2. tos reducing energy use transient...

Baseline and Mitigation Strategy for Thai RAC

2. TOs – Reducing energy use – Transient effects

Transient or dynamic losses due to behaviour of the machine at non‐design conditions –Changes in ambient conditions –Changes in heat load –Compressor starting –Pressure equalisation

Often ‘hidden’ potential for improvement


2. TOs – Reducing energy use – Transient effects – improvement examples

Variable‐speed compressors +++ Variable‐capacity compressors +++

Adaptive/optimised electronic control +++ Expansion valve instead of capillary tube +++

Floating head pressure control ++ Flow regulation valves (for multi‐evaporator systems) + Phase‐change materials within cold box, condenser ++

Off‐cycle migration valve (prevent pressure equalisation) + Two, multi‐compressors ++


2. TOs – Reducing energy use – Cooling demand

Not directly related to efficiency, but can reduce energy use –Quality of insulation –Amount of infiltration –Solar gain –Electrical loads –Product temperature –Use patterns

A greater cooling demand (heat load) increases energy consumption


2. TOs – Reducing energy use – Cooling demand – improvement examples

Increase cabinet insulation ++ Better quality insulation (vacuum insulation panels, gas

panels, alternative foams) ++

Increase door insulation + Decrease door leakage (better gaskets) +

Use of night blinds ++ Glass door/lid +++

Adaptive defrosting ++ Off‐cycle defrosting ++

Hot gas/reverse cycle defrost +


2. TOs – Reducing energy use – Cooling demand – improvement examples

Low power lighting (LEDs, etc), choice of ballasts for fluorescents ++

External lighting ++ Adaptive lighting +

Reduce IR gain (reflective glass, etc) ++ Improve anti‐sweat trim heaters / dew point control +

Reduce internal volume +


2. TOs – Reducing energy use – Integration of measures

Benefit of above measures rarely additive –Typically for each additional measure, effectiveness lessens

Eventually, adding more and more features simply adds cost –Must determine most cost‐effective set of options

Important to first analyse current design to determine most effective measures


2. TOs – Reducing energy use – implementation

Means of imposing reduction in energy Options

–Energy labelling


2. TOs – Reducing energy use – implementation

Means of imposing reduction in energy Options

–Minimum efficiency rules –Test standards


3. Barriers and costs Currently, the selected AOs are not the BAU options

–Various reasons for this

Generally explicit cost implications plus various other types of barriers –Availability, supply, knowledge of technology, high investment, lack of skills, etc, etc

Money is primary denominator for adopting TOs –Additional cost required for investment –Estimating cost‐effectiveness, i.e., € per tCO2‐eq

Therefore, necessary to convert “barriers” into equivalent costs


3. Barriers and costs

Necessary to identify various barriers to introducing the TOs Typically, most barriers can be overcome, provided sufficient funding is applied – If barriers are analysed, the subsequent cost for overcoming the barrier can be approximated (for specific TOs)


3. Barriers and costs Barrier Reason Interventions Cost implications Cost group

No refrigerant availability

No demand

Local supplier makes refrigerant available

Purchase of refrigerant Set up import/distribution Conformity to relevant rules Different material costs

Refrigerant price

Refrigerant has high price

Small demand

Additional resources to make products available

Market introduction cost Market introduction cost

No suitable compressor available

No demand

Compressor manufacturer makes compressor available

R&D of new compressors Conversation of existing compressor production line Awareness raising of new compressor Different material costs

Compressor price

Suitable compressor high price

Small demand

Additional resources to make available

Market introduction cost Market introduction cost



Suitable system components not available

NBo demand Additional resources to make products available

Market introduction cost


Suitable ancillary components too high price

Small demand

Additional resources to make products available



Additional components increases cost

Not needed for conventional system

[none – it just costs more…]

Purchase of additional components Different material costs

Additional parts costs

Additional ancillary/safety components increase cost

Not needed for conventional system


Purchase of additional components/material costs Development of safety mechanisms

Additional parts costs



Technicians need additional tools/ equipment

To handle different characteristics of AOs

Provide with necessary tools/ equipment

Purchase of additional tools/ equipment

Technician tools

Technicians not competent/ disciplined

No need to work on AO

Enable technicians to become competent

Provide dedicated training Technician assessment Technician certification and registration scheme Disseminate technical information

Technician training Licensing/ registration Awareness raising

Design engineers lack knowledge

No need to work on AO

Educate engineers

Provide dedicated training Disseminate technical information

R&D costs Awareness raising



Charge size limits restrictive

Conservative standards

New standards Develop low charge systems

Develop new/revised rules Carry out R&D

Legislation R&D costs

Installation rules are restrictive

Conservative standards

New standard Develop new safety systems

Develop new/revised rules Carry out R&D

Legislation R&D costs

Consumers not interested in technology option

Consumers ignorant of issues

Make consumers aware

Introduce marketing schemes

Awareness raising

Retails not interested in technology option

Retailers ignorant of issues

Make retailers aware

Introduce marketing schemes

Awareness raising



High production costs

New, more expensive production line equipment

Provide new production line equipment

Purchase of equipment Internal training Infrastructure changes, disruption

Production line equipment

High production operation costs

More expensive production line operation

[none – it just is…]

Longer process times Additional processes

Production line process

Longer installation time

Longer time, more complex

[none – it just takes more time…]

Different type of piping, components, etc Different processes Different working procedures

Installation time



High installation material costs

Different piping, more complex


Different type of piping, components Additional parts, materials

Installation materials

Higher service and maintenance costs

Longer working procedures Higher cost of materials


High cost components Higher cost refrigerant

Current rules/ regs have general prohibition

No previous concern

Modify existing rules/regs

Assessment of existing regulations

Legislation


3. Barriers and costs From analysing barriers, several common cost groups identified –Refrigerant price –Compressor price –Product parts –Technician tools –Technician training –Technician licensing/registration –Legislation changes

Different TOs used for different subsectors may incur incremental changes in these cost groups

–Awareness raising –R&D costs –Production line equipment –Production line process – Installation time – Installation materials


3. Barriers and costs Certain other costs are considered “Market introduction” costs

–Account for placing a product on the market; admin, etc

Energy‐related costs –Energy use for lifetime of equipment –Based on typical capacity, efficiency and running hours


3. Barriers and costs For energy costs, two variations are considered: equal efficiency and improved efficiency Equal efficiency

–The design of any TO is adjusted up or down in order to achieve the same annual average efficiency as the original baseline technology

–Therefore incremental cost most also account for efficiency matching of TOs, e.g., difference in cost for larger or smaller heat exchangers

Improved efficiency – Improvements are added incrementally up to 2030 in order to achieve high efficiency; these incur high costs


3. Barriers and costs Necessary to formulate cost framework Costs may be per enterprise or lumped as industry‐wide costs; therefore two different categories –“Direct product costs” are those which are embedded into the product which the consumer pays for when taking receipt of the system

–“Societal costs” are those which are obliged to other enterprises and organisations to enable the adoption of a particular alternative


3. Barriers and costs

Depending upon selection of TO, differences in system costs comprise three types: –Where an existing system is (more or less) retained but the refrigerant is changed, so costs are limited to (small) changes in the design of that system

–Where an existing system is exchanged for a different type of system (but of the same capacity), so costs are strongly dependent upon the main characteristics of the systems

–Where a number of smaller systems (or a single large system) is changed to a single large (or many smaller) system


4. Maximum penetration of TOs Maximum market potential of a TO to replace new system relying upon HFCs in a particular sector –Essential to identify the maximum potential that a specific TO has in each subsector

Penetration a function of constraints to market introduction –Safety –Efficiency –Cost –Availability of materials and components –System complexity and design know‐how

Any given TO is rarely universal to a subsector


4. Maximum penetration of TOs

Determination of penetration rates For each of the constraints, proportion (of refrigerant mass) displaced to be estimated –Considered over a reasonable time scale (10 years) –Must also consider technological developments, legislative changes and market developments over this period

No formalised method for precisely determining penetration –Based on market data for products and “best feel”

Values typically between 20% and 100%


4. Maximum penetration of TOs


Brazil: Introduction of a comprehensive refrigerator recycling programme The purpose of this pilot project is to assist the Brazilian Ministry of the

Environment with the development of a comprehensive recycling system for old household refrigerators and freezers. It includes installation of a state‐of‐the‐art refrigerator recycling plant to recover CFCs from the cooling systems and the foam insulation. The project will also assist with the development of a professional take‐back system of refrigerators and integrate the informal sector into this new waste management system.

It is estimated that the recycling of annually 350,000 refrigerators will capture up to 40 tonnes of CFC‐12 from the refrigeration system and 98 tonnes of CFC‐11 from the insulation foam. This will result in the reduction of an equivalent of 890,000 tonnes of CO2 emissions.

06.08.2012


China: Pilot production of climate‐friendly room air conditioners This pilot project introduces the production of room air‐conditioning systems using climate‐friendly hydrocarbon refrigerants at the Chinese manufacturer Gree Electric Appliances Inc. The company Gree is the biggest manufacturer of air conditioners worldwide with 70 million units manufactured in 2007/2008. The conversion to hydrocarbons will reduce emissions from currently used ozone‐ and climate‐damaging HCFCs.

06.08.2012


China: Converting XPS foam production from F‐gases to climate‐friendly CO2 technology The purpose of this pilot project is to install a new production line for XPS foam at the site of

the company Beijing Beipeng New Building Materials Co. Ltd near Beijing to demonstrate the use of environmentally friendly CO2 as blowing agent instead of the currently used fluorinated gases. This insulation foam is based on European standards and adapted to Chinese conditions and regulations.

The project will avoid 1.6 million tonnes CO2e direct emissions through the permanent replacement of the blowing agents HCFC‐142b and HCFC‐22, based on an annual production of 4,320 tonnes XPS insulation foam.

06.08.2012


Mauritius: Converting large air‐conditioning systems in public buildings The project will demonstrate the operation of ammonia chillers in the tropical

country Mauritius. It will replace old, inefficient central air-conditioning systems in public buildings, which are currently operating with CFCs, with more energy-efficient ones, operating with the both ozone- and climate-friendly natural refrigerant ammonia.

06.08.2012


South Africa: Conversion of supermarket systems from F‐gases to natural refrigerants The project will support Pick 'n Pay, one of the largest supermarket chains in Southern Africa,

to convert their refrigeration and air‐conditioning systems in two supermarket stores to a cascade system with energy‐efficient ammonia and CO2 technology. Furthermore, service technicians will be trained in the professional maintenance and servicing of the new equipment to ensure optimal performance and safe handling of the equipment and to maximise energy efficiency.

Direct emissions of 2,000 tonnes CO2e per year are sustainably and permanently eliminated through replacement of HCFC‐22 with natural refrigerants.

06.08.2012


Southern Africa: Solar powered refrigerators in Southern Africa ‐ SolarChill Project The aim of the project is to complete the technical development of the existing SolarChill

prototypes to make the SolarChill concept (amongst others developed by Greenpeace and GTZ Proklima) suitable for use in temperatures over 45°C. The project includes also support for the set‐up of a production line at the local manufacturer Palfridge (Swaziland) to provide initial manufacturing capacity and to study the economics of the production and marketing of this technology.

Every operational SolarChill unit avoids direct refrigerant emissions of approx. 0.2 tonnes CO2e per unit during lifetime usage. A further reduction of annually 0.5 tonnes per appliance of indirect CO2 emissions from the avoided use of fossil fuels for electricity generation can be achieved.

06.08.2012


Swaziland: Introducing hydrocarbon technology in refrigeration The project converts the entire production for domestic and commercial refrigeration

equipment at the local manufacturer Palfridge from climate‐damaging fluorinated refrigerants (HFC‐134a and HFC‐404a) to hydrocarbon technology. Furthermore, intensive training and education material for safe handling of the hydrocarbons will be made available within the project.

The replacement of the fluorinated refrigerants (former consumption 20 tonnes HFC annually) will lead to a prevention of direct emissions of 29,000 tonnes CO2e.

06.08.2012


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2. tos reducing energy use transient...

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