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The1982 Lebanon War(Hebrew: ,Milhemet Levanon Harishona, "the first Lebanon war"), (Arabic:,Al-ijtiy, "the invasion"), calledOperation Peace for Galilee(Hebrew: , or "Mivtsa Shlom HaGalilorMivtsa Sheleg) by Israel, and later known in Israel as theLebanon WarandFirst Lebanon War, began on 6 June 1982, when theIsrael Defense Forcesinvadedsouthern Lebanon. TheGovernment of Israellaunched the military operation after theAbu Nidal Organization's assassination attempt against Israel's ambassador to the United Kingdom,Shlomo Argov.[10][11]By expelling thePalestine Liberation Organization(PLO), the removal of Syrian influence over Lebanon, and the installment of a pro-Israeli Christian government led byBachir Gemayel, Israel hoped to sign a treaty whichMenachem Beginpromised would give Israel "forty years of peace."[12]After attacking the PLO, as well asSyrian, leftist and MuslimLebaneseforces, Israel occupied southern Lebanon and eventually surrounded the PLO and elements of theSyrian army. Surrounded in WestBeirutand subjected to heavy bombardment, the PLO forces and their allies negotiated passage from Lebanon with the aid of Special EnvoyPhilip Habiband the protection of international peacekeepers. PLO, under the chairmanship of Yasser Arafat, had relocated its headquarters to Tripoli in June 1982.However, following the assassination of Bachir Gemayel, Israel's position in Beirut became untenable and the signing of a peace treaty became increasingly unlikely. Outrage following Israel's role in the Christian-doneSabra and Shatila Massacreof Palestinian refugees and Israeli popular disillusionment with the war would lead to a gradual withdrawal from Beirut tosouthern Lebanon, which was initiated following the17 May Agreementand Syria's change of attitude towards the PLO. After Israel had left most of Lebanon, theWar of the Campsbroke out between Lebanese factions, the PLO and Syria, in which Syria fought its former Palestinian allies. At the same time, Shi'a militant groups began consolidating and waging a low-intensityguerrilla warover the Israeli occupation of southern Lebanon, leading to18 years of armed conflict. TheLebanese Civil Warwould continue until 1990, at which pointSyria had established complete dominance over Lebanon.[5]With the1948 Arab-Israeli war, Lebanon became home to more than 110,000Palestinian refugees, after fleeing their homes in the formerBritish Mandate of Palestine. After its founding in 1964 and the radicalization among Palestinians, which followed theSix Day War, the PLO became a powerful force, then centred in Jordan. The large influx of Palestinians from Jordan after "Black September" caused an additional demographic imbalance within Lebanese society and its democratic institutions established earlier by theNational Pact.[13]By 1975, the refugees numbered more than 300,000 and the PLO in effect created an unofficial state-within-a-state, particularly inSouthern Lebanon, which then played an important role in theLebanese Civil War.Continual violence near the Lebanese border occurred betweenIsraeland thePLOstarting from 1968; this peaked, following the relocation of PLO bases to Lebanon after the civil war in Jordan.[edit]Lebanese civil warMain article:Lebanese civil war[edit]Incidents 19751980The continuing violence near the Lebanese border between Israel and the PLO peaked duringOperation Litaniin 1978, provoked by theCoastal Road Massacredone by Palestinian militants. TheUnited Nations Interim Force in Lebanon(UNIFIL) was created after the incursion, following the adoption ofUnited Nations Security Council Resolution 425in March 1978 to confirm Israeli withdrawal from Southern Lebanon, restore international peace and security, and help the government of Lebanon restore its effective authority in the area.[14]As early as 1976, Israel had been assisting Lebanese Christian militias in their sporadic battles against the PLO.[5]DuringOperation Litaniin 1978, Israel established a security zone in southern Lebanon with mostly Christian inhabitants, in which they began to supply training and arms to Christian militias which would later form theSouth Lebanese Army.[15]But Israel's main partner was to be theMaronitePhalangeparty, whose paramilitary was led byBashir Gemayel, a rising figure in Lebanese politics[15]Gemayel's strategy during the early stages of theLebanese Civil Warwas to provoke the Syrians into retaliatory attacks on Christians, such that Israel could not ignore. In 1978,Menachem Begindeclared that Israel would not allow a genocide of Lebanese Christians, while refusing direct intervention.[16]Hundreds of Lebanese militiamen began to train in Israel, at the IDF Staff and Command College. The relationship between Israel and the Maronites began to grow into a political-strategic alliance, and members of the Israeli government likeAriel Sharonbegan to conceive of a plan to install a pro-Israel Christian government in Lebanon, as it was known that Bashir wanted to remove the PLO and all Palestinian refugees in the country.[17][edit]1981 events and cease-fireOn 10 July 1981, violence erupted inSouth LebanonandNorthern Israelwith the rocketing of Northern Israel by thousands of PLO forces, who had come to occupy Southern Lebanon. Israel renewed its air strikes in an attempt to trigger a war that would allow it to drive out the PLO and restore peace to the region.[18]On 17 July, the Israel Air Force launched a massive attack on PLO buildings in downtown Beirut. "Perhaps as many as three hundred died, and eight hundred were wounded, the great majority of them civilians."[19]The Israeli army also heavily targeted PLO positions in south Lebanon without success in suppressing Palestinian rocket launchers and guns. As a result, thousands of Israeli citizens who resided near the Lebanese border headed south. On 24 July 1981, United States envoy Philip Habib brokered a ceasefire badly needed by both parties. Between July 1981 and June 1982, the Lebanese-Israeli border "enjoyed a state of calm unprecedented since 1968."[5]US Secretary of State,Alexander Haigfiled a report with US PresidentRonald Reaganon Saturday 30 January 1982 that revealed Secretary Haig's fear that Israel might, at the slightest provocation, start a war against Lebanon.[20]On 21 April 1982, after a landmine killed an Israeli officer while he was visiting a South Lebanese Army gun emplacement inTaibe, Lebanon, the Israeli Air Force attacked the Palestinian-controlled coastal town ofDamour, killing 23 people.[21]On 9 May, Israeli aircraft again attacked targets in Lebanon. Later that same day, UNIFIL observed the firing of rockets from Palestinian positions in theTyreregion into northern Israel, but none of the projectiles hit Israeli towns[22]the gunners had been ordered to miss.[19]Major-General Erskine (Ghana), Chief of Staff of UNTSO reported to theSecretary-Generaland theSecurity Council(S/14789, S/15194) that from August 1981 to May 1982, inclusive, there were 2096 violations of Lebanese airspace and 652 violations of Lebanese territorial waters.[23][24]The PLO maintained that the ceasefire agreement covered only operations across the LebaneseIsraeli border, and while the border was peaceful, there were more than 240 PLO terror attacks against Israeli targets elsewhere, which Israel considered to be violations of the ceasefire.[25]The freedom of movement of UNIFIL personnel and UNTSO observers within the enclave remained restricted due to the actions ofAmaland theSouth Lebanon Armyunder MajorSaad Haddad's leadership with the backing of Israeli military forces.[24]Prior to establishing ceasefire in July 1981, U.N. Secretary-GeneralKurt Waldheimnoted: "After several weeks of relative quiet in the area, a new cycle of violence has begun and has, in the past week, steadily intensified." He further stated: "There have been heavy civilian casualties in Lebanon; there have been civilian casualties in Israel as well. I deeply deplore the extensive human suffering caused by these developments." The President of theU.N. Security Council,Ide OumarouofNiger, expressed "deep concern at the extent of the loss of life and the scale of the destruction caused by the deplorable events that have been taking place for several days in Lebanon".[26][27][edit]Immediate causesSince the ceasefire, established in July 1981, until the start of the war, Israel recorded 240 terrorist actions committed by the PLO against Israeli targets including the assassination of an Israeli diplomat in Paris and encounters with PLO units attempting to cross from Jordan.[28]According toGeorge Ball, the PLO had observed the ceasefire.[citation needed]Israel, he said, continued looking for the "internationally recognized provocation" that Secretary of StateAlexander Haigsaid would be necessary to obtain American support for an Israeli invasion of Lebanon.[29]Secretary Haig's critics have accused him of "greenlighting" the Israeli Invasion of Lebanon in June 1982.[30]Haig denies this and says he urged restraint.[31]The American reaction was that they would not apply any undue pressure on Israel to quit Lebanon as the Israeli presence in Lebanon may prove to be a catalyst for the disparate groups of Lebanon to make common cause against both Syrian and Israeli forces. Haig's analysis, whichRonald Reaganagreed with, was that this uniting of Lebanese groups would allow PresidentElias Sarkisto reform the Lebanese central Government and give the Palestinian refugees Lebanese citizenship.[32]According toAvi Shlaim, the real driving force behind the Israeli invasion to Lebanon was the defense minister Ariel Sharon. One of his aims was the destruction of PLO military infrastructure in Lebanon and undermining it as a political organization, in order to facilitate the absorption of the West Bank by Israel.[citation needed]The second aim was the establishment of theMaronitegovernment in Lebanon, headed byBashir Gemayeland signing the peace treaty between two countries, the third aim was the expelling of Syrian army from Lebanon.[citation needed]Also, according to Shlaim, with the completion of Israeli withdrawals from Sinai in March 1982, under the terms of theEgyptian-Israeli Peace Treaty, theLikud-led government of Israel hardened its attitude to the Arab world and became more aggressive.[33]According toZeev MaozinDefending the Holy Land: A Critical Analysis of Israels National Security and Foreign Policythe goals of the war were primarily developed by then Minister of DefenseAriel Sharonand were fourfold:1. "Destroy the PLO infrastructure in Lebanon, including the PLO headquarters in Beirut."2. "Drive Syrian forces out of Lebanon."3. "Install a Christian-dominated government in Lebanon, withBashir Gemayelas President."4. "Sign a peace treaty with the Lebanese government that would solidify the informal Israeli-Christian alliance and convert it into a binding agreement.[34]The military plan with the code name "Big Pines", prepared by IDF, envisaged invasion to Lebanon up to the highway Damascus-Beirut and linking with Maronite forces. It was first presented to Israeli cabinet on 20 December 1981 by Begin, but rejected by the majority of ministers. According to Avi Shlaim, Sharon and chief of staffRafael Eitan, realizing that there was no chance in persuading the cabinet to approve a large-scale operation in Lebanon, adopted a different tactic and intended to implement "Operation Big Pines" in stages by manipulating enemy provocations and Israeli responses.[35]On 3 June 1982 Israels ambassador to the United Kingdom,Shlomo Argovwas shot and seriously wounded in London by terrorists belonging to the Iraqi-backedAbu Nidal terrorist organization. The organization was the longtime rival of PLO and its head was condemned to death by the PLO court, the British police reported that PLO leaders were on the "hit list" of the attackers.[36][bettersourceneeded]In his memoirs, Sharon stated that the attack was "merely the spark that lit the fuse".[37]The PLO denied complicity in the attack, but Israel retaliated with punishing air and artillery strikes against Palestinian targets in Lebanon, including the PLO camps.Sabra and Shatilarefugee camps were bombed for four hours and the local "Gaza" hospital was hit there. About 200 people were killed during these attacks.[38][bettersourceneeded]The PLO hit back firing rockets at northern Israel causing considerable damage and some loss of life.[citation needed]According to another source, twenty villages were targeted in Galilee and 3 Israelis were wounded.[39]According to Shlaim, Yasser Arafat, at that time being in Saudi Arabia, told the Americans through the Saudis that he was willing to suspend cross-border shelling. But that message was disregarded by the Israeli government. President Reagan also sent a message to Begin urging him not to widen the attack.[39]On 4 June the Israeli cabinet authorized a large scale invasion.[40][41][edit]Timeline

An aerial view of the stadium used as an ammunition supply site for the PLO, after Israeli airstrikes in 1982.[edit]InvasionOn 6 June 1982, Israeli forces under direction of Defence MinisterAriel Sharoninvaded southern Lebanon in "Operation Peace for Galilee".[edit]Course of the fightingMain articles:South Lebanon conflict (19822000)andSiege of BeirutIsrael's publicly stated objective was to pushPLOforces back 40 kilometres (25mi) to the north. Israeli forces pushed in from Southern Lebanon in a three-pronged offensive. They captured strategic positions throughout the country, with some of the fiercest fighting taking place atBeaufort Castle,Nabatieh, and the Syrian-held town ofJezzine. In an effort to establish air superiority and greater freedom of action, theIsraeli Air ForcelaunchedOperation Mole Cricket 19. During the course of the operation, the Israeli Air Force scored a dramatic victory over the Syrians shooting down more than 80 Syrian planes and also destroyed 30 Syrian anti-aircraft missile batteries, with no air to air losses of its own. However, one A-4 Skyhawk was lost to anti-aircraft fire on 6 June. Syria acknowledged the loss of 16 aircraft. Israeli aircraft also pounded PLO targets in Beirut, and Israeli gunboats shelled the coastal roads in order to cut PLO supply lines. Although Israeli forces managed to fight their way into the Syrian-held town ofSultan Yacoub, they became surrounded. Although they successfully broke out, Sultan Yacoub was one of the few objectives the IDF failed to take over the course of the war. The Israelis swept through Lebanon, pushing towards Beirut. To cut off any PLO retreat routes, theIsraeli Navyfacilitated an amphibious landing of tanks, armoured vehicles, and paratroopers north ofSidon. TheIsrael Defense Forcessoon reached Beirut and were determined to drive the PLO from southern Lebanon.[42]TyreandSidon(major cities inSouth Lebanon, still within the 40-kilometre (25mi) limit) were heavily damaged, and the Lebanese capital Beirut was shelled by Israeli artillery, and bombed by Israeli aircraft for ten weeks, killing PLO members though some civilians were also killed. Israeli troops captured Beirut Airport and several southern suburbs of the city in heavy fighting.

IAFRoundel for the strike aircraft that attacked SyrianSAMbatteries in 1982 Lebanon warDuring the course of combat operations, theIsraeli Air Forceconducted successful ground attack missions against Syrian and PLO targets, with Israeli attack helicopters inflicting heavy losses on Syrian armor. Israeli jets shot down between 82[43]and 86 Syrian aircraft in aerial combat, without losses.[44][45]A single Israeli A-4 Skyhawk and two helicopters were shot down by anti-aircraft fire and SAM missiles.[46][47][48]This was the largest aerial combat battle of the jet age with over 150 fighters from both sides engaged. Syrian claims of aerial victories were met with skepticism even from their Soviet allies.[49]The Soviets were so shaken by the staggering losses sustained by their allies that they dispatched the deputy head of their air defense force to Syria to examine how the Israelis had been so dominant.[50]The Israeli Air Force also performed ground attacks, notably destroying the majority of Syrian anti-aircraft batteries stationed in Lebanon.AH-1 Cobrahelicopter gunships were employed against Syrian armour and fortifications. IAF Cobras destroyed dozens of SyrianArmored fighting vehicles, including some of the modern SovietT-72main battle tanks. The war also witnessed the IsraeliMerkavaMBTmake its first combat debut, squaring off against SyrianT-72tanks. During these engagements, the Israelis claimed that the Merkava proved superior to the T-72, destroying a number of them without sustaining a single loss to T-72 fire.[51]Former IAF commander,David Ivriwould later recall a meeting with a high-ranking member of theWarsaw Pact, in which he was told that the dominance of Israeli and U.S. technology and tactics during the war was one of the factors that changed Soviet mind-set, leading toGlasnostand ultimately, the fall of the Soviet Union.[52][53]However, the Syrians claimed the opposite, saying that their T-72s were highly effective and that none were lost.[54]

IAFCobragunships on military exercise. These attack helicopters were successfully employed against SyrianAFVsduring the conflict.An agreement was reached later in 1982. More than 14,000 PLO combatants evacuated the country in August and September, supervised by theMultinational Force in Lebanon, an international peacekeeping force with troops from the United States, United Kingdom, France, andItaly. About 6,500 Fatah fighters relocated from Beirut to Jordan, Syria,Iraq, Sudan, bothNorthandSouth Yemen, Greece, and Tunisiathe latter of which became the new PLO headquarters.[55]Philip Habib,Ronald Reagan's envoy to Lebanon, provided an understanding (i.e., assurance) to the PLO that the Palestinian civilians in the refugee camps would not be harmed. However, the United States Marines left West Beirut two weeks before the end of their official mandate following the1983 Beirut barracks bombing.[edit]Final accordsMain article:Sabra and Shatila massacreOn 14 September 1982,Bachir Gemayel, the newly elected President of Lebanon, was assassinated byHabib Shartouniof theSyrian Social Nationalist Party.[56]Israeli forces occupied West Beirut the next day. At that time, the Lebanese Christian Militia, also known as thePhalangists, were allied with Israel.[57]The Israeli command authorized the entrance of a force of approximately 150 Phalangist fighters' into theSabra and Shatilarefugee camps, claiming there was a remaining force of approximately "2000 PLO terrorists" in the camps.[57]The result was theSabra and Shatila massacrein which at least 800 civilians were killed by the Phalangists, who themselves suffered only two casualties. Meanwhile, Israeli troops surrounded the camps with tanks and checkpoints, monitoring entrances and exits.[57]Further, Israeli investigation by theKahan Commissionof Inquiry found thatAriel Sharonbore "personal responsibility" for failing to prevent the massacre, and for failing to act once he learned that a massacre had started, and recommended that he be removed as Defence Minister and that he never hold a position in any future Israeli government. Sharon initially ignored the call to resign, but after the death of an anti-war protester following an anti-war protest, he did resign as Israel's Defence Minister, however, he remained in Begin's cabinet as a Minister without portfolio. His career recovered 15 years later and was eventually elected Israels 11th Prime Minister.[edit]Opposing forcesThe 1982 Lebanon War was first a conventional war up to and including when the PLO were expelled from Beirut.[58]The war was limited by both Israel and Syria because they were determined to isolate the fighting, not allowing it to turn into an all-out war.[58]Israeli forces were numerically superior, allowing Israel to maintain both the initiative and an element of surprise. The Syrian Army fielded six divisions and 500 aircraft, while Israel had eleven tank divisions and eleven infantry brigades, plus 600 aircraft.[citation needed]There were numerous other factions involved.[58][edit]Syria

Syrian anti-tank teams deployed French-madeMilan ATGMsduring the war in Lebanon in 1982.

Part of a SyrianSA-6site built near the Beirut-Damascus highway, and overlooking theBekaa Valley, in early 1982.TheSyrian Armydeployed over 30,000 troops in Lebanon.[59][60]The largest concentration was in the Bekaa Valley where the1st Armoured Divisionconsisting of the 58th Mechanised and the 76th and 91st Armoured Brigades. The 62nd Independent Armored Brigade and tencommandobattalions were also assigned to the division. Syria deployed around 400 tanks in the Bekaa Valley. 19 Surface to Air missile batteries, including SA6's, were also deployed in the Bekaa Valley.In Beirut and the Shouf Mountains were the 85th Infantry Brigade, thePLA,As-Sa'iqaand 20 commando battalions. Syria deployed around 200 tanks in this area. Their primary mission was to protect theBeirut-Damascus Highway, which was Syria's primary supply line in the region.[58][edit]Israel

The IsraeliMerkavaMark I tank was used throughout the First Lebanon WarIDF forces totalled 78,000 men, 1,240 tanks and 1,500 armoured personnel carriers. IDF troops were deployed in five divisions and two reinforced brigade-size units. The IDF maintained additional forces on the Golan Heights as an area reserve.[58]IDF forces were divided into three main axis of advances called sectors:[58][61] Coastal Sector, (fromRosh Hanikranorth toTyre,Sidon,Damourand Beirut.) Forces includedDivision 91with three brigades including the 211th and theGolani Brigade. The35 Paratroop Brigadeand theNa'hal50th Paratroop Battalion were attached to the division as needed. TheIsraeli Navyprovided naval interdiction, shore gunfire support and landed a mixed brigade fromDivision 96at the mouth of theAwali Rivernear Sidon.Israeli Naval commandoshad landed there previously.[58][61] Central Sector (fromBeaufort CastletoNabatiyeh) Jezzinewas the main objective and then on to Sidon to link up with the coastal forces. IDF forces included theDivisions 36and162.[58] Eastern Sector (fromRachaiyaandHasbaiyathru the Bekaa Valley aroundLake Qaraoun) IDF forces included Divisions 90 and 252, theVardi Forceand the Special Maneuver Force which was composed of two brigades of Infantry and paratroops who were trained for anti-tank operations. These forces were primarily used to contain the Syrians with orders not to initiate combat against them.[58][61][edit]Lebanon

Lebanese ArmyAPC, Beirut 1982[edit]Armed ForcesLebanese Army By 1982 the Lebanese Army had largely disintegrated and what was left was a Christian-staffed force of about 10,000 men in five brigades (the 5th, 7th, 8th, 9th, and 10th) plus some smaller independent units. The Lebanese Army was officially neutral and followed the orders of the Lebanese government, but provided tacit and active support to the Lebanese Front.[59]The Army had lost much of its heavy equipment due to defections of its units.[62]A Lebanese national army unit of 1,350 was under the operational control of the UNIFIL commander, HQ located at Arzun with sub-units attached to UNIFIL Battalions.[24][58]Lebanese Navy: The mostly Christian manned force operated several patrol boats and was loyal to the government. It played little or no part on the War.Lebanese Air Force: This largely Christian force operated a force of jet fighters, helicopters and other aircraft and it too played little part on the war.[edit]Security ForcesInternal Security Forces: the national police and security force of Lebanon.[edit]Palestinians[edit]PLOPalestinian Liberation Organization forces continued to grow in Lebanon with full-time military personnel numbering around 15,000, although only 6,000 of these, including 4,500 regulars, were deployed in the south. They were armed with 80 aging tanks, many of which were no longer mobile, and 100 to 200 pieces of artillery. According to Israeli analystsSchiffandYa'ari(1984), the PLO more than quadrupled its artillery from 80 cannons and rocket launchers in July 1981 to 250 in June 1982.[63]The same authors also refer to Israeli intelligence estimates of the number of PLO fighters in southern Lebanon of 6,000 as "divided into three concentrations; about 1,500 south of the Litani River in the so-calledIron Triangle(between the villages of Kana, Dir Amas, and Juya),Tyre, and its surrounding refugee camps; another 2,500 of the Kastel Brigade in three districts between the Litani and a line running from Sidon to northeast of Nabatiye; and a third large concentration of about 1,5002,000 men of the Karameh Brigade in the east, on the slopes of Mount Hermon".[64]PLO primary forces consisted of three conventional brigades each of 2,000 to 2,500 men and seven artillery battalions.[65]Each brigade was composed of contingents of the many PLO factions. The Yarmouk Brigade was stationed along the coastal strip while the Kastel Brigade was in the south. The Karameh Brigade was stationed on the eastern slopes ofMount Hermonin the area calledFatahland.The PLO had around 15,000 18,000 fighters (of whom about 5,0006,000 were alleged to be foreignmercenaries(or volunteers) from such countries as Libya, Iraq, India, Sri Lanka, Chad and Mozambique[7]) and they were disposed as follows:[58] 6,000 in the Beirut, Ba'abda and Damour area, 1,500 in Sidon, 1,000 between Sidon and Tyre, 1,500 in Tyre, 1,000 deployed from Nabatiyeh to Beaufort Castle, 2,000 in Fatahland, and around 1,000 in the UNIFIL Zone.Heavy weapons consisted of about 60T-34,T-54 and T-55 tanks, most of which were dug in aspillboxes, up to 250 130mm and 155mm artillery, manyBM21Katyushamultiple rocket launchers plus heavy mortars.[66][edit]Non-PLO Palestinian groupsPalestinian groups in the radicalRejectionist Frontfought on the Muslim-leftist side. The alliance did nothing to improve cooperation between member factions, andinternecinebloodshed continued. The following were members of the Rejectionist Front: Arab Liberation Front(ALF) Pro-Iraqi As-Sa'iqa Abu Nidal'sFatah-Revolutionary Council Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine(DFLP) Palestine Liberation Army(PLA) Includes the Popular Liberation Forces (Arabic, quwwat at-tahrir ash-sha'biyya), better known as the Yarmouk Brigade, a PLA Commando force. Palestinian Popular Struggle Front(PPSF) Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine(PFLP) Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine - General Command(PFLP-GC)Some, such as As-Sa'iqa, the Arab Liberation Front, the Palestine Liberation Army and the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine-General Command (PFLP-GC) were essentially mercenary armies for foreign governments (Syria, Iraq, and Libya, respectively).[59][edit]Paramilitary forces[edit]Right wing South Lebanon Army, founded in 1979 the SLA fought against both the PLO and Hezbollah. The SLA was composed of Christians, Shias and Druze from the areas that it controlled but the officers were mostly Christians. Guardians of the Cedars, exclusively Maronite with strong anti-Syrian views, 3,0006,000 uniformed militiamen armed with modern small-arms. They were backed by a mechanized force consisting of a singleM50 Super Shermanmedium tank, a fewM42 DustersandChaimite V200[67]armoured carsbacked bygun-trucks(Land-Rovers,ToyotaLand Cruisers,GMCandFordlight pick-ups, plus USM35A22-1/2 ton cargo trucks) fitted withheavy machine guns(HMGs),recoilless rifles, and a fewanti-aircraftautocannons.[68][edit]Left wing TheLebanese National Resistance Frontforces totalled about 30,000 fighting men and women. It was the successor of theLebanese National Movement. TheDruzewere initially neutral but turned against the LF when the new government attempted to force their way into Druze controlled territory in theChouf. The militia of theProgressive Socialist Partyconsisted of 10,000 to 20,000 men and boys.[69] TheAl-Mourabitoun(Guardians or Saviours in Arabic) is a secular, non-sectarian movement, its membership has always been overwhelmingly Muslim, being perceived within Lebanon as a predominantly Sunni organization. It's militia (Mouqatin or Fighters) numbered several thousand men and were known for wearing red paintedSoviet helmetswith Mourabitoun painted on front. The Mourabitoun fought alongside the PLO in the Beirut area until the cease fire after which they acquired much cast-off PLO equipment such as tanks and rocket launchers. They were supported largely by Libya and Syria.[70] TheKurdistan Workers' Partyat the time had training camps in Lebanon, where they received support from the Syrians and the PLO. During the Israeli invasion all PKK units were ordered to fight the Israeli forces. A total of 11 PKK fighters died in the conflict.[71][72][73][edit]Religious[edit]ChristianThe ChristianLebanese Front, sometimes called the Kufur Front, was a coalition of mainly Christian parties formed in 1976, during the Lebanese Civil War. It was intended to act as a counter force to the Lebanese National Movement (LNM) of Kamal Jumblatt and others. Combined Lebanese Front forces totalled about 30,000 fighting men and women. These forces were mostlyPhalangist, though there were some men fromSaad Haddad's "Free Lebanon forces"[74]and other smaller right-wing militias, includingal-Tanzim.[edit]MuslimMuslim forces wereShiiteorganizations: Amal Movementthe militia wing of the Movement of the Disinherited, a Shi'a political movement. Initially neutral. The Shia Amal guerrillas had been ordered by their leaders not to fight and to surrender their weapons if necessary.[69] Hezbollahthe other Shiite militia ostensibly formed during the invasion around Beirut and backed by Iran. Pasdaran In July 1982 Iran dispatched an expeditionary force ofRevolutionary Guardsto Lebanon, ostensibly to fight the Israeli invaders. The approximately 650 Pasdaran established their headquarters in the city ofBaalbekin the Syrian-controlled Biqa Valley where they conducted guerrilla training, disbursed military matriel and money, and disseminated propaganda.[75] The political fission that characterized Lebanese politics also afflicted the Shia movement, as groups split off from Amal. Husayn al Musawi, a former Amal lieutenant, entered into an alliance with the Revolutionary Guard and established Islamic Amal. Other Shia groups includedJundallah(Soldiers of God), theHusayn Suicide Commandos, theDawah(Call) Party, and the notoriousIslamic Jihad Organization, reportedly headed byImad Mughniyyah.[75][edit]UNIFILTheUnited Nations Interim Force in Lebanon, or UNIFIL, was created by the United Nations, with the adoption ofSecurity Council Resolution 425and426on 19 March 1978, to confirm Israeli withdrawal from Lebanon which Israel hadinvadedfive days prior, restore international peace and security, and help the Government of Lebanon restore its effective authority in the area. The first UNIFIL troops were deployed in the area on 23 March 1978; these troops were reassigned from other UN peacekeeping operations in the area (namely theUnited Nations Emergency Forceand theUnited Nations Disengagement Observer ForceZone). During the 1982 Lebanon War, UN positions were overrun, primarily by the South Lebanon Army forces under Saad Haddad.[76][edit]Outcome of the war[edit]CasualtiesMain articles:Israeli casualties of warandPalestinian casualties of warIt is estimated that between 1,000 and 8,000 civilians were killed during the conflict, with differing estimates of the proportion of civilians killed. Beirut newspaperAn Naharclaimed that 5,515 people, both military and civilian, were killed in the Beirut area alone during the conflict, while 9,797 Syrian soldiers, PLO fighters, and other forces aligned with the PLO, as well as 2,513 civilians were killed outside of the Beirut area.[77]Approximately 675 Israeli soldiers were killed.[1][78][edit]The security buffer zone and Syrian occupation

Map showing power balance in Lebanon, 1983: Green controlled by Syria, purple controlled by Christian groups, yellow controlled by Israel, blue controlled by the United NationsIn September 1982, the PLO withdrew most of its forces from Lebanon. With U.S. assistance, Israel and Lebanon reachedan accordin May 1983, that set the stage to withdraw Israeli forces from Lebanon while letting them patrol a "security zone" together with theLebanese Army.The instruments of ratification were never exchanged, however, and in March 1984, under pressure from Syria, Lebanon cancelled the agreement.In January 1985, Israel started to withdraw most of its troops, leaving a small residual Israeli force and an Israeli-supported militia, theSouth Lebanon Armyin southern Lebanon in a "security zone", which Israel considered a necessary buffer against attacks on its northern territory. The Israeli withdrawal to the security zone ended in June 1985. Israel withdrew fully from Lebanon in 2000.The political vacuum resulting from the 1985 Israeli withdrawal would eventually lead to thede factoSyrian occupation of Lebanon. Syria would gain much more power over Lebanon than what it enjoyed before 1982,[5]but it would no longer align with the PLO. In theWar of the Campsthat followed the Israeli withdrawal, Syria fought their former Palestinian allies.[edit]Relocation of PLOFollowing Arafat's decision of June 1982, by September 1982, the PLO had withdrawn most of its forces from Lebanon. Syria backed the anti-Arafat PLO forces ofAbu Musain the Beka valley from May 1983. When Arafat castigated the Syrian government for blocking PLO supplies in June 1983, the Syrian government declared Arafat apersona non-grataon 24 June 1983.[79]With the withdrawal of the PLO leadership from Tripoli in December 1983 there was an Egyptian-PLO rapprochement, this was found to be encouraging by the Reagan administration but was condemned by the Israeli government.[80][edit]Political results for IsraelIn the voting in theKnesseton the war, onlyHadash(a radical left-wing party comprised of mostly Arabs) opposed the war (and even submitted ano-confidence motionagainst the Israeli government). Hadash Knesset memberMeir Vilnersaid in the Knesset plenary session that: "The government is leading Israel to an abyss. It is doing something that in the course of time might lead to crying for generations." In response, they were condemned, and calls were heard, among others from the editor ofYediot Ahronoth, to prosecute them for treason. Left-wing Knesset members, includingShulamit AloniandYossi Sarid, were absent from the plenary for the vote. Even theLabourfaction voted in support. By mid January 1983 Rabin was saying that the Israeli attempt to impose a peace agreement on Lebanon by the use of force was a "mistake" based upon an "illusion".[81]Heavy Israeli casualties, allegeddisinformationof Israeli government leaders and the Israeli public by Israeli military, as well as political advocates of the campaign and lack of clear goals led to increasing disquiet among Israelis. This culminated in a large protest rally inTel Aviv, organized by thePeace Nowmovement, following the 1982Sabra and Shatila massacre. Organizers claimed 400,000 people participated in the rally, and it became known as the "400,000 rally". Other estimates put the figure much lower, maybe reaching 100,000 Israelis but including thousands of reserve soldiers back from Lebanon.[82][edit]Political outcome for LebanonThe Israeli-Maronite alliance dissolved, and Sharon's goal of installing a pro-Israel Christian government in Beirut was not accomplished.[83]Consequently, 850,000 Christians would emigrate during the Civil War out of Lebanon, most of them permanently.[84]The withdrawal of the IDF from central Lebanon in the summer of 1983, was followed by one of the bloodiest phases of the Lebanese war, where the Christian Militia (theLebanese Forces) was left alone to defend the "Mountain" area which comprised theAleyandChoufdistricts against a coalition ofDruzePSP, PLO remnants, Syrian Army, Lebanese Communist, andSyrian Social National Party. This heavily impacted the civilian population from both sides (more than 5,000 killed from both sides).[citation needed]TheMountain Warended after the Christian forces and civilians withdrew to the town of Deir el Kamar where they were besieged for 3 months before all hostilities ceased and they were transported to East Beirut.The invasion led to the switching of sides ofAmal Movement, which used to fight against thePLOprior to the invasion. The invasion is also popularly held to be the major catalyst for the creation of the Iranian and Syrian supportedHezbollahorganization, which by 1991 was the sole armed militia in Lebanon not supported by Israel and by 2000 had completely replaced the vanquished PLO in Southern Lebanon.[citation needed][edit]Cold War perspectiveAccording to Abraham Rabinovich, the complete dominance of U.S. and Israeli technology and tactics over those of theEastern Blocwas to have been a factor that hastened the demise of theWarsaw Pactand Soviet Union.[52][53][dubiousdiscuss][edit]Long term consequencesIn 2000, whenEhud Barakwas Israeli Prime Minister, Israel finally withdrew from thesecurity zoneto behind theBlue Line. Lebanon and Hezbollah continue to claim a small area calledShebaa Farmsas Lebanese territory, but Israel insists that it is captured Syrian territory with the same status as theGolan Heights. The United Nations has not determined the final status of Shebaa Farms but has determined that Israel has complied with UNSC resolution 425. The UN Secretary-General had concluded that, as of 16 June 2000, Israel had withdrawn its forces from Lebanon in accordance withUN Security Council Resolution 425of 1978, bringing closure to the 1982 invasion as far as the UN was concerned.[85]Israels withdrawal from Lebanon led to pressure on the Syrians to withdraw theiroccupation forcesand this pressure intensified after the assassination of the popular Lebanese Prime Minister,Rafik Hariri. On 26 April 2005 the Syrian occupation forces withdrew from Lebanon.[86][edit]Other consequences From the standpoint of the Israeli Military, the invasion removedPLOpresence from Southern Lebanon and destroying its infrastructure, as well as increasing deterrence on other Arab anti-Israeli militant organizations.[citation needed]The Syrian military was weakened by combat losses, especially in the air. The failure of the larger Israeli objectives of resolving the conflict in Lebanon witha peace treaty,[87]of securing its hold on theWest Bankby destroying effective Palestinian resistance.[39][dubiousdiscuss] TheLebanese Council for Development and Reconstructionestimated the cost of the damage from the invasion at 7,622,774,000Lebanese pounds, equivalent to US$2 billion at the time.[88] Al-Qaeda leaderOsama bin Ladensaid in a videotape, released on the eve of the 2004 U.S. presidential elections, that he was inspired to attack the buildings of the United States by the 1982 Israeli invasion of Lebanon, in which towers and buildings in Beirut were destroyed in the siege of the capital.[89][edit]Investigation into violation of International LawSee also:Sabra and Shatila massacre, section MacBride commission reportOn 16 December 1982, theUnited Nations General Assemblycondemned the Sabra and Shatila massacre and declared it to be an act ofgenocide.[90]The voting record[91][92][93]on section D of Resolution 37/123, which "resolves that the massacre was an act of genocide", was: yes: 123; no: 0; abstentions: 22; non-voting: 12. The abstentions were: Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany (Federal Republic),Iceland, Ireland, Italy,Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Sweden, United Kingdom, U.S., Canada, Australia, New Zealand,Israel,Cte d'Ivoire,Papua New Guinea,BarbadosandDominican Republic. Some delegates disputed the claim that the massacre constitutedgenocide.In 1982, an international commission investigated into reported violations of International Law by Israel during its invasion of the Lebanon. Chairman wasSen MacBride, the other members wereRichard Falk,Kader Asmal, Brian Bercusson, Graud de la Pradelle, and Stefan Wild. The commission's report[94]concluded that "the government of Israel has committed acts of aggression contrary to international law", that the government of Israel had no valid reasons under international law for its invasion of Lebanon, and that the Israeli authorities or forces were directly or indirectly responsible for themassacres and killings, which have been reported to have been carried out by Lebanese militiamen in the refugee camps of Sabra and Shatila in the Beirut area between 16 and 18 September.[94]Following a four-month investigation, on 8 February 1983, theKahan Commissionsubmitted its report, which was released to the public by spokesman Bezalel Gordon simultaneously in Hebrew and English. It concluded that direct responsibility rested with the Gemayel Phalangists led by Fadi Frem, and that no Israelis were deemed directly responsible, although Israel was held to be indirectly responsible:The decision on the entry of the Phalangists into the refugee camps was taken without consideration of the danger which the makers and executors of the decision were obligated to foresee as probable the Phalangists would commit massacres and pogroms against the inhabitants of the camps, and without an examination of the means for preventing this danger.Similarly, it is clear from the course of events that when the reports began to arrive about the actions of the Phalangists in the camps, no proper heed was taken of these reports, the correct conclusions were not drawn from them, and no energetic and immediate action were taken to restrain the Phalangists and put a stop to their actions.[edit]In cinemaSeveral films were staged, based on the events of the 1982 war: Cup Final (film) Lebanon (2009 film) Waltz with Bashir[edit]See also 2006 Lebanon War List of modern conflicts in the Middle East Golan Heights Law[edit]NotesThis article incorporatespublic domain materialfrom websites or documents of theLibrary of Congress Country Studies.1. ^abcGabriel, Richard , A,Operation Peace for Galilee, The Israeli-PLO War in Lebanon, New York: Hill & Wang. 1984, p. 167, 168,ISBN 0-8090-7454-02. ^Hirst, David (2010).Beware of Small States. NationBooks. p.144-145.ISBN978-1-56858-657-1. "In time, however, Arafat and his guerrilla leadership decided that they would have to withdraw, leaving no military and very little political or symbolic presence behind. Their enemy's firepower and overall strategic advantage were too great and it was apparently ready to use them to destroy the whole city over the heads of its inhabitants. The rank and file did not like this decision, and there were murmurings of 'treason' from some of Arafat's harsher critics. Had they not already held out, far longer than any Arab country in any former war, against all that the most powerful army in the Middle East and the fourth most powerful in the world, according to Sharon could throw against them? (...) But [Palestinians] knew that, if they expected too much, they could easily lose [Lebanense Muslim support] again. 'If this had been Jerusalem', they said, 'we would have stayed to the end. But Beirut is not outs to destroy."3. ^The May 17 AgreementBest in Lebanon4. ^114 Agreement between Israel and Lebanon- 17 May 1983Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs5. ^abcdeMorris, p. 5596. ^"Lebanese Civil War 1982". Liberty05.com. Retrieved 29 February 2012.7. ^ab"The Lebanon War". Jewishvirtuallibrary.org. Retrieved 29 February 2012.8. ^3 September 1982 Washington Post9. ^Washington Post, 16 November 1984.10. ^Kahalani,A Warriors Way, Shapolsky Publishers (1994) pp. 29930111. ^Harvey W. Kushner,Encyclopedia of terrorismSage Publications (2003), p.1312. ^Friedman, Thomas (2006).From Beirut to Jerusalem, p. 157. Anchor Books, New York.ISBN 0-385-41372-6.13. ^Kissinger, Henry (1999).Years of Renewal, Phoenix Press.ISBN 1-84212-042-5. p. 1022."I think with sadness of these civilized men who in a turbulent part of the world had fashioned a democratic society based on genuine mutual respect of religion. Their achievement did not survive. The passions sweeping the area were too powerful to be contained by subtle constitutional arrangements. As it had attempted in Jordan, the Palestinian movement wrecked the delicate balance of Lebanon's stability. Before the peace process could run its course, Lebanon was torn apart. Over its prostrate body of writing all the factions and forces of the Middle East still chase their eternal dreams and act out their perennial nightmares."14. ^"Extracts relating to Article 98 of the Charter of the United Nations: Supplement No 5 (19701978)"(PDF).Repertory of Practice of United Nations Organs. United Nations. pp.275279. Retrieved 6 August 2006.15. ^abMorris, p. 50316. ^Morris, p. 50517. ^Morris, p. 50918. ^Israel's Lebanon WarSchiff & Yaari (1984), pp. 353619. ^abMorris, p. 50720. ^Reagan, Ronald (Brinkley, Douglas, (ed.)) (2007).The Reagan Diaries. Harper Collins.ISBN 978-0-06-087600-5p. 66: Saturday, 30 January21. ^Fisk, Robert (2001).Pity the Nation: Lebanon at War. Oxford University Press,ISBN 0-19-280130-9, andISBN 978-0-19-280130-2p. 194.22. ^Friedman, Thomas L. "Israeli Jets Raid P.L.O. in Lebanon; Shelling follows".The New York Times, 10 May 1982, p. 1.23. ^Cobban, 1984, p.11224. ^abcUN Doc S/15194of 10 June 1982Report of the Secretary-General on the United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon25. ^Herzog & Gazit (2005), pp. 35035126. ^UN Doc S/PV.2292, 17 July 1981.27. ^"Sharon's war crimes in Lebanon: the record". Wsws.org. 22 February 2002. Retrieved 29 February 2012.28. ^Herzog (1982) p. 34129. ^Ball, George W.Error and Betrayal in Lebanon, p. 35.30. ^Lee, Timothy."The stupidity of Ronald Reagan. Slate Magazine". Slate.com. Retrieved 29 February 2012.31. ^"Alexander Haig".Time(New York). 9 April 1984.Archivedfrom the original on 28 April 2011. Retrieved 6 April 2011.32. ^Reagan, Ronald (Brinkley, Douglas (ed.)) (2007).The Reagan Diaries. Harper Collins.ISBN 978-0-06-087600-5pp. 8790.33. ^Shlaim, Avi (2007).Lion of Jordan; The life of King Hussein in War and Peace. Allen Lane. p. 412.ISBN 978-0-7139-9777-434. ^Maoz,Defending the Holy Land, University of Michigan Press (2006) p. 18135. ^Shlaim 1999 pp. 39639736. ^Chomsky, Noam (1983).The Fatefull Triangle.South End Press.ISBN0-89608-187-7.p.19637. ^Joffe, Lawrence (25 February 2003)."Obituary of Shlomo Argov". The Guardian. Retrieved 31 May 2012. "At last, the then Israeli defence minister Ariel Sharon had a pretext for his long-planned campaign to eliminate the Palestine Liberation Organisation (PLO) and its headquarters in the Lebanese capital, Beirut. In his memoirs, Sharon admits that the Dorchester ambush was "merely the spark that lit the fuse"."38. ^Chomsky p.19739. ^abcShlaim, Avi (1999).The Iron Wall. Norton.ISBN0-393-04816-0.p.40440. ^Herzog (1982) p. 340-4341. ^Hogg, Ian V., Israeli War Machine, Hamlyn Publishing Group Ltd, (1983) p. 171-175ISBN 0-600-38514-042. ^John Pike."Lebanon 1982: The Imbalance of Political Ends And Military Means". Globalsecurity.org. Retrieved 29 February 2012.43. ^Rabinovich,The Yom Kippur War, Schocken Books (2004) p. 51044. ^Herzog,The Arab-Israeli Wars, Random House (1982) p347-4845. ^Bruce Walker & the editors of Time-Life books,Fighting Jets: The Epic of Flight, Time Life Books (1983) p162-6346. ^Rabinovich p. 51047. ^Herzog, p 347-34848. ^Walker, p.162-6349. ^Hurley, Matthew M."The Bekaa Valley Air Battle".Airpower Journal(Winter 1989).Archivedfrom the original on 23 September 2008. Retrieved 10 September 2008.50. ^Rabinovich, p. 510-1151. ^Herzog, p. 34952. ^abRabinovich p. 510-1153. ^abRebecca GrantThe Bekaa Valley WarAir Force Magazine Online 85 (June 2002). Retrieved 22 August 200954. ^Ilyin, Vladimir; Nikolski, Mikhail (1997). "Sovremennye tanki v boiu" [Modern Tanks in Battle].Tehnika i vooruzhenie [Machinery and Armament](in Russian) (1).55. ^"1982: PLO leader forced from Beirut".BBC News. 30 August 1982. Retrieved 20 April 2010.56. ^Seale, Patrick (1988).Asad: The Struggle for the Middle East. p.391.ISBN0-520-06667-7.57. ^abc"Flashback: Sabra and Shatila massacres",BBC News Online(London), 24 January 2002.58. ^abcdefghijkArmies in Lebanon 198284, Samuel Katz and Lee E. Russell, Osprey Men-At-Arms series No. 165, 198559. ^abc"APPENDIX B Lebanon, APPENDIX B Lebanon". Lcweb2.loc.gov. Retrieved 29 February 2012.60. ^# Armies in Lebanon 198284, Samuel Katz and Lee E. Russell, Osprey Men-At-Arms series No. 165, 198561. ^abcIsraeli Elite Units since 1948, Samuel Katz, Osprey Elite series 18,62. ^http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/lebanon/lb_appnb.html63. ^pp. 8384.64. ^pp. 134135.65. ^"Lebanon. The Two-Week War. Section 1 of 1; Data as of December 1987 Library of Congress Country Studies". Lcweb2.loc.gov. 3 June 1982. Retrieved 29 February 2012.66. ^Sayigh, Y. (1990).Armed Struggle and the Search for State: The Palestinian National Movement, 19491993. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p.524.ISBN0-19-829643-6.67. ^" An ex-ISF V-200 Chaimite employed by the Guardians of the Cedar pictured at Houche-el-Oumara during the Battle for Zahle, AprilJune 1981". Milinme.wordpress.com. Retrieved 29 February 2012.68. ^" GoC M34 gun-truck with ZU-23-2 AA autocannon, c.1976". Alsminiature.com. Retrieved 29 February 2012.69. ^ab"Lebanon". Lcweb2.loc.gov. Retrieved 29 February 2012.70. ^Armies in Lebanon 198284, Samuel Katz an Lee E Russell, Osprey Men-at-Arms 165, 198571. ^"In the Spotlight: PKK (A.k.a KADEK) Kurdish Worker's Party". Cdi.org. Retrieved 29 February 2012.72. ^"Abdullah calan en de ontwikkeling van de PKK". Xs4all.nl. Retrieved 29 February 2012.73. ^"a secret relationship". Niqash.org. Retrieved 29 February 2012.74. ^Shahid, Leila.The Sabra and Shatila Massacres: Eye-Witness Reports. Journal of Palestine Studies, Vol. 32, No. 1. (Autumn, 2002), pp. 3658.75. ^ab"Lebanon". Lcweb2.loc.gov. Retrieved 29 February 2012.76. ^"Extracts relating to Article 98 of the Charter of the United Nations: Supplement No 6 (19791984)"(PDF).Repertory of Practice of United Nations Organs. United Nations. pp.185199. Retrieved 6 August 2006.77. ^"Twentieth Century Atlas Death Tolls and Casualty Statistics for Wars, Dictatorships and Genocides".Archivedfrom the original on 7 May 2009. Retrieved 5 April 2009.78. ^Ross, Michael (2006).The Volunteer.79. ^American Jewish Committee ArchivesAmerican Jewish Yearbook 1985. p. 126.80. ^American Jewish Committee ArchivesAmerican Jewish Yearbook 1985. p. 130.81. ^American Jewish Committee Archives, American Jewish Yearbook 1985. p. 260.82. ^Warschawski, Michel (AprilMay 2006)."Inside the Anti-Occupation Camp",The Link(Americans for Middle East Understanding).83. ^Morris, p. 55184. ^Dagher, Carol. Bring Down the Walls: Lebanon's Post-War Challenge" p. 7185. ^"Security Council Endorses Secretary-General's Conclusion On Israeli Withdrawal From Lebanon as of 16 June", UN Press release SC/6878, 18 June 2000.86. ^"Security Council Press Release SC/8372". United Nations. 29 April 2005. Retrieved 29 February 2012.87. ^Netanel Lorch."The Arab-Israeli Wars".Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs.Archivedfrom the original on 29 April 2011. Retrieved 6 April 2011.88. ^"E/CN.4/2000/22/Add.1 of 3 March 2000". United Nations. Retrieved 29 February 2012.89. ^Arak, Joel (29 October 2004)."Osama Bin Laden Warns America: Terror Leader Admits For First Time That He Ordered 9/11 Attacks", CBS News.90. ^U.N. General Assembly, Resolution 37/123, adopted between 16 and 20 December 1982.Retrieved 4 January 2010. (If link doesnt work, try:U.N. welcome documents General Assembly Resolutions 1982 37/123.)91. ^Voting Summary U.N. General Assembly Resolution 37/123D.Retrieved 4 January 2010,92. ^Leo Kuper, "Theoretical Issues Relating to Genocide: Uses and Abuses", in George J. Andreopoulos,Genocide: Conceptual and Historical Dimensions, University of Pennsylvania Press, 1997,ISBN 0-8122-1616-4, p. 37.93. ^William Schabas,Genocide in International Law. The Crimes of Crimes, p. 45594. ^abMacBride, Sen; A. K. Asmal, B. Bercusson, R. A. Falk, G. de la Pradelle, S. Wild (1983).Israel in Lebanon: The Report of International Commission to enquire into reported violations of International Law by Israel during its invasion of the Lebanon. London: Ithaca Press. p.191.ISBN0-903729-96-2.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1982_Lebanon_War