123 هراـــمش 1397 ید ناــهاــم ییاــمیپاوـه یزاورــپ ... 123...

123

ره ما

ش

139

7 ی

د

ن ها

مای

مایاپی

هوی

واز پر

ل اخ

ه دجل

م

مــاهــان دی 1397 شمـــاره 123 داخــل پــروازی هـواپیمــایی مجـــله Mahan Inflight Magazine January 2019 No.123

www.Mahan.aero Documentary Works

January 2019 Mahan Inflight Magazine14

Proprietor : Mahan Air Co.Under the Supervision of Editorial Boardand Policy CouncilCentral Office:4th Floor, Mahan Air Tower, Azadegan St.,Karaj High-way, Tehran,iranP.O.Box: 14515411Tel: (+98 21) 48386734

Advertisement:Didehban Press GroupMaral SharifTel: (+98 21) 88 65 94 35Fax: (+98 21) 88 65 93 [email protected]

w w w . m a h a n . a e r oTelegram.me/mahanairchannelInstagram.com/fly_mahanair

Mahan Inf l ight Magazine

16 Touring Iran

22 Around the World

26World Movies

30 Science & Technology

www.Mahan.aero

January 2019 Mahan Inflight Magazine 15

In the name of God

Welcome on board. It is a great pleasure having you experience our services today. Mahan Air introduced to aviation industry in 1992

and we are extremely so proud of steadily growing our presence and services over the past 26 years and look forward to exciting years ahead to

continue invest in new aircrafts and new routes with specific focus on offering the highest standards of service and hospitality in the global airline industry

competition.

We consider Mahan Air contribution to the border community across Iran and other places in the world where we are well positioned to make a real difference with providing frequent flight of approximately 4.9 million passengers per year. Today, Mahan Air operates a fleet of more than 60 new Airbus and Boeing aircrafts from Tehran hub to more than 39 routes inside Iran and 50 routes internationally across Europe, Asia, Middle East, Far East and CIS (Commonwealth of Independent States).

To join Mahan Air Frequent Flyer program, a loyalty program offered to our customers to enjoy a range of exclusive privileges and courtesy services (including: lounge access, check-in priority, increased baggage allowance, guaranteed award seats and more) kindly fill the application forms available on our website or you can collect them at Mahan Air check-in counter or even on-board during your flight and immediately start collecting miles with the temporary card and take the advantages. For more information, Please visit (www.mahan.aero) to learn about the card benefits and services.

In addition to facilitate the check in process, Mahan air has provided web check in (online check- in) in most of domestic airports. This service will be operational 24-1.5 hours before flight

We are continually striving to provide high quality service to every one of our valued passengers. Hearing your ideas and feedback on what we do well and where we need to improve is fundamental to this. You can provide your feedback – good or bad – quickly and easily through the online “Feedback Form” that will be sent to you by text. The crew will also be handing out these forms, during your flight.

We would like to thank you over and over for your continued support of Mahan and our services. Please sit back and enjoy our renowned Persian

hospitality. Our crew is friendly, professional & trained and shares a passion for ensuring your journey is as comfortable as possible.

Thank you once again for choosing to fly Mahan Air.

Editorial



The Beautiful Capital of Lorestan Province

Sister cities and twin townsCountry City/State SinceTurkey Afyonkarahisar 2015Japan Yamagata 2013

Khorramabad Bisheh Waterfall



The Beautiful Capital of Lorestan Province

The Capital of Lorestan Province, Khorramabad islocated among the valleys of the Zagros Mountainrangeandas theroadsconnectingTehran-Khuzestanpass through it, it is considered a strategic city.Khorramabad neighbors the cities of Selseleh inthe north, Boroujerd in the northeast, Doroud andAligoudarz in the east, Andimeshk in the south andDourehandPol-eDokhtarinthewestandsouthwest.Khorramabad has Mediterranean climate andexperienceshot,lowhumiditysummersandcold,wetwinters.ThecityhasoneofthehighestlevelsofannualrainfallinIranparticularlyinthespringandwinter.The history of the city dates back to the Elamiteera when it was named Khaidalou. The Sassanids(226-651 CE) founded a city named Shapur-Khaston the ruins of Khiddalou, and Shapur I (215-270CE) built a fortress therewhich is known today asFalak-ol-AflakCastle.GerdabSangi,amanmadepondbuiltfromstoneand

Sarooj(mixoflimeandclay)mortar,andtheShapuri(Shapoori) Bridge are twoof the structures survivedfromSassanidtimes.Shapur-KhastwasdestroyedintheMongolattackandthecurrentcityofKhorramabad,meaning thegreencity,wasfoundedinthe13thcentury.KhorramabadhasseveralhistoricalattractionssuchastheSeljuqera(1038-1118).KhorramabadInscription,which is a government decree in Kufic and PersianscriptstheAkhoundAbuHousewheretheChiefJusticeofthecityoncelived,heardcasesandsettleddisputesandthe30-meterBrickMinaretwhichwasonceusedtoguidecaravansandasawatchtowertoprotectthecity.Khorramabad is famed for its lush landscape fromscenic waterfalls and green valleys to forests, riversandnaturalsprings.Oneofthemostfamousnaturalattractionsofthecityisthe48-meterBishehWaterfallsurroundedbyoaktrees.

BishehWaterfalllocated65kilometersfromKhorramabadisoneofthecharmingwaterfallsinLorestanProvince.ThiswaterfallflowsintheheartoftheZagrosMountainsinKhorramabadCounty.TheheightofBishehWaterfallisabout58metersfromtheriverlevelandcoversanareaabouttwentymeters.ThewaterfallissuppliedbynumerousspringsandflowsintotheSezarRiverafterpassingthroughBishehRailStation.BishehWaterfallwasregisteredasaNationalNaturalHeritageSitein2008.

Bisheh Waterfall


Falak-ol-Aflak Castle

www.Mahan.aero Touring Iran


Falak ol Aflak Castle known as Dezbaz aswell as Shapur-Khast in ancient times, is one of themostimpressivecastlesinIran.ItissituatedonthetopofFalakolAflakHill.TheKhorramabadRiverrunspasttheeasternandsouth-westernsideoftheFalakolAflakHillprovidingthefortresswithanelementofnaturalprotection.ThisgiganticstructurewasbuiltduringtheSassanidera(226–651).Thefoundationsoftheactualcastlemeasureapproximately300metersby400meters.Theheightoftheentirestructure,includingthehill,reachesupto40metersabovethesurroundingarea.Originallythecastleusedtohave12towers,butonly8remainstandingtoday.Falakol-Aflakcastleismadewithdifferentmaterialslikestoneandwoodthatarevulnerabletohumidity.ThatiswhythecastlewasbuiltonthehighestpointofthecityofKhoramabad,sothatthewindcouldpenetratethebuildinganddryitsfoundations.

Falak-ol-Aflak Castle

www.Mahan.aero Touring Iran

Documentary Works

Brick Minaret Brick Minaret is a 900 years old brick tower located beside theancient city of Shapur-khast, south of Khorramabad, LorestanProvince.Itwasbuiltasaguidepostforcaravansinancienttimes.Theminaret isabout30meters tallwitha circumferenceof17.5meters.Insidethetowerthereisaspiralstaircaseof99stairs.

Inscribed Stone In a stone-edged circle nearShari’atiSt.,thereisaninscribedstone from around AD 1150,apparently settingout details oflocalgrazingrights.

Gerdab Sangi Gerdab Sangi is located in TakhtiSquareinKhorramabad,Lorestanandismadeofstonesandplaster.ItdatesbacktotheSassanidera(224-651CE)and is a circular whirlpool built foraccurate and optimal distributionof water. Encircling several springs,the edifice sits near the prehistoricQomri Cave. The constructionwas once used for rationing anddistributingpotableandagriculturalwater among local people andfarmers. Its surrounding cylindricalstonewallhasaheightof10metersandadiameterof18meters.Thereare a few different-sized outletsin the wall for controlling the flowof water into a canal on the westof the structure. While originallytherewere7of suchoutlets, today

only one is functional. This outletmeasures160x90centimetersandopensandcloses likeadrawer.Thewater flowing out of this outlet,after a path of approximately 12kilometers, would eventually makeitswaytoavalleycalledBabaAbbas.

In the vicinity of this valley, andthe location of the ancient city ofShapur-khast, the remnants of anold mill, worked using water fromthesprings,canbeobserved.GerdabSangiwasregisteredontheNationalHeritageListin1976.

Akhund Abu Historical HouseAkhund Abu Historical House, known as “Tourism House” is located inKhorramabadandinthewesternwingofthehistoricalcastleofFalakal-Aflak.Thisbeautifulplacedatesbacktoaround100yearsago.This precious relic is registered in the list of Iran’s national relics with theregistrationnumber2432andisrenovatedbytheCulturalHeritageOrganization.


Qajeh CaveQajeh or Qazheh Cave, alsoknown as the Moghan Cave,is located southeast of MountYafteh and has eye-catchingstalactites and stalagmites. Theentrance of the cave opens intheeastwardandhasarelativelylarge pond with a depth of 1.5meterswherecoldwatergathers.

Golestan SpringSarab-e Golestan or Golestan Spring, known as theEramSpringislocatedattheheartofKhorramabadinFalakolAflakCastle.

Nozhian WaterfallNozhianisa95-meterwaterfalllocated50kilometerssoutheastofKhorramabadontheroadtoQalehGol.

Sezar RiverThisriverislocated65kilometersfromKhorramabadandisagreatplaceforboatrides.

Varak WaterfallVarak Waterfall is actually made of twin 35-meterwaterfalls located 50 kilometers southeast ofKhorramabad.Thewaterfallissurroundedbyoaktrees.

Dousheh Cave DoushehCaveisalivegallerylocatedinKhorramabadandincludes110paintingscarvedbyprimarymenonstonesdatingbacktomorethan8thousandyearsago.

Shapoori Bridge ShapooriBridgeislocatedinsouthernKhorramabad.ThebridgewasusedtoconnectthewesternpartofLorestantotheeast,andthenontoKhuzestanProvinceandTaysafun, the capital cityof theSassanian.Thebridge is312meterslongand10.75metershigh.Ithas28archesand27piles.Theareaofeachpileis61squaremeters,andthedistancebetweenthetwopilesis7.5meters.Fiveofitsarchesareintact;theothershavebeendestroyedbynaturalfactors.Thearchesofthebridgearemadeintheformofawishbone.Thepilesandbreakwatersofthebridgeareintheformofsixlaterallozengesmadeofstone.Probablythebridgealsowasusedtodistributewater.Materialsof thebridgeare river stonesand stone chips in thearchesandtruncatedstones inthepiles.Thebridgefloor ispaved inredblockstonesthathavelosttheirsquareshapeduetoerosion.Thebridgeisregisteredasnumber1058inthelistofIraniannationalmonuments.

Lake Kiu

Gerit Waterfall

LakeKiu(pronouncedliketheletterQ)islocatednorthwestofKhorramabadinKiuPark.Thislakespansaseven-hectareareaandhasadepthof3to7meters.Thereisanamusementparkaswellasotherrecreationalfacilitiesnexttothislake.

Gerit Waterfall also known asSarkaneh or Haft Cheshmeh(Seven Springs) Waterfall islocated50kilometers southeastof Khorramabadon the road toSepid Dasht. The waterfall isclosetoGeritVillageandrequiresaone-hourhiketoreach.



Matera and Plovdiv2019EuropeanCapitalsofCulture

TheEuropeanCapitalofCultureisacitydesignatedbytheEuropeanUnionforaperiodofoneyearduringwhichitisgivenachancetoshowcaseitsculturallifeandculturaldevelopment.AnumberofEuropeancitieshaveusedtheCityofCultureyeartotransformcompletelytheirculturalbaseand,indoingso,thewayinwhichtheyareviewedinternationally.

European Capital of Culture

History


Conceived as a means of bringing citizens ofEuropeanUnion(orEC,asthenwas)closertogether,theEuropeanCityofCulturewas launchedon June13,1985bytheCouncilofMinistersontheinitiativeof the Greek Minister of Culture Melina Mercouri.Since then, the initiative has beenmore andmoresuccessfulamongstEuropeancitizensandhashadagrowing cultural and socio-economic impacton thenumerousvisitorsithasattracted.The European Cities of Culture were designatedon an intergovernmental basis until 2004; theMember States unanimously selected the citiesmostlikelytowelcometheeventandtheEuropeanCommissiongrantedasubsidytotheselectedcityeach year. As of 2005, the EU’s institutions tookpart in the selection procedure of the cities thathost the event. In 1990, theMinisters of Culturelaunched the “European Cultural Month”. Thisevent is similar to the European City of Culture,

butgoesonforashorterperiodand isaddressedto Central and Eastern European countries inparticular. The European Commission grants asubsidy for the European Cultural Month eachyear. As early as 1991, the organizers of thedifferent European Cities of Culture created theNetworkofEuropeanCulturalCapitalsandMonths(ECCM)—enablingtheexchangeanddisseminationof information, also to the organizers of futureevents. This network also carried out in 1994a study on the impact of the European City ofCulture since its creation. ECCM is a non-profitorganization based in Luxembourg and acting inclosecollaborationtotheEuropeanInstitutions.In1999, theEuropeanCityofCulturewas renamedtheEuropeanCapitalofCulture.CorkCity,inIreland,was the first city in Europe to hold the prestigiousCapital of Culture title. Starting in 2005, two citiessharethisstatuseachyear.

History

www.Mahan.aero Around the World



Matera, Italy

The City of CavesMateraisacityintheprovinceofMateraintheregionofBasilicata,inSouthernItaly.ItisthecapitaloftheprovinceofMateraandwasthecapitalofBasilicatafrom1663to1806.ThetownliesinasmallcanyoncarvedoutbytheGravinaRiver.

Knownas"theUndergroundCity"becauseofitsnumerousgreystonehouses,iscarvedoutfromtherock,piledontopofeachother,withroofsthatactasstreets.Manyofthecaveshavebeentransformedintostylishhotelsandrestaurants.SincetheUNESCOdeclareditshistoricalcenter"Sassi" and the Rupestrian Churches park aWorld Heritage site in 1993, visitor numbersare rapidly rising.Matera is one of the oldestcontinuously inhabited cities in the world, itdatesbacktothePaleolithicperiod.In relation to the European Capital of Cultureinitiative,Materawillhavemorethan30millioneurosallocatedtotheconstructionoftheevent.



Matera, Italy

The City of CavesPlovdiv, Bulgaria

The City of the Seven HillsPlovdivisthefirstBulgariancitychosentobeEuropeanCapitalofCulture.In2019,twentyyearsafterthecitywasahostoftheMonthofCulturein1999,itwillcelebratethemostprestigiousculturalinitiativeoftheEuropeanUnion.

The second largest city inBulgaria,afterSofia,Plovdiv is one of themost beautiful towns inEasternEurope.ThereisevidenceofhabitationinPlovdivdatingbacktothe6thmillenniumBCE.ItissaidtobeoneoftheoldestcitiesinEurope.Duringmostof its recordedhistory, Plovdivwasknown in the West by the name Philippopolis;Turkish:Filibe;"Philip'sTown".PhilipIIofMacedonconquered the city in the 4th century BCE. Thecity was originally a Thracian settlement andsubsequently was invaded by Persians, Greeks,Celts, Romans, Goths, Huns, Bulgars, Slavs, Ruspeople,Crusaders,andTurks.On4January1878,Plovdivwas liberated fromOttoman ruleby theRussian army. It remained within the bordersof Bulgaria until July of the same year, when itbecamethecapitaloftheautonomousOttomanregion of Eastern Rumelia. In 1885, Plovdiv andEasternRumeliajoinedBulgaria.Plovdiv is situated in a fertile regionof south-centralBulgariaonthetwobanksoftheMaritsaRiver. The city has historically developed onseven syenite hills, some of which are 250meters (820 feet) high. Because of these hills,Plovdiv isoftenreferred to inBulgariaas"TheCityoftheSevenHills".

1.PlovdivOldTown2.PlovdivRomanTheatre(ancientruins)3.HistoricalandHeritagesites

www.Mahan.aero


World Movies

The film explores the turbulent life of the charismatic Mary Stuart. Queen of France at 16 and widowed at 18, Mary defies pressure to remarry. Instead, she returns to her native Scotland to reclaim her rightful throne. But Scotland and England fall under the rule of the compelling Elizabeth I. Determined to rule as much more than a figurehead, Mary asserts her claim to the English throne, threatening Elizabeth’s sovereignty. Betrayal, rebellion, and conspiracies within each court imperil both thrones - and change the course of history.

A new film that shows Mary, Queen of Scots meeting rival English queen Elizabeth I has been criticized for its historical inaccuracies.Dr. Paranque,the historian, whospecializes in Elizabeth I, said the meeting between the two queens never happened.The film shows Mary meeting her cousin Elizabeth, who eventually signed the Scots queen’s death warrant.Dr. Estelle Paranque said not only did they not meet, but they were rivals from the start, with Mary seeing Elizabeth as her inferior. And the initial friendship depicted in the trailer never existed.Mary was born at Linlithgow Palace

Mary Queen of Scots

in 1542 and became queen when her father died soon after her birth.However, Mary was taken to France in 1548 and Scotland was ruled by regents.She returned in 1561 to begin her reign as Queen of Scots but was forced to abdicate in favor of her one-year-old son James after six tumultuous years. After an unsuccessful attempt to regain the throne, Mary fled to England seeking the protection of

her cousin. Mary had once claimed Elizabeth’s throne as her own and was considered the legitimate sovereign by many English Catholics.She said: “A historical fiction does not have to be 100% accurate, however, I think when we know things that happened we have to keep it because otherwise where do we draw the line? It is not an historical movie any more, it is just fiction.”

Genres: Biography, Drama, History Director: Josie Rourke Cast: Margot Robbie, Saoirse Ronan, David Tennant, Gemma Chan, Guy Pearce



Ben Is Back

The movie follows the charming yet troubled Ben Burns, who returns home to his unsuspecting family one fateful Christmas Eve. Ben’s wary mother Holly Burns, welcomes her beloved son’s return, but soon learns he is still very much in harm’s way. During the 24 hours that may change their lives forever, Holly must do everything in her power to avoid the family’s downfall.

Spider-Man: Into the Spider-Verse

“Spider-Man: Into the Spider-Verse” introduces Brooklyn teen Miles Morales, and the limitless possibilities of the Spider-Verse, where more than one can wear the mask.

Roma

A story that chronicles a year in the life of a middle-class family in Mexico City in the early 1970s. The film’s events take place in 1970 and 1971, predominantly in Mexico City. Cleo is a maid in the household of Sofia, her husband Antonio, their three young children, Sofia’s mother, Teresa, and another maid, Adela. Antonio, a doctor, returns from a conference in Quebec. Among scenes of Cleo’s life with the family – her cleaning, cooking, taking the kids to and from school, serving them meals, putting the kids to bed and waking them up – it becomes clear that Sofia and Antonio’s marriage is strained.

Genre: Drama Director: Peter Hedges Cast: Julia Roberts, Lucas Hedges, Courtney B. Vance, Kathryn Newton, Rachel Bay Jones

Genres:Animation, Action, Adventure Directors: Bob Persichetti, Peter Ramsey, Rodney RothmanCast: Nicolas Cage, Hailee Steinfeld, Jake Johnson, Liev Schreiber, John Mulaney

Genre: Drama Director: Alfonso Cuarón Cast: Yalitza Aparicio, Marina de Tavira, Marco Graf, Diego Cortina Autrey, Carlos Peralta



Set in 1930s London, which is the time period of the original novel by P.L. Travers. The story follows Michael and Jane Banks, who are now grown up. Michael is living with his three children and housekeeper Ellen, in the house on Cherry Tree Lane. After Michael has a personal loss, Mary Poppins comes back into the lives of the Banks family. Through her unique magical skills, and with the aid of her friend Jack, she helps the family rediscover the joy and wonder missing in their lives.

Arthur Curry learns that he is the heir to the underwater kingdom of Atlantis, and must step forward to lead his people and be a hero to the world. Arthur Curry is the reluctant ruler of Atlantis and King of the Seven Seas, who finds himself caught between a surface world constantly ravaging the sea and Atlanteans looking to lash out in revolt, but committed to protecting the entire globe. Aquaman is born half-human as Arthur Curry and half-Atlantean.

On the run in the year 1987, Bumblebee finds refuge in a junkyard in a small Californian beach town. Charlie on the cusp of turning 18 and trying to find her place in the world, discovers Bumblebee, battle-scarred and broken. When Charlie revives him, she quickly learns this is no ordinary, yellow bug. They learn that Bee isn’t the only Transformer on Earth, and that the others might not be friendly.

Mary Poppins Returns

Bumblebee

Aquaman

Genres: Family, Fantasy, Musical Director: Rob Marshall Cast: Emily Blunt, Meryl Streep, Colin Firth, Angela Lansbury

Genres: Action, Adventure, Fantasy Director: James Wan Cast: Amber Heard, Jason Momoa, Nicole Kidman, Patrick Wilson

Genres: Action, Adventure, Sci-Fi Director: Travis Knight Cast: Justin Theroux, Hailee Steinfeld, Angela Bassett, Kenneth Choi, John Cena, Pamela Adlon



There are three stories in the anthology: Kanini & Kanino, Life Ain’t Gonna Lose, and Invisible. Together, the stories explore ideas of heroism in their own unique way, fully utilizing the infinite visual and storytelling potential of the short film format.

Alex is a young boy who is picked on at school and does not appear to be very special at all. However, that soon changes when he finds and pulls King Arthur’s famous sword Excalibur and discovers that he is destined to form a new round table for an upcoming battle he must face. So a band of young kids embark on an epic quest to thwart a medieval menace.

The film is described as an “emotional tribute to two of the funniest men (Stan Laurel and Oliver Hardy) in movie history”.“Stan & Ollie” tells the true story of the legendary double act, focusing on their journey around Britain and Ireland in what would become the pair’s triumphant farewell tour. Despite the pressure of a hectic schedule, the pair’s love of performing, as well as love for each other and support from their wives, endures as they secure their place in the hearts of their fans.

Modest Heroes

Stan & Ollie

The Kid Who Would be King

Genres: Adventure, AnimationDirector: Hiromasa YonebayashiCast: Maggie Q

Genres: Adventure, Family, Fantasy Director: Joe Cornish Cast: Rebecca Ferguson, Tom Taylor, Patrick Stewart, Jake Greenlee

Genres: Biography, Drama, True Story Director: Jon S. Baird Cast: Steve Coogan, John C. Reilly, Stephanie Hyam


The discovery of organic molecules suggests that ancient conditions on Mars may have supported life.Scientists say there are three possible ways the organic material was created.The first one would be life, which we don’t know about. The second would be meteorites. And the last one is geological processes, meaning the rock-forming processes themselves.NASA announced that Curiosity also discovered sharp seasonal increases in methane gas in the Martian atmosphere. This could also support the case for life. Ninety-five percent of the methane gas found in Earth’s atmosphere is produced by biological activity. Methane can come from animal and plant life, as well as the environment.However, researchers said it is too early to know if the

methane on Mars is related to life. This is because the gas - just like organic molecules - can also be formed by geological processes. The U.S. government estimated it has spent more than $75 billion on building and supporting the International Space Station. After the space shuttle program ended in 2011, the U.S. has paid Russia to transport its astronauts to the space station.The first piece of the International Space Station was launched in 1998 and was completely finished in 2011. It has been used to collect information and carry out many experiments.NASA is already in talks with private companies about possibly taking over the space station after 2025. But any changes would have to be agreed to by the other 21 nations involved in the project.

On Mars, NASA Finds ‘Organic’ Substances Linked to LifeScientists reported that NASA’s Curiosity rover found large amounts of organic molecules in 3.5 billion-year-old rock in an area called Gale Crater. The area on Mars is believed to have once contained a large lake.




Water Is Buried Beneath Mars’ Surface, Study SaysA study suggests a huge lake of salty water appears to be buried deep in Mars, raising the possibility of finding life on the red planet.

The discovery is based on observations by a European spacecraft. Water is necessary for life, and scientists have long hoped to prove that it is present on Mars.Researchers are not yet sure how deep the area of water is. So, they cannot say whether it is an underground pool, an aquifer-like body, or just an area of soft, wet soil.To find the water, Italian researchers examined radar signals. The signals were collected over three years by the European Space Agency’s Mars Express spacecraft. The results suggest that a 20-kilometer-wide water body lies below ice that is 1.5 kilometers thick. They believe the area is close to the planet’s southern pole.Researchers spent at least two years examining the data to make sure they had found water, and not ice or another

substance.Mars is very cold, but salt in the water may have kept it from freezing. It is the same as when you put salt on a road to prevent ice from forming.“This water would be extremely cold, right at the point where it’s about to freeze. And it would be salty.”Such conditions are not ideal for life to form. But there are bacteria on Earth that have been able to survive in similar conditions.The planet may have other hidden bodies of water, waiting to be discovered.Mars has been a popular planet for exploration, with some groups placing instruments on its surface and others examining it from space. In May, NASA launched another spacecraft, the InSight Mars lander. It will dig under the surface after it reaches a flat area of the planet in November 2018.

Wild animals are known to listen to each other for warnings that predators are near. Some birds, for example, flee when neighbors make a loud noise to announce a snake’s presence.We knew before that some animals can translate the meanings of other species’ ‘foreign languages,’ but we did not know how that ‘language learning’ came about.Birds have several ways of learning life skills. Some knowledge is genetically passed by their parents and some comes from direct experience with the world.Now scientists are exploring a third kind of knowledge: information from peers.Scientists carried out the study in U.S National Botanic Gardens in Canberra. They attached to their bodies specially-designed, sound-producing equipment called “tweeter speakers.” They wanted to see if fairy wrens would react to sounds of other birds even if they could not see them.The scientists first played the birds two recorded sounds that they likely had never heard before. One was a warning cry of an allopatric chestnut-rumped thornbill, a bird not native to Australia. The other was a computer-generated bird sound

called “buzz.”When the 16 fairy wrens in the study first

Scientistshavediscoveredthatbirdscanlearntorecognizealarmcallsofotherspecies,essentiallybylearningtoeavesdropinasecondlanguage.TheAustraliansongbirdcalledthefairywrenisn’tbornknowingotherbirds’chirps,butitcanlearntorecognizeafew“words.”

Birds Learn Each Other’s Languages by Listening, Experts Say

heard the sounds, they had no special reaction.The scientists then tried to train half the birds to recognize the thornbill’s cry as a warning sound. They tried to train the other half of the birds to recognize the computer-generated “buzz” as a warning call.They did so by playing the sounds in addition to other noises that the birds already knew as warnings. These included the fairy wrens’ own threat call.After three days, the scientists tested what the birds had learned — and their students passed the test.The fairy wrens trained with the thornbill’s cry, fled when they heard it. The group trained with the buzz, fled when they heard that sound. Neither group reacted to the sound taught to the other.Twelve of the 16 birds fled every time the researchers played their given sound. The other four birds fled at two-thirds or more of the playbacks. Until this study, we had limited knowledge about how an animal learns what calls from other species actually mean,” Templeton said.What this new study does is remove the predator entirely. It shows that these birds can learn to associate new sounds with danger, without having to learn [them] through trial and error,” he added.

Science & Technology

December 2018 Mahan Inflight Magazine32

www.Mahan.aero

طواحيــن دزفــول التــي تعمــل بالنواعيــر المائيــة هــي مــن معالــم الحضارة األثريــة المعماريــة والســياحية التــي تشــتهر بهــا دزفول.

يعود تاريخ انشاء هذه الطواحين الى ما قبل اكثر من 5000 سنة.هــذه الطواحيــن المائيــة الموجــودة اليــوم فــي دزفــول كانــت فــي ماضــي األيــام مجموعــة عــن منشــآت مائيــة عظيمة تســتخدم كطواحين وســدود

مائية.الدراســات التــي أجريــت علــى عينــات مــن المواد االنشــائية المســتخدمة فــي بنــاء هــذه الطواحيــن وكذلك ارتباطهــا بالجريان المســتمر لميــاه نهر »دز«، تــدّل علــى ان بنــاء هــذه المنشــآت علــى هــذا النهــر يعــود الــى بدايات تأســيس الســالة الساســانية. كما توّســعت هــذه المنشــآت المائية فــي المراحــل الاحقــة لتوســيع المدينــة ووفقاً للتطــورات وحاجة الســكان

العصرية.كمــا أن الخلفيــة التاريخيــة لهذه المنشــآت ترتبط بالبناء المعماري لجســر دزفــول الــذي يعــود هــو اآلخــر الــى العهــد الساســاني، بيــد ان معظــم مــا تبقــى الــى اليــوًم من هــذه المنشــآت المائيــة والمتواجــدة في ثاثــة أجزاء

مــن نهــر »دز« يعــود الــى العصريــن الصفــوي والقاجاري.ــا النمــط المعمــاري لهــذه الطواحيــن المائيــة فمســتلهم مــن النمــط أّمالمعمــاري المحلــي المألــوف في دزفول، وتم انشــاؤها بشــكل متماســك

ومتجانس.يبلــغ ارتفــاع الغــرف الصغيــرة لهــذه الطوحيــن حتــى قــاع النهــر، نحــو 4 أمتــار، وبنيــت علــى شــكل ســفينة وتقــارن حــركات ودوران اجزائهــا

بشــكل متتابــع؛ ممــا يســاعد فــي تنظيــم درجــات ضغــط المــاء.بنيــت طواحيــن دزفــول المائيــة جنبــاً على جنب وعلى شــكل ســّد يوصل المــاء الــى األماكــن المرســومة لها. الجــزء االول هــو هذه المنشــآت المائية

المتبقيــة الــى اليــوم وهــي عبــارة عــن طواحين كانــت تقطع عــرض النهر، وتربــط الجهــة الغربيــة للنهــر بالجهــة الشــرقية فضــًا عــن أنهــا كانــت

تعمــل علــى رفع منســوب الميــاه أو تقليلــه لعمليــة الــري او الزراعة.هــذا النظــام المعتمــد عليه للــري كان نظامــاً متطــوراً في العهد الساســاني، ـ »فن االنســان«، والــذي ذكــره »رومــن غريشــمن« فــي كتابــه المعنون بــقائــًا إن هــذا النظــام كان مــن أقــدم نظــم الــرّي فــي العالــم حيــث يعــود ــده ــذي تؤي ــر ال ــت، األم ــنة خل ــو 1400 و1500 س ــى نح انشــاؤه ال

الدراســات واألبحــاث الجديــدة التــي أجريــت بهــذا الشــأن.فــي هــذا وســط النهــر وعلــى إحــدى الفوهــات، تطالعنــا بقايا طــاق عظيم ــى شــيء ــذي ان دّل عل ــر ال ــانية؛ األم ــواس الساس ــان واألق يشــبه الطيقفانمــا يــدل علــى رغبــة الملــوك الساســانيين في بنــاء مثل هــذه العمــارة، ويحتمــل ان يكــون هــذا الطــاق مــن بقايــا منــزل يعــود الــى قائــد او أميــر

ساساني.كانــت هــذه الطواحيــن فــي ماضي العصــور تتألــف من حجريــن متجزئين، حيــث كان القســم الســفلي او الحجر الســفلي ثابتاً، فيمــا كان الحجر العلوي يتحــرك بأثــر ضغــط ميــاه النهــر علــى عجلــة الطاحــون، التــي بدورهــا

تطحــن القمح.فــي العصــر الصفــوي، كان عــدد هــذه الطواحيــن المائيــة بيــن 50 الى 60

طاحونــة، غيــر ان عــدداً كبيــراً منها تهــّدم جــراء الفيضانات الموســمية.ومــع كل هــذا، ظــل أهالــي دزفــول يســتخدمون معظــم هــذه الطواحيــن النتــاج مــا يحتاجــون اليــه مــن الدقيــق وحتــى بدايــات العهــد البهلــوي الثانــي، بيــد أن ظهــور تقنيــات حديثــة مثــل مصانــع إنتــاج الدقيــق، جعل هــذه الطواحيــن التقليدية تفقــد بريقها الســابق ومكانتهــا األولــى وصارت

فــي طــّي النســيان.

طواحين دزفول المائية

كان دانيــال مــن أنبيــاء بنــي اســرائيل ومــن أحفــاد نبــي اهلل داوود )ع(، وعــاش فــي القــرن الســابع قبــل الميــاد.

كلمة »دانيال« في اللغة العبرية تعني »اهلل يحكمني«.كان النبي دانيال معاصراً للملك كوروش وموضع عنايته واهتمامه.

فــي ســنة 655 قبــل الميــاد، وقــع النبــي دانيــال اســيراً بأيــدي جنــود الملــك البابلــي »نبوخــذ نصــر« وأودع الســجن فــي باط هــذا الملك، بيــد أن النبــي دانيــال عــرف علــوم الكلدانييــن فــي مملكتهــم وأتقــن

اللغــة المقدســة وســبقهم فــي الحكمة.ــة أمــا الحــادث االول الــذي أذاع صيــت النبــي دانيــال وأكســبه مكانمرموقــة لديهــم فيعــود الــى تفســيره لألحــام؛ وبذلــك بلــغ هــذا النبي رســالته ونــال مكانــة خاصــة عنــد الملــك. ولــم يلبــث حتــى هاجــر النبــي دانيــال )ع( بصحبــة عــدد مــن اليهــود الــى ايــران وســكن فــي

مدينــة شــوش، حيــث وافتــه المنيــة.يقــع مرقــد النبــي دانيــال )ع( علــى هضبــة »ارك« وفــي الضفة الشــرقية

ــاوور«. لنهر »شــة ــد فهــي مخروطي ــة المرق ــا قب ــد يتضمــن ســاحتين؛ أم ــى المرق مبنــاري ــط المعم ــن النم ــوع م ــذا الن ــلٌم، وه ــا س ــكل يعلوه الشــة. ــذه المنطق ــي ه ــوف ف ــاب مأل ــاص بالقب الخ

امــا حجــر ضريــح النبــي دانيــال فهــو مغطــى بأحجــار صفــراء قديمــة لــم يكتــب عليهــا شــيء او نقــش. كمــا يوجــد فــي تحت هــذه البقعــة، قبــو يبلــغ ارتفاعــه 1/80 متــراً فيمــا يصل عرضــه وطولــه 3و7 أمتــار. امــا الضريــح فهــو مبنــي

مــن الحديــد.ــال ــي داني ــح النب ــو ضري ــذي يعل ــد ال ــقف المرق ســرة ــات صغي ــه فوه ــد في ــا، وتوج ــرف بالمراي مزخ

معبــأة علــى هــذه القبــة الثمانيــة األضــاع لانــارة.ــا ــك جدرانه ــح وكذل ــا الضري ــي فيه ــة الت الغرفــي ــا ف ــم صبغه ــة ت ــة جــص قديم مكســوة بطبقالمراحــل الاحقــة. جديــر بالذكــر أن النبــي دانيــال )ع( كان وال يــزال موضــع اهتمــام باقــي

ــده ــزور مرق ــان؛ وي األديــر مــن ســنويًا عــدد كبي

ــاء ــن أرج ــياح م الســران وخارجهــا من ايوغيــر المســلمين

ــلمين. المس

ــة ــاالت االيراني ــر الش ــن اكب ــد م ــو واح هــي ــال زاغــرس وف ــي جب ــة ف ــا الواقع واجملهــة تســمى شــوي التابعــة لقضــاء دزفــول. قرييقــع شــال شــوي علــى مقربــة مــن محافظــة

لرستان.

يبلــغ ارتفــاع الشــال نحــو 85 متــراً وعرضه 70 متــراً.

فــي الطريــق الذي يمشــي فيــه الســياح صوب شــال شــوي، يطالعهــم عــدد مــن الشــاالت الصغيــرة وكذلــك ينابيــع مــاء بــاردة وعذبــة

فــي غايــة الجمــال. وبالقرب من شــال شــوي، يوجــد شــال كبيــر آخــر ويطلــق عليــه فــي بعــض األحيــان »شــال شــوي الثانــي« الــذي يعــّد مكانــًا مناســبًا وآمنــًا للســباحة فيه قياســًا

بشــال شــوي األصلــي.

مرقد نبي هللا دانيال )ع(

شالل شوي

ــة ــي مدين ــة ف ــوش التاريخي ــة ش ــع قلع تقشــوش بمحافظــة خوزســتان؛ وهــي مــن المعالــم االثريــة التــي يعــود بناؤها الــى العصر

ــاري. القاجــة ــك بالقلع ــرف كذل ــي تع ــة الت ــذه القلع هالفرنســية، تــم بناؤهــا فــي عــام 1897 للميــاد، فــوق أعلــى منطقــة بمدينة شــوش، ــول ــة دزف ــو مدين ــتخدم معماري ــث اس حيــا ــن بقاي ــوذ م ــوق المأخ ــن الطاب ــًا م انواعقصــر داريــوش )داريــوس( وكذلــك أعــداد كبيــرة مــن الطابــوق المنحــوت عليهــا بالخط المســماري والعائــد الــى معبــد تشــغازنبيل، وبنــوا هــذه القلعــة بالقــرب مــن قصــر

»آكروبــول«.المهنــدس والمصمــم المعمــاري لقعلــة شــوش هــو »جــاك دمورغــن« الفرنســي الــذي بناهــا علــى هضبــة أثريــة بالقــرب مــن مرقــد نبــي اهلل دانيــال )ع(، وذلــك إلقامــة علمــاء اآلثــار

الفرنســيين فيهــا.ــبه ــى شــكل ش ــذه عل ــة ه ــم القلع ــم تصمي ت

المنحــرف، حيــث تقــع قاعدتــه الصغيــرة فــي الجهــة الشــمالية. يحيــط بالقلعــة دهليــز وعدد مــن الغــرف التي تفتــح نوافذهــا على الســاحة.ــاءات؛ ــا فن ــط بهم ــة لهــا ســاحتان وتحي القلعــي ــة ف ــاع األوروبي ــبه الق ــا تش ــا جعله ممالقــرون الوســطى. الســاحة الثانيــة اكثــر ارتفاعــًا مــن الســاحة األولــى؛ كمــا توجــد في

ــان. ــة قاعت ــاحة الثاني ــو الس قبــي ــتخدمة ف ــة المس ــائية األصلي ــادة االنش المبنــاء جــدران قلعــة شــوش هــي الطــوب تعلــوه طبقــة مــن أنــواع الطابــوق تعــود الــى شــتى

ــران. ــي اي ــة ف األدوار التاريخيواثــر عمليــات االكتشــاف التــي أجريــت علــى هضبــة القلعــة، عثــر علمــاء اآلثــار علــى

ــة ــال »الملك ــا تمث ــن بينه ــة م ــياء قديم أشنابيــر استوســتون« المعــروف، وزجــاج شــوش ــش ــي ونق ــون الحمص ــهير بالل ــاري الش الفخــي. ــك حموراب ــك شــريعة المل لوعــل وكذل

ــة شــوش يمكــن ــن األقســام األخــرى لقلع ماالشــارة الــى غرفــة زجاجيــة صغيــرة تعــرف بالقبعــة االفرنجيــة، وبــرج علــى شــكل أســطوانه يقــع فــي غــرب القلعة كان يســتخدم كبــرج الحمامــة وكذلــك بــرج يتوســط

ــاحة. السقلعــة شــوش وبســبب االســتخدام الوفيــر ــن ــوق خاصــة تلــك التــي تتزي ــواع الطاب ألنبالنقــوش البــارزة علــى أبعاد مختلفــة والنقوش المينائيــة، تســمى »متحــف الطابــوق« أيضــًا.

الســدود االيرانيــة ذات ســد دز هــو اول المتعــددة. األغــراض

يقــع هــذا الســد علــى نهــر »دز« علــى بعــد 23 كيلومتــراً شــمال شــرق قضــاء انديمشــك

بمحافظــة خوزســتان.ينبــع نهــر دز مــن الميــاه الجاريــة فــي مرتفعــات أشــتران كــوه وقالــي كــوه وكذلك

ــرس. ــال زاغ ــن جب ــزء م جــرة ــاك بحي ــكلت هن ــد دز، تش ــاء س ــع بن ميبلــغ طولهــا 65 كيلومتــراً، وتســتوعب 3/3

ــاء. ــن الم ــب م ــر مكع ــارات مت ملييرمــي بنــاء هــذا الســد الــى تفــادي الفيضانات الســنوية الهدامــة التــي كانــت تجــرف أراضي زراعيــة وتوقــع خســائر فادحــة. كمــا أن ــة ــوارد المائي ــم الم ــه تنظي ــن بنائ ــدف م الهلعمليــة الــري والزراعــة وتوفيــر الطاقــة

ــاء. ــاج الكهرب ــة النت الضروريــن الخرســانة المســلحة وذو ــي م ســد دز مبنــه ــغ ارتفاع ــكل، ويبل ــي الش ــن قوس جداري203 أمتــار . كان هــذا الســد يعتبــر فــي زمن

ــم ارتفاعــًا. ــه ســادس الســدود فــي العال بنائســد دز ونظــراً المتاكــه للجاذبيــات الطبيعيــة وكذلــك وجــود مــا يزد عــن ســتة كيلومترات مــن األنفــاق الطبيعيــة الــى خصصــت لحركــة الســيارات، يعــّد أحــد األقطاب الســياحية على ــده ــث يتفق ــتان، حي ــة خوزس ــد محافظ صعيســنويًا عــدد كبيــر مــن الســياح خاصــة فــي

ايــام عيــد رأس الســنة االيرانيــة )النيــروز(.تعيــش فــي ســد دز انــواع مــن األســماك مثل الســلمون المرقط والــكارب والشــص وغيرها.

سد دز

قلعة شوش )سوس(

السياحة في ايرانمحافظة خوزستان

ــرب ــوب غ ــي جن ــتان ف ــة خوزس ــع محافظ تقــر ــي ونه ــج الفارس ــى الخلي ــل عل ــران وتط ايــة ــا مدين ــرب(، ومركزه ــط الع ــد رود )ش أرون

ــواز. اههــذه المحافظــة هــي مركــز اســتخراج النفــط في

ايران.وخوزســتان واحــدة مــن المحافظــات التــي تكبــدت خســائر فادحــة طــوال الســنوات الثمانــي للحــرب التــي فرضهــا النظــام العراقــي البعثــي البائــد علــى الجمهوريــة االســامية فــي ــم ــي الغاش ــزو العراق ــبب الغ ــد تس ــران. لق ايلبعــض المناطــق فــي هــذه المحافظــة واحتالهــا

ــي ــة والقصــف الجــوي والصاروخ ــرة طويل لفتــة ــارات الجوي ــك الغ ــا، وكذل ــتمر لمدنه المســى مــدن هــذه المحافظــة ــة المتعــددة عل والبريــنكرد ــزه وسوس ــتان وهوي ــول وبس ــل دزف مثواهواز وشــوش وشــادكان وانديمشــك ومناطق اخــرى كثيــرة فيهــا، كل ذلــك تســبب بايقــاع خســائر كثيــرة فــي األرواح والثــروات والمــوارد ــة ــة االقتصادي ــى التحتي ــك البن ــة وكذل الطبيعي

ــة. ــذه المحافظ ــي ه ــة ف ــة واالجتماعي والثقافيكمــا يتعمق فــي ناســها الصفــاء واأللفــة والحنان والمحبــة والعواطــف الجياشــة والتــي يتســم بها

ــي الجنوب. أهال

عرفــت خوزســتان ومنــذ القــدم بحضارتــه العريقــة والطاقــات الكامنــة الغزيــرة كمــا شــهد

ــك. ــخ ذل ــا التاري لهــول ــو أط ــر »كارون« وه ــتان نه ــي خوزس وفواكبــر نهــر فــي ايــران حيــث يبلــغ طولــه 850 كيلومتــراً، وينبــع مــن جبــال بختيــاري، حيــث يطــوي فــي ســيرة الطويــل طرقــًا ملتويــة عــدة، ــروراً ــان م ــده رود« بأصفه ــر »زاين ــروي نه ويبمحافظتي تشــهار محــال وبختياري وخوزســتان ــر ــي. جدي ــج الفارس ــي الخلي ــراً ف ــب أخي ويصبالذكــر أن كارون هــو النهــر الوحيــد فــي ايــران

الــذي يصلــح لإلبحــار وارتيــاد الســفن فيــه.

123 هراـــمش 1397 ید ناــهاــم ییاــمیپاوـه یزاورــپ ... 123...

Documents