'t. .. \\,'is.; 1-82! T -8~~, 1-86, J -9'-1), [-94

S';mlh: Alii.. , A.L'i:? .. lhk .. Cr~nitf., pttl" G(:I., Lil.,. Miss., N.i\t, N.C., Okla .. S.C .. ·remn". Tt!;ut~., Va.: B-8, 1-10, T-20, 1-JO, T-'~ll). I-44 (()kJa.)

62

~ ________ lo::;C~cl[~Jn~O CO,.l:'.d~:P:;:T~" _________ _ l',r·r::ni ._Srunrnr:".i';" i\1:.~:.t:n 12-2'0 .. 2"22. ].51)8

33931. 1.3 9

V rrri,[lHloe! ObSi;)TV;iln kJtl;$ POI.)ied V rJIri,;'rllvi;!: ~~'Yi>;)teloi'<:ii.iitd t"~c8n Dijftf'::lferl(:t;,! df 1 SUiL P{T'<::::.L) one:-r,a.il '[ CriLi'~;.11 onc-toft! I prU<=L) twcHi'l!i! ~ Cri~,!:~f.]] tll&'(H~nD

'I{i 1.6K [9 9

]7739.72 o

16-<~,,]8949

(\021864 ].745834 0.043718 2.1 n9905

Ji(-,'ri.~ "~ ____ ~tf~,~'8~~~t]~1~'(~:~~~~,[,~Id~"""~~"~~:~ ______________ _

ZvJ.(';an V' Ihrlu.nct:: Oh::;,~n·ifl.i DillS [?cK)lecl 'Vall"i(!:nr.::(;! HYPDr.nC'sb>'ic'd M~afll Dj IT0re:nc,~ m L oS LiLt P(T<:=t} '~n(!'·lfl.il l Cd tical (1I)(:··t(!.iI

PfT<:=t) n .... ()'(a~] .1£..~tLLEnl ;11,vi;'·Qa11

'==!""'~';;:~!:!!~'~'~I!'7t'j:.:!~Je~~,,:,· ______ --'l~;~·I.::.:.b~!~:.I:~~~:~-'" "_" _ 538_5$:56 :371.66607 [email protected]. 45649,.75

9 114Gi9.0J

a n6

;14·.2:93-86 0.(11):)2.19 1.74.53,84 O.OC(1558 1.1. ]9905

9

__ """",~" ~ _____ --=S,",,·~p:..:u::.:;tl:.:;l....,::'(:o!ll~"[~Il'!:.!;jr,.::.::lo:,:;'I.'_' _______ ~= ~""""ll<l:~::";";:"'''~~" ______________ ~ =~.!:::5:!;;~i~.Il::.!·n:!.!I.I:.!.:!l·,J!:.f!.!:...r------.!.:M'-'!~~i~·.r.!:!:.![I¥""'~'T;."""" Meim j6'~4 . .rh~4 1625.667 V<id[~l1c~~ '~.5lQ] ,CoJ. 48326.25 Ob.r;c:r·.·n.1i C!HlS 91) P()nk:d ·''''~·lfa;;1n(:1i.! 367 J 3 .. 64 HYPC1hE:sh:ed ~\,ILM]l Diffc.,cnce: (I (If ~ St(:t~

pcr <=t')OItIr.:Hi.j~~ t Critj(:(1~i.m0·r.;;I~] iPCT<::::(:1 l'il/\~H.:til l Crilit:l.'J~ l ....... ·D-Lill I

]6 0207892-OAl8968 [,.745884 (I.83793i 2.1 19S>05

J J J

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,1 **+%*'& ri' state surface frei'qiht 'translpolrtat[,on ... · -1 1 ol ,...

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