811

C07 .

911

. (1) .

.

.

6 1

.

.

.

.

1

.

.

( (1)

.)

1

8 8 1. (1 .) . . C51/372- 81 762- . IS . 2981 . 1 7091 . (6821 .) 38 .

nivleK noraB nosmohT mailliW 1

: C .

.

1

IS K

. T .

:

(61) 372 + = T

1 C- 1.

( 6 1).

1 C51/372- C372- .

C0 C001 C73 .

1

23 9+ = 5

.

:

1T - 2T = T

(372 +1) - (372 + 2) =

1 - 2 = :

= T

:

.

1

. ( )

.

62 A B

.

.

.

C001

C05

C0

C04-

F212F002

F051

F001

F05F23

F0

F04-

11

2

.

C0061 .

.

etosoerC 1

A

B

:

. .

.

( )

.

.

U

.

.

.

.

1

: (1)

.

.

.

.

.

.

: (1)

.

. c

:

( ) .

Q T m

(6 2) (1T-2T)cm =(1 - 2) cm = cm = Q

Q () m () ( )

T . c 6 2 C .gk J

K.gk J . 6 1 .

1

1

1

8

9

9

058 005

( C0)

8

8

88

9

1

9

1 %

1

1 > 2 0 > 1 - 2 = 6 2

Q (0 > Q) 1 < 2

0 < 1 - 2 = Q (0 < Q).

Q 6 2

(0 > Q) (0 < Q).

.

001 C09 C42

. Q .

: gk1/0 = g001 = m C09 = 1 C42 = 2 6 1

C.gk/J093 = c .

6 2 :

(09-42) * 093 * 1/0 = cm = Q

Jk 6/2- J4752- = (66-) * 93=

Q .

3

.

J 01

J 3 . C.gk/J007 5/0

. 001 :

)

)

) .

:

) E P tP = E

J0001= 001*01= t P = E

J003 = 001* 3= t P = E

) U : J007 = 003-0001= E - E = U

1

4

)

cm = Q = U

C2= * 007 * 5/0=007

.

.

:

.

0< Q .

0> Q .

. Q :

(6 3) 0=+3Q+2Q+1Q

041 C08 g052 C22

. .

: 1 2

: gk41/0 = g041 = 1m =

C08 = 1 = 6 1

C.gk/J009 = 1c =

:

gk52/0 = g052 = m =

C22 = =

6 1

C.gk/J0024 = c =

. 63 :

0 = 2Q + 1Q

0 = ( - ) cm + (1 - )1c1m

0 = (22 - ) * 0024 * 52/0 + (08 -) * 009 * 41/0:

C82

1

1c 2c 3c 1m 2m 3m

1 2 3 63

:

(6 ) 0 = ... + (3 - )3c3m + ( - )cm + (1 - )1c1m

6

.

g005 C02 001 C05 g051

C06 . C22 .

.

: 6 1 :

C.gk/J0024 = 1c , C02 = 1 , gk5/0 = g005 = 1m:

C.gk/J093 = 2c , C05 = 2 , gk1/0 = g001 = 2m:

? = 3c , C06 = 3 , gk51/0 = g051 = 3m:

C22 = :

6 4 :

0= (3 -) 3c3m + (2-)2c2m+ (1-)1c1m

0 = (06 - 22) * 3c * 51/0 + (05 - 22) 093 * 1/0 + (02 - 22) * 0024 * 5/0

C.gk/J 545 ~ 3c

g052 C3 g005 C52 .

. C12 .

.

1

:

.

.

.

. .

6 3 4 :

0= Q + Q + Q

0=( 1 - ) c m + (1 - ) c m + ( 1 - ) c m

.

C . K/J

C /J .

.

4

g055 C 57 g005

C 5/51 . g001 . C 8/81 .

) 6 1

) .

:

) 0= Q + Q + Q

0= ( 1 - ) c m + (1- ) c m + ( 1 - ) c m

c*055/0+(5/51-8/81)0024005/0

0=(5/51- 8/81)009 * 001/0+ (57-8/81)

c = 9 + c19/-9

JC .gk

432

1 .

) : 0= Q + Q

0= ( 1 - ) c m + ( 1 - ) c m

0= (57- 8/81)c * 055/0+ (5/51-8/81)0024005/0

C = c19/-9

JC .gk

422

.

1

: ( )

.

:

1 .

.

.

.

. . .

.

.

0= ( 1 -) C+ (1 - ) c m + ( 1 - ) c m

.

6 2

5

() . O2H

() () ( )

. () ()

( ) . 6 5

.

.

.

.

.

5

(

)

()

( )

()

()

()

81

.

.

: .

.

.

.

.

. .

1.

.

.

.

1

() . (

) . .

F noisuF .

. .

.

. .

. ( ) FL

:

FLQm

=

91

IS (gk/J) .

m FL 1.

( 5) FLm = Q

.

6 2 .

2

(C )

(gk/Jk)

9-81-1-9-

9119

181

6/858/315/528/11

/1/8/1/88/1

1 Q FL

.

7

(aG) .

C8/92 gk/Jk4/08 .

.

1

.

:

J408 = (301*4/08) (3-01*01) = FLm = Q

1

: .

. .

.

.

0< Q

m

( 6) FLm- = Q

. C 0

C81- .

g C C5-

: .

g

C

005

0

g

C

005

0

g

C

005

02

g

C

005

5

1Q 2Q 3Q

:

Jk24- = J00024- = (02-0)0024* 5/0= cm = 1Q

Jk761- = J000761-=000433* 5/0- = FLm- = 2Q

Jk52/5- = J0525- = (0-5-)0012* 5/0= cm = 3Q

Jk52/412- = 3Q + 2Q + 1Q = Q

Jk52/412 .

11

9

g002 C52 . g001 C51-

. .

: mta1 C .

.

g

C

001

0C 0

g

C

001

51

m 1Q2Q

g

C

002

0

g

C

002

52

3Q

0= 3 Q + 2 Q + 1 Q

0= c m + fL m + c m

0= (52-0)0024 * 2/0+ 000433 * m + (51-)-0 00121/0

0=00012-m000433+0513

( ) g35 = gk350/0= m 05871= m000433

g74 .

3

9 g05

: cc004

.

:

1 cc002 . C06 .

.

g05 ( C0) .

4 . .

(FL) .

1

.

.

.

.

.

. .

.

( ) VL 1 .

vLQm

=

IS (gk/J)

. m VL 2:

( 7) VLm = Q

1 v noitaziropaV .

2 (Q) VL .

.

:

.

. .

.

.

.

3

) .

)

.

) .

1

VL

.

4

3 .

0

.

C05 g002

: 7 3 :

J 501 * 57/4 ( 301 * 4732) (2/0) = VLm = Q

.

. 63

.

VL

(gk/Jk)VL(C)

09420

454251

473205

6522001

5112051

1

4

(gk/Jk) (C)

19-

-

91-

181-

91-

919

89 ( )

98

1

181

99

9

11

Wk 5/1 .

)

) .

:

) 7 :

J 601*5/4 ( 6522)(601*2) =VLm = Q

nim s t tP Q//

= = = =

6

3

01 5 405 0003

01 5 1)

-

.

3 .

1

3

: cc002

:

1 ( g002) .

.

.

.

C07 .

( C07 = 1 ,0= 1 t)

. (2 t) ( 2 ) .

6 (1 - 2 )cm=(1t - 2 t) P (P) .

(:

).

8 ( 3 t) . (m) .

9 VLm= (2t-3t) P .

4

5/0 C 02- C 001 .

: . .

. .

m VL :

( 8) VLm- = Q

. .

C07=T

1

.

( )

.

.

C 0 05

:

4 6 8 :

J005421- = (301*0942)(3-01*05)- = VLm- = Q

5/421 .

.

6

.

.

.

-7

.

1

.

()

.

-

.

.

( ) .

( ).

: 1L T

L . L 1L

. T L T .

:

( 9) T 1L = L

.

) . C1

) (K ( 1

5 .

.

.

()

()

5

K ) ( 1

-1/1

-1/

-19

-111

-11

-11

-191

-1

-19

-11 ( C)

()

81

-3

m002 .

C 05

:

5 9 :

m2- 01 * 21=(05)(002 )( 6 -01*21) = T1L = L

mc21=

.

4

:

:

1 (1L)

.

.

(1)

.

.

5 .

.

(2).

(L).

8 6 9 .

9 .

91

1 ()

( ). . .

( ).

.

.

( ).

.

.

. .

6

1 (latem ib) .

C0

01

02

03

0506 04

07

08

09

001

.

.

.

( 6).

.

.

()

()

()

1

4

) 1a 1b . T

a b 9 .

)

) 2mc0052 C05

: ) 9 a b :

(T + 1) 1a = 2a T1a + 1a = 2a T 1a = a

(T + 1) 1b = 2b T1b + 1b = 2b T 1b = b

2b2a :

(T + 1) 1b1a = (T + 1) 1b (T + 1)1a = 2b2a = 2A

(2(T) +T2 + 1) 1b1a =

-1 ( 5 ) T

1 2(T) T2

. 1b1a 1A .

: T1A2 = 1A - 2A (T2 + 1)1A = 2A

T1A2 = A

) . .

6 5 C/-1 1 :

2mc4 (05)(0052)(5-01 * 7/1)2 = T 1A2 = 2A

0

( ) .

T1A2 = A .

() ()

AR

A+AR+R

11

: . (

) 1V T V

:

( 01) T 1V = V

(___) 1 K

(___) 1 . C

.

. 6 .

6

(___) 1 K

(___) 1 K

-1 81/

-1 9/

-1 /

-1 /

-1 /1

-1 9/1

-1 1/1

-1 /1

-1 /1

-1 /1

-1 /1

-1 /

1. 41

.

( 11) =

6

.

1 () .

1

C01 3mc0001 . C001

: 5 11 : C

01 96 01 32 3 31 6 6 = = =

01 : 6 01 001 0001 01 96 13 6 = = mc ) () () ( V V

C0 3mc0/002

. C0

)

)

: 01

:

V

=

3mc9/3 (02-06)(0/002)(5-01 * 94) = T 1V

V

=

01 * 9)(0/002) = T 1V( 3) = T 1V 3mc2/0 (02-06)(6-

.

:

V

V -

3mc7/3 = 2/0 - 9/3=

61 .

.

-

.

. (T-1)1 = 1 2

1T 2T . .

1

:

. C4 C0 .

. 7

C0 C4 .

6 7

0 C4

C4 .

(___) 1 C

(C)

1-1 * 8-

-1 *

1-1 * 88

1-1 * 11

-1 *

. C01

. C4 .

C4 .

.

.

7

) () ) ()

c)

m( 3

g)c/

m ( 2

(C) (C)

C4

1

.

.

.

.

( 8).

.

.

C0 C4 .

6 .

. ( 6 9).

. .

:

. (1)

. ( 01)

. .

. .

( 11).

.

8

9

.

01

.

11 .

.

.

1

4

.

.

L A ( 21).

CT HT . t

Q t

Q .

H . (H) (A)

(CT - HT) (L) :

k HQ) T T(AC HL t

= =

( 21)

k .

IS K.m.s/J (K.m/W) . 7

.

7

(K.m/W) (K.m/W)

//

/1/ /

// 8// 1

8

621 A

L ( 6 31).

21 L

A CT

HT .

31 L

A CT

HT .

CT-HT=T

CT HT

L

CT

HTL

Q

A

Q

1

3

.

7

m 0/2 m 5/1 mm5

C3- C2+ .

: 21 :k H) T T(AC HL

=

1=K.m W k 2m3 = 0/2 * 5/1 = A C5 = T m500/0 = L :

W H) () ( /

= =5 3

0003 1 500 0

W0003 .

.

m2 m 5/1

mm5 mm01 .

C-

C+ .

.

1.

1

C H) (n

n

L L LT T A Hk k k

+ + + = 2 1

2 1

1

81 = n .

1

k H) T T(AC H: 21 : L

=

W / H

/

= =5 3

81 420 0 20 0

420 0=K.m / W / k .

(761 )

.

:

.

. .

:

:

1 (

) .

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

81

41

51

.

.

71 61

noisrevnI riA 1

.

.

( 41) ( 51)

( 61)

. .

(

) .

( 71)

.

1:

.

.

.

( 6 81 )

.

( 81 ).

.

91

81

.

.

) .

)

91

W001 .

02

.

.

.

.

: .

.

.

.

.

.

.

. C 22

W001 ( 91) .

.

(

02).

.

.

1

F L

)

)

():

.

.

.

) :

.

.

) :

( ) .

.

. .

11

12

tceffe esuohneerG1

1: .

.

2OC (4HC)

() ( 1

81 ) .

. .

.

.

C 81- C 51+

C 33 ( 12).

.

2OC

.

( ) .

. .

1

32

.

42

22

.

():

.

.

. 22 .

32

.

.

.

.

. 42 ()

.

.

.

.

()

.

VP . T

1P 1V 1T

2P V T :

V P V PT T

= =2 2 1 1

2 1

( 31)

31 ()

. P (

) .

1

9

(4861 - 0261) ettoiraM emdE (1961 - 7261) elyoB treboR 1

0

C72 C78 . 0/2

.

: 2P = 1P

31 :

V VT T

=2 1

2 1

. .

.

3mc021 .

3mc02 . (

.)

: :

2T = 1T

( 31) :

2V2P = 1V1P

1 2

.

mta1 = 1P 3mc021 = 1V 3mc02 = 2V 2P . : (02) 2P = (021)(1)

mta6 = 2P .

.

1

1 2

.

:

retil 0/2 = 1V K003 = 372 + 72 = 1T

? = 2V K063 = 372 + 78 = 2T

:

/V=

0 22

063 003

retil4/2 = 2V .

(0581 - 8771) cassuL - yaG fesoJ (3281 - 6471) selrahC .S.A seuqcaJ 1

7

( ) .

1 C7 . .

mta41 . C77 .

mta1 .

: ( )

. :

mta P P Pg

retil VK T

= + = + === + = + =

0 11

1

1 1

51 1 41

21

082 372 7 372

? Pretil VK T

=== + = + =

2

2

2 2

52

053 372 77 372

: mta P P V P V PT T

2 2 2 2 1 1= = =

2 1

21 51529

053 082

mta 8 = 1- 9 = 0P - 2P = 2gP

1

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

. .

.

.

.

.

( ) .

.

1

1

.

2

) .

) .

) .

) .

) .

3 .

.

4 . .

.

5

6 ) C

) C

7

.

8 .

1 :

) K0 ) K372 ) K 373 ) K645

gk1 5 C03 .

) .

) 9

1

6/0 05 s011 C81 C83 .

.

002 . 8 05

. C03 . 001 C07

C25 . .

5 5/0 001

.

.

)

)

.

6 002 .

1/0 C001 C001

C0 C0

7 005 C0 .

0231 2 C0 . .

8 05 001 .

) C02 C52 . .

) C52 (C001)

) 02

9 C008 gk2 C01 .

C04 . C02

Kgk/ Jk 36/0= c Kgk/ Jk 9/1= c .

01 C23 .

m77/3=0L C /6-01* 52 x

11 6 4 52

C01- C03 .

1 6 4 5/0 1/1

.

08

06

04

02

001

002

003

004

005

006

007

008

009

001

0011

0021

00

)m( x

)s(

Lo

Lo

x

(s)

(C(

81

1 C02 m001 . C06

.

41 m01= h . C01-

m c0 5 = h . 1-K4-01= .

51 C0 m .

53/1 . C52 .

.

61 2 1 mm4 .

) C2

C7 .

)

) C3

71 C02 3mc001 . 3mc002

3mc05

81 mc42 .

) mc03

) 3

91 . C71 2

. .

3/2 . ( )

02 .

) gk05 C1 (C73)

gk/J601*24/2 gk/J0843 .

) .

12 ()

.

) .

) K006

) K006

) .

)

91

)K(T

4 3 2 1)nim(t

009

006

003

)K(T

3 2 1)nim(t

009

006

003

()

()

22 gk1 C0 .

1

Freezing

Measurement

Potential Energy

Kinetic Energy

Internal Energy

Resultant

Vector

Position Vector

Crystalline

Conservation of Energy

Diffusion

Radiation

Vaporization

Evaporation

Sublimation

Thermal Equilibrium

Optical Pyrometer

Power

Displacement

Mass

Cohesion ) (

Adhesion ) (

Condensation

Density

Phase

Motion

Kinematics

Uniform Motion

Temperature

Thermostat

Thermometer

Maximum and Minimum Thermometer

Dynamics

Fusion

Elementary Particles

Conductor

Conduction

Instantaneous Velocity

Average Velocity

Instantaneous Acceleration

Average Acceleration

Coefficient of Static Friction

Heat Capacity

Ultrasound

Pressure

Gage Pressure

Barometer

Technology

Atomic Physics

Nuclear Physics

Newtons Laws

Work - Energy Theorem

Work

Tension

Surface Tension

Quantity

Ideal gas

Gravitation

Heat

Latent Heat

Specific Heat

Condensed Matter

Temperature Scale

Capillarity

Liquefaction

Scalar

Scientific Notation

Force

Dynamometer

Repulsive Force

Attractive Force

Weight

Convection

Unit

Base Units

Derived Units

11

: ( )

:

( ) g6/35=m.

.

6/35 .

.

.

mc .

.

.

.

: 1

.

(mc)

321

5/76/73/77/71

3/416/412/4141012

6/125/815/128/02513

: : :

: :

: :01

0203

0405

0607

0809

0

0102

03

0405

0607

0809

0

1

:

.

: )

.

.

) :

hU

:

)

) .

)

1 .

:

.

.

1

1 ( )

0931.

2 ( )

9831 .

3 . 5831

.

4

4631 .

5 ( ) .. 1 .

6 ( ) 81 .

7 881 .

8 81 .

9 181

.

1 191.

CM ,9891 ,noitide htruoF ,rekraP ,smret lacinhcet dna cifitneics fo yranoitciD lliH - warG cM .1

.lliH - warG

.notsniW dna traheniR tloH ,9991 ,nhguaF dna yawreS ,scisyhP tloH .2

.lliH -warG CM ,8002 ,noitidE dnoceS ,nosdrahciR dna atsittabmaiG ,scisyhP .3

.lliH - warG CM ,1102 ,llaftseW dna reuaB ,scisyhP ytisrevinU .4

.ynapmoc gnihsilbuP eloC / skoorB ,7991 ,noitidE dnoceS ,thcaeH eneguE ,scisyhP .5

.yelseW - nosiddA ,2991 ,gnuoY .D hguH ,scisyhP ytisrevinU .6

1

7. Fundamental of Physics, David Halliday, Robert Resnick and Jearl Walker, 2008, John Wiley

and Sons.

8. Physics, Douglas C. Giancoli, 1991, Prentice - Hall International.

9. Principles of Physics, Frank J. Blatt, 1989, Allyn and Bacon.

. 1381 3 2 1

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