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Case No.12-17668

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALSFOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

BEVERLY SEVCIK et al.,Plaintiffs Appellants,

BRIAN SANDOVAL et al.,Defendants Appellees,

ON APPEAL FROM !E "NIED SAES DISRIC CO"R,

DISRIC OF NEVADAN#. $%&$'CV'(()*+RC-PAL, e !#n#/a0le R#0e/t C. #nes

"nited States Dist/i1t C#2/t 2d3e

B/ief #fAmici Curiae"nited States C#nfe/en1e #f Cat#li1 Bis#ps4Nati#nal Ass#1iati#n #f E5an3eli1als4 e C2/1 #f es2s C/ist #f Latte/-

Da6 Saints4 e Eti1s 7 Reli3i#2s Li0e/t6 C#88issi#n #f te S#2te/nBaptist C#n5enti#n4 and L2te/an C2/1'Miss#2/i S6n#d

In Support of Defendants-Appellees and Supporting Affirmance

Ale9ande/ D2s:2R. Sa;n MCCONKIE

?( East S#2t e8ple, &+((Salt La:e Cit6, " +@&&&+(& $+-?((

Att#/ne6s f#/Amici CuriaeReli3i#2s O/3aniati#ns

Case: 12-17668 01/28/2014 ID: 8956691 DktEntry: 143 Page: 1 of 51

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CORPORATE DISCLOSURE STATEMENT

P2/s2ant t# R2le $?.& #f te Fede/al R2les #f Appellate P/#1ed2/e,

te 2nde/si3ned states tat n#ne #f te /eli3i#2s #/3aniati#ns tat #in tis

0/ief iss2es st#1: #/ as a pa/ent 1#/p#/ati#n tat iss2es st#1:.

sAle9ande/ D2s:2Ale9ande/ D2s:2Att#/ne6 f#/Amici Curiae

Reli3i#2s O/3aniati#ns

an2a/6 $+, $(&@


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TABLE OF CONTENTS

CORPORAE DISCLOS"RE SAEMEN ........................................................ ii

ABLE OF CONENS ...........................................................................................iii

ABLE OF A"!ORIIES ...................................................................................... 5

FED. R. APP. P. $G1) SAEMEN ................................................................. 9i

IDENIY AND INERES OF AMICI................................................................ &

INROD"CION....................................................................................................... $

AR

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III. Ne5adaHs Ma//ia3e A8end8ent Is N#t In5alid "nde/ teEsta0lis8ent Cla2se Be1a2se It =as Inf#/8ed 06 Reli3i#2s and M#/alVie;p#ints. ........................................................................................................ $+

CONCL"SION .........................................................................................................

CERIFICAE OF COMPLIANCE =I! YPE-VOL"ME LIMIAION,YPEFACE RE"IREMENS, AND YPE SYLE RE"IREMENS ....... ?

CERIFICAE OF SERVICE .................................................................................. *

ADDEND"M'SAEMENS OF INERES OF !EAMICI................... +


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TABLE OF AUTHORITIES

CASES

Bd. of Educ. of Westside Cnty. Schs. v. Mergens@G? ".S. $$? &GG( .......................................................................................... $+, $

Bd. of Trustees of Univ. of Ala. v. Garrett

)& ".S. )? $((& .......................................................................................... $), $*

Church of u!umi Ba"alu Aye# Inc. v. City of $ialeah)(+ ".S. )$( &GG ................................................................................................ $

Coo! v. Gates)$+ F.d @$ &st Ci/. $((+ .................................................................................... $*

%andridge v. WilliamsG* ".S. @*& &G*( ................................................................................................ &

%e&'t of Agric. v. Moreno@& ".S. )$+ &G* ................................................................................................ $*

Ed(ards v. Aguillard

@+$ ".S. )*+ &G+* ................................................................................................ &

Goodridge v. %e&'t of )u". $ealth*G+ N.E.$d G@& Mass. $(( ......................................................................... &&, &

Gris(old v. Connecticut

+& ".S. @*G &G?) ..................................................................................................

$arris v. Mc*ae

@@+ ".S. $G* &G+( .......................................................................................... (, &

$eart of Atlanta Motel# Inc. v. United States *G ".S. $@& &G?@ .......................................................................................... (, &

$ernande+ v. *o"les+)) N.E. $d & N.Y. $((? ................................................................................. ?, &


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In re Winshi&G* ".S. )+ &G*( ................................................................................................ $

a(rence v. Te,as

)G ".S. ))+ $(( .............................................................................................. ), ?

ofton v. Sec'y of %e&'t of Children and -amily Servs.)+ F.d +(@ &&t Ci/. $((@ ............................................................................... &

Maynard v. $ill

&$) ".S. &G( &+++ .................................................................................................. )

Mc%aniel v. )aty@) ".S. ?&+ &G*+ .......................................................................................... $,

McGo(an v. Maryland?? ".S. @$( &G?& .......................................................................................... (, &

Milner v. A&fel&@+ F.d +&$ *t Ci/. &GG+ ................................................................................. $*

Morrison v. Sadler+$& N.E.$d &) Ind. App. $(() .......................................................................... &&

Mur&hy v. *amsey&&@ ".S. &) &++) .................................................................................................... @

)ersonnel Adm'r of Mass. v. -eeney

@@$ ".S. $)? &G*G ................................................................................................ $?

*omer v. Evans)&* ".S. ?$( &GG? .........................................................................................&assim

San Antonio Inde&. School %ist. v. *odrigue+@&& ".S. & &G* .................................................................................................... $)

School %ist. of A"ington T(&. v. Schem&&

*@ ".S. $( &G? .................................................................................................... $G


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Turner v. Safley@+$ ".S. *+ &G+* ....................................................................................................

United States v. Windsor

& S. Ct. $?*) $(& ............................................................................... $, $@, $?

Williams v. orth Carolina&* ".S. $+* &G@$ .................................................................................................. )

OTHER AUTHORITIES

Ba/a1: O0a8a, Call t# Rene;al Ke6n#te Add/ess 2ne $+, $((?, availa"leat ttp%;;;.n6ti8es.1#8$((?(?$+2sp#liti1s

$((?#0a8aspee1.t8lpa3e;antedall7/( ............................................ $G

B/ief A8i12s C2/iae #f Anti-Defa8ati#n Lea32e et al. ................................... $+

B/ief A8i1i C2/iae #f a8es . =ils#n et al., Le3al and Fa8il6 S1#la/s In

S2pp#/t #f Appellees, In /e Ma//ia3e Cases, &+ P.d +@ Cal. $((+ N#.S&@*GGG, availa"le at ttp%;;;.1#2/ts.1a.3#5 d#128entsLe3alFa8il6S1#la/sA8i12sB/ief.pdf. ............................................................... &)

B/21e . Ellis et al., %oes -ather A"sence )lace %aughters at S&ecial *is! forEarly Se,ual Activity and Teenage )regnancy/, *@ C!ILD DEV. +(& $(( ... &)

CAEC!ISM OF !E CA!OLIC C!"RC!$d ed. &GG@ ........................................... +

C6ntia C. !a/pe/ 7 Sa/a S. M1Lanaan, -ather A"sence and 0outh

Incarceration, &@.RES.ON ADOLESCENCE?G $((@....................................... &)

DAVID !"ME,AREAISE OF !"MAN NA"REL.A. Sel06-Bi33e ed., &G*) ................................................................................ $(

DAVID POPENOE,LIFE =I!O" FA!ER% COMPELLIN< NE= EVIDENCE !AFA!ER!OOD 7MARRIA

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DEBORA!.O!NSON,NAIONAL CENER ON FA!ERS AND FAMILIES,FA!ERPRESENCE MAERS%AREVIE= OF !E LIERA"RE&GG?.............................. &)

E/i1

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Oli5e/ =endell !#l8es, atural a(, inCOLLECED LE

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RULES

FED. R. APP. P. $G .................................................................................................. 5iii


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FED. R. APP. P. 29(!("! STATEMENT

P2/s2ant t# R2le $G1), te 2nde/si3ned states tat 1#2nsel f#/ te

pa/ties a5e n#t a2t#/ed an6 pa/t #f tis 0/ief and n# pa/t6 #/ 1#2nsel f#/

an6 pa/t6 1#nt/i02ted 8#ne6 t# f2nd an6 pa/t #f te p/epa/ati#n #/

s208issi#n #f tis 0/ief. is 0/ief is filed ;it te ;/itten 1#nsent #f all

pa/ties.


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IDENTIT# AND INTEREST OFAMICI

e 5#i1es #f 8illi#ns #f A8e/i1ans a/e /ep/esented in te 0/#ad

1/#ss-se1ti#n #f fait 1#882nities tat #in in tis 0/ief. O2/ te#l#3i1al

pe/spe1ti5es, t#23 #ften diffe/in3, 1#n5e/3e #n a 1/iti1al p#int% tat te

t/aditi#nal, 2s0and-;ife definiti#n #f 8a//ia3e is 5ital t# te ;elfa/e #f

1ild/en, fa8ilies, and s#1iet6. Fait 1#882nities li:e #2/s a/e a8#n3 te

essential pilla/s #f tis Nati#nHs 8a//ia3e 12lt2/e. =it #2/ tea1in3s,

/it2als, t/aditi#ns, and 8inist/ies, ;e s2stain and n#2/is 0#t indi5id2al

8a//ia3es and a 8a//ia3e 12lt2/e tat 8a:es end2/in3 8a//ia3es p#ssi0le.

=e a5e te deepest inte/est in st/en3tenin3 te ti8e-#n#/ed instit2ti#n

#f 2s0and-;ife 8a//ia3e 0e1a2se #f #2/ /eli3i#2s 0eliefs and als# 0e1a2se

#f te 0enefits it p/#5ides t# 1ild/en, fa8ilies, and s#1iet6. O2/ p/a1ti1al

e9pe/ien1e in tis a/ea is 2ne2aled. In 8illi#ns #f 8inist/6 settin3s ea1

da6, ;e espe1iall6 see te 0enefits tat 8a//ied 8#te/-fate/ pa/entin3

0/in3s t# 1ild/en. And ;e deal dail6 ;it te de5astatin3 effe1ts #f #2t-

#f-;edl#1: 0i/ts, failed 8a//ia3es, and te 3ene/al de1line #f te

5ene/a0le 2s0and-;ife 8a//ia3e instit2ti#n.

=e te/ef#/e see: t# 0e ea/d in te de8#1/ati1 and 2di1ial f#/28s

;e/e te fate #f tat f#2ndati#nal instit2ti#n ;ill 0e de1ided. is 0/ief is


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s208itted #2t #f a sa/ed 1#n5i1ti#n tat te "nited States C#nstit2ti#n

d#es n#t p/#i0it te Pe#ple #f Ne5ada f/#8 de1idin3';ete/ di/e1tl6 #/

t/#23 tei/ ele1ted /ep/esentati5es't# p/ese/5e te 2s0and-;ife

definiti#n #f 8a//ia3e. State8ents #f inte/est #f te amici8a6 0e f#2nd in

te Addend28 t# tis 0/ief.

INTRODUCTION

A 1#88#n te8e as a/isen a8#n3 ad5#1ates f#/ /edefinin3

8a//ia3e t# in1l2de sa8e-se9 1#2ples% tat t#se ;# #pp#se te8 82st

0e i//ati#nal #/ e5en 0i3#ted'tat te6 a/e 8#ti5ated 06 anti-3a6

ani82s,J ;ete/ in te f#/8 #f 2ntin:in3 i3n#/an1e #/ #2t/i3t #stilit6.

S21 aspe/si#ns, ;i1 ta:e 5a/i#2s f#/8s, a/e #ften 1ast at pe#ple and

instit2ti#ns #f fait.

e a112sati#n is false and #ffensi5e. It is desi3ned t# s2pp/ess

/ati#nal dial#32e and de8#1/ati1 1#n5e/sati#n, t# ;in 06 ins2lt and

inti8idati#n /ate/ tan 06 te f#/1e #f /eas#n, e9pe/ien1e, and fa1t. In

t/2t, ;e s2pp#/t te 2s0and-;ife definiti#n #f 8a//ia3e 0e1a2se ;e

0elie5e it is /i3t and 3##d f#/ 1ild/en, fa8ilies, and s#1iet6. O2/

/espe1ti5e fait t/aditi#ns tea1 2s tat t/2t. S# d# /eas#n, l#n3

e9pe/ien1e, and s#1ial fa1t.


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=e a/e a8#n3 te 8an6 /eli3i#ns tat /e1#3nie 8a//ia3e as

a5in3 spi/it2al si3nifi1an1e,J Turner v. Safley, @+$ ".S. *+, G? &G+*, indeed

as 0ein3 t/2l6 sa1/ed,J Gris(old v. Connecticut, +& ".S. @*G, @+? &G?).

O2/ /espe1ti5e /eli3i#2s d#1t/ines #ld tat 8a//ia3e 0et;een a 8an and a

;#8an is san1ti#ned 06

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#/ientati#n #/ #8#se92alit6. O2/ s2pp#/t f#/ te esta0lised 8eanin3 #f

8a//ia3e a/ises f/#8 an affi/8ati5e 5isi#n #f 8a//ia3e, fa8il6, and #/de/ed

li0e/t6, n#t ani8#sit6 t#;a/d an6#neHs se92al #/ientati#n. As te S2p/e8e

C#2/t as stated, it a/ises f/#8 te idea #f te fa8il6, as 1#nsistin3 in and

sp/in3in3 f/#8 te 2ni#n f#/ life #f #ne 8an and #ne ;#8an in te #l6

estate #f 8at/i8#n6.JMur&hy v. *amsey, &&@ ".S. &), @@ &++).

In tis 0/ief ;e de8#nst/ate tat Ne5adaHs t/aditi#nal 8a//ia3e la;s

s#2ld n#t 0e #5e/t2/ned 0ased #n sp2/i#2s 1a/3es tat t#se'li:e tese

amici';# s2pp#/t s21 la;s d# s# #2t #f ani82s. A3ain, #2/ fait

1#882nities 0ea/ n# ill ;ill t#;a/d sa8e-se9 1#2ples 02t /ate/ a5e

8a//ia3e-affi/8in3 /eli3i#2s 0eliefs tat 8e/3e ;it 0#t p/a1ti1al

e9pe/ien1e and s#1i#l#3i1al fa1t t# 1#n5in1e 2s tat /etainin3 te 2s0and-

;ife 8a//ia3e definiti#n is essential. =e f2/te/ de8#nst/ate tat 2nde/

S2p/e8e C#2/t 2/isp/2den1e te n#ti#n #f ani82sJ as 5e/6 li8ited

appli1ati#n'and n#ne e/e. Finall6, ;e /ef2te te s233esti#n tat te

Esta0lis8ent Cla2se li8its te f2nda8ental /i3t #f pe/s#ns and

instit2ti#ns #f fait t# pa/ti1ipate f2ll6 in te de8#1/ati1 p/#1ess. e fa1t

tat /eli3i#2s 0elie5e/s s2pp#/t Ne5adaHs 8a//ia3e la;s 06 n# st/et1

2nde/8ines tei/ 1#nstit2ti#nal 5alidit6.


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AR$UMENT

I. Ne%a&a's Ma)a*e A+e,&+e, So/0& No Be I,%a0)&ae& oS/ee& o C0ose 3/&))a0 S/),4 Base& o, Fa0se A/sa)o,s

o5 A,)+/s.

Plaintiffs s233est tat A8end8ent ;as 0ased #n Ta desi/e t# a/8

a p#liti1all6 2np#p2la/ 3/#2p.HJ Aplt. B/. at ?$ 2#tin3 a(rence v. Te,as,

)G ".S. ))+, )+( $((. Li:e;ise, an a8i12s 0/ief f/#8 a 3/#2p #f

/eli3i#2s #/3aniati#ns s2pp#/tin3 Plaintiffs a/32es tat A8end8ent as

n# /ati#nal p2/p#se e91ept a 0a/e desi/e 06 te inte/est 3/#2ps sp#ns#/in3

te Ma//ia3e Bans t# e9p/ess tei/ 8#/al- and /eli3i#2s-0ased

1#nde8nati#n #f 3a6 and les0ian pe#ple.J B/. A8i12s C2/iae #f Anti-

Defa8ati#n Lea32e et al. at $(. Onl6 a p/#1/2stean dete/8inati#n t# f#/1e

A8end8ent int# te f/a8e;#/: #f *omer v. Evans, )&* ".S. ?$( &GG?,

1#2ld lead t# s21 2nf#2nded a112sati#ns.

=e 0elie5e tat 2s0and-;ife 8a//ia3e'an instit2ti#n 8#/e 0asi1

in #2/ 1i5iliati#n tan an6 #te/,J Williams v. orth Carolina, &* ".S. $+*,

( &G@$'is te 8#st i8p#/tant /elati#n in lifeJ and as 8#/e t# d#

;it te 8#/als and 1i5iliati#n #f a pe#ple tan an6 #te/ instit2ti#n,J

Maynard v. $ill, &$) ".S. &G(, $() &+++. Yet as e9plained ne9t, #2/ faits

als# tea1 l#5e and /espe1t f#/ e5e/6 28an pe/s#n. # s233est tat #2/


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?

s2pp#/t f#/ t/aditi#nal 8a//ia3e is 0ased #n #stilit6 8is/ep/esents #2/

0eliefs. at s2pp#/t p/edates 06 1ent2/ies te 1#nt/#5e/s6 #5e/ sa8e-se9

8a//ia3e and as n#tin3 t# d# ;it disapp/#5al #f an6 3/#2p. O2/

s2pp#/t f#/ t/aditi#nal 8a//ia3e stands #n te p#siti5e 0elief tat 2s0and-

;ife 8a//ia3e 1#8ple8ents #2/ f2nda8ental nat2/es as 8ale and fe8ale,

p/#8#tes /esp#nsi0le p/#1/eati#n, and p/#5ides te 0est en5i/#n8ent f#/

1ild/en.

M#/e#5e/, /ed21in3 /eli3i#2s s2pp#/t f#/ t/aditi#nal 8a//ia3e t#

i//ati#nal 0ias /e2i/es i3n#/in3 /ati#nal and pe/s2asi5e a/328ents f#/

t/aditi#nal 8a//ia3e tat a5e n#tin3 t# d# ;it #8#se92alit6.

O05i#2sl6, /eas#ns e9ist t# p/#8#te te instit2ti#n #f 8a//ia3e 0e6#nd

8e/e 8#/al disapp/#5al #f an e91l2ded 3/#2p.J a(rence, )G ".S. at )+)

OHC#nn#/, ., 1#n12//in3. =e dis12ss 8an6 #f tese /eas#ns 0el#;. e6

a/e a/328ents s2pp#/ted 06 e#ns #f ist#/6, /i3t /eas#n, e9pe/ien1e,

1#88#n sense, and s#1ial s1ien1e. e6 a5e 0een a11epted 06 8an6

1#2/ts, seee.g., $ernande+ v. *o"les, +)) N.E. $d & N.Y. $((?, in1l2din3 te

1#2/t 0el#;.


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A. e De5e,& Ta&))o,a0 Ma)a*e O/ o5 F)&e0)4 o Re0)*)o/sBe0)e5s Ta I,0/&e B/ Ta,se,& Tea),*s Ao/ H/+a,Se/a0)4 No O/ o5 A,)+/s.

Let 2s fi/st dispel te 86t tat #stilit6 lies at te /##t #f /eli3i#2s

s2pp#/t f#/ 2s0and-;ife 8a//ia3e and A8end8ent . es2s did n#t

e9p/ess disapp/#5al #/ #stilit6 ;en e ta23t, T!a5e 6#2 n#t /ead tat

e ;# 8ade te8 f/#8 te 0e3innin3 8ade te8 8ale and fe8ale, and

said, TF#/ tis /eas#n a 8an sall lea5e is fate/ and 8#te/ and 0e #ined

t# is ;ife, and te t;# sall 0e1#8e #ne flesHJ Matthe( &G%@-) RSV.

N#/ ;e/e te an1ient e;is s1/ipt2/al te9ts tat es2s /efe/en1ed 0ased #n

ani8#sit6 t#;a/d an6#ne. SeeGenesis&%$*, $%$ RSV.

Indeed, fait 1#882nities and /eli3i#2s #/3aniati#ns a5e a l#n3

ist#/6 #f 2p#ldin3 t/aditi#nal 8a//ia3e f#/ /eas#ns tat a5e n#tin3 t#

d# ;it #8#se92alit6. ei/ s2pp#/t f#/ 2s0and-;ife 8a//ia3e p/e1edes

06 1ent2/ies te 5e/6 idea #f sa8e-se9 8a//ia3e. Man6 #f tis Nati#nHs

p/#8inent fait t/aditi#ns a5e /i1 /eli3i#2s na//ati5es tat e9t#l te

pe/s#nal, fa8ilial, and s#1ial 5i/t2es #f t/aditi#nal 8a//ia3e ;ile 0a/el6

8enti#nin3 #8#se92alit6.

The Catholic Tradition. =it a t/aditi#n st/et1in3 0a1: t;#

8illennia, te Cat#li1 C2/1 /e1#3nies 8a//ia3e as a pe/8anent,


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faitf2l, and f/2itf2l 1#5enant 0et;een a 8an and a ;#8an tat is

indispensa0le t# te 1#88#n 3##d.& Ma//ia3e as its #/i3in, n#t in te ;ill

#f an6 pa/ti12la/ pe#ple, /eli3i#n, #/ state, 02t /ate/, in te nat2/e #f te

28an pe/s#n, 1/eated 06

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Ma//ia3e . . . ;as esta0lised 06

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&(

8#/al st/en3ts, t/aditi#ns, and 5al2es tat s2stain 1i5iliati#n.J) !e/e

a3ain, #8#se92alit6 is /e8#te f/#8 tea1in3s a0#2t 8a//ia3e and fa8il6.

In s28, #2/ /eli3i#2s 2nde/standin3s #f 8a//ia3e a/e /##ted in 0eliefs

a0#2t

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&&

B. e De5e,& Ta&))o,a0 Ma)a*e o A&%a,e a,& Pese%e)a0 I,eess ), e e05ae o5 C)0&e, Fa+)0)es a,&So)e4.

e s#1ial 0enefits tat 2s0and-;ife 8a//ia3es and t;#-pa/ent

fa8ilies p/#5ide a/e 1/iti1al f#/ te ;ell-0ein3 #f s#1iet6 and its 1ild/en.

Ne5ada as 1#8pellin3 inte/ests in 8aintainin3 t/aditi#nal 8a//ia3e.

). Poea)o, a,& C)0& Rea),* I&ea004 O/ )), aSa0e Ma0e-Fe+a0e Ma)a*e.

E5e/6 1ild as a fate/ and a 8#te/. P/#1/eati#n ;itin a sta0le

8ale-fe8ale 8a//ia3e 3i5es a 1ild a 2ni2el6 f2ll 28an 1#nte9t tat

a11#2nts f#/ 0#t te 1ildHs 0i#l#36 and te deepe/ intenti#ns and

1#88it8ents #f te 1ildHs pa/ents. e 8ale-fe8ale ideal in 8a//ia3e and

pa/entin3 als# p/#5ides i//epla1ea0le 0enefits t# 1ild/en.

&. Se9 0et;een 8en and ;#8en p/esents a s#1ial 1allen3e.

TAn #/de/l6 s#1iet6 /e2i/es s#8e 8e1anis8 f#/ 1#pin3 ;it te fa1t

tat se92al inte/1#2/se 1#88#nl6 /es2lts in p/e3nan16 and 1ild0i/t.HJ

Morrison v. Sadler, +$& N.E.$d &), $)-$? Ind. App. $(() 2#tin3 Goodridge

v. %e&'t of )u". $ealth, *G+ N.E.$d G@&, GG) Mass. $(( C#/d6, .,

dissentin3. /aditi#nal 8a//ia3e p/#5ides tat 8e1anis8 and te/e06

enan1es te ;elfa/e #f 1ild/en.


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&$

e p/in1ipal ;a6 2s0and-;ife 8a//ia3e p/#te1ts 1ild ;ell-0ein3

. . . is 06 in1/easin3 te li:eli##d tat te 1ildHs #;n 8#te/ and fate/

;ill sta6 t#3ete/ in a a/8#ni#2s #2se#ld.J? at is i8p#/tant 0e1a2se

1ild/en in sin3le-pa/ent fa8ilies, 1ild/en 0#/n t# 2n8a//ied 8#te/s,

and 1ild/en in stepfa8ilies #/ 1#a0itin3 /elati#nsips fa1e i3e/ /is:s #f

p##/ #2t1#8es tan d# 1ild/en in inta1t fa8ilies eaded 06 t;# 0i#l#3i1al

pa/ents.J* O2/ e9tensi5e e9pe/ien1e 1#nfi/8s te #0se/5ati#ns #f 2sti1e

R#0e/t C#/d6 in te Massa12setts sa8e-se9 8a//ia3e 1ase /e3a/din3 te

essential /#le 8a//ia3e pla6s in 1annelin3 p/#1/eati#n int# an instit2ti#n

tat le3all6 0inds fate/s and 8#te/s t# tei/ #ffsp/in3 and te/e06 se/5es

te 0est inte/ests #f 1ild/en%

Pa/a8#2nt a8#n3 its 8an6 i8p#/tant f2n1ti#ns, teinstit2ti#n #f 8a//ia3e as s6ste8ati1all6 p/#5ided f#/ te/e32lati#n #f ete/#se92al 0ea5i#/, 0/#23t #/de/ t# te/es2ltin3 p/#1/eati#n, and ens2/ed a sta0le fa8il6 st/21t2/e in;i1 1ild/en ;ill 0e /ea/ed, ed21ated, and s#1ialied. . . .

?

Ma33ie

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&

e instit2ti#n #f 8a//ia3e p/#5ides te i8p#/tant le3aland n#/8ati5e lin: 0et;een ete/#se92al inte/1#2/se andp/#1/eati#n #n te #ne and and fa8il6 /esp#nsi0ilities #n te

#te/. e pa/tne/s in a 8a//ia3e a/e e9pe1ted t# en3a3e in

e91l2si5e se92al /elati#ns, ;it 1ild/en te p/#0a0le /es2lt andpate/nit6 p/es28ed. =e/eas te /elati#nsip 0et;een 8#te/and 1ild is de8#nst/ati5el6 and p/edi1ta0l6 1/eated and

/e1#3nia0le t/#23 te 0i#l#3i1al p/#1ess #f p/e3nan16 and1ild0i/t, te/e is n# 1#//esp#ndin3 p/#1ess f#/ 1/eatin3 a/elati#nsip 0et;een fate/ and 1ild. . . . e instit2ti#n #f8a//ia3e fills tis 5#id 06 f#/8all6 0indin3 te 2s0and-fate/

t# is ;ife and 1ild, and i8p#sin3 #n i8 te /esp#nsi0ilities#f fate/##d. e alte/nati5e, a s#1iet6 ;it#2t te instit2ti#n

#f 8a//ia3e, in ;i1 ete/#se92al inte/1#2/se, p/#1/eati#n,and 1ild 1a/e a/e la/3el6 dis1#nne1ted p/#1esses, ;#2ld 0e

1a#ti1.

Goodridge, *G+ N.E. $d at GG)-G? C#/d6, ., dissentin3 1itati#ns #8itted.

$. B#t s#1ial s1ien1e and #2/ #;n e9pe/ien1e #5e/ 8an6 de1ades

a5e ta23t tat 1ild/en t/i5e 0est ;en 1a/ed f#/ 06 0#t #f tei/

0i#l#3i1al pa/ents. ofton v. Sec'y of %e&'t of Children and -amily Servs., )+

F.d +(@, +&G &&t Ci/. $((@ Cild/en 0enefit f/#8 te p/esen1e #f 0#t

a fate/ and 8#te/ in te #8e.J.

Int2iti#n and e9pe/ien1e s233est tat a 1ild 0enefits f/#8 a5in3

0ef#/e is #/ e/ e6es, e5e/6 da6, li5in3 8#dels #f ;at 0#t a 8an and a

;#8an a/e li:e.J $ernande+, +)) N.E. $d at *. Men and ;#8en a/e n#t


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&@

f2n3i0le in /elati#n t# 1ild /ea/in3. e6 a5e distin1t 1#nt/i02ti#ns t#

8a:e.J+

S#1ial s1ien1e 1#nfi/8s te 1#88#nsense 2nde/standin3 tat sta0le

8ale-fe8ale 8a//ia3es p/#5ide te #pti8al en5i/#n8ent f#/ te pe/s#nal,

8#/al, and s#1ial de5el#p8ent #f 1ild/en%

Resea/1 1lea/l6 de8#nst/ates tat fa8il6 st/21t2/e 8atte/s

f#/ 1ild/en, and te fa8il6 st/21t2/e tat elps 1ild/en te8#st is a fa8il6 eaded 06 t;# 0i#l#3i1al pa/ents in a l#;-

1#nfli1t 8a//ia3e. Cild/en in sin3le-pa/ent fa8ilies, 1ild/en0#/n t# 2n8a//ied 8#te/s, and 1ild/en in stepfa8ilies #/

1#a0itin3 /elati#nsips fa1e i3e/ /is:s #f p##/#2t1#8es . . . .G

Indeed, a fa8il6 eaded 06 t;# 8a//ied pa/ents ;# a/e te 0i#l#3i1al

8#te/ and fate/ #f tei/ 1ild/en is te #pti8al a//an3e8ent f#/

8aintainin3 a s#1iall6 sta0le fe/tilit6 /ate, /ea/in3 1ild/en, and in12l1atin3

in te8 te 5al2es /e2i/ed f#/ p#liti1all6 li0e/al 1itiensip.J &(

=ile te 1/iti1al /#le #f 8#te/s in 1ild de5el#p8ent as ne5e/

0een d#20ted, te i8p#/tan1e #f fate/s is n#; 821 0ette/ 2nde/st##d. A

+E/i1

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&)

la/3e and 3/#;in3 0#d6 #f /esea/1 de8#nst/ates tat te 1#nt/i02ti#ns #f

fate/s a/e 1/iti1al t# 1ild/enHs f#/8ati#n and ;ell-0ein3.&& Pate/nal

a0sen1e is ass#1iated ;it ea/l6 se92al 0ea5i#/ #f 3i/ls, e5en ;en #te/

fa1t#/s s21 as st/ess and p#5e/t6 a/e a11#2nted f#/.&$ An#te/ st2d6

f#2nd tat da23te/s ;#se fate/s 3a5e te8 little ti8e and attenti#n

;e/e 8#/e li:el6 t# see: #2t ea/l6 se92al attenti#n f/#8 8ale pee/s.J &

e 02/den #f s#1ial s1ien1e e5iden1e s2pp#/ts te idea tat 3ende/-

&& See# e.g., =. BRADFORD =ILCOQ E AL., =!Y MARRIA

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&?

diffe/entiated pa/entin3 is i8p#/tant f#/ 28an de5el#p8ent and tat te

1#nt/i02ti#n #f fate/s t# 1ild/ea/in3 is 2ni2e and i//epla1ea0le.J&@

/aditi#nal 8a//ia3e p/#5ides 1ild/en ;it fate/ and 8#te/ /#le

8#dels and 5ital t/ainin3 in 0/id3in3 te 3ende/ di5ide. Ma//ia3e sets a

patte/n f#/ 1##pe/ati#n 0et;een te se9es. O2/ di/e1t e9pe/ien1e 1#nfi/8s

te i8p#/tant /#le tat 2s0and-;ife 8a//ia3e pla6s in elpin3 6#2n3 8en

and ;#8en t# app/e1iate and /espe1t ea1 #te/.

)). L)+)),* Ma)a*e o Ma0e-Fe+a0e Co/:0es F/esPo;e5/0 Sae I,eess.

In li3t #f te f#/e3#in3, te State as a p/#f#2nd inte/est in sta0le

8ale-fe8ale 8a//ia3es ;e/e 1ild/en 1an 0e /ea/ed ;it a st/#n3

1#nne1ti#n t# tei/ 0i#l#3i1al pa/ents. S#1iet6 and te State /eap /i1

0enefits ;en 1ild/en a/e /ea/ed 06 tei/ 8#te/ and fate/ and,

1#n5e/sel6, pa6 te p/i1e ;en 1ild/en a/e n#t.

&. a8es . =ils#n as detailed s#8e #f te #5e/;el8in3

e5iden1e tat sin3le and fate/less pa/entin3, in pa/ti12la/, si3nifi1antl6

in1/eases te /is: tat te 1ild ;ill e9pe/ien1e p#5e/t6, s2i1ide, 8ental

&@DAVID POPENOE,LIFE =I!O" FA!ER% COMPELLIN< NE= EVIDENCE !A

FA!ER!OOD 7MARRIA

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&*

illness, p6si1al illness, infant 8#/talit6, l#;e/ ed21ati#nal a1ie5e8ent,

25enile delin2en16, ad2lt 1/i8inalit6, 2n;ed teen pa/ent##d, l#;e/ life

e9pe1tan16, and /ed21ed inti8a16 ;it pa/ents. e statisti1al 1#//elati#n

0et;een n28e/#2s s#1ial pat#l#3ies and n#t 0ein3 /aised in a sta0le #8e

;it 0#t 0i#l#3i1al pa/ents is 0#t da2ntin3 and s#0e/in3. &)

# 2s, s21 1#nse2en1es a/e 8#/e tan i8pe/s#nal statisti1s. O2/

fait 1#882nities a/e inti8atel6 fa8ilia/ ;it te pe/s#nal t/a3edies s#

#ften ass#1iated ;it 2n;ed pa/entin3 and fa8il6 0/ea:d#;n. =e a5e

seen f2n1ti#nall6 fate/less 0#6s, 0e/eft #f p/#pe/ ad2lt 8ale /#le 8#dels,

a1tin3 in 5i#len1e, #inin3 3an3s, and en3a3in3 in #te/ dest/21ti5e s#1ial

and se92al 0ea5i#/s. =e a5e 1a/ed f#/ and 8#2/ned ;it 5i1ti8s left in

tei/ dest/21ti5e ;a:e. And ;e a5e 8iniste/ed t# t#se 0#6s in p/is#ns

;e/e t## 8an6 a/e 1#nsi3ned t# li5e #2t tei/ /2ined li5es.

=e a5e seen 6#2n3 3i/ls, dep/i5ed #f te l#5e and affe1ti#n #f a

fate/, en3a3in3 in a ;ide a//a6 #f self-dest/21ti5e 0ea5i#/s. All t## #ften

te /es2lt is p/e3nan16 and #2t-#f-;edl#1: 0i/t, t2s /epeatin3 te 161le.

&) See generally B/ief A8i1i C2/iae #f a8es . =ils#n et al., Le3al andFa8il6 S1#la/s In S2pp#/t #f Appellees at @&-@, In /e Ma//ia3e Cases, &+

P.d +@ Cal. $((+ N#. S&@*GGG, availa"le at ttp%;;;.1#2/ts.1a.3#5d#128entsLe3al Fa8il6S1#la/sA8i12sB/ief.pdf.


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&+

e ines1apa0le t/2t is tat #nl6 8ale-fe8ale /elati#nsips 1an

1/eate 1ild/en, 1ild/en need tei/ 8#te/s andfate/s, and s#1iet6 needs

8#te/s and fate/s t# 1#-pa/ent tei/ 1ild/en. at, in a n2tsell, is ;6

s#1iet6 needs te instit2ti#n #f 8ale-fe8ale 8a//ia3e, and ;6 Ne5ada is

/i3t t# spe1iall6 p/#te1t and s2pp#/t s21 8a//ia3es.

$. In tis /espe1t, as in s# 8an6 #te/s, te la; pla6s an i8p#/tant

ed21ati#nal f2n1ti#n. La; is n#t 2st an in3eni#2s 1#lle1ti#n #f de5i1es

t# a5#id #/ ad2st disp2tes and t# ad5an1e tis #/ tat inte/est, 02t als# a

;a6 tat s#1iet6 8a:es sense #f tin3s.J&? In te 1ase #f 8a//ia3e, te la;

en1#2/a3es s#1iall6 #pti8al 0ea5i#/ 06 1/eatin3 a le3al instit2ti#n tat

s2pp#/ts and 1#nfi/8s te Pe#pleHs deep 12lt2/al 2nde/standin3'and te

s#1i#l#3i1al t/2t'tat sta0le 8#te/-fate/ 8a/ital 2ni#ns a/e 0est f#/

1ild/en.

In s#/t, 8a//ia3e%

/einf#/1es te idea tat te 2ni#n #f 2s0and and ;ife is as a/2le and ideal te 8#st app/#p/iate en5i/#n8ent f#/ te0ea/in3 and /ea/in3 #f 1ild/en. . . . If sa8e-se9 pa/tne/sips

;e/e /e1#3nied as 8a//ia3es, #;e5e/, tat ideal ;#2ld 0ea0#lised f/#8 #2/ la;% n# 1i5il instit2ti#n ;#2ld an6 l#n3e//einf#/1e te n#ti#n tat 1ild/en need 0#t a 8#te/ and

&? MARY ANN

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&G

fate/4 tat 8en and ;#8en #n a5e/a3e 0/in3 diffe/ent 3ifts t#te pa/entin3 ente/p/ise4 and tat 0#6s and 3i/ls need and tendt# 0enefit f/#8 fate/s and 8#te/s in diffe/ent ;a6s.&*

Redefinin3 8a//ia3e t# 8ean te 2ni#n #f an6 t;# ad2lts in a

1#88itted /elati#nsip, ;it#2t 8#/e, ;ill alte/ te la;Hs 12//ent

e8pasis #n p/#1/eati#n and 1ild ;elfa/e, /ef#12sin3 it #n affi/8in3 and

fa1ilitatin3 ad2lt /elati#nsip 1#i1es.&+ A 3ende/-ne2t/al 8a//ia3e

definiti#n ;#2ld 2na5#ida0l6 1an3e te 8essa3e, 8eanin3, and f2n1ti#n

#f 8a//ia3e 06 alte/in3 it t# se/5e te inte/ests #f ad2lts. It ;#2ld 0e a 1ase

#f t#se in p#;e/ ad2lts 2sin3 la; t# 0/in3 1an3e tat is self-se/5in3.

=ete/ #/ n#t #ne a3/ees ;it s21 1an3es, #ne 1ann#t /ati#nall6

p/etend te6 ;#nHt #112/%

One 8a6 see tese :inds #f s#1ial 1#nse2en1es #f le3al 1an3e as

3##d, #/ as 2esti#na0le, #/ as 0#t. B2t t# a/32e tat tese :inds #f

12lt2/al effe1ts #f la; d# n#t e9ist, and need n#t 0e ta:en int# a11#2nt

;en 1#nte8platin3 8a#/ 1an3es in fa8il6 la;, is t# de8#nst/ate a

&*

Se/if

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f2nda8ental la1: #f intelle1t2al se/i#2sness a0#2t te p#;e/ #f la; in

A8e/i1an s#1iet6.&G Plaintiffs d# n#t disp2te tis. Indeed, tei/ la;s2it is

0ased #n it. e 3#5e/n8ent is a p#;e/f2l tea1e/,J te6 a/32e. Aplt. B/.

at $). A8end8ent , Plaintiffs asse/t, en1#2/a3es dis/espe1t #f 1#88itted

sa8e-se9 1#2plesJ and, te6 1lai8, 1an3in3 te 8eanin3 #f 8a//ia3e t#

in1l2de tei/ 2ni#ns ;#2ld /es2lt in a 12lt2/al sift tat ;#2ld 3i5e di3nit6

t# tei/ /elati#nsips. See id.at $)-$*.

=e disa3/ee tat te l#n3-esta0lised 2nde/standin3 #f 8a//ia3e

/efle1ted in A8end8ent en1#2/a3es dis/espe1tJ f#/ 1#88itted sa8e-se9

/elati#nsips. at 2nde/standin3 p/edates 06 1ent2/ies te 12//ent de0ate

#5e/ sa8e-se9 2ni#ns.$( B2t ;e d# a3/ee tat 1an3in3 te le3al definiti#n

&G INSI"E FOR AMERICAN VAL"ES,MARRIA

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$&

#f 8a//ia3e ;#2ld sl#;l6 alte/ te ;a6 s#1iet6 5ie;s 8a//ia3e, 8a:in3 it

ad2lt-f#12sed /ate/ tan 1ild-f#12sed, 2st as Plaintiffs s233est. at is,

if te 8eanin3 #f 8a//ia3e is 1an3ed in 1#n1ept, te 12lt2/al si3nifi1an1e

atta1ed t# 8a//ia3e ;ill als# 1an3e in p/a1ti1e. e a/8f2l 12lt2/al

8essa3e #f sa8e-se9 8a//ia3e is tat 8a//ia3e is p/i8a/il6 a0#2t ad2lts

and tei/ life 1#i1es. =e a5e al/ead6 seen in te last alf-1ent2/6 te

de5astatin3 effe1ts #f de5al2in3 8a//ia3e as a 1ild-1ente/ed instit2ti#n, as

#te/ #f its definin3 1a/a1te/isti1s a5e 0een e/#ded.

F#/ all tese /eas#ns, s#1iet6 as te 8#st 1#8pellin3 inte/est in

:eepin3 te f#12s #f 8a//ia3e ;e/e s#1iet6 needs it 8#st% #n le3all6

2nitin3 8en and ;#8en s# tat te 1ild/en te6 0ea/ ;ill a5e te 0est

1an1e #f 0ein3 n2/t2/ed 06 0#t pa/ents. is 1#n1l2si#n /efle1ts n#t #nl6

5ene/a0le /eli3i#2s 0eliefs 02t /eas#n, l#n3 e9pe/ien1e, and s#1i#l#3i1al

fa1t.

ti8e, 2sti1e !#l8es ;/#te tat 8a//ia3e's#8e f#/8 #f pe/8anentass#1iati#n 0et;een te se9esJ'2alified as #ne #f te ne1essa/6ele8ents in an6 s#1iet6 tat 8a6 sp/in3 f/#8 #2/ #;n and tat ;#2ld

see8 t# 2s t# 0e 1i5ilied.J Oli5e/ =endell !#l8es, atural a(, inCOLLECED LE

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$$

C. e Po+oe La;s Poe),* Ta&))o,a0 Ma)a*e oSa5e*/a& e Ma)a*e I,s)/)o, A*a),s e 3/&))a0Re&e5),))o, o5 Is H)so) Mea,),*.

In te last t;# de1ades, te/e as 0een a de8#1/ati1 /eaffi/8ati#n #f

te t/aditi#nal definiti#n #f 8a//ia3e t/#23 state 1#nstit2ti#nal

a8end8ents and #te/ la;s. At te sa8e ti8e, /i3ts 0ased #n se92al

#/ientati#n a5e als# 0een e9panded 06 le3islati#n in 8#st #f tese sa8e

states, in1l2din3 Ne5ada. e f#/8e/ 1ann#t 0e e9plained 06 ani82s

t#;a/d sa8e-se9 2ni#ns an6 8#/e tan te latte/ 1an 0e e9plained 06

ani82s t#;a/d /eli3i#ns ;it t/aditi#nal 0eliefs a0#2t se92alit6.

Rate/, 8a//ia3e a8end8ents a5e 8#stl6 0een a /ea1ti#n t# ;at

8an6 pe#ple pe/1ei5e as #5e//ea1 06 State 2d3es. at is, s2pp#/t f#/

ne; la;s /eaffi/8in3 t/aditi#nal 8a//ia3e as n#t 0een 8#ti5ated 06 a

desi/e t# e9p/ess ani82s, 02t 06 a desi/e t# p/ee8pti5el6 p/#te1t

t/aditi#nal 8a//ia3e a3ainst 2di1ial /edefiniti#n and t# /eaffi/8 te

i8p#/tan1e #f t/aditi#nal 8a//ia3e t# s#1iet6.

II. Te Re0e%a,e o5 A00e*a)o,s o5 /a0 Poe)o,A,a04s)s Is S)04 L)+)e&.

=e a5e identified 2st a fe; #f te /eas#ns ;6 ;e s2pp#/t

t/aditi#nal 8a//ia3e, n#ne #f ;i1 a/e 0ased #n #stilit6 #/ ani82s


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$

t#;a/d #8#se92als. ese /eas#ns al#ne a/e s2ffi1ient t# s2/5i5e tis

C#2/tHs s1/2tin6, espe1iall6 3i5en te li8ited /#le #f alle3ati#ns #f

ani82sJ in e2al-p/#te1ti#n anal6sis. It is n#t en#23 f#/ a plaintiff t#

spe12late tat te/e is ani8#sit6 l2/:in3 0eind a la;. Onl6 la;s e5in1in3

dis1/i8inati#n #f an 2n2s2al 1a/a1te/ a/e s20e1t t# 1a/ef2l /e5ie; t#

dete/8ine if te6 ;e/e 8#ti5ated 06 ani82s. And #nl6 if ani82s is te

s#le 8#ti5ati#n, afte/ e91l2din3 all le3iti8ate p#ssi0ilities, 1an a la; 0e

de1la/ed 2n1#nstit2ti#nal 0e1a2se #f i8p/#pe/ ani82s. Additi#nall6, te

S2p/e8e C#2/t as ne5e/ 2sed te ani82s anal6sis t# /e1#3nie a ne;

/i3t.

A. Ne%a&a's Ta&))o,a0 De5),))o, o5 Ma)a*e Does NoI+:ose a D)s)+),a)o, o5 a, U,/s/a0 Caae Ca00),* 5o

Cae5/0 Co,s)&ea)o,.

In dete/8inin3 ;ete/ a la; is 8#ti5ed 06 an i8p/#pe/ ani82s #/

p2/p#se, Tdis1/i8inati#ns #f an 2n2s2al 1a/a1te/H espe1iall6 /e2i/e

1a/ef2l 1#nside/ati#n.J United States v. Windsor, & S. Ct. $?*) $(&

2#tin3 *omer, )&* ".S. at ?. In Windsor, te S2p/e8e C#2/t de1ided

tat te Defense #f Ma//ia3e A1t DOMAJ ;as s21 a la;. Its p2/p#se

;as t# i8p#se /est/i1ti#ns and disa0ilitiesJ #n /i3ts 3/anted 06 t#se


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$@

States tat, t/#23 a deli0e/ati5e p/#1ess, ad 1#sen t# /e1#3nie sa8e-

se9 8a//ia3e. Id.at $?G$. e C#2/t e9plained%

DOMAHs 2n2s2al de5iati#n f/#8 the usual tradition ofrecogni+ing and acce&ting state definitions of marriagee/e #pe/atest# dep/i5e sa8e-se9 1#2ples #f te 0enefits and /esp#nsi0ilities

#f tei/ 8a//ia3es. is is st/#n3 e5iden1e #f a la; a5in3 tep2/p#se and effe1t #f disapp/#5al #f tat 1lass.

Id.at $?G e8pasis added.

e Ne5ada la;s 0ein3 1allen3ed e/e a/e diffe/ent f/#8 DOMA in

at least t/ee ;a6s. -irst, 2nli:e DOMA, A8end8ent is n#t a depa/t2/e

f/#8 02t a /eaffi/8ati#n #f te 2s2al t/aditi#n #fJ StatesH definin3

8a//ia3e. Id. B6 ist#/6 and t/aditi#n te definiti#n and /e32lati#n #f

8a//ia3e . . . as 0een t/eated as 0ein3 ;itin te a2t#/it6 and /eal8 #f

te sepa/ate States.J Id.at $?+G-G(.

Second, DOMA i8p#sed a 02/den #n 8a//ia3es 8ade la;f2l 06

States tat ad le3alied sa8e-se9 8a//ia3e afte/ a state;ide

deli0e/ati5e p/#1essJ tat ;ei3ed a/328ents f#/ and a3ainst sa8e-se9

8a//ia3e.J Id.at $?+G. Ne5ada en3a3ed in te sa8e state;ide deli0e/ati5e

p/#1ess and instead 1#se t# /eaffi/8 ;at ad al;a6s 0een its definiti#n

#f 8a//ia3e. 2sti1e Kenned6 as e9plained tat te e2al p/#te1ti#n

32a/antee /e2i/es a diffe/ent anal6sis ;en te a112sati#n #f


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dis1/i8inati#n is 0ased n#t #n #stilit6J alle3edl6 /efle1ted in a ne;l6

ena1ted la;, 02t instead is 0ased #n te fail2/e t# a1t #/ te #8issi#n t#

/e8ed6J ;at is pe/1ei5ed 06 s#8e t# 0e 2n2st dis1/i8inati#n. Bd. of

Trustees of Univ. of Ala. v. Garrett, )& ".S. )?, *) $((& Kenned6, .,

1#n12//in3. In 1#8pellin3 State 1#2/ts t# ade/e t# te a3e-#ld

2nde/standin3 #f 8a//ia3e, A8end8ent did n#t 1/eate ne; la; #/

i8p#se an6 ne; 02/den #n sa8e-se9 1#2ples.

Third, st/i:in3 d#;n DOMA did n#t 1/eate a /i3t t# sa8e-se9

8a//ia3e4 it 8e/el6 /eaffi/8ed te StatesH 2nen1280e/ed a2t#/it6 t#

define 8a//ia3e. In 1#nt/ast, Plaintiffs as: tis C#2/t t# n#t #nl6 st/i:e

d#;n A8end8ent , 02t t# de1la/e tat Ne5adaHs ist#/i1al definiti#n #f

8a//ia3e is 2n1#nstit2ti#nal and tat te E2al P/#te1ti#n Cla2se p/#te1ts

a f/ee-standin3 /i3t t# sa8e-se9 8a//ia3e. e S2p/e8e C#2/t as

/ee1ted te idea tat te E2al P/#te1ti#n Cla2se 1/eates s20stanti5e /i3ts.

It is n#t te p/#5in1e #f tis C#2/t t# 1/eate s20stanti5e 1#nstit2ti#nal

/i3ts in te na8e #f 32a/anteein3 e2al p/#te1ti#n #f te la;s.J San

Antonio Inde&. School %ist. v. *odrigue+, @&& ".S. &, &G*. Indeed, te

C#2/t as ne5e/ 2sed te ani82s anal6sis t# 1/eate a ne; s20stanti5e /i3t.


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In s28, Ne5ada la; as al;a6s defined 8a//ia3e as te 2ni#n #f a

8an and a ;#8an. is is an6tin3 02t a dis1/i8inati#n #f an 2n2s2al

1a/a1te/.J # te 1#nt/a/6, 2ntil /e1ent 6ea/s, 8an6 1itiens ad n#t e5en

1#nside/ed te p#ssi0ilit6 tat t;# pe/s#ns #f te sa8e se9J 1#2ld 3et

8a//ied, f#/ 8a//ia3e 0et;een a 8an and a ;#8an n# d#20t ad 0een

t#23t #f 06 8#st pe#ple as essential t# te 5e/6 definiti#n #f tat te/8

and t# its /#le and f2n1ti#n t/#23#2t te ist#/6 #f 1i5iliati#n.J

Windsor, & S. Ct. at $?+G. Rate/ tan 0ein3 dis1/i8inati#n #f an 2n2s2al

1a/a1te/, te li8itati#n #f la;f2l 8a//ia3e t# ete/#se92al 1#2ples . . .

f#/ 1ent2/ies ad 0een dee8ed 0#t ne1essa/6 and f2nda8ental.J Id.

B. A00e*a)o,s o5

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at a la;, in te 5ie; #f its #pp#nents, s233ests Tne3ati5e

attit2desHJ #/ Tfea/HJ t#;a/d a 3/#2p is n#t a s2ffi1ient 0asis t# st/i:e it

d#;n. Garrett, )& ".S. at ?*. Alt#23 s21 0iases 8a6 #ften

a11#8pan6 i//ati#nal and te/ef#/e 2n1#nstit2ti#nal dis1/i8inati#n, tei/

p/esen1e al#ne d#es n#t a 1#nstit2ti#nal 5i#lati#n 8a:e.J Id. Onl6 ani82s,

2ns20stantiated 06 fa1t#/s ;i1 a/e p/#pe/l6 1#3nia0le,J 8a6 /ende/

le3islati#n 2n1#nstit2ti#nal. Id. inte/nal 2#tati#n 8a/:s #8itted.

In *omer, s21 ani82s ;as f#2nd #nl6 0e1a2se Tall tat te

3#5e/n8ent 1#2ld 1#8e 2p ;it in defense #f te la; is tat te pe#ple

;# a/e 2/t 06 it appen t# 0e i//ati#nall6 ated #/ i//ati#nall6 fea/ed.HJ

Coo! v. Gates, )$+ F.d @$, ?& &st Ci/. $((+ 2#tin3 Milner v. A&fel, &@+

F.d +&$, +&* *t Ci/. &GG+. e C#2/t /eas#ned tat if te 1#nstit2ti#nal

1#n1epti#n #f Te2al p/#te1ti#n #f te la;sH 8eans an6tin3, it 82st at te

5e/6 least 8ean tat a 0a/e . . . desi/e t# a/8 a p#liti1all6 2np#p2la/ 3/#2p

1ann#t 1#nstit2te a legitimate 3#5e/n8ental inte/est.HJ *omer, )&* ".S. at

?) 2#tin3 %e&'t of Agric. v. Moreno, @& ".S. )$+, )@ &G*.

In 1#nt/ast ;it te 2np/e1edented 1itiensH initiati5e in *omer, and

te 2np/e1edented fede/al int/2si#n int# 8a//ia3e la;s /ep/esented 06

DOMA, State la;s definin3 8a//ia3e as 0et;een a 8an and a ;#8an ;e/e


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l#n3-standin3 and 20i2it#2s. And s21 la;s /e8ain te n#/8 in te

"nited States. e/e is si8pl6 n# ;a6 t# 1#n1l2de tat te s#le p2/p#se #f

te t/aditi#nal definiti#n #f 8a//ia3e ;as t# a/8 a p#liti1all6 2np#p2la/

3/#2p.J Id.

III. Ne%a&a's Ma)a*e A+e,&+e, Is No I,%a0)& U,&e eEsa0)s+e, C0a/se Bea/se I as I,5o+e& 4 Re0)*)o/s a,&Moa0 )e;:o),s.

P/#5isi#ns p/#te1tin3 t/aditi#nal 8a//ia3e t6pi1all6 /e1ei5e s2pp#/t

f/#8 /eli3i#2s #/3aniati#ns and pe#ple #f fait. S#8e s233est tis

i8pli1ates te Esta0lis8ent Cla2se.$& B2t /eli3i#2s 8#ti5ati#ns a/e n#t

1#nstit2ti#nall6 dis2alif6in3 in te least. It is ;ell esta0lised tat

le3islati#n is n#t 2d3ed 06 te p/i5ate 8#ti5ati#ns #f its s2pp#/te/s. Bd. of

Educ. of Westside Cnty. Schs. v. Mergens,@G? ".S. $$?, $@G &GG( =at is

/ele5ant is te le3islati5e &ur&ose #f te stat2te, n#t te p#ssi0l6 /eli3i#2s

motives #f te le3islat#/s ;# ena1ted te la;.J. e 1#nstit2ti#nal

sepa/ati#n #f 12/1 and State d#es n#t /e2i/e te /e8#5al #f /eli3i#2s

5al2es f/#8 p20li1 life #/ de8#1/ati1 deli0e/ati#ns.

Reli3i#n as 0een a :e6 8#ti5atin3 fa1t#/ f#/ te 8#st f#/8ati5e

p#liti1al 8#5e8ents in #2/ Nati#nHs ist#/6. F/#8 te f#2ndin3 #f #2/

$&See# e.g.,B/. #f A8i12s C2/iae #f Anti-Defa8ati#n Lea32e et al. at &(-&?.


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$G

Nati#n$$t# te a0#liti#n #f sla5e/6,$te fi3t f#/ ;#8enHs s2ff/a3e,$@and

te 1i5il /i3ts 8#5e8ent,$) A8e/i1an dis1#2/se, p#liti1s, and la; a5e

0een en/i1ed 06 and s2ff2sed ;it /eli3i#2s fait. Pe/aps tis is ;6 in

is 1a8pai3n f#/ P/esident, Ba/a1: O0a8a /e1#3nied tat t# sa6 tat

8en and ;#8en s#2ld n#t ine1t tei/ Tpe/s#nal 8#/alit6H int# p20li1

p#li16 de0ates is a p/a1ti1al a0s2/dit6.J$?

$$ e F#2ndin3 Fate/s 0elie5ed de5#tedl6 tat te/e ;as a

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(

N# p/in1iple #f 1#nstit2ti#nal la;, 2nde/ te Esta0lis8ent Cla2se #/

#te/;ise, p/e5ents 5#te/s f/#8 s2pp#/tin3 a 1#nstit2ti#nal a8end8ent'

#/ p/#i0its State le3islat#/s f/#8 ena1tin3 a la;'/efle1tin3 8#/al

2d38ents a0#2t ;at is 0est f#/ s#1iet6. See $arris v. Mc*ae, @@+ ".S. $G*,

&G-$( &G+( at te 2dae#-C/stian /eli3i#ns #pp#se stealin3 d#es n#t

8ean tat a State #/ te Fede/al

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&

If all la;s /ep/esentin3 essentiall6 8#/al 1#i1es ;e/e t# 0e

in5alidated 2nde/ te Esta0lis8ent Cla2se, it ;#2ld 0e te end #f

/ep/esentati5e 3#5e/n8ent as ;e :n#; it, f#/ 1#nfli1tin3 1lai8s #f

8#/alit6 . . . a/e /aised 06 #pp#nents and p/#p#nents #f al8#st e5e/6

le3islati5e 8eas2/e.J %andridge v. Williams, G* ".S. @*&, @+* &G*(.

2s, it is a9i#8ati1 tat n# la; is in5alid ;en it 8e/el6 appens

t# 1#in1ide #/ a/8#nie ;it te tenets #f s#8e #/ all /eli3i#ns.J

McGo(an,?? ".S. at @@$4 see also $arris, @@+ ".S. at &G. e Ci5il Ri3ts

A1t #f &G?@';#se anni5e/sa/6 ;e 1ele0/ate';as n# less 5alid 0e1a2se

C#n3/ess ;as als# dealin3 ;it ;at it 1#nside/ed a 8#/al p/#0le8.J

$eart of Atlanta Motel, *G ".S. at $)*. And 1#2/ts s2/el6 ;#2ld n#t st/i:e

d#;n a la; p/#5idin3 8#ne6 t# feed te 2n3/6 #/ selte/ te #8eless if

it 1#2ld 0e de8#nst/ated tat, 02t f#/ te /eli3i#2s 0eliefs #f te le3islat#/s,

te f2nds ;#2ld n#t a5e 0een app/#5ed.J Ed(ards v. Aguillard, @+$ ".S.

)*+, ?&) &G+* S1alia, ., dissentin3.

M#/e f2nda8entall6, de1la/in3 a la; 5#id 0e1a2se it ade/es t#

t/aditi#nal 8#/al 0eliefs is 1#nt/a/6 t# te f2nda8ental 1#nstit2ti#nal /i3t

#f /eli3i#2s 1itiens t# pa/ti1ipate f2ll6 in te p/#1ess #f self-3#5e/n8ent as

"elievers. e C#nstit2ti#n d#es n#t li1ense 3#5e/n8ent t# t/eat /eli3i#n


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and t#se ;# tea1 #/ p/a1ti1e it . . . as s205e/si5e #f A8e/i1an ideals and

te/ef#/e s20e1t t# 2ni2e disa0ilities.J Mergens,@G? ".S. at $@+4 see also In

re Winshi&, G* ".S. )+, +) &G*( Bla1:, ., dissentin3 des1/i0in3 te

/i3t #f ea1 8an t# pa/ti1ipate in te self-3#5e/n8ent #f is s#1iet6J as

pe/aps te 8#st f2nda8ental li0e/t6 #f #2/ pe#pleJ. N# less tan

8e80e/s #f an6 #te/ 3/#2p, /eli3i#2s A8e/i1ans 82st en#6 te f2ll

8eas2/e #f p/#te1ti#n aff#/ded spee1, ass#1iati#n, and p#liti1al a1ti5it6

3ene/all6.J Mc%aniel v. )aty, @) ".S. ?&+, ?@& &G*+ B/ennan, .,

1#n12//in3 in te 2d38ent. V#te/s 1ann#t'and s#2ld n#t'0e /e2i/ed

t# 1e1: tei/ /eli3i#2s 0eliefs at te d##/ ;en te6 ente/ te p#lls. See id.

at ?@&

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8a6 ali3n #n diffe/ent sides #f te iss2e, 2d3es 1ann#t p/#n#2n1e te

/eli3i#2s 0eliefs #f #ne set #f 5#te/s enli3tened and an#te/ 0eni3ted.

S21 e91l2si#n ;#2ld disenf/an1ise /eli3i#2s 5#te/s ;# ta:e #ne side #f

te de0ate ;ile p/i5ile3in3 t#se ;it te #pp#sin3 5ie;, effe1ti5el6

ta/3etin3 t/aditi#nal /eli3i#2s 0elie5e/s f#/ 2n2s2al 02/dens.

e Esta0lis8ent Cla2se . . . 8a6 n#t 0e 2sed as a s;#/d t# 2stif6

/ep/essi#n #f /eli3i#n #/ its ade/ents f/#8 an6 aspe1t #f p20li1 life.J

Mc%aniel, @) ".S. at ?@(-@& B/ennan, ., 1#n12//in3 in te 2d38ent

1itati#ns #8itted. Citiens #f fait a/e entitled t# /el6 #n tei/ /eli3i#2s

0eliefs in de0atin3 and 8a:in3 de1isi#ns a0#2t i8p#/tant 8atte/s #f p20li1

p#li16. And Ne5adaHs 8a//ia3e a8end8ent and 8a//ia3e la; a/e entitled

t# 0e 2d3ed #n tei/ 8e/its 0ased #n settled /2les #f la;'n#t #n a 8#/e

de8andin3 standa/d 0#/n #f s2spi1i#n t#;a/d /eli3i#n, /eli3i#2s 0elie5e/s,

#/ tei/ 5al2es.

CONCLUSION

Ma//ia3e, 2nde/st##d as te 2ni#n #f #ne 8an and #ne ;#8an,

/e8ains a 5ital and f#2ndati#nal instit2ti#n #f 1i5il s#1iet6. e

3#5e/n8entHs inte/ests in 1#ntin2in3 t# en1#2/a3e and s2pp#/t 8a//ia3e

a/e n#t 8e/el6 le3iti8ate 02t 1#8pellin3. N# #te/ instit2ti#n #ins


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@

t#3ete/ pe/s#ns ;it te nat2/al a0ilit6 t# a5e 1ild/en f#/ te p2/p#se #f

8a9i8iin3 te ;elfa/e #f t#se 1ild/en. N# #te/ instit2ti#n st/i5es t#

ens2/e tat 1ild/en a5e te #pp#/t2nit6 #f 0ein3 /aised in a sta0le

#2se#ld 06 te 8#te/ and fate/ ;# 0/#23t te8 int# te ;#/ld.

"nde/8inin3 te 2s0and-;ife 8a/ital instit2ti#n 06 /edefinin3 it t#

in1l2de sa8e-se9 1#2ples ;ill, in te l#n3 te/8, di/e1tl6 a/8 5ital 1ild-

;elfa/e inte/ests tat #nl6 te 2s0and-;ife definiti#n 1an se12/e. e

/es2lt ;ill 0e 8#/e 8#te/s and fate/s 1#n1l2din3 tat te i3est end #f

8a//ia3e is n#t te ;elfa/e #f tei/ 1ild/en 02t te ad5an1e8ent #f tei/

#;n life 1#i1es. =e :n#;, f/#8 pe/s#nal e9pe/ien1e #5e/ n28e/#2s

de1ades #f 8iniste/in3 t# fa8ilies and 1ild/en, tat still 8#/e f#12s #n

ad2lt /elati#nsips ;ill n#t 0enefit 52lne/a0le 1ild/en. e s#1ietal ills

1a2sed 06 te dete/i#/ati#n #f 2s0and-;ife 8a//ia3e ;ill #nl6 0e

a33/a5ated if te State 1ann#t /ese/5e t# 8a//ia3e its ist#/i1 and still

1e/ised 8eanin3.


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)

DAED tis $+tda6 #f an2a/6, $(&@.

KIRON >MCCONKIE

B6% s8 Ale9ande/ D2s:2Ale9ande/ D2s:2R. Sa;n

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?

CERTIFICATE OF COMPLIANCE ITH T#PE-OLUMELIMITATION T#PEFACE RE?UIREMENTS AND

T#PE ST#LE RE?UIREMENTS

is 0/ief 1#8plies ;it te t6pe-5#l28e li8itati#n #f Fed. R. App. P

$a*B and $G0 0e1a2se it 1#ntains ?G@+ ;#/ds, e91l2din3 te pa/ts #f

te 0/ief e9e8pted 06 Fed. R. App. P. $a*Biii.

is 0/ief 1#8plies ;it te t6pefa1e /e2i/e8ents #f Fed. R. App. P

$a) and te t6pe st6le /e2i/e8ents #f Fed. R. App. P $a? 0e1a2se

tis 0/ief as 0een p/epa/ed in a p/#p#/ti#nall6 spa1ed t6pefa1e 2sin3

Mi1/#s#ft Offi1e =#/d $(&( in &@-P#int B##: Anti2a st6le.

KIRON >MCCONKIE

B6% s8 Ale9ande/ D2s:2Ale9ande/ D2s:2

R. Sa;n

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*

CERTIFICATE OF SERICE

I e/e06 1e/tif6 tat I ele1t/#ni1all6 filed te f#/e3#in3 ;it te Cle/:

#f te C#2/t f#/ te "nited States C#2/t #f Appeals f#/ te Nint Ci/12it 06

2sin3 te appellate CMECF s6ste8 #n an2a/6 $+, $(&@.

I 1e/tif6 tat all pa/ti1ipants in te 1ase a/e /e3iste/ed CMECF 2se/s

and tat se/5i1e ;ill 0e a11#8plised 06 te appellate CMECF s6ste8.

KIRON >MCCONKIE

B6% s8 Ale9ande/ D2s:2Ale9ande/ D2s:2

R. Sa;n

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+

ADDENDUM@STATEMENTS OF INTEREST OF THEAMICI

The "nited States Conference of Catholic #ishops "SCCBJ #/

C#nfe/en1eJ is a n#np/#fit 1#/p#/ati#n, te 8e80e/s #f ;i1 a/e te

Cat#li1 Bis#ps in te "nited States. e "SCCB ad5#1ates and p/#8#tes

te past#/al tea1in3 #f te ".S. Cat#li1 Bis#ps in s21 di5e/se a/eas #f

te nati#nHs life as te f/ee e9p/essi#n #f ideas, fai/ e8pl#68ent and e2al

#pp#/t2nit6 f#/ te 2nde/p/i5ile3ed, p/#te1ti#n #f te /i3ts #f pa/ents and

1ild/en, te san1tit6 #f life, and te nat2/e #f 8a//ia3e. Val2es #f

pa/ti12la/ i8p#/tan1e t# te C#nfe/en1e in1l2de te p/#8#ti#n and defense

#f 8a//ia3e, te p/#te1ti#n #f te Fi/st A8end8ent /i3ts #f /eli3i#2s

#/3aniati#ns and tei/ ade/ents, and te p/#pe/ de5el#p8ent #f te

nati#nHs 2/isp/2den1e #n tese iss2es.

The $ational Association of Evangelicals NAEJ is te la/3est

net;#/: #f e5an3eli1al 12/1es, den#8inati#ns, 1#lle3es, and

independent 8inist/ies in te "nited States. It se/5es @& 8e80e/

den#8inati#ns, as ;ell as n28e/#2s e5an3eli1al ass#1iati#ns, 8issi#ns,

n#np/#fits, 1#lle3es, se8ina/ies, and independent 12/1es. NAE se/5es as

te 1#lle1ti5e 5#i1e #f e5an3eli1al 12/1es, as ;ell as #te/ 12/1-/elated

and independent /eli3i#2s 8inist/ies.


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The Church of %esus Christ of Latter-day SaintsLDS C2/1Jis a

C/istian den#8inati#n ;it #5e/ &@ 8illi#n 8e80e/s ;#/ld;ide.

Ma//ia3e and te fa8il6 a/e 1ent/al t# te LDS C2/1 and its 8e80e/s.

e LDS C2/1 tea1es tat 8a//ia3e 0et;een a 8an and a ;#8an is

#/dained #f

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The Lutheran Church-Missouri Synod is te se1#nd la/3est L2te/an

den#8inati#n in N#/t A8e/i1a, ;it app/#9i8atel6 ?,&)( 8e80e/

1#n3/e3ati#ns ;i1, in t2/n, a5e app/#9i8atel6 $,@((,((( 0aptied

8e80e/s. e S6n#d 0elie5es tat 8a//ia3e is a sa1/ed 2ni#n #f #ne 8an

and #ne ;#8an

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