160219 edanz utsunomiya (pm)

Trevor Lane, PhD Julian Tang, PhD

Author Success Workshop:

Writing a Research Paper with Impact

Utsunomiya University

19 February 2016

S

Be an effective communicator

Your goal is not only to be published, but also to be widely read and cited

Preparing well for academic publishing

Selecting the best journal

Developing your writing skills

Logically communicating your ideas in your manuscript

Promoting your research


Section 1

Skills needed on the path to publication success

Preparation

Journal Selection

Writing

Submission

Peer Review

Publication Success

• Training in reading papers, ethics, writing, presenting

• Expert Scientific Review

• Expert Scientific Review

• Journal Selection & submission strategy

• Training in ethics, writing, presenting

• Revising • Editing • Reformatting

• Training in ethics, writing

• Editing • Abstract

Development • Cover Letter

Development • Reviewer

Recommendation

• Training in navigating peer review

• Review Editing • Point-by-point

checking • Response

Letter Development

• Reformatting

• Press release, news writing

• Media & presentation training

• Training for early career researchers

• Training in writing grant proposals

• Grant proposal editing

Patenting Engagement

Coverage and Staffing Plan Prepare well

Why English?

International language of academia & research (& business, policy, diplomacy…)

International reputation

Career advancement

Overseas collaborations

Why publish in English?

Maximum exposure/use

Work abroad; conferences

Coverage and Staffing Plan Prepare well Writing a manuscript

S

My manuscript is a written record of my findings

My findings speak for themselves, even if the manuscript is written poorly

Good English means only grammar and spelling

Using complex words makes my writing more impressive

Your manuscript is to communicate your findings to your research & academic communities

You need a well-written manuscript to effectively communicate your findings

Keep things simple – Using complex words makes your writing more difficult to understand

Good English means clear, concise arguments; logical organization; & high readability


Increase impact

High quality research

Logical, engaging, useful message

Original and novel research

Well-designed, well-reported,

transparent study News value, importance, timeliness

What editors want

High scientific & technical quality, appropriate & clear methods,

sound research & publication ethics

High readability & interest; clear, real-

world relevance

Impact factor (past 2 years) = No. of citations / No. of articles


Research Article (Original Article)

Short Communication (Research Note)

Case Study Technical Note Review Article Letter to the Editor

Brief report about a specific finding

Most common; full-length paper

Brief report about a specific situation

Brief report about a new methodology

Summary of recent advances in a field

Brief discussion about a published article; may contain research findings (= Research Letter)

Types of articles

Select your journal early!

Coverage and Staffing Plan Prepare well Use reporting guidelines

PRISMA Systematic reviews &

Meta-analyses

STROBE Observational studies

CARE Case reports

CONSORT Randomized controlled trials

ARRIVE Animal studies

http://www.equator-network.org/

QOREC Qualitative studies


Logically organize your ideas; adhere

to journal guidelines

Communicate well in English

Factors to consider when writing a manuscript

Importance of planning

Draft outline & abstract/title; Draft & revise

manuscript

Edit manuscript & finalize

abstract/title


Submissions

Plagiarism

Data manipulation

Authorship

Submit to only one journal at a time; do not republish the same paper; no salami

Paraphrase and cite all sources

Do not fabricate or falsify data; do not manipulate parts of images

Study design or data acquisition/analysis; Writing/revising; Approval; Accountable

Publication ethics

Funding & COIs Disclose any funding and financial/personal

relationships

Safety Humans: Approval, signed consent, privacy;

animal and environmental safety

Committee on Publication Ethics, COPE


Choose your journal early!

Author guidelines • Manuscript structure • Word limits, References • Procedures, Copyright

Aims and scope • Topics • Readership • Be sure to emphasize

• Learn writing style • Check relevant references • Check originality, importance & usefulness!


Section 2

Journal selection Evaluating impact

How new/important are your findings? How strong is the evidence?

Incremental or large advance? Low or high impact journal

Novelty

Assess your findings honestly & objectively

New algorithm for predicting profits of crop production Medium to high impact factor journal Improve the accuracy of an existing algorithm • Low to medium impact factor journal

Journal selection Evaluating impact

How broadly relevant are your findings? International or regional journal

General or specialized journal

Relevance/Application

Assess your findings honestly & objectively

Aims & scope, Readership

Journal selection Factors to consider when choosing a journal

Aims & scope, Readership

Publication speed/frequency

Online/Print, Open access

Indexing, Rank, Impact factor

Acceptance rate/criteria

Article type / evidence level

“Luxury” / Traditional / Megajournal

Online first, Supplemental materials, Cost, Copyright

Cascading review, Fast track

Journal selection Publication models

Subscription-based

• Mostly free for the author • Reader has to pay

Open access • Free for the reader • Author usually has to pay

Hybrid • Subscription-based journal • Has open access options

Journal selection Open access models

Green

• Can self-archive accepted version in personal, university, or repository website

• May allow final version to be archived

• May have embargo period before self-archiving is allowed

Gold • Free for public on publication • Author might keep © but may

pay (e.g., US$1000–3000)

Journal selection Open access myths

Open access (OA) is expensive and low quality

• Not all OA journals charge a fee

• Many research grants and universities pay for OA fees

• Journals may offer waiver for authors who cannot afford it

• OA journals are peer reviewed

• Impact factors may be lower partly because they are newer

Journal selection Predatory journals

Some Open Access journals are not good

Easy way to get money from authors

• Promise quick and easy publication • Often ask for a “submission/handling” fee • May copy name of real journal; false IF • May not exist, or may be of low quality • Beware of spam e-mails!

If you are ever unsure, please check Beall’s List of Predatory Publishers

http://scholarlyoa.com/2016/01/05/bealls-list-of-predatory-publishers-2016/

Journal selection

Reputable publisher Springer, Elsevier, Wiley, PLOS, etc.

Editorial board International and familiar

Indexed Indexed by common databases

Authors Do you recognize the authors?

Fees Paid only after acceptance

Trustworthy journals

Journal selection

THINK Trusted and appropriate?

SUBMIT Only if OK

thinkchecksubmit.org

CHECK Do you know the journal?

Trustworthy journals

Journal selection Journal Selector www.edanzediting.co.jp/journal_selector

Insert your proposed abstract or keywords

Journal selection

Matching journals

Journal Selector www.edanzediting.co.jp/journal_selector

Filter/sort by: • Field of study • Impact factor • Open access • Publishing

frequency

Journal’s aims & scope, IF,

and publication frequency

Journal selection Journal Selector www.edanzediting.co.jp/journal_selector

• Author guidelines • Journal website

Are they currently publishing similar articles?

Have you cited relevant ones?

Similar published articles


Section 3

Coverage and Staffing Plan Effective writing

Start with your illustrations

Where to start?

Your findings form the basis of your manuscript

First step: logically organize your display items

Logic, then language

Figure 1

Figure 2

Table 1

Figure 3

Logical flow (Chronology, Most to least

important, General to

specific, Whole+parts)

Is anything missing?

? Additional analyses?

Coverage and Staffing Plan Effective writing Prepare an outline

I. Introduction A. General background B. Related studies C. Problems in the field D. Aims

II. Methods A. Subjects/Samples/Materials B. General methods C. Specific methods D. Statistical analyses

III. Results A. Key points about Figure 1 B. Key points about Table 1 C. Key points about Figure 2 D. Key points about Figure 3 E. Key points about Figure 4

IV. Discussion A. Major conclusion B. Key findings that support conclusion C. Relevance to published studies D. Limitations E. Unexpected results F. Implications G. Future directions

Write down key ideas in bullet points, as IMRaD (Introduction, Methods, Results, and Discussion)

Use reporting guidelines No need for sentences or correct

English yet Then, draft the title/abstract

List information from your reading in the appropriate section: Paraphrase with citations!

Coverage and Staffing Plan Effective writing Get feedback

Write your manuscript section-by-section – Less stressful – Get feedback after each section; set deadlines – Easier for your colleagues to review

Revise for content, overall logic, and journal style (see guidelines/past papers)

Edit for consistency, conciseness, clarity & accuracy

Get feedback from pre-submission peer review

Get language assistance

Coverage and Staffing Plan Effective writing Improving readability

Keep it simple!

Use short sentences 15–20 words; one idea per sentence

Prefer simpler/shorter words

Use active voice Simpler, more direct, and easier to read

Most writing style guides and journals prefer it… “Nature journals prefer authors to write in the active voice”

(http://www.nature.com/authors/author_resources/how_write.html)

Coverage and Staffing Plan Effective writing Active voice

Sentences written in the active voice are:

simple direct clear easy to read

The social meanings of the mentor–student interaction were investigated by us.

Passive

We investigated the social meanings of the mentor–student interaction.

Active


Nature’s guide to authors:

Nature is an international journal covering all the sciences. Contributions should therefore be written clearly and simply so that they are accessible to readers in other disciplines and to readers for whom English is not their first language.

www.nature.com/nature/authors/gta/index.html#a4

“I should use complex words and sentences to make my writing more impressive.”


How can this sentence be improved?

• Too long (49 words)

• Two ideas in the same sentence

– First idea is split

In-season determination of cotton N status, such as the potentially timely method of information collection by crop sensors in close proximity to the plant canopy, is useful for helping producers adjust fertilizer N application rates across spatially variable fields in an effort to reduce instances of over- or under-application.

Keep it short and simple


How can this sentence be improved?

Keep it short and simple

• Too long (49 words)

• Two ideas in the same sentence

– First idea is split

In-season determination of cotton N status, such as the potentially timely method of information collection by crop sensors in close proximity to the plant canopy, is useful for helping producers adjust fertilizer N application rates across spatially variable fields in an effort to reduce instances of over- or under-application.

Coverage and Staffing Plan Effective writing Keep it short and simple

30- and 20-word sentences

One idea per sentence

In-season determination of cotton N status is useful for helping producers adjust fertilizer N application rates across spatially variable fields in an effort to reduce instances of over- or under-application. Crop sensors in close proximity to the plant canopy have the potential to provide this information in a timely manner.

Source: Raper and Varco. Precision Agriculture. 2015; 1: 62–76.


1. You deserve the funding, but the study design is not perfect.

Which sentence suggests that you

will get funding?

2. The study design is not perfect, but you deserve the funding.

Native English style


The study design is not perfect, but you deserve the

funding. The grant will be awarded in two stages.

Stress position

Topic position

The topic position introduces the idea of the current sentence

Readers focus at the end of the sentence to determine what is important. This stress position also introduces

the topic of the next sentence (useful for explanations and processes).

Sentence and paragraph structure


idea idea idea idea

Topic link

sentence

Sentence and paragraph structure

The government of Tanzania has been striving to introduce Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in education. In teacher education, technology was introduced through the ICT-Connect-TED project. The program aimed at improving the quality of teachers through the use of ICT. ICT-Connect-TED provided computers and a networking infrastructure to all 34 teacher training colleges in Tanzania.

Source: Kafyulilo et al. Educ Inf Technol. 5 May 2015; DOI 10.1007/s10639-015-9398-0


Almost all participants indicated a high level of satisfaction with the content, sequence and relevance of the ICT professional development program they attended. Only a few teachers reported that the duration of the professional development program was too short. However, the majority of the teachers reported that they developed an understanding of what TPACK is, and the way technology can enhance teaching and learning of difficult science concepts through the collaborative design of technology-enhanced science lessons in teams. “I developed an understanding of how TPACK can be applied in the design and teaching of a technology-enhanced lesson” said one of the pre-service teachers. A teacher from School C said if it was not the professional development he attended, he would not know how to use technology in teaching.

The pre-service teachers had the opportunity to further develop learning about technology integration in teaching after the professional development program had finished. They were invited to use their TPACK knowledge in workshops organized by the Ministry of Education and Vocational Training…

Topic sentence

Stress sentence Topic sentence

Supporting sentences

Academic English writing style

Source: Kafyulilo et al. Educ Inf Technol. 5 May 2015; DOI 10.1007/s10639-015-9398-0

Coverage and Staffing Plan Effective writing Avoid mistakes 1

Prefer Enough Clear Determine Begin Try Very Size Keep Enough End Use

Avoid complex words… Adequate Apparent Ascertain Commence Endeavor Exceedingly Magnitude* Retain Sufficient Terminate* Utilization *OK in certain fields (magnitude of earthquakes, to terminate gene expression)


“A number of studies have shown that demographic factors...”

“...as described in our previous study.”

“...at a birthrate of 2.2 births per couple.”

“As a matter of fact, such an observation …”

“That is another reason why, we believe…”

“It is well known that most of the interviewed informants...” “It is well known that Most of the interviewed informants...”

“As a matter of fact, such a This observation…”

“A number of studies have shown that Demographic factors...”

“That is thus another reason why Therefore, we believe…”

“...as described previously in our previous study.”

“...at a birthrate of 2.2 births per couple.”


Avoid At a concentration of 2 g/L At a temperature of 37C In order to In the first place Four in number Green color Subsequent to Prior to Future plans; past history

Prefer At 2 g/L At 37C To First Four Green After Before Plans; history

Avoid mistakes 2


Estimate Estimation

Decide Decision

Assess Assessment

We made a/an… We conducted a/an… Extra verb

We decided… Clear, short, and direct

Avoid mistakes 3

Don’t hide verbs inside nouns!


Readers expect…

verbs to closely follow their subjects heavy ends (not starts) of clauses

Subject

The viral infection that the patient caught on a trip to an outbreak-prone area in Africa spread among the hospital staff quickly.

The patient caught a viral infection on a trip to an outbreak-prone area in Africa. This infection spread quickly among the hospital staff.

Verb


Compared with is for saying how things are different

The accuracy of the new program was reduced

compared to the previous program.

The accuracy of the new program was reduced compared with that of the previous program.

The accuracy of the new program was lower than that of the previous program.

Avoid mistakes 5

Activity 1

Please see Activity 1 in your workbook


Section 4

Manuscript structure Manuscript sections

How does your study contribute to your field?

What did you find?

What did you do?

Why did you do the study?

Title/Abstract

Introduction

Methods

Results

Discussion

Manuscript structure

Title/Abstract

Introduction

Methods

Results

Discussion

Title/Abstract

Methods

Results

Discussion

Introduction

Abstract /Title

write

The ‘write’ order


Aim

Introduction

Current state of the field

Background information

Specific aim/approach/contents

Problem in the field

Previous studies

Current study

General

Specific Importance/hypothesis

Worldwide relevance? Broad/specialized?

Recent, International Not too many self-cites

Check journal if Results can be previewed

Why is your study needed?

Manuscript structure Introduction





Importance/hypothesis

Experiences elsewhere offer a useful source of

information for policy makers who are

looking for ways to improve their local

water policies or governance

arrangements.

Source: Hermanns. Water Resour Manage. 2011; 25: 373–393.







The wealth of international reports and websites shows

that there is no shortage

of interesting cases and good practices

from various sources.








How does one know if it is

beneficial and possible to use

experiences from abroad to improve

local water resources

management?








…foreign experience…should

be sufficiently congruent

with recipients’ prior beliefs and

practices….[T]his is critical when it

comes to making new water policy

arrangements…








…This papers aims to address this gap in

analytical support for matchmaking in policy transfer. In doing so, it

elaborates on the notion that such

analytical support in water

resources management needs to be context

specific,…








…In the remainder of the paper, a method

is outlined and illustrated that

should help potentially interested policy

maker….the second section

contains a review…


Manuscript structure Problem/knowledge gap

However, …an alternative approach… …a challenge …a need for clarification… …a problem/weakness with… …has not been dealt with… …remains unstudied …requires clarification …is not sufficiently (+ adjective) …is ineffective/inaccurate/inadequate/inconclusive/incorrect ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Few studies have… There is an urgent need to… There is growing concern that… Little evidence is available on… It is necessary to… Little work has been done on…

Key phrases


Your aims must directly address the problem

Writing the Introduction

So far, some research has studied the negative psychological effects of failing an entrance examination. However, failure can also yield positive psychological effects. The understanding of factors associated with post-traumatic growth after failing an education program is of interest and importance to education planners and practitioners.

Aims The present study examined the relative contribution of three possible factors to post-traumatic growth after failing an educational program: personality, psychological health, and cognitive coping.

Problem

Manuscript structure Methods

How the study was done

• Processes, interviews, topic guide, recordings, text analysis

• Variables/outcomes • Coding/themes/iterations

• Data handling/modeling/statistics • Triangulation, reflexivity • Inter-rater reliability; consensus

Who/what was studied

• Participants (controls), settings • Enrollment (N & “power”) • Materials, databases, survey tools

Data analysis

Clarify who did what; include any ethics statements

Manuscript structure Methods

Established techniques

• Cite previously published studies • Briefly state modifications • Use flow chart/table* if needed

• Explain purposes; justify choices • Give enough detail for reproducibility • Use Supplementary Information

Organization • Arrange in (titled) subsections • Keep parallel to the display items • Use topic sentences

New techniques

*Summary of study settings, flow of participants, text selection, variables, chronology of analyses…


“We used in-depth interviews to study how commercial organizations make company policies.”

We name of

technique investigate

name of feature.

study

measure

confirm

determine

used to

Method------------------------------Purpose

Method – Purpose

Methods


we name of

technique.

used

Purpose-----------------------------Method

Purpose – Method

Methods

investigate

name of feature,

study

measure

confirm

determine

To

“To study how commercial organizations make company policies, we used in-depth interviews.”

Manuscript structure Results

What did you find?

• Algorithm, test, improvement • Group/subgroups; Core/subthemes • Uni-/bi-/multivariable

• Each subsection corresponds to one figure and method

• Remember to refer to all figures

• What you found, not what it means (except in qualitative research or combined Results/Discussion sections)

• Online Supplementary Information • Data accessibility

Logical presentation

Subsections

Factual description


Path analysis

Results

Chau et al. BMC Neurology. 2009;9:49.

Figure 1 Trimmed model with path coefficients at 12 months.


Theme analysis

Results

Bostrom et al. Int Archiv Occupational Environmental Health. 29 October 2015:1-12.

Fig. 1. Experiences of work ability among young workers.

To be alert and have energy I feel alert and strong, and my back feels strong. I immediately feel much better – I have more energy. I can tell you, it definitely affects your whole day…you feel like a stronger, better human being and then you’re able to deal with everything else. (Care employee, age 28)


Conversation analysis

Results

1. Student: I dunno WHAT he meant=[do you,]

2. Teacher: [No:::] Well,=

3. Student: =So:: (0.5) ER:m (.) ((coughs)) (Well.)

I thi- THInk (0.5) it doesn’t (.)

matter now.=But anyway.

4. Teacher: Loo::k. (0.7) .hhhh (°sometimes,°) .hh

5. Student: ↑↑Yeah, ((looks away))


Theoretical model

Results

McCalman. Implementation Science. 2013:8-129.

Fig. 1. The theoretical model: Supporting inside-out empowerment by embracing relatedness.

Manuscript structure Describe relationships among your results

High school students increased their use of social media by 32.7%, increased media downloads by 12.3%, and increased media uploads by 7.3%. Undergraduates increased their use of social media by 22.3%, increased media downloads by 15.6%, and increased media uploads by 2.4%. Postgraduates increased their use of social media by 38.1%, increased media downloads by 6.9%, and decreased media uploads by 9.2%.

Manuscript structure Describe relationships among your results

Postgraduates reported the greatest increase in use of social media (38.1%), followed by high school students (32.7%) and undergraduates (22.3%).

However, postgraduates showed the lowest increase in media downloads (6.9%) compared with high school students (12.3%) and undergraduates (15.6%).

Furthermore, postgraduates reported a reduction in media uploads (by 9.2%), whereas high school students and undergraduates increased media uploading by 7.3% and 2.4%, respectively.

Manuscript structure Discussion

Summary of results

Relevance

Conclusion

Similarities/differences Unexpected/negative results Limitations (validity, reliability)

Implications

Previous studies

Current study

Future studies

Specific

General

How do you advance your field?

This study demonstrates

for the first time that…

Manuscript structure Writing the beginning of a long Discussion

State the major conclusion of the study

Most health professionals, including dental students, require rudimentary introduction to health economics. The pedagogical challenges of teaching health economics in dentistry arise from the fact that health economics is a nondental subject that requires deep understanding. In this study, we found that debate when used to teach health economics to dental students enhanced their interest and reinforced their knowledge of the topic and improved organizational thinking.

Re-introduction

Conclusion

Modified from: Khan et al. J Dent Educ. 2012;76: 1675–1683.

Problem


Compare your findings with those published by others

Writing the middle of your Discussion

Modified from: Rimfeld et al. Transl Psychiatry. 2015;5:e638.

Comparison with previous studies

Current finding

Potential reasons

We found that most individual differences in second language achievement are accounted for by genetic differences, rather than school, family, and other environmental influences. Our heritability estimates are higher than those in our earlier study [3], which might be because different measures were used. In the present study we used standardized examination scores at the end of compulsory education, as compared with teacher ratings of academic achievement in our earlier report.…


Describe limitations and negative results

Why?

Reporting transparency

• Allows complete evaluation of your study • Prevents others from repeating those experiments • Allows others to modify those experiments • Prevents funding agencies from wasting money

Writing the middle of your Discussion

Manuscript structure Contrasting ideas

Main vs. subordinate clause

Although the study design is not perfect, you deserve funding.

Subordinate Main

Linking word

• Although • Even though • While • Whereas

Subordinate clauses say 2 things:

• Idea may not be important • There is a contrasting idea coming

Manuscript structure Discussing limitations

Although this study was limited by its small sample size, our survey demonstrates that many local, regional, and national governments implement closed-door policy making, for various practical and political reasons.

Although our survey demonstrates that closed-door policy making is common, the study was limited by its small sample size.

Bad news = Subordinate clause at the start

Bad news = Main clause in stress position

Bad news = Subordinate clause at start Good news = LONG main clause in stress position


What do you want people to remember?

Writing the end of your Discussion

May be a separate section

May be a “Future work” section

We have demonstrated here that genes explain a larger proportion of differences between children in second language achievement than do shared environmental influences of school and home. Our bivariate results for twins demonstrate a general genetic factor of language achievement in the sense that achievement in English and second language is influenced to a large extent by the same genes. It is important to note that genes not only influence aptitude and achievement, but also appetite for knowledge. Such genotype–environment correlation may be increasingly important during adolescence. Our future research thus involves longitudinal study of second language achievement.

Conclusion

Key finding

Implications

Future directions

Modified from: Rimfeld et al. Transl Psychiatry. 2015;5:e638.

Manuscript structure Link your ideas

General background

Aims

Methodology

Results and figures

Summary of results

Implications for the field

Relevance of results


Current state of the field Introduction

Methods

Results

Discussion

Solution

Situation/Problem

Evaluation/Comment

Manuscript structure Qualitative studies

Rich data: sufficient, systematically collected,

high-quality Quantity (breadth/depth) depends on existing knowledge, size of knowledge gap, agree/disagree with current theory

Research question: appropriate and focused

Keep a “how” research question in mind when coding and when reporting how you contribute to theory

Grounding: relevant or closest literature

Introduction: show that there are knowledge gaps and a need for theory development; may include Literature Review section; check validity/reliability

Transparency: explain methods and show

systematic work

Give references of accepted methods; how did you identify/refine themes and identify outliers? Table of quotes (n>1) or in-depth theme boxes (n=1)

Reay. Fam Bus Rev. 2014;1–8, DOI: 10.1177/0894486514529209

Manuscript structure Qualitative studies

Tell an intriguing empirical (not

theoretical) story Engaging and interesting, surprising and new; short version in Introduction and long version in Results; “tell” & “show”

Tell a convincing theoretical story

Discussion: clearly explain how your study connects to literature; refer to references from Introduction

Show clear contribution to target journal

Clearly explain how your analysis/model advances or changes theory, or where current theory doesn’t hold; keep to target journal aim/scope

Ethically conducted and reported/published

Informed consent, confidentiality, avoiding harm, research integrity (www.ethicsguidebook.ac.uk)

Reay. Fam Bus Rev. 2014;1–8, DOI: 10.1177/0894486514529209

Manuscript structure Title and abstract

First impression of paper: clear/concise/convincing

Importance of your results

Validity of your conclusions

Relevance of your aims

It sells your work: Readers judge your style & credibility

Often first/only part that is read by

readers & reviewers

Your title & abstract summarize your study


Title

Important points

Only the main idea Accurate, simple Model/system Include keywords Fewer than 20 words Method/study type

Avoid

Unneeded words (A/The; A study of) Complex or sensational words Complex word order Abbreviations, jargon “New” or “novel”


Title

Interrogative Are subjective cognitive complaints

related to memory functioning in the working population?

Indicative/ Descriptive

Evidence-based treatment for Depersonalisation-derealisation

Disorder (DPRD)

… + Approach (subtitle)

Xxxxxxx: a cross-sectional study; Xxxxxxx: a systematic review

Assertive/ Declarative

Rumination and interoceptive accuracy predict the occurrence of the thermal

grill illusion of pain / Implicit priming of conflicting motivational orientations in

heavy drinkers

From: BMC Psychology.


Aim Objective, hypothesis

Results Most important findings

Conclusion Relevance, implications

Methods Techniques, measurements

No jargon, unusual abbreviations, figures/tables Usually no references (or one in-text, as Author + Journal + year/volume/pages)

Background Context, problem

Title and abstract

Abstract

Manuscript structure Unstructured abstract

Malsch et al. Perspectives. 2015; 17: 215.

The international dialogue on responsible governance of nanotechnologies engages a wide range of actors with conflicting as well as common interests. It is also characterised by a lack of evidence-based data on uncertain risks of, in particular, engineered nanomaterials. The present paper aims at deepening understanding of the collective decision making context at international level using the grounded theory approach as proposed by Glaser and Strauss in “The Discovery of Grounded Theory” (1967). This starts by discussing relevant concepts from different fields including sociological and political studies of international relations as well as political philosophy and ethics. This analysis of current trends in international law making is taken as a starting point for exploring the role that a software decision support tool could play in multi-stakeholder global governance of nanotechnologies. These theoretical ideas are then compared with the current design of the SUN Decision Support System (SUNDS) under development in the European project on Sustainable Nanotechnologies (SUN, www. sun-fp7.eu). Through constant comparison, the ideas are also compared with requirements of different stakeholders as expressed during a user workshop. This allows for highlighting discussion points for further consideration.

Manuscript structure Unstructured abstract

Malsch et al. Perspectives. 2015; 17: 215.

The international dialogue on responsible governance of nanotechnologies engages a wide range of actors with conflicting as well as common interests. It is also characterised by a lack of evidence-based data on uncertain risks of, in particular, engineered nanomaterials. The present paper aims at deepening understanding of the collective decision making context at international level using the grounded theory approach as proposed by Glaser and Strauss in “The Discovery of Grounded Theory” (1967). This starts by discussing relevant concepts from different fields including sociological and political studies of international relations as well as political philosophy and ethics. This analysis of current trends in international law making is taken as a starting point for exploring the role that a software decision support tool could play in multi-stakeholder global governance of nanotechnologies. These theoretical ideas are then compared with the current design of the SUN Decision Support System (SUNDS) under development in the European project on Sustainable Nanotechnologies (SUN, www. sun-fp7.eu). Through constant comparison, the ideas are also compared with requirements of different stakeholders as expressed during a user workshop. This allows for highlighting discussion points for further consideration.

How does your study contribute to your field?

What did you find?

What did you do?

Why did you do the study?


Bioethics traffics in matters moral. As such, bioethics frequently bumps up against religion, offering an ideal arena to examine how the sacred and the secular encounter each other in modern medicine. In this essay I consider two places where bioethics and religion intersect: 1) the response of bioethics to the universal problem of suffering, and 2) the professional proselytizing or “missionizing work” that bioethics does in order to make a place for itself among the professions of the life sciences.

Some social sciences (short abstract)

Why you did the study

What you did


Check author guidelines

Check recently published articles

Consider your audience

For interdisciplinary audiences, include background/aim, method,

results, and conclusion

Identify journal editor preference

What the journal requires

Social science abstracts

What sections should you include?

Longer & informative versus shorter & descriptive: “…Implications and limitations of this study are discussed.”

Activity 2

Please see Activity 2 in your workbook


Section 5

Customer Service Marketing your work

Dear Dr Struman,

Please find enclosed our manuscript entitled “Evaluation of ICT in Glasgow prognostic scoring in patients undergoing curative

resection for liver metastases,” which we would like to submit for publication as an Original Article in the International Medical

ICT Journal.

The Glasgow prognostic score (GPS) is of value for a variety of tumours. Several studies have investigated the prognostic value of the GPS in patients with metastatic breast cancer, but few studies have performed such an investigation for patients undergoing liver resection for liver metastases. Furthermore, there are currently no studies that have examined the prognostic value of the modified GPS (mGPS) using an ICT platform in these patients. The present study evaluated the mGPS using ICT in terms of its prognostic value for postoperative death in patients undergoing liver resection for breast cancer liver metastases.

A total of 318 patients with breast cancer liver metastases who underwent hepatectomy over a 15-year period were included in this study. The mGPS was calculated using ICT based on the levels of C-reactive protein and albumin, and the disease-free survival and cancer-specific survival rates were evaluated in relation to the mGPS. Prognostic significance was retrospectively analyzed by univariate and multivariate analyses. Overall, the results showed a significant association between cancer-specific survival and the mGPS and carcinoembryonic antigen level, and a higher mGPS was associated with increased aggressiveness of liver recurrence and poorer survival in these patients. This study is the first to demonstrate that the preoperative mGPS via a simple ICT tool is a useful prognostic factor for postoperative survival in cancer patients undergoing curative resection. This information is immediately clinically applicable for surgeons as well as hospital information and patient record systems and health care protocol developers. As a premier journal covering ICT in health care, we believe that the International Medical ICT Journal is the perfect platform from which to share our results with all those concerned with ICT use in cancer management.

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Cover letter to the editor

Editor’s name Manuscript title

Article type

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Customer Service Marketing your work Cover letter to the editor

This study is the first to demonstrate that the preoperative mGPS via a simple ICT tool is a useful prognostic factor for postoperative survival in cancer patients undergoing curative resection. This information is immediately clinically applicable for surgeons as well as hospital information and patient record systems and health care protocol developers. As a premier journal covering ICT in health care, we believe that the International Medical ICT Journal is the perfect platform from which to share our results with all those concerned with ICT use in cancer management.

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Relevance


Other important information:

Recommended reviewers Author’s contact information

We would like to recommend the following reviewers to evaluate our manuscript: 1. Reviewer 1 and contact information 2. Reviewer 2 and contact information 3. Reviewer 3 and contact information 4. Reviewer 4 and contact information Please address all correspondence to:

Reviewers

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We confirm that this manuscript has not been published elsewhere and is not under consideration by another journal. All authors have approved the manuscript and agree with submission to the International Medical ICT Journal. This study was funded by the Japanese Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare. The lead author is currently a consultant for the Japanese Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare.

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Customer Service Marketing your work Reviewer response letter

Reviewer Comment: In your analysis of the data you have chosen to use a somewhat obscure fitting function (regression). In my opinion, a simple Gaussian function would have sufficed. Moreover, the results would be more instructive and easier to compare to previous results.

Response: We agree with the Reviewer’s assessment of the analysis. Our tailored function, in its current form, makes it difficult to tell that this measurement constitutes a significant improvement over previously reported values. We describe our new analysis using a Gaussian fitting function in our revised Results section (Page 6, Lines 12–18).

Agreement

Revisions Location

Why agree


Reviewer Comment: In your analysis of the data you have chosen to use a somewhat obscure fitting function (regression). In my opinion, a simple Gaussian function would have sufficed. Moreover, the results would be more instructive and easier to compare with previous results.

Response: It’s very clear that you’re not familiar with the current analytical methods in the field. I recommend that you identify a more suitable reviewer for my manuscript now!!!

Reviewer response letter


Reviewer Comment: In your analysis of the data you have chosen to use a somewhat obscure fitting function (regression). In my opinion, a simple Gaussian function would have sufficed. Moreover, the results would be more instructive and easier to compare with previous results.

Response: Although a simple Gaussian fit would facilitate comparison with the results of other studies, our tailored function allows for the analysis of the data in terms of the “Pack model” [Pack et al., 2015]. Hence, we have explained the use of this function and the Pack model in our revised Discussion section (Page 12, Lines 2–6).

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Reviewer response letter


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S

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