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B GIAO THNG VN TITRNG I HC HNG HI

B MN: K THUT MY TNHKHOA: CNG NGH THNG TIN

BI GING

H THNG NHNG

TN HC PHN : H THNG NHNGM HC PHN : 17312TRNH O TO : I HC CHNH QUYDNG CHO SV NGNH : CNG NGH THNG TIN

HI PHNG - 2010

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MC LC

CHNG 1 - TNG QUAN ............................................................................... 61.1 Tng quan .................................................................................................... 6

1.1.1 H thng nhng .................................................................................... 61.1.2 H thng thi gian thc ........................................................................ 61.1.3 Lnh vc ng dng ca h thng nhng .............................................. 7

1.2 Kin trc h thng nhng ............................................................................ 71.3 Thit k h thng nhng ............................................................................ 101.4 M hnh h thng nhng ........................................................................... 12

Chng 2 - H THNG PHN CNG ............................................................. 132.1 Tng quan .................................................................................................. 13

2.1.1 B nh................................................................................................ 13

2.1.2 Cc thnh phn kt ni ....................................................................... 132.2 H vi x l ................................................................................................. 14

2.2.1 Tng quan ........................................................................................... 142.2.2 Kin trc vi x l ............................................................................... 162.2.3 S thc thi .......................................................................................... 17

2.3 B nh....................................................................................................... 242.3.1 Tng quan ........................................................................................... 242.3.2 B nhROM ...................................................................................... 252.3.3 B nhRAM ...................................................................................... 262.3.4 Qun l b nh................................................................................... 27

2.4 Thit b ngoi vi ........................................................................................ 282.4.1 Tng quan ........................................................................................... 282.4.2 Vo ra ni tip .................................................................................... 302.4.3 Vo ra song song ................................................................................ 31

2.5 Bus ............................................................................................................. 332.5.1 Bus a ch .......................................................................................... 332.5.2 Bus d liu ......................................................................................... 332.5.3 Bus iu khin .................................................................................... 34

Chng 3PHN MM NHNG .................................................................... 353.1 Tng quan .................................................................................................. 353.2 Trnh iu khin thit b ............................................................................ 35

3.2.1 Tng quan ........................................................................................... 353.2.2 Ngt .................................................................................................... 363.2.3 B nh................................................................................................ 373.2.4 Bus ...................................................................................................... 38

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3.3 Hiu hnh trong cc h thng nhng .................................................... 383.3.1 Tng quan ........................................................................................... 383.3.2 Tin trnh ............................................................................................ 403.3.3 Qun l tin trnh ............................................................................... 403.3.4 Qun l b nh................................................................................... 42

3.4 Phn mm ng dng .................................................................................. 45

3.4.1 Middleware ......................................................................................... 453.4.2 Application ......................................................................................... 46

Chng 4THIT K H THNG NHNG THEO CC H VI XL .... 474.1 Tng quan .................................................................................................. 474.2 H vi x l AT89C.................................................................................... 48

4.2.1 Tng quan ........................................................................................... 484.2.2 Kin trc h vi x l AVR ................................................................. 494.2.3 Tp lnh .............................................................................................. 504.2.4 S thc thi .......................................................................................... 524.2.5 Thit kng dng .............................................................................. 54

4.3 H vi x l AVR ....................................................................................... 574.3.1 Tng quan ........................................................................................... 574.3.2 Kin trc h........................................................................................ 584.3.3 Tp lnh ca AVR .............................................................................. 594.3.4 S thc thi .......................................................................................... 594.3.5 Thit kng dng .............................................................................. 61

4.4 H vi x l ARM ...................................................................................... 644.4.1 Tng quan ........................................................................................... 644.4.2 Kin trc h........................................................................................ 644.4.3 Tp lnh .............................................................................................. 654.4.4 S thc thi .......................................................................................... 654.4.5 Thit kng dng .............................................................................. 66

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YU CU V NI DUNG CHI TIT

Tn hc phn:H thng nhng Loi hc phn:3B mn ph trch ging dy:K thut my tnh Khoa ph trch:CNTTM hc phn: 17312 Tng sTC: 3

TS tit L thuyt Thc hnh/Xemina T hc Bi tp ln n mn hc

45 45 0 0 x 0

iu kin tin quyt:Sinh vin phi hc xong cc hc phn sau mi c ng k hc phn ny:

Kin trc my tnh, in t s, Mch v tn hiu, K thut Vi x l, Nguyn l h iuhnh,..

Mc tiu ca hc phn:

Cung cp cc kin thc c bn v v cc kin trc v m hnh ca h thng nhngp dng xy dng cc h thng nhng c bn da trn cc thit b, cc h vi x lthng dng

Ni dung ch yuChng 1: Tng quanChng 2: H thng phn cng

Chng 3: Phn mm nhng

Chng 4: Thit k h thng nhng theo cc h Vi x l

Ni dungchi tit:

TN CHNG MCPHN PHI S TIT

TS LT BT TH KT

Chng 1: Tng quan 8 8

1.1. Tng quan 1

1.2. Kin trc h thng nhng 2

1.3. Thit k h thng nhng 2

1.4. Cc m hnh h thng nhng 2

1.5. Cc chun 1

Chng 2: H thng phn cng 10 9 1

2.1. Tng quan 1

2.2. H Vi x l 3

2.2.1. Tng quan

2.2.2. Kin trc vi xl trong cc h thng nhng

2.2.3. Sthc thi

2.3. B nh 2

2.3.1. Tng quan

2.3.2. B nhROM2.3.3. B nhRAM

2.3.4. Qun l b nh

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TN CHNG MCPHN PHI S TIT

TS LT BT TH KT

2.4. Thit b ngoi vi 2

2.4.1. Tng quan

2.4.2. Vo ra ni tip

2.4.3. Vo ra song song

2.5. BUS 1 1

Chng 3: Phn mm nhng 9 8 1

3.1. Tng quan 1

3.2. Trnh iu khin thit b 2

3.2.1. Tng quan

3.2.2. Ngt

3.2.3. B nh

3.2.4. BUS3.3. H iu hnh trong cc h thng nhng 4

3.3.1. Tng quan

3.3.2. Tin trnh

3.3.3. Qun l tin trnh

3.3.4. Qun l b nh

3.3.5. Qun l thit b ngoi vi

3.4. Phn mm ng dng 2 1

Chng 4: Thit k h thng nhng theo cc h VXL 16 16 BTL

4.1. Tng quan 14.2. H vi x l AT89C 5

4.2.1. Tng quan

4.2.2. Kin trc h

4.2.3. Tp lnh

4.2.4. Sthc thi

4.2.5. Thit kng dng

4.3. H vi x l AVR 5

4.3.1. Tng quan

4.3.2. Kin trc h vi xl AVR

4.3.3. Tp lnh

4.3.4. Sthc thi

4.3.5. Thit kng dng 1

4.4. H vi x l ARM 5

4.4.1. Tng quan

4.4.2. Kin trc h

4.4.3. Tp lnh

4.4.4. Sthc thi4.4.5. Thit kng dng

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Nhim v ca sinh vin :Tham d cc bui thuyt trnh ca gio vin, t hc, t lm bi tp do gio vin giao,tham d cc bi kim tra nh k v cui k, hon thnh bi tp ln theo yu cu.

Ti liu hc tp :- Al.M.Zied ,Embedded System Architecture, NXB Elsevier

- John Catsoulis,Designing Embedded Hardware, NXB O'Reilly- Ken Arnold,Embedded Controller Hardware Design , NXB LLH Technology- Dhananjay V.Gadre, Programming And Customizing The AVR Microcontroller,NXB Mc.Graw Hill- Steve Furber,ARM System On Chip Architecture, NXB Dorling Kindersley

Hnh thc v tiu chun nh gi sinh vin:- nh gi da trn tnh hnh tham d bui hc trn lp, cc bui thc hnh, im kimtra thng xuyn v im kt thc hc phn.- Hnh thc thi cui k : thi vit + kim tra vn p BTL

Thang im: Thang im chA, B, C, D, Fim nh gi hc phn Z = 0.3X + 0.7Y.

Bi ging ny l ti liu chnh thc v thng nht ca B mn K thut my tnh, KhoaCng nghThng tin v c dng ging dy cho sinh vin.

Ngy ph duyt: 15 / 6 / 2010Trng B mn: ThS. Ng Quc Vinh

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CHNG 1 - TNG QUAN

1.1 Tng quanH iu khin nhng l mt mn hc mi nhm cung cp kin thc cho sinh vin v

kh nng phn tch v thit k h thng iu khin v thng minh ho h thng theo chcnng theo gii php cng ngh. Thit k thc thi iu khin trn nn phn cng nhng.

K nguyn cng ngh mi v ang tip tc pht trin khng ngng nhm thngminh ho hin i ho thng sut cc h thng. C th ni nh du s ra i v pht trinca h nhng trc tin phi k n s ra i ca cc b vi x l, vi iu khin.N c nhdu bi s ra i ca Chip vi x l u tin 4004 vo nm 1971 cho mc ch tnh tonthng mi bi mt cng ty Nht bn Busicom v sau c chpcnh v pht trinvt bc bi Intel tr thnh cc b siu x l nh cc Chip cng dng cho PC nhngy nay. Thp k 80 c th c coi l khi im bt u k nguyn ca s bng n v phttrin cc h nhng. T khi ngun cho ln sng ra i ca hng lot cc chng loi vi xl v gn lin l cc h nhng thm nhp rngkhp trong cc ng dng hng ngy ca

cuc sng chng ta v d nh, cc thit b in t s dng cho sinh hot hng ngy (l visng, TV, t lnh, my git, iu ho ...) vvn phng lm vic (my fax, my in, my inthoi...)... Cc b vi x l v phn mm cng ngy cng c s dng rng ri trong rt nhiucc h thng nh. Cc loi vi xl c s dng trong cc h thng nhng hin nay vtxa so vi PC v s lngchng loi (chim n 79% s cc vi x l ang tn ti [2] ) v vncn tip tc phttrin nhm p ng v tho mn rt nhiu ng dng a dng. Trong s vn cnng dng c cc Chip vi x l 8 bit, 16 bit v hin nay ch yu vn l 32 bit (chim khong 75%). Gn lin vi s pht trin phn cng, phn mm cng pht trin vitc nhanh khng thua km thm ch s tng nhanh hn rt nhiu theo s pht trinh nhng. Taxem xt mt s khi nim sau.

1.1.1 H thng nhngVy th no l mt h nhng? Trong th gii thc ca chng ta bt k mt thit b hay

h thng in/in t c khnng x l thng tin v iu khin u c th tim n trong mt thit b hay hnhng, v d nh cc thit b truyn thng, thit b o lng iu khin,cc thit bphc v sinh hot hng ngy nh l vi sng, my git, cameraRt d dng cthk ra hng lot cc thit b hay h thng nh vy ang tn ti quanh ta, chng l h nhng.Vy h nhng thc cht l g v nn hiu th no v h nhng? Hin nay cngcha c mtnh ngha no thc s tho ng c chun ho v tha nhn rngri cho h nhng mvn ch l nhng khi nim din t v chng thng qua nhng c th chung. Tuy nhin ychng ta c th hiu h nhng l mt phn h thngx lthng tin nhng trong cc h thngln, phc hp v c lp v d nh trong t, cc thit b o lng, iu khin, truyn thng

v thit b thng minh ni chung. Chng l nhng t hp ca phn cng v phn mm thchin mt hoc mt nhm chc nng chuyn bit, c th (Tri ngc vi my tnh PC mchng ta thng thy c sdng khng phi cho mt chc nng m l rt nhiu chc nnghay phc v chung chonhiu mc ch). PC thc cht li l mt h thng ln, t hp canhiu h thng nhng vd nh card mn hnh, m thanh, modem, cng, bn phmChnhiu ny lmchng ta d lng tng nu c hi nn hiu th no v PC, c phi l h nhnghay khng.

1.1.2 H thng thi gian thcTrong cc bi ton iu khin v ng dng chng ta rt hay gp thut ng thi gian

thc. Thi gian thc c phi l thi gian phn nh v trung thc ca thi gian hay khng?

Thi gian thc c phi l hin th chnh xc v ng b theo ng nh nhp ng h m thigian hay khng? Khng phi hon ton nh vy! Thc cht, theocch hiu nu ni trong cch thng k thut c bit cc h thng yu cu kht khe vs rng buc thi gian, thi gian

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thc c hiu l yu cu ca h thng phi m botho mn v tnh tin nh trong hotng ca h thng. Tnh tin nh ni ln hnh vi ca h thng thc hin ng trong mtkhung thi gian cho trc hon ton xc nh. Khung thi gian ny c quyt nh bi cim hoc yu cu ca h thng, c th l vi giy v cng c th l vi nano giy hoc nhhn na. ychng ta phn bityu t thi gian gn lin vi khi nim v thi gian thc.Khng phi h thng thchin rt nhanh l s m bo c tnh thi gian thc v nhanh hay

chm hon ton lphp so snh c tnh tng i v mili giy c th l nhanh vi h thngiu khinnhit nhng li l chm i vi cc i tng iu khin in nh dng, p.Hn thna nu ch nhanh khng th cha m phi m bo duy tr n nh bng mt cch hot ng tin cy. Chnh v vy h thng khng kim sot c hot ng ca n (btnh) th khng th l mt h thng m bo tnh thi gian thc mc d h thng c thcho p ng rt nhanh, thm ch nhanh hn rt nhiu so vi yu cu t ra. Mt v d minhho tiu biu l c ch truyn thng d liu qua ng truynchun Ethernet truyn thng,mc d ai cng bit tc truyn l rt nhanh nhng vnkhng phi h hot ng thi gianthc v khng tho mn tnh tin nh trong c ch truyn d liu (c th l rt nhanh v cngc th l rt chm nu c s canh trnh v giao thng ng truyn b nghn).

Ngi ta phn ra lm hai loi i vi khi nim thi gian thc l cng (hard real time)v mm (soft realtime). Thi gian thc cng l khi h thng hot ng vi yu cu tho mns rng buc trong khung thi gian cng tc l nu vi phm th s dn n hotng ca tonh thng b sai hoc b ph hu. V d v hot ng iu khin cho mtl phn ng ht nhn,nu chm ra quyt nh c th dn n thm ho gy ra do phnng phn hch v dn n

bng n c h thng. Thi gian thc mm l khi h thnghot ng vi yu cu tho mnrng buc trong khung thi gian mm, nu vi phm vsai lch nm trong khong cho php thh thng vn c th hot ng c v chpnhn c. V d nh h thng pht thanh truynhnh, nu thng tin truyn i t trm pht ti ngi nghe/nhn chm mt vi giy th cngkhng nh hng ng k n tnh thi s ca tin c truyn i v hon ton c chpnhn bi ngi theo di.Thc t thy rng hu ht h nhng l cc h thi gian thc v huht cc h thi gianthc l h nhng. iu ny phn nh mi quan h mt thit gia h nhngv thi gian thc v tnh thi gian thc tr thnh nh mt thuc tnh tiu biu ca hnhng. V vy hin nay khi cp ti cc h nhng ngi ta u ni ti c tnh c bn can l tnh thi gian thc.

1.1.3 Lnh vc ng dng ca h thng nhngChng ta c th k ra c rt nhiu cc ng dng ca h thng nhng ang c s

dng hin nay, v xu th s cn tip tc tng nhanh. Mt s cc lnh vc v sn phm thtrng rng ln ca cc h nhng c th c nhm nh sau:

Cc thit b iu khin t, tu in Truyn thng Thit b y t H thng o lng thm nh To nh thng minh Thit b trong cc dy truyn sn xut Rbt ...

1.2 Kin trc h thng nhng

Kin trc ca mt h thng nhng th hin mc trong sut ca cc thit b nhng, l cc h thng nhng thng thng s khng th hin cc thng tin ci t c th nh mngun hoc cc chi tit v mch in. Ti mi mc ca kin trc, cc thnh phn phn cng

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v phn mm s th hin mt s nhng elements, l nhng n v tng tc vi nhng thnhphn khc. Elements l cc th hin ca phn cng v phn mm m nhng thng tin ci tc th c n i, elements ch cho ta bit nhng thng tin v hnh vi ca chng. Ta cinternal v external elemnt, internal element lin kt vi cc thit b nhng cn externalelemements lin kt vi cc internal elements. Tm li, kin trc ca mt h thng nhng baogm cc thnh phn ca h thng . Cc elements lin kt vi h thng, thuc tnh ca tng

thnh phn elements c th v mi quan h gia cc elements.Thng tin v cc mc ca kin trc h thng nhng c biu din di dng cc cu

trc. Mt cu trc c th biu din mt phn kin trc, ng thi bao gm tp hp cc thnhphn, thuc tnh v cc mi lin h gia cc thnh phn. Mi cu trc do l mt snapshotca h thng phn cng/phn mm ti thi im thit k hoc thc thi. Cho trc mt mitrng thc thi v mt tp hp cc thnh phn. Do rt kh c th dng mt snapshot m ttt c nhng phc tp ca c h thng, thng tin v kin trc thng c to ra t nhiucu trc. Tt c mi cu trc trong mt kin trc u c k tha v lin quan n cc cutrc khc. Bng sau m t mt s cc cu trc c bn nht v a ra gii thch v s lin quangia nhng thnh phn ny.

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Trong : Module: l nhng thnh phn c nh ngha vi nhng chc nng khc nhau,

l nhng n v phn mm/phn cng cn thit h thng c th hot ngng. Cu trc m t vi nhng module ny thng cs dng gii thiumt sn phm no .

SubSystem: biu din hnh nh ca mt module ti thi im thc thi trong c s lin kt hot ng gia cc module vi nhau

Module

SubSystem

Decomposition

Class

Laers

Kernel

Chen

nel

Architecture

VirtalMa

chine

Componentand Connector

Client/Server

Process

Concurrent andResource Interrupt

Scheduling

Memory

Safety andReliability

Alocation

Work Assignment

Implementation

Deployment

Hnh 1.1 Cc kin trc c bn ca h thng nhng

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Layers: mt kiu ca SubSystem trong cc module c biu din di dngcc lp, module lp trn s s dng cc dch v c cung cp bi module lp di.

Kernel: cu trc biu din cc module c s dng cc dch v ca kernel hocc qun l bi kernel.

Channel Architecture: cu trc biu din cc module dng chui, m t nhngs thay i trng thi ca module trong qu trnh hot ng.

Virtual Machine: cu trc biu din cc module s dng cc dch v ca mtmy o.

Decomposition: mt kiu cu trc module trong mt s module l ccmodule con ca module khc, th hin trong cc mi quan h gia nhngmodule ny. Cu trc ny thng c s dng xc nh cc ti nguyn, qunl d n, qun l d liu ...

Class: l mt kiu cu trc biu din cc n v phn mm trong cc modulec tham chiu l cc lp, v quan h gia chng c nh ngha da theo mhnh hng i tng trong lp ny k tha t lp khc hoc l mt th hin

ca lp cha. Component or Connector: cc cu trc ny bao gm cc thnh phn hoc l cc

components v d nh cc n v x l phn cng, phn mm, b x l, myo... hoc cc Connector (cc n v kt ni gia cc thnh phn, nh h thng

bus phn cng hoc h thng thng ip phn mm) Client/Server: kiu cu trc m t h thng ti thi im thc thi vi cc thnh

phn l clients hoc server v cc connector l cc c ch kt ni (nh giao thc,thng ip, gi tin ...) c s dng lin kt gia clients v server.

Process: cu trc ny m t phn mm ca h thng trong cha h iu hnh,cc thnh phn khc nh cc process v cc tin trnh v cc lin kt ca chng.

Concurrency and Resource: cu trc ny m t mt snapshot ca h thng baogm OS, v cc thnh phn trong . Cu trc ny c s dng trong vic qunl ti nguyn v xc nh xem c vn g vi vic chia s cc ti nguyncng nh cc tin trnh c th thc thi song song hay khng.

Interrupt: cu trc m t cc c ch x l ngt trong h thng. Scheduling: cu trc m t c ch lp lch v qun l tin trnh trong h thng. Memory: m t hnh nh ca b nh v cc thnh phn d liu trong b nh

cng nh m t cc c ch qun l b nh ca h thng. Safety and Reliability: cu trc m t h thng ti thi im thc thi trong

biu din nhng thnh phn d tha v nhng mi lin h ca chng nhgi an ton v tin cy ca c h thng.

Allocation: cu trc m t mi lin h gia cc thnh phn phn cng/phn mmv cc thc th ca mi trng bn ngoi.

Work Assignment: cu trc ny gn cho cc nhm pht trin nhng cng vic(cc module) cn thc hin. N c s dng trong vic qun l d n.

Implementation: y l cu trc phn mm ch ra v tr m phn mm trongh thng file.

Deployment: cu trc ny m t h thng ti thi im thc thi vi cc thnhphn ca c phn cng v phn mm v mi lin h gia chng.

1.3 Thit k h thng nhngTa c th s dng mt s m hnh sau m t chu k thit k cc h thng nhng.

Mt s m hnh l c s, cc m hnh khc c hnh thnh da trn cc m hnh c s ny.

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M hnh big- bang: trong m hnh thit k ny, ta khng c khi nim v khoch hay qu trnh trong c qu trnh pht trin h thng.

M hnh code-and-fix: u tin cc yu cu v sn phm c lm r, sau vic thc hin m lnh c tin hnh da trn cc m t yu cu ny, tip theom lnh c thc thi v nu c li th li tr v bc trc , ngha l thchin li m lnh.

M hnh waterfall: Qu trnh pht trin sn phm c chia thnh tng bc, ktqu ca bc trc s l d liu ca bc sau.

M hnh Spiral: cng da trn vic phnchia thnh tng bc nh waterfall, tuynhin trong mi mt qu trnh, cc phn hi ca ngi dng hoc ngi phttrin khc c tip thu v c tch hp li vo trong qu trnh pht trin tiptheo.

Ta xt m hnh Embedded Design and Development Lifecycle Model sau:

ProductConce t

RequirementAnalysis

ArchitectureDesign

Develope Versionn of Architecture

Delivery Version nof Architecture

Revirew andObtain feedback

IncorporateFeedback

Delivery Final Versionn of Architecture

DevelopeImplementation

Review and Test

IncorporateFeedback

Delivery and Maintainthe System

Hnh 1.2 M hnh Embedded Design and Development Lifecycle

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M hnh ny da trn s kthp gia waterfall v Spiral, ta s xt chi tit m hnh trongnhng phn sau

1.4 M hnh h thng nhng

Hnh trn ch ra rng tt c cc h thng nhng u c chung mt thnh phn gingnhau tng cao nht, l chng u c t nht mt lp (phn cng) hoc nhiu lp (phncng, phn mm v ng dng) trong cha tt c cc components. Phn cng bao gm ttc nhng thnh phn vt l c trn mch nhng, phn mm v cc ng dng bao gm tt cnhng thnh phn logic c trong h thng nhng.

M hnh tham chiu trn l cch biu din phn lp ca kin trc cc h thng nhngt cc cu trc module c th c suy ra. Nu b qua nhng s khc nhau gia cc thit

b trong bng trn, c th ni rng kin trc ca mih thng c biu din thng qua victh hin v nhm cc thnh phn c gi l cc lp. Ta cng ch l lp khng ch l khi

nim c th ca ring h thng nhng m cn l ca nhiu h thng khc. y l cng chu ch m hnh ha s kt hp gia hng trm, c th hng ngn thnh phn trong thit kh thng nhng. Nhng nguyn nhn chnh khin chng tr ln hu ch l:

Th hin c cc thnh phn quan trng v cc hnh vi ca chng: phng phpphn lp cho php ngi c c th nhn din c nhiu thnh phn khc nhau v mi quanh gia chng.

Phng php biu din cu trc theo cc module cu trc chnh phn lp kin trcca ton b d n nhng: bi v trong h thng c rt nhiu module v cc module ny hotng c lp vi nhau, ng thi chng c nhng mi lin kt mc cao, do vy phn lpnhng loi module ny lm tng kh nng th hin cu trc h thng v khng lm phc tp

kh hiu cho ngi c.

Cu hi cui chng1. Th no l h thng nhng, nu nhng lnh vc ng dng ca h thng nhng2. Phn bit hai loi h thng thi gian thc3. Trnh by v m hnh pht trin waterfall v spiral 4. Nu nhng u im ca phng php phn lp trong biu din kin trc h thng

nhng

Hnh 1.3 M hnh h thng nhng

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Chng 2 - H THNG PHN CNG

2.1 Tng quanThng thng i km vi cc h thng nhng c rt nhiu nhng yu cu, thit b v b

phn. Trong phn ny chng ta s tm hiu mt s b phn chnh v mt s yu cu chnh cacc h thng nhng.

Btnh ton, x ly l mt trong nhng yu cu cn bn nht ca h thng nhng. Tt c cc h thng

ly d liu t ngi dng hoc t mi trng xung quanh. Cng vic x l c th c tinhnh bng cch s dng b vi x l hoc cc vi mch in t, cc mch ng hc. Phm vica gio trnh ny l nhng h thng nhng s dng vi x l vi nhng b phn phn cngkhc.

Btnh ton c dng x l, bin i cc d liu thay i ca ngi s dng hocmi trng thnh nhng d liu u ra theo yu cu.

B phn x l tnh ton logic ny thng c tch hp trong mt chip hoc mt mchin t. Kh nng x l ca chng c pht trin rt nhanh chng v ngay bn thn chng

cung cp cho ta nhng chc nng phc tp. Lp trnh vin s phi kho lo kt hp nhngim mnh ny vi chng trnh ca anh ta trong khi ci t mt yu cu c th.

H thng nhng cng c th ly d liu u vo t mi trng xung quanh. V d, hthng m thanh vi cc la chn ci t nh gi lp nh ht, hi trng, rock vv. Ngi dngc th chuyn i cc la chn ny theo yu cu ca h. Trong trng hp ny d liu uvo l t ngi s dng.

2.1.1B nhB nh l mt trong nhng yu cu ti nguyn hin nhin khng ch ca h thng

nhng m mi h thng trn thc t. Ngay c h thng con ngi cng cn b nh !Thc t cho thy l b nh ngy cng r hn v gi c v tt hn v cht lng. Trong

nhng thi gian trc, khi mi kilo byte, thm ch l byte b nh u c tnh bng tintrm ngn th mi thao tc tc ng vo b nh u c tin hnh v cng chi tit v cnthn. Vi cc h thng nhng ta khng c cc khe cm m rng, v b nh dnh cho h thngnhng thng thng vn l rt nh. V vy, b nh phi c x l c k hoch, chi tit.

Nhng hn ch v b nh nh trn c th hin r rng khi ta xem xt thit k ca cch thng nhng tin tin v cc phn mm i km vi chng. Nhng thut ton s dng nhiu

b nh, s dng cc cu trc d liu cng knh u khng c ci t tr khi chng thc scn thit.

2.1.2 Cc thnh phn kt ni

Cc thit b nhng v ng dng khng th tn ti c lp, chng cn c kh nng giaotip vi cc thit b khc c th thc hin chc nng. Ta khng th yu cu ngi s dngkt ni thit b vo cc khe cm nh Ethernet, vv... Nhng lin kt nh vy thng s dngcc giao thc khng dy nh Bluetooth, WLAN, HiperLAN cho nhng khong cch ngn hay2.5G, 3G, 4G cho nhng khong cch xa hn. Nhng thnh phn kt ni khin cho thit b trnn thng minh hn.

Cc thnh phn ca h thng nhng c minh ha trong hnh v di y

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Chng ta s ln lt xt tng n v cu thnh trong nhng phn tip theo.

2.2 H vi x l

2.2.1 Tng quan

Ngi ta vn bit ti phn li x l ca cc b VXL l n v x l trung tm CPU(Central Processing Unit) ng vai tr nh b no chu trch nhim thc thi cc php tnh vthc hin cc lnh. Phn chnh ca CPU m nhim chc nng ny l n v

logic ton hc (ALU Arthimetic Logic Unit). Ngoi ra h tr cho hot ng caALU cn c thm mt s cc thnh phn khc nh b gii m (decoder), b tun t(sequencer) v cc thanh ghi.

B gii m chuyn i (thng dch) cc lnh lu tr trong b m chng trnh thnhcc m m ALU c th hiu c v thc thi. B tun t c nhim v qun l dng dliutrao i qua bus d liu ca VXL. Cc thanh ghi c s dng CPU lu tr tmthi ccd liu chnh cho vic thc thi cc lnh v chng c th thay i ni dung trong qu trnh hotng ca ALU. Hu ht cc thanh ghi ca VXL u l cc b nh ctham chiu (mapped)v hi nhp vi khu vc b nh v c th c s dng nh btk khu vc nh khc.

Hnh 2.1 Cc thnh phn phn cng

Hnh 2.2 M hnh vi x l

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Cc thanh ghi c chc nng lu tr trng thi ca CPU. Nu cc ni dung ca b nhVXL v cc ni dung ca cc thanh ghi ti mt thi im no c lu gi y th honton c th tm dng thc hin phn chng trnh hin ti trong mt khong thi gian bt kv c th tr li trng thi ca CPU trc . Thc t s lng cc thanh ghi v tn gi cachng cng khc nhau trong cc h VXL/VK v thng dochnh cc nh ch to qui nh,nhng v c bn chng u c chung cc chc nngnh nu.

Khi th t byte trong b nh c xc nh th ngi thit k phn cng phi thc hin mt s quyt nh xem CPU s lu d liu nh th no. C ch ny cng khc nhautu theo kin trc tp lnh c p dng. C ba loi hnh c bn:

Kin trc ngn xp Kin trc b tch lu Kin trc thanh ghi mc ch chung

Kin trc ngn xp: s dng ngn xp thc hin lnh v cc ton t nhn c t nh ngn xp. Mc d c ch ny h tr mt m tt v m hnh n gin cho vic nhgi cch th hin chng trnh nhng ngn xp khng th h tr kh nng truy

nhp ngu nhin v hn ch hiu sut thc hin lnh.Kin trc b tch lu: vi lnh mt ton t ngm mc nh cha trong thanh ghi tch

luc th gim c phc tp bn trong ca cu trc CPU v cho php cu thnh lnh rtnh gn. Nhng thanh ghi tch lu ch l ni cha d liu tm thi nn giao thngb nh rtln.

Kin trc thanh ghi mc ch chung: s dng cc tp thanh ghi mc ch chung vcn nhn nh m hnh ca cc h thng CPU mi, hin i. Cc tp thanh ghi nhanhhn b nh thng v d dng cho b bin dch x l thc thi v c th c sdng mtcch hiu qu. Hn na gi thnh phn cng ngy cng c xu th gim ng k v tp thanhghi c th tng nhanh. Nu c ch truy nhp b nh nhanh th kin trc da trn ngn xp cth l s la chn l tng; cn nu truy nhp b nh chm thkin trc thanh ghi s l s la

chn ph hp nht.Mt s thanh ghi vi chc nng in hnh thng c s dng trong cc kin trc

CPU nh sau: Thanh ghi con tr ngn xp (stack pointer): Thanh ghi ny lu gi a ch tip

theo ca ngn xp. Theo nguyn l gi tra chcha trong thanh ghi con trngn xp s gim nu d liu c lu thm vo ngn xp v s tng khi d liuc ly ra khi ngn xp.

Thanh ghi ch s (index register): Thanh ghi ch s c s dng lu a chkhi mode a ch c s dng. N cn c bit ti vi tn gi l thanh ghi contr hay thanh ghi la chn tp (Microchip).

Thanh ghi a ch lnh /B m chng trnh (Program Counter) : Mt trongnhng thanh ghi quan trng nht ca CPU l thanh ghi b m chng trnh.Thanh ghi b m chng trnh lu a ch lnh tip theo ca chng trnh sc CPU x l. Mi khi lnh c tr ti v c CPU x l th ni dung gi trcathanh ghi b m chng trnh s tng ln mt. Chng trnh s kt thc khithanh ghi PC c gi tr bng a ch cui cng ca chng trnh nm trong b nhchng trnh.

Thanh ghi tch ly (Accumulator):Thanh ghi tch ly l mt thanh ghi giao tiptrc tip vi ALU, c s dng lugi cc ton t hoc kt qu ca mt phpton trong qu trnh hot ng ca ALU.

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Xung nhp v trng thi tn hiuTrong VXL v cc vi mch s ni chung, hot ng ca h thng c thc hin ng

b hoc d b theo cc xung nhp chun. Cc nhp c ly trc tip hoc gin tip t mtngun xung chun thng l cc mch to xung hoc dao ng thch anh. m t hot ngca h thng, cc tn hiu d liu v iu khin thng c m t trng thi theo gin thi gian v mc tn hiu nh c ch ra trong hnh di: M tv trng thi tn hiu hot

ng trong VXL

Mc ch ca vic m t trng thi tn hiu theo gin thi gian v mc tn hiu l phn tch v xc nh chui s kin hot ng chi tit trong mi chu k bus. Nh vic m tny chng ta c th xem xt n kh nng p ng thi gian ca cc s kin thc thi trong hthng v thi gian cn thit thc thi hot ng tun t cng nh l kh nng tng thchkhi c s hot ng phi hp gia cc thit b ghp ni hay m rng trong hthng. Thngthng thng tin v cc nhp thi gian hot ng cng nh c tnh k thut chi tit c

cung cp hoc qui nh bi cc nh ch to.Mt s c trng v thi gian ca cc trng thi hot ng c bn ca cc tn hiu h

thng gm c nh sau: Thi gian tng hoc gim Thi gian tr lan truyn tn hiu Thi gian thit lp Thi gian gi Tr cm hot ng v trng thi treo (TriState) rng xung Tn s nhp xung hot ng

2.2.2Kin trc vi x lTrong phn ny gii thiu ngn gn cu trc nguyn l ca cc chip x l nhngng

dng trong cc nn phn cng nhng hin nay.S pht trin nhanh chng cc chng loi Chip kh trnh vi mt tch hp cao v

ang c mt tc ng ng k n s thay i trong vic thit k cc nn phn cngthit b x l v iu khin s trong thp k gn y. Mi chng loi u c nhng c

im v phm vi i tng ng dng v lun khng ngng pht trin p ng mt cch ttnht cho cc yu cu cng ngh. Chng ang hng ti tp trung cho mt th trng cng

ngh tim nng rng ln l cc thit b x l v iu khin nhng. Trong bi vit ny tcgi gii thiu ngn gn v cc chng loi chip x l, iu khinnhng in hnh ang tn tiv pht trin v mt s c im v hng phm vi ngdng ca chng.

Hnh 2.3 M t v trng thi tn hiu hot ng trong VXL

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C th k ra hng lot cc Chp kh trnh c th s dng cho cc bi ton thit k hnhng nh cc h vi x l/vi iu khin nhng (Microprocessor/ Microcontroller), Chip DSP(Digital Signal Processing), cc Chip kh trnh trng (FPD Field Programmable Device).Chng ta d b chong ngp nu bt u cng vic thit k bng vic tm kim mt Chip x liu khin ph hp cho ng dng. V vy cn phi c mt hiu bit v s phn bit v cim v ng dng ca chng khi la chn v thit k. Cc thng tin lin quan nh nh sn

xut cung cp Chip, cc kin thc v cng c pht trin km theo.Chip vi x l/vi iu khin nhng l mt chng loi rt in hnh v ang c s dng

rt ph bin hin ny.Chng c ra i v s dng theo s pht trin ca cc Chip x lng dng cho mytnh. V i tng ng dng l cc thit b nhng nn cu trc cng cthay i theo p ng cc ng dng. Hin nay chng ta c th thy cc h vi x l iukhin cart nhiu cc nh ch to cung cp nh, Intel, Atmel, Motorola, Infineon. V cutrc, chng cng tng t nh cc Chp x l pht trin cho PC nhng mc n gin hn nhiu v cng nng v ti nguyn. Ph bin vn l cc Chip c rng bus d liu l8bit, 16bit, 32bit. V bn cht cu trc, Chip vi iu khin l chip vi x l c tchhp thmcc ngoi vi. Cc ngoi vi thng l cc khi chc nng ngoi vi thng dngnh b nh thigian, b m, b chuyn i A/D, giao din song song, ni tipMc tch hp ngoi vicng khc nhau tu thuc vo mc ch ng dng s c th tm c Chip ph hp. Thc tvi cc ng dng yu cu tch hp cao th s s dng gii php tch hp trn chip, nukhng th hu ht cc Chip u cung cp gii php m rng ngoi vi p ng cho mt slng ng dng rng v mm do.

2.2.3 S thc thiTrong phn ny ta s tm hiu v hot ng ca mt s vi iu khin s dng trong cc

h thng nhngChip DSPDSP vn c bit ti nh mt loi vi iu khin c bit vi kh nng x l nhanh

phc v cc bi ton yu cu khi lng v tc x l tnh ton ln. Vi u im nibt v rng bng thng ca bus v thanh ghi tch lu, cho php ALU x l song song vi tc c v x l lnh nhanh hn cc loi vi iu khin thng thng. Chip DSPcho php thchin nhiu lnh trong mt nhp nh vo kin trc b nh Havard.

Thng thng khi phi s dng DSP tc l p ng cc bi ton tnh ton ln vtc cao v vy nh dng biu din ton hc s l mt yu t quan trng phn loi vc quan tm. Hin nay ch yu chng vn c phn loi theo hai kiu l du phyng v

du phy tnh. y cng chnh l mt yu t quan trng phi quan tm i vi ngi thit k la chn c mt DSP ph hp vi ng dng ca mnh. Cc loi DSP du phy tnhthng l loi 16bit hoc 24bit cn cc loi du phy tnh thng l 32bit. Mt v d in

Hnh 2.4 Kin trc nguyn l ca VK vi cu trc Havard

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hnh v mt DSP 16bit du phy tnh l TMS320C55x, lu ccs nguyn 16bit hoc cc sthc trong mt min gi tr c nh. Tuy nhin cc gi trv h s trung gian c th c lutr vi chnh xc l 32bit trong thanh ghi tchlu 40bit nhm gim thiu li tnh ton dophp lm trn trong qu trnh tnh ton. Thng thng cc loi DSP du phy tnh c githnh r hn cc loi DSP du phyng v yu cu s lng chn Onchip t hn v cn sdng lng silicon t hn.

u im ni bt ca cc DSP du phy ng l c th x l v biu din s trong di phm vi gi tr rng v ng. Do vn v chuyn i v hn ch v phm vi biu din skhng phi quan tm nh i vi loi DSP du phy tnh. Mt loi DSP 32bitdu phy tnhin hnh l TMS320C67x c th x l v biu din s gm 24bit mantissa v 8bit exponent.Phn mantissa biu din phn s l trong phm vi 1.0 +1.0 v phn exponent biu din v trca du phy nh phn v c th dch chuyn sang tri hoc phi tu theo gi tr s m n biudin. iu ny tri ngc vi cc thit k trn nn DSP du phy tnh, ngi pht trinchngtrnh phi t qui c, tnh ton vphn chia n nh thang biu din s v phi lunlu tm ti kh nng trn s c thxy ra trong qu trnh x l tnh ton. Chnh iu ny gy ra kh khn khng nhi vi ngi lp trnh.

Nhng nh thit k h thng phi quyt nh vng v chnh xc cn thit cho ccng dng. Cc vi x l du phy ng thng c s dng cho cc ng dng yu cu v chnh xc cao v di biu din s ln ph hp vi h thng c cu trc b nh ln . Hn nacc DSP du phyng cho php pht trin phn mm hiu qu v n ginhn bng cctrnh bin dch ngn ng bc cao nh C do c th gim c gi thnhv thi gian phttrin. Tuy nhin gi thnh li cao nn cc DSP du phy ng ph hp vi cc ng dng khc bit v thng l vi s lng t.

Hnh 2.5: Gin khi chc nng ca DSP TMS320C28xx

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Chip PALNgy nay khi ni n cc chng loi Chip kh trnh mng ta thng bit ti mt s tn

gi nh PAL, CPLD, FPGAMt cht lc s v s ra i v pht trin sau y s gipchng ta hnh dung c c im v ngun gc ra i ca chng.

Lch s pht trin ca cc chng loi Chip kh trnh mng PLA (Programmable LogicArray) c bt ngun t nguyn l b nh chng trnh PROM (Programmable Read OnlyMemory). Trong cc u vo a ch ng vai tr nh cc ng vo ca mch logic vcc ng d liu ra ng vai tr nh cc ng ra ca mch logic. V PROMkhng thc s

ph hp cho mc ch thit k cc mch logic nn PLA ra i vou thp k 70. N rtph hp thc hin mch logic c dng tng cc tch (v cu thnh bi cc phn t logicAND v OR). Nhng nhc im l chi ph sn xut cao v tc hot ng thp. khcphc nhc im ny PAL (Programmable Array Logic) c pht trin. N c cuthnh t cc phn t AND kh trnh v phn t ORgn c nh v c cha c phn t flipflop u ra nn c kh nng thc thi cc mch logic tun t. Hnh 2.7 m t cu trc chung caPAL.

Hnh 2.6 Cu trc PROM v PLA

Hnh 2.7 Cu trc chung ca PAL

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T khi c ra i v pht trin PAL tr thnh c s cho s ra i ca hng lot cc chng loi Chip kh trnh mng vi cu trc phc tp hn nh SPLD (Simple Programmable Logic Device), CPLD (Complex Programmable Logic Device), v sau ny l FPGA (FieldProgrammable Gate Array). SPLD cng l tn gi cho nhm cc chng loi Chip kiu tngt nh PAL, PLA. V mt cu trc th SPLD cho php tch hp logic vi mt cao hn sovi PAL thng thng, nhng kch thc ca n s tng ln rt nhanhnu tip tc m rng v

tng mt tch hp s u vo. p ng nhu cu m rngmt tch hp CPLD cpht trin. N l s tch hp ca nhiu khi SPLD vcung cp thm kh nng kt ni khtrnh gia cc khi SPLD n l vi nhau. Vinguyn l cu trc ny CPLD c kh nng tchhp vi mt cao tng ng vi 50khi SPLD thng thng.

Nu ch dng n y chng ta c th thy mt c im chung ca cc chng loichip kiu PLA hay CPLD u cho php thc hin cc mch logic trn c s t hp logic cacc u vo v ra bng cc phn t AND v OR. Vi nguyn l ny r rng s gp kh khnkhi thc thi cc ng dng i hi cc php tnh ton logic phc tp vi tc cao. png iu ny FPGA (Field Programmable Gate Arrays) ra i. N l s cu thnh ca cckhi logic kh trnh cng vi cc knh kt ni lin thng kh trnh gia cc khi vi nhau.Mt hnh nh tiu biu v cu trc nguyn l ca FPGA c m t nh trong Hnh 2.8: Cutrc nguyn l ca FPGA.

FPGA ang tr thnh mt s la chn thay th rt cnh tranh ca cc chip x l nhngASICs. N h tr cc u im v chc nng la chn ging nh ASICs nhng cho phpchnh sa v thit k li sau khi s dng v gi thnh pht trin thp hn. FPGA cho php khnng thit k linh hot v thch nghi d dng cho cc tin ch thitb ti u, trong khi vn duytr c khng gian kch thc phn cng v nng lng tiu th ca h thng. iu nykhng d dng nhn c khi thit k da trn nn cc Chip DSP.

FPGA thc s ph hp cho cc ng dng i hi lng tnh ton ln nh trong x l tn hiu. FPGA c th c lp trnh hot ng ng thi vi mt s ccng d liu songsong. Chng l cc ng d liu hot ng ca t hp nhiu cc chc nng t n gin n

phc tp nh b cng, b nhn, b m, b lu tr, b so snh, b tnhtng quan,

Hnh 2.8 Cu trc nguyn l ca FPGA

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Ngy nay c th phn loi ra mt s kiu chng loi FPGA da vo cu to cachng:

Cu to t SRAM:Vi loi ny cc mt kt ni kh trnh c thc hin bng ccphn t SRAM, chnh vvy cho php thc hin lp trnh lp li nhiu ln. u im ni btca loi ny l cc tng thit k mi c th c thc thi v th nghim nhanh chng. Hnna SRAMcng ang l mt hng pht trin rt mnh hin nay trong nn cng nghip snxutb nh v cng u thc thi theo cng ngh CMOS rt ph hp vi cng ngh chtoFPGA.

Tuy nhin mt c im c th xem nh l nhc im ca FPGA cu to t cc phnt SRAM l chng phi cu hnh li mi khi ngun h thng c cung cp. Cng vic nythng c thc hin bi mt b nh ngoi chuyn dng hoc bi mt b vi iukhin kmtheo mch. Chnh v vy cng lm gi thnh ca FPGA tng thm.

Cu to t cu ch (antifused):Khng ging nh loi FPGA cu to t SRAM, FPGA vi cu t kiu cu ch c

lptrnh offline bng mt thit b lp trnh chuyn dng. tng ch to loi FPGA nyxutpht t nhu cu v mt thit b kh trnh c kh nng lu cu hnh sau khi c s dng. Tcl n khng phi lm cng vic cu hnh mi khi ngun h thng c cung cp. Khi FPGAantifused c lp trnh th n khng th b thay i hay c lp trnh li na. Chnh nhiu ny nn n khng cn bt k mt b nh ngoi no lu tr cu hnh v c th titkim, gim gi thnh ca thit b.

Mt u im ni bt ca FPGA antifused l kiu cu trc lin kt kh bn vng vicc loi nhiu bc x. c im ny kh quan trng khi thit b phi lm vic trong mi trng tim nng nh qun s hoc hng khng v tr. V vy n trnh c trng hp riro c th xy ra nu s dng cng ngh SRAM l hin tng lt trng thi (flipped). Tuynhin hin tng ny cng c th c khc phc bng c ch d phng chp 3 nhng li lmtng thm chi ph ch to.

Mt u im ni bt ca loi FPGA antifused l kh nng bo v cng ngh. Tc ld liu cu hnh lp trnh cho FPGA c th c bo v bi vic c bt hp php hockhng cho php c. Trong qa trnh x l hoc pht trin, ngi lp trnh s s dngmt tpd liu cu hnh lp trnh v kim tra qu trnh np cu hnh cho FPGA. Cng vic ny ch

thc hin mt ln v s khng ththay i c na. Khi thc hinxong n c th c thitlp thm mt thuc tnh l chng c trc tip t FPGA d liu lin quan n cu hnh. Ngoira chng ta cng c th bit thm rng FPGA antifusedthng s dng t nng lng hn loi

Hnh 2.9 Cu trc CLB v LAB

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FPGA SRAM, kch thc cng nh hn, vtc cng nhanh hn mt cht nh khong cchkt ni cng gia cc phn t ngnhn.

Tuy nhin nhc im ln nht ca FPGA antifused l ch c th c lp trnh vcuhnh mt ln. V vy n ch thc s ph hp khi thc thi hon chnh sn phm cui cngv khng ph hp vi mc ch thit k pht trin.

Cu to t EEPROM/FLASHEEPROM or FLASH based FPGAs cng c nguyn l cu to tng t nh loi

FPGASRAM. Cc phn t cu hnh ca n c kt ni da trn mt chui thanh ghi dchdi. Chng c th c cu hnh offline bng cc thit b lp trnh chuyn dng. Cng c mts c th lp trnh online nhng thi gian lp trnh cu hnh s gp khong 3 ln thi gianthc thi vi nn FPGASRAM. Khi c cu hnh clp trnh thchng c th cduy tr v khng b mt i nh nguyn l lu gi ca EEPROM hoc FLASH. LoiFPGAEEPROM/FLASH c cu to nh hn so vi loi FPGA SRAM v vy cng c thgim c thi gian lan truyn tn hiu kt ni lin thng gia ccphn t logic.

bo v cng ngh khi FPGA c cu hnh v a ra s dng, ta c th bo v bng c ch kha m mm (cu to t khong 50 bit n vi trm bit). Mun c c thng

tin cu hnh trc tip t FPGA, ngi ta cn phi c m kha v cng rt kh hoc khngth m c theo nguyn l th sai. V mun vy theo c tnh cng phi mt n hng triunm mi hy vng thnh cng m ra c.

Tuy nhin cng ngh ch to FPGAEEPROM/FLASH i hi thc thi qua nhiucng on x l hn so vi loi FPGASRAM v vy m s pht trin ca chng cng chmhn. Hn na nng lng tiu th ca chng cng ln hn v phi nui rt nhiu cc phn tin tr ko (pull-up resistor).

Cu to t t hp FLASH/SRAMNgy nay ngi ta cng pht trin ch to cc loi FPGA cu to t cc t hp SRAM

v FLASH tn dng c cc u im ca c hai chng loi ny. Thng thng ccphn

t cu hnh FLASH s c s dng lu cc ni dung cu hnh sao chp cho cc phnt cu hnh SRAM. V cc phn t cu hnh SRAM hon ton c th ccu hnh li theoyu cu thit k trong khi vn duy tr mt phn thit k cu hnh gc lu trong cc phn tFLASH.

Ngi ta cng thng phn loi FPGA da vo phn t kin trc ca chng v baogm 3 loi chnh: mn, th v trung bnh. Bn cht vic phn loi ny l da vo kiukhilogic kh trnh cu thnh nn FPGA. Vi loi FPGA mn th kin trc cc khi logic kh trnhthng l cc cng logic n gin (kiu AND, OR, v cc phn t lu gi nh Triger D).Kiu kin trc ny ph hp v thng s dng hiu qu vi kin trc ASIC. Gn y xu th

pht trin ca FPGA ang tp trung vo loi kin trc th. Tcl cc khi logic kh trnh lcc khi c kh nng x l logic ln vi nhiu t hp lin kt v phc tp vi nhiu u vov ra lin kt. Tu theo mc ca khi logic khtrnh m ngi ta phn ra thnh cc loitrung bnh.

C hai loi cu trc c bn cu thnh nn cc khi logic kh trnh trong kin trcFPGA th hoc trung bnh l MUX (Multiplexer) v LUT (Lookup Table). Trong loi cutrc MUX th cc phn t logic c cu thnh theo cu trc t hp cc u vo ra theonguyn l MUX nh m t trong hnh sau: Khi logic dng MUX.

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i vi loi cu trc LUT th cc u vo thc cht l cc t hp chn ra gi trtrongbng cht l ca hm chc nng cn thc thi. Nguyn l ca loi khi logic ny c m t nh trong Hnh 2.11.

Hu ht cc ng dng u c nhu cu v b nh RAM on Chip v vy mt s dngFPGA hin nay cng tch hp thm c cc phn t nh RAM v c gi l RAM nhng(embedded RAM). Cc phn t RAM c t chc thnh tng khi v tuthuc vo kintrc ca FPGA n s c phn b linh hot, thng l xung quanh ccphn t ngoi vi hoc

phn b u trn b mt Chip. Mt hnh nh minh ho v phn b RAM trong kin trcFPGA c m t nh trong Hnh 2.12.

Hnh 2.10 Khi logic dng MUX

Hnh 2.11 LUT th c hi n hm t h AND v OR

Hnh 2.12 Hnh nh Chip c cc ct l cc khi RAM nhng

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FPGA vi ht nhn DSPThc cht l mt t hp nhm tng tc v kh nng tnh ton. Khi nim ny cng

tng t nh cc b ng x l ton hc trong kin trc my tnh. Nguyn l l nhm san sv gim bt ti sang FPGA thc thi cc chc nng tnh ton ln (thng thngi hi thchin trong nhiu nhp hot ng ca Chip DSP) v cho php Chip DSP tp trung thc hincc chc nng n nhp ti u. T hp FPGA v DSP l mt kin trcrt linh hot v c

bit ci thin c hiu sut thc hin v tng tc hn rt nhiu sovi kin trc nhiu ChipDPS hoc ASICs ng thi gi thnh li thp hn.

2.3 B nh

2.3.1 Tng quanKin trc b nh c chia ra lm hai loi chnh v c p dng rng ri trong hu

ht cc Chip x l nhng hin nay l kin trc b nh von Neumann v Havard. Trong kin trc von Neumann khng phn bit vng cha d liu v m chng trnh.

C chng trnh v d liu u c truy nhp theo cng mt ng. iu ny cho php ad liu vo vng m chng trnh ROM, v cng c th lu m chng trnhvo vng dliu RAM v thc hin t .

Hnh 2.13 S nguyn l mch ghp ni VK v FPGA

Hnh 2.14 Kin trc b nh von Neumann v Havard

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Kin trc Havard tch/phn bit vng lu m chng trnh v d liu. M chngtrnh ch c th c lu v thc hin trong vng cha ROM v d liu cng ch c th lu vtrao i trong vng RAM. Hu ht cc vi x l nhng ngy nay s dng kin trc b nhHavard hoc kin trc Havard m rng (tc l b nh chng trnh v d liu tchbit nhngvn cho php kh nng hn ch ly d liu ra t vng m chng trnh).Trong kin trc bnh Havard m rng thng s dng mt s lng nh cc con tr ly d liu t vng m

chng trnh theo cch nhng vo trong cc lnh tc thi.Mt s Chip vi iu khin nhngtiu biu hin nay s dng cu trc Havard l 8031, PIC, Atmel AVR90S. Nu s dng Chip8031 chng ta s nhn thy iu ny thng quavic truy nhp ly d liu ra t vng d liuRAM hoc t vng m chng trnh. Chng ta c mt vi con tr c s dng ly d liura t b nh d liu RAM,nhng ch c duy nht mt con tr DPTR c th c s dng ly d liu ra t vngm chng trnh. Hnh 2.14 m t nguyn l kin trc ca b nh vonNeumann v Harvard.

u im ni bt ca cu trc b nh Harvard so vi kin trc von Neumann l c hai knh tch bit truy nhp vo vng b nh m chng trnh v d liu nh vy m mchng trnh v d liu c th c truy nhp ng thi v lm tng tc lung trao i vi

b x l.

2.3.2 B nh ROMB nh ch c ROM cng c ch to bng cng ngh bn dn. Chng trnh trong

ROM c vit vo lc ch to n. Thng thng, ROM cha chng trnh khi ng mytnh, chng trnh iu khin trong cc thit b iu khin t ng,...

PROM (Programable ROM): Ch to bng cc mi ni (cu ch - c th lm t bngin). Chng trnh nm trong PROM c th c vit vo bi ngi s dng bng thit bc bit v khng th xa c.

EEPROM (Eletrically Erasable Programable ROM): Ch to bng cng ngh bn dn.Chng trnh nm trong ROM c th c vit vo v c th xa (bng in) vit li bi

ngi s dng.

Hnh 2.15Nguyn l iu khin tch knh truy nhp bus a ch v bus d liu

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EPROM (Erasable Programable ROM): Ch to bng nguyn tt phn cc tnh in.Chng trnh nm trong ROM c th c vit vo (bng in) v c th xa (bng tia cctm - trung ha tnh in) vit li bi ngi s dng.

Bao gm mt mng cc transistor kh trnh. M chng trnh s c ghi trc tip vvi x l c th c ra thc hin. EPROM c th xo c bng tia cc tm v c th clp trnh li. Cu trc vt l ca EPROM c m t nh trong Hnh 2.16.

B nh Flash: Cng ging nh EPROM c cu to bi mt mng transistor khtrnh nhng c thxo c bng in v chnh v vy c th np li chng trnh m khng

cn tch rakhi nn phn cng VXL. u im ca b nh flash l c th lp trnh trc tiptrn mch cng m n ang thc thi trn .

2.3.3 B nh RAMVng lu hoc trao i d liu trung gian trong qu trnh thc hin chng trnh.

Hnh 2.16Nguyn l cu to v hot ng xo ca EPROM

Hnh 2.17 Cu trc nguyn l b nh RAM

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RAM c hai loi SRAM v DRAM

2.3.4 Qun l b nhCng vic qun l b nh ca my vi tnh ch yu l do b vi x l m nhim. Bn

cnh cn c DMAC (Direct Memory Access Controller) cng tham gia qun l b nhtrong vic truyn s liu gia controller a vi b nh v lm ti b nh. nhng my cCache Memory th Cache Memory Controller thc hin cc cng vic truyn s liu giaCache Memory v RAM.

khu vc trung tm ca my vi tnh (b vi x l, ROM, RAM, cc bus...), thc chtca vic qun l b nh l cc thanh ghi ca vi x l a ra cc a ch ca nh hoc cacng I/O qua bus a ch, cng cc lnh iu khin/ trng thi khc v lnh c vo/ vit racc s liu ca cc nh y. Cc b phn bn ngoi VXL s gii m cc a ch v cc tnhiu iu khin/ trng thi tr vo cc byte/ t/ t kp... ca b nh thc hin ccthao tc tng ng.

Cn t cc a tr i, vic qun l b nh l thc hin cc lnh ca h iu hnh lncc file (c a ch 3 chiu l C-H-S), c th l truyn s liu nh DMAC gia vng m(buffer) ca b iu khin a vi b nh RAM.

Cc b vi x l Intel t th h 286 tr i phn bit hai mode a ch: mode a ch thc(ch qun l 20 bit a ch vt l ca b nh) v mode a ch bo v (qun l ti 32 bit a cho nh cc thanh ghi n trong b vi x l).

Hnh 2.18 Cu trc mt phn t nh DRAM

Hnh 2.19Nguyn l ghp ni (m rng) RAM vi VXL

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cp di, tc cp ngoi vi, nh b iu khin a, b iu khin mn hnh, myin... cng c t chc b nh ring ca chng tin cho vic ct gi v x l vi cc c thring.

Cc b nh RAM-ROM v cc vng nh ca b nh ngoi (trn cc a), khc nhauv cch m ho cc bit, cch t chc, do c cch truy nhp cng khc nhau.

B nh ca vi x l c th xem nh bao gm c b nh ROM v b nh RAM. B

nh RAM ca vi x l chnh l cc thanh ghi (thanhghi chung, thanh ghi ch s, thanh ghion, thanh ghi ngn xp, thanh ghi trng thi, thanh ghi c, cc b m s liu/ a ch/ iukhin...). Cn b nh RAM l b phn gii m lnh pht ra cc vi lnh.

Nhm mc ch qun l c s lng a ch nh (o) nhiu hn s ng a chca b vi x l v bo v cc vng nh ca cc nhim v khc nhau (task) v ca ht nhn(kernal) chng truy nhp khng hp php, cc vi x l c cc cch t chc c bit cc thanhghi a ch (b phn phn trang, iu khin on ca cc nhim v).

Cc b vi x l t th h 486 tr i cn c mt b nh Cache Memory vi kch thcnhiu Kbyte cha mng cc lnh v s liu ang thng dng ly t b nh RAM, nhmtng tc truy nhp.

tng tc tnh ton cc phpton du chm ng, trong cc b vi x l t 486 tri cn c b phn du chm ng (FPU, Floating Point Unit), b phn ny cng c cc thanhghi FPU phc v ring cho n.

B nh trong ca my tnh dng cha chng trnh v s liu ca phn chngtrnh ht nhn v cc nhim v. Mi byte c gn cho mt a ch VXL v DMAC c thtruy nhp ti.

B nh RAM nhng my t 386 tr i c th c tch ring ra b nh m (cachememory), l RAM tnh vi thi gian truy nhp nhanh, c kch thc di 1Mb c ni ngayvo bus ni b ca my tnh st ngay vi x l v c iu khin bi Cache controller. Phncn li l DRAM, chm hn nhng r hn v c dung lng ln hn.

2.4 Thit b ngoi vi

2.4.1 Tng quanMy vi tnh hay h vi x l u c cu trc chung gm khi x l trung tm CPU, b

nh v cc mch vo ra I/O. Ngoi ra, my vi tnh cn phi trao i d liu vi mi trngbn ngoi, v d giao tip vi ngi s dng qua bn phm, mn hnh, trao i vi cc thit bngoi thng dng, cc thit b trong h o lng, iu khin v cc my vi tnh khc trongmng. Cc thit b ngoi vi bao gm:

Cc thitb vo chun nh bn phm, chut Cc thit b ra chun nh mn hnh, my in Cc b nh ngoi chun nh cng, CD ROM Cc h o lng, iu khin ...

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Trong VXL : vi x l BGN: b ghp ni CN: cng nghip K: iu khin

B phi ghp nm trung gian gia my vi tnh v cc thit b ngoi, ng vai tr trungchuyn d liu (nhn v truyn) gia chng.

Khi truyn d liu t my vi tnh ra thit b ngoi, b phi ghp ng vai tr nhn dliu t my tnh v l ngun cp d liu cho thit b ngoi.

Khi truyn d liu t thit b ngoi vo my vi tnh, b phi ghp ng vai tr nhn dliu t thit b ngoi v l ngun cp d liu vo cho my tnh.

B phi ghp lm nhim v phi hp trao i d liu gia my tnh v thit b ngoiv mc v cng sut ca tn hiu, v dng tn hiu, v tc v phng thc trao i.

Phi hp v mc v cng sut tn hiuMc tn hiu ca my vi tnh thng l mc (0V, 5V) trong khi ca cc thit b ngoi,

hoc mc cao ( 15V, 48V) hoc rt thp (

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Phi hp v tc trao i d liu.My tnh thng hot ng vi tc cao, trong khi cc thit b ngoi thng hot

ng chm hn. Do b phi ghp phi c kh nng cp, nhn d liu nhanh vi my tnh,nhng vi thit b ngoi th ngc li .

Phi hp v phng thc trao i d liu. m bo s trao i d liu mt cch tin cy,cn c b phi ghp v phng thc

trao i d liu din ra theo mt trnh t nht nh v hp l.Nu vic trao i d liu do mytnh yu cu th qu trnh din ra nh sau:

My tnh a lnh iu khin khi ng b phi ghp hay thit b ngoi. My tnh c tn hiu tr li. Nu c tn hiu sn sng mi trao i tin, nu khng,

thm mt chu k ch v c li trng thi. My tnh trao i tin khi c thy trng thi sn sng.

Nu vic trao i tin do TBN yu cu: gim thi gian ch i trng thi sn sng caTBN, my tnh c th khi ng TBN ri thc hin cc nhim v khc. Vic trao i tin dinra khi:

TBN gi yu cu trao i tin ti b x l ngt ca khi ghp ni, a yu cu ngtchng trnh n my tnh. Nu c nhiu thit b ngoi cnggi yu cu, KGN x l theo mc u tin ngt nh

trc, ri a yu cu trao i tin cho my tnh. My tnh nhn yu cu, chun b trao i v gi tn hiu xc nhn sn sng trao i. KGN nhn v truyn tn hiu xc nhn cho TBN. TBN trao i tin vi KGNv KGN trao i tin vi my tnh (nu l a tin vo) hoc

my tnh trao i tin vi KGN v KGN trao i tin vi TBN (nu l a tin ra).

2.4.2 Vo ra ni tip

Cng ni tip c s dng truyn d liu hai chiu gia my tnh v ngoi vi, ccc u im sau: Khong cch truyn xa hn truyn song song. S dy kt ni t. C th truyn khng dy dng hng ngoi. C th ghp ni vi vi iu khin hay PLC (Programmable Logic Device). Cho php ni mng. C th tho lp thit b trong lc my tnh ang lm vic. C th cung cp ngun cho cc mch in n gin

Cc thit b ghp ni chia thnh 2 loi: DTE (Data Terminal Equipment) vDCE (DataCommunication Equipment). DCE l cc thit b trung gian nh MODEM cn DTE l cc

thit b tip nhn hay truyn d liu nh my tnh, PLC, vi iu khin, Vic trao i tnhiu thng thng qua 2 chn RxD (nhn) v TxD (truyn). Cctn hiu cn li c chc nngh tr thit lp v iu khin qu trnh truyn, cgi l cc tn hiu bt tay (handshake).u im ca qu trnh truyn dng tn hiu bttay l c th kim sot ng truyn.

Tn hiu truyn theo chun RS-232 ca EIA (Electronics Industry Associations).Chun RS-232 quy nh mc logic 1 ng vi in p t -3V n -25V (mark), mc logic 0ng vi in p t 3V n 25V (space) v c kh nng cung cp dng t 10 mA n 20 mA.

Ngoi ra, tt c cc ng ra u c c tnh chng chpmch.Chun RS-232 cho php truyn tn hiu vi tc n 20,000 bps nhng nu cp

truyn ngn c th ln n 115,200 bps.Cc phng thc ni gia DTE v DCE: n cng (simplex connection): d liu ch c truyn theo 1 hng.

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Bn song cng ( half-duplex): d liu truyn theo 2 hng, nhng mi thiim chc truyn theo 1 hng.

Song cng (full-duplex): s liu c truyn ng thi theo 2 hng. 2.4.3 Vo ra song song

Trong phn ny ta xt cng song song kh trnh 82C55A. 82C55A l mt giao din

ngoi vi cng song song kh trnh c ch to theo cng ngh CMOS. N l mt thitb ngoi vi vo ra kh trnh a mc ch v c th c s dng vi nhiu loi VXL/VKkhc nhau. 82C55A c 24 chn vo ra on Chip c chia ra thnh 2 nhm, mi nhm 12 chnv c th c s dng theo 3 ch hot ng khc nhau. Hnh 2.21 m t gin khichc nng ca chip 82C55A.

82C55A cung cp 3 ch hot ng chnh v c th lp trnh la chn Mode 0: Hot ng vo ra c bn Mode 1: Hot ng vo ra nm bt (strobed) Mode 2: Hot ng Bus 2 chiu

Vic la chn ch hot ng c thc hin thng qua thanh ghi t iu khin v c m t nh trong hnh sau.

Hnh 2.21 Gin chc nng ca 82C55A

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Khi u vo RESET c iu khin mc cao th tt c cc cng s c thit lphot ng ch cng vo vi 24 ng tn hiu vo duy tr mc logic 1. Sau khi tn hiuiu khin RESET mc tch cc b loi b th 82C55A c th duy tr ch hot ng mkhng cn thm bt k vic khi to no na. iu ny s gip loi b c cc in tr treocao hoc treo thp trong cc thit k cho mch CMOS. Khi kch hot ch thit lp th thanhghi t iu khin s cha gi tr 9Bh. Trong qa trnh thc hin chng trnh vn c th thay

i la chn ch hot ng khc nhau, iu ny cho php 82C55 hot ng mt ccha dng p ng cho nhiu bi ton ng dng khc nhau. Trong qa trnh thanh ghi tiu khin ang c vit th tt c cc cng c thit lp hot ng ch cng ra sc khi to bng zero.

Mode 0 (Vo ra c bn): Cu hnh ch hot ng ny cung cp cc hot ng vora n gin cho c 3 cng A, B v C. D liu c trao i trc tip v khng cn phi c cch bt tay. Ch hot ng ny h tr cc chc nng c th nh sau:

Hai cng 8bit v 2 cng 4bit Bt k cng no cng c th l cng vo hoc cng ra Cc ng d liu tn hiu ra c cht Cc ng tn hiu vo khng c cht C th cu hnh 16 kiu hot ng vo ra khc nhauMode 1 (Vo ra c bt tay): Ch hot ng ny cung cp kh nng truyn d liu

ti hoc i t mt cng c th cng vi cc tn hiu bt tay. Trong ch ny cng A, B cs dng truyn d liu v cng C hot ng nh cng iu khin c ch ng b bt tay.Ch hot ng ny cung cp cc chc nng chnh sau:

Hai nhm cng (Nhm A v Nhm B). Mi nhm bao gm 1 cng 8 bit vmtcng d liu iu khin 4bit.

Cng d liu 8bit c th hot ng nh hoc l cng vo hoc l cng ra v c haichiu d liu u c cht.

The 4bit port is used for control and status of the 8bit port.

Hnh 2.22 Thanh ghi t iu khin chn ch hot ng cho 82C55A

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Mode 2 (Bus vo ra hai chiu c bt tay): Ch hot ng ny cung cpkh nng truyn thng vi cc ngoi vi hoc cc bus d liu 8bit cho vic truyn nhn dliu. Cc tn hiu bt tay c cung cp duy tr dng tn hiu bus tng t nh ch 1.Cc c ch to ngt cng c th c thc hin ch ny. Mt s cc chcnng chnh h tr trong ch ny bao gm:

Ch s dng nhm A Mt cng bus 2 chiu 8-bit (cng A) v mt cng iu khin 5-bit (Cng C) C hai chiu d liu vo v ra u c cht. Cng iu khin 5-bit (Cng C) c s dng cho mc ch iu khin v trng

thi cho cng A trao i d liu 2 chiu 8 bit .

2.5 Bus

2.5.1Bus a chBus a ch l cc ng dn tn hiu logic mt chiu truyn a ch tham chiu ti

cc khu vc b nh v ch ra d liu c lu gi u trong khng gian b nh. Trong qa trnh hot ng CPU s iu khin bus a ch truyn d liu gia cckhu vc

b nh v CPU. Cc a ch thng thng tham chiu ti cc khu vc b nhhoc cc khu vc vo ra, hoc ngoi vi D liu c lu cc khu vc thng l 8

bit (1 byte), 16bit, hoc 32bit ty thuc vocu trc tng loi vi x l/vi iu khin.Hu ht cc vi iu khin thng nh a ch d liu theo khi 8bit. Cc Cc loi vi

x l 8bit, 16bit v 32bit ni chung cng u c th lm vic trao i vi kiu d liu 8bit v16bit

Chng ta vn thng c bit ti khi nim a ch truy nhp trc tip, l khnngCPU c th tham chiu v truy nhp ti trong mt chu k bus. Nu vi x l c N bit a ch tc l n c th nh a ch c 2N khu vc m CPU c th tham chiu trc tipti.Qui c cc khu vc c nh a ch bt u t a ch 0 v tng dn n 2N1.

Hin nay cc vi x l v vi iu khin ni chung ch yu vn s dng ph bin ccbus d liu c rng l 16, 20, 24, hoc 32bit. Nu nh a ch theo byte th mt vi x l16bit c th nh a ch c 216 khu vc b nh tc l 65,536 byte = 64Kbyte. Tuynhin c mt s khu vc b nh m CPU khng th truy nhp trc tip ti tc l phi s dngnhiu nhp bus truy nhp, thng thng phi kt hp vi vic iu khin phn mm. Kthut ny ch yu c s dng m rng b nh v thng c bit ti vi khi nimnh a ch trang nh khi nhu cu nh a ch khu vc nh vt qu phm vi c thnh a ch truy nhp trc tip

V d: CPU 80286 c 24bit a ch s cho php nh a ch trc tip cho 224 byte(16 Mbyte) nh. CPU 80386 v cc loi vi x l mnh hn c khng gian a ch 32bit s c

th nh c ti 232 byte (4Gbyte) a ch trc tip.2.5.2Bus d liu

Bus d liu l cc knh truyn ti thng tin theo hai chiu gia CPU v b nh hoccc thit b ngoi vi vo ra. Bus d liu c iu khin bi CPU c hoc vit cc dliuhoc m lnh thc thi trong qa trnh hot ng ca CPU. rng ca bus d liu ni chungs xc nh c lng d liu c th truyn v trao i trn bus. Tc truyn haytrao i d liu thng c tnh theo n v l [byte/s]. S lng ng bit d liu s cho

php xc nh c s lng bit c th lu tr trong mi khu vc tham chiu trc tip. Numt bus d liu c kh nng thc hin mt ln truyn trong 1s, th bus d liu 8bit s c

bng thng l 1Mbyte/s, bus 16bit s c bng thng l 2Mbyte/s v bus 32bit s c bng

thng l 4Mbyte/s. Trong trng hp bus d liu 8bit vi chu k bus l T=1s (tc l struyn c 1byte/1chu k) th s truyn c 1 Mbyte trong 1s hay 2Mbyte trong 2s.

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2.5.3Bus iu khinBus iu khin phc v truyn ti cc thng tin d liu iu khin hot ng ca h

thng. Thng thng cc d liu iu khin bao gm cc tn hiu chu k ng b cc nhpchuyn ng v hot ng ca h thng. Bus iu khin thng c iu khin biCPU ng b ha nhp hot ng v d liu trao i trn cc bus. Trong trng hp vi xl s dng dn knh bus d liu v bus a ch tc l mt phn hoc ton b bus d liu s

c s dng chung chia s vi bus a ch th cn mt tn hiu iu khin phn nhp truynhp cho php cht lu tr thng tin a ch mi khi bt u mt chu k truyn. Mt v d vcc chu k bus v s ng b ca chng tronghot ng ca h thng bus a ch v d liudn knh c ch ra trong hnh sau. y l hot ng in hnh trong h vi iu khin 8051v nhiu loi tng t.

Cu hi cui chng1. Nu cc thnh phn phn cng thng c trong mt h thng nhng2. B vi x l c th c t chc theo nhng kin trc no, c im ca mi loi kin trc

?

3. Nu cu trc, nguyn l hot ng v cc loi b nhRam4. Nu cu trc, nguyn l hot ng v cc loi b nh Rom5. Trnh by phng php qun l b nh trong h thng nhng 6. Nu s khc nhau gia vo ra ni tip v vo ra song song7. Phn tch c im, v tr v chc nng ca h thng BUS

Hnh 2.23 Chu k hot ngca bus dn knh

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Chng 3 PHN MM NHNG

3.1 Tng quanPhn mm nhng l g ? Phn mm nhng l mt chng trnh c vit, bin dch

trn my tnh v np vo mt h thng khc (gi tt l KIT) bao gm mt hoc nhiu b vi xl c ci sn mt h iu hnh, b nh ghi chp c, cc cng giao tip vi cc phn

cng khcMc ch ca phn mm nhng l nhm h tr cho cc sn phm phn cng ccchc nng hon ho nht, phc v tt nht cc nhu cu ca ngi dng vi s bo mt v sn

phm tt nht.Phn mm nhng c cc tnh cht sau: Ph thuc vo h iu hnh ci sn trn KIT Ph thuc vo cc tnh nng t trng ca tng sn phm phn cng c trong KIT Ph thuc vo c tnh ca h thng

Phn mm nhng l s tch hp ca ngnh tin hc (phn mm) vi ngnh in t(phn cng).Vi cc cc thit b in t, phn mm nhng mang li nhiu s hu ch cnthit cho ngi s dng v ng thi gim chi ph gi thnh v phn cng cho thit b.Thgii ngy ny nhm ti s tch hp ca ngnh tin hc vi cc ngnh ng dng khc. S tch

hp ny c thc hin qua cc thit b thng minh v phn mm nhng l b no ca ccthit b . Trong thi gian khng xa, chng ta s bc ti k nguyn ca "Hu -PC" (thi ica hu my tnh c nhn) v khi th phn mm nhng s l phn a s ca ngnh cngnghip phn mm.Mt s v d phn mm nhng: Sn phm phn mm nhng rt a dng,

phong ph, thuc nhiu chng loi. C th ly cc sn phm sau lm v d: my nh k thuts, l vi ba, my photocopy, my in laser, my FAX, cc bng qung co s dng h thngn LED, mn hnh tinh th lng, my git , my iu ho nhit

3.2 Trnh iu khin thit b

3.2.1 Tng quan

Hu ht cc thnh phn phn cng u cn mt vi loi phn mm qun l v iukhin. Cc phn mm giao tip trc tip v iu khin cc thnh phn phn cng ny cgi l cc chng trnh iu khin thit b. Tt c nhng h thng nhng u c cc trnh iukhin thit b ti lp phn mm h thng ca mnh. Trnh iu khin thit b l mt th vin

phn mm c nhimv khi ng phn cng, qun l vic truy nhp ti phn cng c cc lpphn mm cao hn. Trnh iu khin thit b c v tr trung gia gia phn cng v h iuhnh, cc chng trnh ng dng.

Trnh iu khin thit b c chia thnh hai loi l architecture-specific hoc generic.Mt trnh iu khin l architecture-specific nu n qun l cc phn cng tch hp trong

bng mch chnh v lin kt vi b x l chnh. Cc nhim ca trnh iu khin thit b ny

bao gm vic khi to v iu khin cc thnh phn trong b x l chnh nh b nh chnh,n v iu khin b nh, cc phn cng lin quan n tnh ton cc php ton du phyng. Mt trnh iu khin l generic nu n qun l cc phn cng khng nm trong bng

Hnh 3.1 M hnh h hng nhng v phn mm iu khin thit b

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mch chnh, khng lin kt vi b x l chnh. Trong trnh iu khin generic thng c mtphn chng trnh ca trnh iu khin architecture-specific bi v b x l chnh l n viu khin trung tm cn thit phi truy nhp n mi thnh phn phn cng, trnh iu khingeneric c th c sa i v cu hnh thc thi trn nhiu nn tng phn cng khc nhauc s tng ng v phn cng. Cc trnh iu khin generic bao gm m lnh khi ng vqun l vic truy nhp n cc thnh phn cn li ca bng mch nh cc bus (I2C, PCI,

PIMCIA...), cc b nh ngoi chip (level-2+ cache, Flash ...) v cc chip ngoi (Ethernet, Rs232, Display, Mouse...)

3.2.2 NgtNgt l cc tn hiu c to ra bi mt s s kin trong qu trnh thc thi cc ch th

lnh ca b x l. Cc ngt c th l khng ng b, vi cc thit b phn cng ngoi nhngt reset, power... hoc c th l ng b vi nhng hot ng lin quan n ch th lnh nhcc li gi hm hoc cc ch th khc. Nhng tn hiu ny khin b x l dng hot ng hinti ca dng ch lnh v khi ng th tc x l ngt.

Phn mm x l ngt trong b x l v phn cng qun l cc ngt thng bao gmcc trnh iu khin cho vic x l ngt. Cc chc nang m cctrnh iu khin cung cp c

th l: Interrupt Handling Startup: khi ng cc ngt cng (v d nh b iu khin ngt,

kch hot cc ngt ...) khi h thng khi ng hoc reset. Interrupt Handling Shutdown: cu hnh cc ngt (iu khin ngt, ngng kch hot

cc ngt ...) v trng thi power off. Interrupt Handling Disable: cho php cc phn mm khc c th tc ng vo cc

ngt (disable). Tuy nhin khng cho php vi cc ngt Non -Maskable. Interrupt Handling Enable: cho php cc phn mm khc c th tc ng vo cc

ngt (enable). Interrupt Hadler Servicing: iu khin m lnh ca bn thn ngt m c thc thi

ngay sau khi lung ch th lnh chnh dng.Cba loi ngt chnh l software, internal hardware v external hardware. Cc ngt

Software c sinh ra bi cc ch th lnh bn trong lung ch th ang thc thi bi b x l.Cc ngt Internal hardware c khi to bi cc s kin l kt qu ca cc vn (thng lli) vi lung ch th ang c thc hin bi cc c trng ca phn cng nh li trn bnh, li chia cho khng, li sai ch lnh .... Cc ngt sinh ra bi nhng s kin ni ti nythng c gi l cc ngoi l exception. Cui cng, cc ngt external hardware c to ra

bi cc thnh phn phn cng nh h thng bus, cc thit b IO...Vi cc ngt c sinh ra bi cc nguyn nhn bn ngoi, b x l s kt ni qua chn

IRQ (Interrupt Request Level) vi b x l ngt hoc trc tip vi cc thnh phn trn mch

phc v cho ngt ny. Ngt c th c pht sinh theo hai cch: level-triggered v edge-triggered. Ta ni ngt pht sinh theo level-triggered khi tn hiu IRQ ca n c mc nhtnh (HIGH hoc LOW). Nhng ngt th ny c x l khi CPU tm ra mt yu cu x ltrn ng IRQ sau mi ln thc hin mt ch th lnh no .

Hnh 3.2Ngt Level-triggered

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Cc ngt edge-triggered c sinh ra khi c mt s thay i trn ng tn hiu IRQ(t LOW sang HIGH hoc ngc li). Mt khi c sinh ra, nhng ngt nh vy s c avo CPU ch x l.

Ti thi im mt IRQ ca b x l nhn c tn hiu ch th c mt ngt, ngt sc x l bi cc c ch x l ngt bn trong h thng. Cc c ch ny bao gm c phnmm v phn cng. Di kha cnh phn cng, b iu khin ngt c th c tch hp vomch hoc b x l c th trao i trc tip vi cc thnh phn phn mm lin quan. Vicc h thng khng c b iu khin ngt, cc ng yu cu ngt c kt ni trc tip vi

b x l chnh v cc th tc ngt c iu khin bng phn mm vi cc mch in t.

3.2.3 B nhTrong khi thc t cu to vt l b nh l mt mng hai chiu(ma trn), mi mt phn

t nh c mt a ch hng v ct duy nht th b x l li coi b nh nh l mt mng mtchiu v c tham chiu nh l mt Memory Map (MM). Trong MM, mi phn t nh l

mt hng cc bytes, v s lng cc bytes trn mi hng ph thuc vo rng ca bus dliu (8 bit, 16 bit, 32 bit, 64 bit...). iu ny ni theo mt cch khc l ph thuc vo ccthanh ghi ca kin trc x l. Khi b nh vt l c tham chiu t phn mm, n c coi l

b nh logic v c phn t nh l byte. B nh logic c hnh thnh t tt c cc b nh vtl (thanh ghi, ROM, RAM) trong ton b h thng nhng.

H thng phn mm phi m bo cung cp cho b x l trong h thng kh nng truynhp vo tt c cc phn ca bn nh MM. Cc phn mm phi qun l c cc b nhtrong b x l v trn mch cng nh l qun l cc c ch b nh phn cng nh ccchng trnh iu khin ca cc h thng con. Cc h thng nh con bao gm tt c cc thnh

phn qun l b nh nh Memory Controller v MMU cng nh cc kiu b nh c trongMM. Cc chc nng m trnh iu khin b nh phi cung cp bao gm:

Hnh 3.3Ngt Edge-triggered

Hnh 3.4 V d v Memory Management

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Memory Subsystem Startup: Phn khi to b nh khi h thng c cp ngunhot reset.

Memory Subsystem Shutdown: Cu hnh li thng tin chuyn h thng nhvotrng thi Power-off.

Memory Subsystem Disable: Cho php cc phn mm khc c th v hiu ha mth thng nh no (v d nh cache)

Memory Subsystem Enable: Cho php cc phn mm khc c th kch hot hthng nh no .

Memory Subsystem Write: Ghi d liu vo mt vng nh xc nh. Memory Subsystem Read: c d liu t mt vng nh xc nh. Bt k s khc nhau gia cc kiu d liu, mi d liu ta c th coi l mt dy cc

byes. Trong khi mt ln truy cp b nh b gii hn v kch thc ca bus d liu th ta c ccc ch truy cp b nh vi tng khi block, gi l segments. Vi vic truy nhp ny ta

phi cung cp cc thng s lin quan n segment number v offset xc nh a ch vt lca khi nh.

Trt t m trong cc bytes c ly ra hot ghi vo ph thuc vo kin trc byteordering ca h thng. Hai kiu kin trc thng dng l little endian v big endian. Vilittle endian, cc byte c c v ghi theo th t byte thp trc, ngc li vi big endian.

3.2.4 Bus

Nh ta bit, cc thng tin lin quan n bt k mt h thng BUS no bao gm:protocol nh ngha cch thc m cc thit b truy nhp vo bus, cc qui nh cc thit bkt ni vi nhau thng qua bus v cc tn hiu trn bn thn bus. Cc giao thc Bus ccung cp vi trnh iu khin bus vi cc chc nng chnh sau y:

Bus Startup: khi ng cc thng s ban u khi h thng c cp ngun hotng hoc reset

Bus Shutdown: cu hnh bus chuyn v trng thi Power Off Bus Disable: cho php cc phn mm khc v hiu ha Bus ngay lp tc Bus Enable: cho php cc phn mm khc kch hot Bus ngay lp tc Bus Acquire: cho php cc phn mm khc c quyn s dng Bus Bus Release: cho php cc phn mm khc gii phng Bus Bus Read: cho php cc phn mm khc c d liu t Bus Bus Write: cho php cc phn mm khc ghi d liu ln Bus Bus Install: cho php cc phn mm khc c ci t cc thit b m rng Bus Bus Uninstall: cho php cc phn mm khc c loi b cc thit b Bus

3.3 H iu hnh trong cc h thng nhng

3.3.1 Tng quanVi h thng nhng, h iu hnh OS ch l mt la chn, ngha l ta c th gp

nhng h thng nhng c hoc khng c h iu hnh. Cc h iu hnh c th c s dngtrn bt k mt b x l no. Nh trong hnh sau, h iu hnh c t trn phn cng, cctrnh iu khin thit b hoc BSP (Board Support Package).

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H iu hnh l tp hp cc th vin phn mm phc v cho hai mc ch chnh: cungcp s trong sut cho cc phn mm hot ng trn h iu hnh , lm cho cng vic pht

trin cc ng dng c d dng hn v qun l cc ti nguyn phn cng v phn mm m bo cho ton h thng hot ng mt cch hiu qu, tin cy. Trong khi cc h iu hnhnhng khc nhau cc thnh phn x l, hu ht cc h iu hnh ny u c mt nhnKernel rt hn ch. Kernel l thnh phn cha cc chc nng c bn nht ca h iu hnh,

bao gm:Qun l tin trnh: cung cp cc c ch qun l cc phn mm trong h thng nhng.

Mt chc nng nh thng c trong qun l tin trnh l vic qun l cc ngt v ngoi l.Tt c cc ngt, ngoi l, li sinh ra bi cc tin trnh u phi c qun l mt cch hiuqu sao cho chng c x l chnh xc v cc tin trnh sinh ra nhng ngoi l ny ctheo di ng mc.

Qun l b nh: Khng gian nh trong h thng nhng c chia s bi tt c cc tintrnh, v vy vic truy nhp v mt phn t nh phi c qun l cht ch. Mt chc nngchnh trong qun l b nh lvic qun l an ninh h thng, chc nng ny cho php mt

phn ca h thng c th c lp trnh nh hng ti s hot ng ca ton b h thng.Qun l vo ra: Cc thit b vo ra c chia s bi nhiu tin trnh v do cng

phi c qun l nh l b nh. Mt trong nhng chc nng chnh ca qun l vo ra lqun l vic truy nhp cc file gia cc tin trnh.

Hnh 3.5 M hnh h thng nhng v h iu hnh

Hnh 3.6 M hnh h thng nhng

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3.3.2 Tin trnh hiu r cch thc h iu hnh qun l cc ti nguyn phn cng v phn mm ta

phi hiu r cch h iu hnh nhn nhn v h thng. H iu hnh phn bit gia mtchng trnh v s thc thi ca chng trnh . Chng trnh n gin l mt dy cc ch th

lnh tnh v th ng. Vic thc thi thc t ca chng trnh l ng, trong c rt nhiu sthay i theo thi gian. Mt tin trnh (task) c to bi h iu hnh trong c cha tt cnhng thng tin lin quan n s thc thi ca chng trnh (v d stack, PC, m ngun, dliu ...). iu ny ngha l chng trnh ch l mt phn ca tin trnh.

Cc h iu hnh nhng qun l tt c cc phn mm bng cch s dng cc tin trnh,ta c th c n tin trnh hoc a tin trnh. Trong mi trng n tin trnh, ch c mt tintrnh c thc thi trong mt thi im. Ngc li, c th c nhiu tin trnh cng thc thitrong mi trng a tin trnh. Ta thy r rng l n tin trnh s khng yu cu cc c chthut ton phc tp nh a tin trnh. Vi a tin trnh ta phi m bo cc tin trnh c lpvi nhau v khng nh hng n nhau ngoi tr trng hp c xc nh r trong m lnh.M hnh a tin trnh cung cp c ch chia nh chng trnh thnh cc thnh phn m cth c x l song song.

3.3.3 Qun l tin trnh

L thuyt lp lchnh ngha: L thuyt Scheduling cp ti vn lp lch nhng tin trnh c th thc

hin ng thi vi cc yu t thi gian deadline v quyn u tin.

Ti nguyn CPU l hng s, nu h thng c nhiu tin trnh ta phi tr li cu hi lliu c th phn chia thi gian, lp lch cho cc tin trnh sao cho chng hon thnh trongng thi gian nh. Nu chng ta thc hin ln lt tng tin trnh, tng tin trnh thkhng c khi nim v lp lch Schedule bi v mt tin trnh ch thc hin khi tin trnh kia kt thc, Schedule ch cp vi nhng tin trnh c th thc hin song song vi nhau. Lthuyt v Schedule l rt rng v pht trin t nhng nm 60, trong chng trnh ny ta ch cp n mt phn rt nh ca n. Ta s lp lch cho cc tin trnh da trn hai yu t lkhong thi gian deadline ca tng tin trnh, u tin ca chng v phng php lp lchm ta s vn dng l phng php "Rate monotonic Scheduling".

Phng php Rate Monotonic

Rate Monotonic mt phng php rt ph bin c pht trin bi Liu v Layland vonm 1973 ti ACM, phng php ny c ci t trong ngn ng Ada 9x.

Hnh 3.7 M hnh a tin trnh

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Trc ht ta nh ngha v cc dy n iu, mt dy n iu l mt dy cc s csp xp theo th t tng hoc gim. V d dy

2, 5, 12, 27 ,99l dy n iu (tng) cn dy s sau khng phi l dy n iu

3, 5, 8, 6, 10, 9

nh nghaPhng php Rate Monotonic Scheduling l phng php trong quyn u tin caohn s c gn cho nhng tin trnh, tin trnh m thi gian hon thnh dealine l nh hn.Trc khi tip tc nghin cu v RMS, chng ta hy tm hiu mt s gi thit sau.

Cho Til khong thi gian duy tr ca tin trnh trong h thng (bng mt s nguynln chu k h thng)

Cho Cil khong thi gian tin trnh yu cu CPU

Dil khong thi gian deadline ca tin trnh. Chng ta coi D i=Ti(ngha l tin trnhhon thnh trong khong thi gian duy tr ca n)

Chng ta nh ngha Ui (Utilization Ratio - T l s dng) nh sau:

i

ii

T

CU

Uinh ngha t l ca thi gian thc hin v thi gian duy tr ca tin trnh, ta c ththy hin nhin gi tr c th chp nhn ca Ui l 1.

Cc iu kin cn ca RMSTrong phn ny ta s tm hiu cc iu kin cn mt tp hp cc tin trnh c kh

nng lp lch. Ch rng nhng iu kin ny khng phi l iu kin .iu kin 1 - n s dng

iiiTCTi ::

y l iu kin hin nhin, nu thi gian duy tr tin trnh nh hn thi gian honthnh tin trnh th ta khng th lp lch d trong h thng ch c duy nht tin trnh .Trong trng hp ny ta phi thay i thut ton hoc nng cp hiu nng ca CPU gimthi gian hon thnh Ci.

iu kin 2 - a s dngn

i

ii TC1

1)/(

iu kin ny ch ra rng tng ca cc t l s dng l khng vt qu 1. iu kin 1

ch ra rng thi gian mt tin trnh s dng l khng vt qu 1, bi v nu 1i

U ngha

l CPU c s dng 100% thi gian, do vy n khng th thc hin thm mt tin trnhno khc. Do vy tng t l s dng ca tt c cc tin trnh phi nh hn hoc bng 1.

By gi ta s quan tm n mt khi nim quan trng - deadline - trc khi phn tchiu kin th 3. Deadline c nh ngha bi 2 thi im, thi im th nht l khi bt utin trnh v th hai l thi im m tin trnh cn hon thnh. Ta coi deadline ca mt tintrnh bng vi thi gian duy tr ca n, ngha l tin trnh c th hon thnh cng vic camnh trc khi thi gian duytr kt thc.

Xem xt mt tin trnh j vi chu k Tj, tin trnh ny cn thi gian l Cj kt thc.Chu k ca j c th khng ng thi vi thi im bt u chu k tr trng hp n l tin

trnh c u tin cao nht. So s c mt pha tr P trc khi mt tin trnh c th cthc hin.

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tin trnh j c th c hon thnh, pha tr ti a l Tj - Cj, nu pha tr ln hn gitr ny th tin trnh khng th hon thnh trc chu k tip theo.

Tng t, nu pha tr P nh hn thi gian Tj - Cj nhng nu cc tin trnh c utin cao hn chim thi gian ln hn Tj - Cj th tin trnh j cng khng th hon thnh trcchu k tip theo.

Gi s cho 2 tin trnh i, j, Ti > Tj, do u tin ca j l cao hn i. Tin trnh j s

ginh quyn u tinca tin trnh i nhiu nht l Ti/Tj ln. Nh trong v d trc, tin trnh 1s ginh quyn u tin ca tin trnh 3 s ln l 200/50.

Do , thi gian m tin trnh j ly ca tin trnh j s l

j

j

i CT

T

bi v tin trnh j cn Cj thi gian hon thnh.Tng qut, vi mt tin trnh i, tt c cc tin trnh c mc u tin cao hn s ginh

thi gian ca tin trnh i l:1

1)()/(

i

j

jijji CTCTT

hiu r hn v cng thc trn, ta phn tch v biu phn trc. Ta thy l tintrnh 3 (period = 200) b tin trnh 1 ginh quyn u tin tt c l 4 ln. Do thi gian m T 1 ginh l:

[200/50] * 10 = 40Tng t nh vy, thi gian T2 ginh ca T3 l[200/100] * 20 = 40

Ta thy l trong 200 n v thi gian dnh cho T 3, tng thi gian m T1 v T2 ginhl 40 + 40 = 80, thi gian cn li l 200 - 80 = 120.

Thi gian cn thit T3hon thnh l 50 n v, thi gian thc t ginh cho t3 l 120n v, do ta thy tp hp T1, T2, T3l c kh nng lp lch.

3.3.4 Qun l b nhTruy cp b l th tc thng dng c v ghi vo b nh. Th tc ny thng

c s dng khim sot mi truy cp vo b nh bao gm b iu khin b nh to racc tn hiu chnh xc xc nh v tr nh cn c truy cp . iu ny c thc hin atrn vic truy cp d liu t chng trnh. D liu ny hin th qua cc ng dn d liuc kt ni vi b x l hoc bt c thit b khc m c yu cu.

Cc chip nh c sp xp d liu theo hng hoc ct, Cho Vd nh, 16 MB chip cth c truy cp nh mt khi 4M x 4. iu ny c ngha l c 4M (4,194,304) a ch vimi 4 bit ; v vy chng c cc 4,194,304 cc vng nh khc nhau _i khi c gi l cc nh _ Mi mt cha 4 bit d liu. 4,194,304 l ngang bng vi 2^22, n c ngha nh 22 bitc yu cu ti cc a ch c t cho cc v tr nh.Nh vy, trong l thuyt 22 dng ach c yu cu.

Tuy nhin, trong thc th, cc chip nh khng c nhiu cc dng a ch. Chng cthay th sp xp mt cch logic nh mt hnh vung ca cc hng , cc ct _ i khi cgi mt cch tng ng l bitlines v wordline.11 bit cp thp c xem xt nh hng , v11 bit cp cao nh ct. a ch hng u c a ti chip, v sau l a ch ct . Vd,hy gi s rng chng ta mun truy cp ti vng nh 3,780,514 trong chip ny. iu nytng ng vi mt a ch nh phn ca 11100110101111110100010 . Th nht,

11110100010 s a ra la chn hng v sau 11100110101 s a ra la chn ct.S kt hp ny la chn ng mt vng a ch nh 3,780,514. Hot ng ca hng v ctsau a d liu ti chng qua cc ng dn bng d liu trung gian.

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Hnh 3.1 biu din mt mc khi nim, mt v d v truy cp b nh bng li ta hng 8*8 v ct. Ch rng li ta khng vung, v trong thc t n thng l hnhch nht vi s hng t hn s ct.

Vic ny tng t nh mt nh ring bit trn mt bng tnh c la chn v thitlp : # 34 hng, v sau tm ti ct J v tm nh J34. Tng t nh vy, Vd lm thno nhng ngi snh c tng to ra cc bc c bi Vishwanathan Anand NewYorkngy hm qua ? Mt cch c bn, ch cn nh du cc hng t 1 n 8 trong bn c v ccct t a ti g. Hu ht cc chuyn dch c th c biu din bi mtlot nhng s kt hpch s trong bng ch ci.

By gi chng ta hy cng tr li th giica cc chip. Nu chng ta p dng nghaca l thuyt ny, chng ta c th thit k cc b nh chip, theo phng thc ny c hai uphc tp v chm hn vicch ci t mt chn cm ch trn mi chip v yu cu cc a chl n tr ? Ti sao khng t 22 chn cm a ch trn con chip ? Cu tr li c th khng lngc nhin ti nhiu ngi : l v chi ph cui cng. Mt cch c bit l khi nhiu cc hthng khng c nhng rng buc phc tp v thi gian thc, chng vn c th hot ng vis tr hon ca vic truy cp b nh nu chng lm cho h thng n gin v r hn, Bngvic s dng cc phng thc hng / ct ,N c th lm gim mt lng ln cc chn cm trn cc DRAM chip. y, 11 a ch cc chn cm c yu cu thay th cho 22, Tuynhin, chng ta nn ch b tr xung tn hiu c yu cu n cc chip nh v vic truycp thit b lun c chronised ci m chng ta ang mong ch. Chn cm tn hiu ny lun

c gi thm d hoc la chn chip . Mt iu chc chn rng : nhng th khng i,phi c a ti a ch trong hai khi . nhng bng cch gi cc con chip nh hn v unhp t hn s cho ta li ch v in nng tiu th v khng gian ( bi v gim s lng cc

ColumnAddress Decoder

Row AddressDecoder

Data

Address bus Data bus

Hnh 3.8 Truy nhp b nh

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chn cm ). Gim tiu th in nng hn na dn ti tng tc ca chip, gim bt i mtphn tc truy cp. Hnh 3.2 biu din chip nh in hnh vi 8 dng a ch v 2 dng dliu.

Cc chc nng ca cc chn cm l:Vcc: y l cc chn cm through chip c np in t ngun cho chc nng.DND: y l cc chn cm Ground phi c yu cu cho bt c mch in no.WE: Cho php ghi. Khi chn cm ny c bo v, iu ny c ngha rng cc chip

c la chn cho vic ghi. iu cng c ngha rng d liu s c gi ti thng quachn cm Din vnh r cho vng d liu ny cc chn cm t A0 ti A7. Trong trnghp ny, vng d liu li c ghi li thng qua a ch cc chn cm t A0 ti A7. D liuda ra thng qua chn cm Dout.

RAS v CAS: Nh chng ta ghi ch trc , cc hng v cc ct bn trong vngnh c t mt a ch trn mt thi gian. Do , trong thi im ny cn a ra mt cchthc ra lnh cho chip, nhng dng a ch xc nh mt s hng hoc mt s ct. Khi RASc thit lp cao, a ch mt hng c xc nh, otherwise a ch ca mt ct c tnhton. Nh chng ta cp ti trc , cc chn cm thm vo yu cu phi c ng bha gim s chn cm cho a ch ng dn.

Vi qu trnh ghi a ch ca cc nh ghi c t ln a ch cc chn cm thng qua cc a

ch ng dn . iu ny c thc hin trong ln thit lp u tin ca RAS vs dng s hng tng ng theo vic thit lp CAS v s dng s ct trn cc ach ng dn.

Set the Write Enable pin : Bit m cn c lu tr trong con chip gi Data Inpin thng qua cc ng dn d liu.

Vic la chn con chip c tc ng la chon b nh chip : Khi hu ht cchot ng c thc hin ng thi, mt bit trn chn cm Din c vit bntrong con chip a ch xc nh bi ng dn a ch

Vi qu trnh c a ch ca bit c c t trn ia ch ca cc chn cm thng qua cc a ch

ca bus.Cc chn cm RAS v CAS thng c s dng mt cch tng thch.

Chn1n8

Chn9n16

Hnh 3.9 Chip nh

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Vic la chn con chip c turned high la chn b nh chip. Cp php ghi ln chn cm c turned chm n mc chip bit c n ang c

t u. Khi hu ht cc tc ng c th hin cng mt lc , d liu xut hin trn chn

cm Dout t cc a ch xc nh bi a ch ng dn.Trong thc t,b nh c truy cp t nht mt byte ti mt thi gian , v khng c

bit no cng trong thi gian . iu ny c thc hin bng cch xp chng mi con chipti cc khi v kt hp cc phn lp bit d liu t 8 chip . Khi cc chip cn c gn a ch,cc,vic la chn chip c cho php v cc a ch tng ng c xc nh trn hu htcc dng a ch. Ty thuc vo kh nng ca cc ng dn d liu , mi khi li mt lnna c xp chng ln nhau to ra hng triu cc khi m c th cung cp d liu trong

bi s ca byte.

Thi gian truy nhp c nh ngha chun xc trong nanogiy (ns) . Tnh kh dngca b nh ny c thi gian truy nhp khc nhau t 5 n 70 nanogiay(ns).

3.4 Phn mm ng dng

Trong phn ny ta tm hiu v hai loi phn mm l middleware v application. Skhc nhau gia hai loi ny l khng thc s r rng, middleware l loi phn mm c tchra khi lp ng dng do mt s l do, mt nguyn nhn l phn mm ny c tch hp nhl mt phn ca gi h iu hnh. Nguyn nhn khc l do yu cu s dng li ca cc hthng ng dng khc lm gim thi gian v chi ph pht trin.

3.4.1 Middleware

Trong hu ht cc trng hp, middleware l bt k h thng phn mm no mkhng phi l h iu hnh, trnh iu khin thit b hoc phn mm ng dng. Tm li, trongmt h thng nhng, middleware l h thng phn mm tn ti trn trnh iu khin thit bhoc trn h iu hnh v c th c tch hp vo h iu hnh.

Middleware thng l phn mm trung gian gia phn mm ng dng v kernel hocdevice driver. Middleware cng l phn mm cung cp cc hm dch v cho cc ng dng

phn mm khc. C th hn, middleware l mt lp phn mm c s dng bi cc thit bnhng vi cc ng dng phn mm vi mc ch to ra s linh hot, tnh an ninh, lin ktgia cc ng dng. Mt trong nhng mc ch chnh s dng middleware l cho php gim phc tp ca ng dng. Middleware tc ng n mi lp ca h thng nhng .

C rt nhiu loi middleware, v d nh cc loi middleware hng thng ip

(message oriented middleware MOM), triu gi th tc t xa (remote procedure calls RPCs),kt ni c s d liu, cc giao thc mng.... Tuy nhin, hu ht cc loi middleware u rivo mt trong hai dng sau:

Hnh 3.10 Middleware trong h thng nhng

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General Purpose: chng c ci t trong nhiu loi thit b khc nhau, v d nhcc giao thc mng bn trn tng device driver v bn di tng ng dng trongm hnh OSI, cc h thng file hoc cc dng my o nh JVM.

Market specific: chng c pht trin cho mt h h thng nhng no , v dnh cc h thng chun Tivi ...

Ngoi ra ta cn c th chia ra thnh cc loi middleware ng hay m ty theo cc

loi giy php bn quyn i km vi n.

3.4.2 Application

Mt dng phn mm thng dng ta gp trong cc h thng nhng l application. Nhtrong hnh di, application c v tr phn nh ca cc lp phn mm, n ph thuc, qunl v thc thi bi cc phn mm h thng. l cc phn mm trong lp ng dng c trngcho loi thit b ca h thng nhng bi v cc chc nng ca ng dng biu din mc chchnh ca h thng v thc hin hu ht cc tng tc vi ngi s dng.

Cc ng dng nhng c th c phn loi theo general purpose hoc market specificnh ta cp trn.

Cu hicui chng1. S khc nhau gia middleware v application2. Nu cch phn loi middleware v application3. Phn tch cc iu kin cn ca RMS4. Phn tch phng php Rate Monotonic5. Trnh by v h iu hnh trong h thng nhng6. Trnh by v trnh iu khin thit b7. Trnh by v trnh iu khin ngt8. Trnh by v trnh iu khin b nh9. Trnh by v trnh iu khin bus

Hnh 3.11 Application trong h thng nhng

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Chng 4 THIT K H THNG NHNG THEO CC H VI X L

4.1 Tng quanS ra i v pht trin nhanh chng ca k thut vi in t m c trng l k thut vi

x l to ra mt bc ngot quan trng trong s pht trin ca khoa hc tnh ton, iukhin v x l thng tin. K thut vi x l ng mt vai tr rt quan trng trong tt c cc lnh

vc ca cuc sng v khoa hc k thut, c bit l lnh vc Tin hc v T ng ha.Nm 1971, hng Intel cho ra i b vi x l (microprocessor) u tin trn th gii

tn gi l Intel-4004/4bit , nhm p ng nhu cu cp thit ca mt cng ty kinh doanh lhng truyn thng BUSICOM. Intel-4004 l kt qu ca mt tng quan trng trong kthut vi x l s. l mt kt cu logic m c th thay i c chc nng ca n bngchng trnh ngoi ch khng pht trin theo hng to ra mt cu trc cng ch thc hinmt s chc nng nht nh nh trc y.

Sau , cc b vi x l mi lin tc c a ra th trng v ngy cng c phttrin, hon thin hn trong cc th h sau :

Vo nm 1972, hng Intel a ra b vi x l 8 -bit u tin vi tn Intel-8008/8bit. T

1974 n 1975 , Intel ch to cc b vi x l 8-bit 8080 v 8085A. Cng vo khong thi gianny, mt lot cc hng khc trn th gii cng cho ra i cc b vi x l tng t nh :6800 ca Motorola vi 5000 tranzitor, Signetics 6520, 1801 ca RCA, k n l 6502 cahng MOS Technology v Z80 ca hng Zilog.

Nm 1978 xut hin Intel 8086 l loi b xi x l 16 bit vi 29.000 tranzitor, Motorola68000 tch hp 70.000 tranzitor, APX 432 cha 120.000 tranzitor. B vi x l ca HewletPakard c khong 450.000 tranzitor. T nm 1974 n 1984 s tranzitor tch hp trong mtchip tng khong 100 ln.

Nm 1983, Intel a ra b vi x l 80286 dung trong cc my vi tinh h AT(Advanced Technology). 80286 s dng I/O 16 bit, 24 ng a ch v khng gian nh a

ch thc 16MB. Nm 1987, Intel a ra b vi x l 80386 32-bit. Nm 1989 xut hin xuthin b vi x l Intel 80486 l ci tin ca Intel 80386 vi b nh n v mch tnh php toni s du phy ng. Nm 1992, xut hin Intel 80586 cn gi l Pentium 64 bit cha 4 triutranzitor.

phc tp, s gn nh v kch thc v kh nng ca cc b vi iu khin c tngthm mt bc quan trng vo nm 1980 khi Intel cng b chip 8051, b vi iu khin u tinca h vi iu khin MCS-51. So vi 8048, chip 8051 cha trn 60.000 transistor bao gm 4K

byte ROM, 128 byte RAM, 32 ng xut nhp, 1 portni tip v 2 b nh thi 16-bitmts lng mch ng ch trong mt IC n.

T cc b vi x l ban u ch l cc b x l trung tm trong mt h thng, khng thhot ng nu thiu cc b phn nh RAM, ROM, bo mch ch... cc hng pht trin cc

b vi x l ny ln thnh cc b vi iu khin phc v cc mc ch ring bit, khc nhautrong cng nghip. Mt b vi iu khin l mt h vi x l tht s c t chc trong mtchip (trong mt v IC) bao gm mt b vi x l (microprocessor), b nh chng trnh(ROM), b nh d liu (RAM), tuy khng bng dung lng RAM cc my vi tnh nhngy khng phi l mt hn ch v cc b vi iu khin c thit k cho mt mc ch honton khc, ngoi ra trn chip cn c b x l s hc-logic (ALU) cng vi cc thanh ghi chcnng, cc cng vo/ra, c ch iu khin ngt, truyn tin ni tip, cc b nh thi... Hin nay,cc b vi iu khin c s dng rt rng ri v ngy cng c chun ha c th sdng rng ri trong cc ngnh cng nghip, c mt trong nhiu my mc, trong cc hng tiudng.

Cc cng vic c thc hin bi cc b vi iu khin th khng mi. iu mi l ccthit k hin thc vi t thnh phn hn so vi cc thit k trc . Cc thit k trc ihi phi vi chc hoc vi trm IC hin thc nay ch cn mt t thnh phn trong bao

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gm b vi iu khin. S thnh phn c gim bt, hiu qu trc tip ca tnh kh lp trnhca cc b vi iu khin v tch hp cao trong cng ngh ch to vi mch, thng chuynthnh thi gian pht trin ngn hn, gi thnh khi sn xut thp hn, cng sut tiu th thphn v tin cy cao hn. Vn y l tc . Cc gii php da trn b vi iu khinkhng bao gi nhanh bng gii php da trn cc thnh phn ri rc. Nhng tnh hung ihi phi p ng tht nhanh (c nsec) i vi cc s kin (thng chim thiu s trong cc

ng dng) s c qun l ti khi da vo cc b vi