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Vol. XXXI

No. 18

June 16-30, 1983

Re. I

Programming

forthe rural poor

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What a joy to learn to read

and write- together.towards

.an en1ight(med_~ife.

\

Adult education

~. . .

I

Eradicatioll of ii, iteracy forms an integral part of the struggle against poverty, igllorance and

exploitatiOIl. Tho~gh efforts have beell made to universalise elementary education lip to the age of

14 , educational facilities ore being extended to adult population to remedy their educational

deprivations a1>dto develop their potentiaiity thro'ughthe National Adult Education Programme

launched in October, 1982. The programme aims at the enhancement of people's participation inl'arious del'elopment process/or their own betterment, it consists of imparting literacy, functionality

and the knowledge of 3Rs.

In view of its importallce, high priority is being accorded, to this programme by including it

under the Millimum Needs Programme ill the Sixth Plan and in the New 20-point Economic Pro-

gramme.

During the Sixth Plan, special

emphasis is being laid on adult

literacy. so that they could

contribute their mite to the

development of country.

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;,

VoL XlODNo. 18

Jooe 16, 1983

yalstba 2 7 , 1905

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andia's Journal of rural development),

~Hurukshl!tra

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OH, TO HAVE A PIECE OF' OWN LAND!Hoshiar Singh'

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Programniing refers to the process', of evolving' a

series of coherent, consistent, area-person-and-resource~

specific proc~ures and schedules oriented to the

effective ,realisation of poli~y, or plan goals. Pro-, ". .

gramming involves the operatkmalisation .of policies

through the prckess of transforming their broad out~ '

lines into sPecifics.' Co'nsequently, successful pro-,

gramming'involves clarity on many vilal questions ,as'

~ ."what has to be~.done"~ "who. is' responsible. for

~hat", "where' and ..how long the operations take

place"; ~tc" .Programming rC9uires a set of carefully

worked out priorities, chOices of personnel and tech.

niques and logistics of training and placing.

, I n this issu~ we' carry avery compact and learned,.,~tudy on: tl1i~ imp(,rtant subject of programming for'

',the.rural,poor.. We hope our readers will find it quite'I " '

.thought_pr~voking and useful. "

,T HE .WELFARE of the rirraLpoor 'has always formed, the central point.of -alltAede,velopmenl strate-

gies and .programines of our C(llmtry'for the la~tthree', "

decades. Over the years, the best of efforts as' well

as most of the financial resources have been pumped

into the rural' areas iIi a 'bid to ameliorate the lOt

of th,?' rural poor in. as less time as possible. But

. ,as y.'e' see the, fruits' of development have not evenly

spread in all regions and, among all sections of the

rural populatiop.: Why is it'. so that the most weJl-

"'thought 'out~and secminglyalso .\vellcimplemcnted~

'programmes have not been able" to' yield equitable

'benefitS to' all ,sections' of the rural poor?' Is it not

tli~t th~p~ograinmi~g of development activities had,

some loopholes? 'where were the snags1?ecause of

which'the 'programmes failed to deliver the desired

results ?

c Tel: 387983"

COVER"INAI''- ADALJ A

SUB-EDITORPARAMJEET 'G. SINGH"

t. .-

, . ' < 'Enquiries reg~rding Subscriptions, '~erides, etc.,. .

" -: ,,' Busine~Manager, PnblicatioDI'i Division,

- Patiala Honse. New Delhi-IIOOOl, '. ,

THE PROMISE OF TRYSEM

, ',Rabindr~ 'Kumar Sinha

HELPING I''ARMERS TO BECOMEY 'BEITER FARMERS

.,M, 1 '., Gupta

SCIENCE EDUCATION, WILL ,QUICKEN

, \ RURAL DEVELOPMENT

K.'D, Kokate and\V. K. Dubey

!\ ,THEY SHOW THE WAy ....

BOOK,REVIEW

S. N. Bhattacharya

. EDITOR

RATNA JUNEJA, ~. /

ASSTI'. EDITOR

N. N: SHARMA

EVOLUTION OF RURA,L DEVELOPMENT, STRATEGIES

S, N. Mishra and Kushal Sharma

"

CdNTENTS~ j

PROGRAMMING FOR TIlE RURAL POOR- t '. . r

, . G, Sreenivas Reddy4

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1:ditonal Office ~K ris ln ~havaD, N . e w Delhl-IIOD.OlTelepbooes: 384888 & 382406

..~~r's ,Residence:615920

'SINGLE COPY: Re. 1

.c:. stfascaii ':fjoNiFOR ONE YEAR: RS. 20 ' ',.

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.P rogra m 1i lllng for the' rura l poor

G. SREENIVAS REDDY

InStitute for Social/and Econo m ic Change, Bangalore

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KURUKSHETRA June 16, 198

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(1) infrastructural;(2) income generational;~

(3) environmental improvement; and

(4) welfare programmes.

Attemptirrg the above typologies is not to sugges

that all the rural development programmes confirm t

one or the other of the above pure type~. On th, other hand there is often an admixture of one a

. more ,of the above programme forms. Among th

first set of programme types, the clientelc thrust pro

grammes are logically' capable of. singling ,out atten

2. identification and" agreeing as to who is res-

ponsible for' each operation

3. sequencing of ope'rations

4. identification of routines,

5. evolving forms.

6. fixing of time schedules

7. evolving targets and completion indicators

dol' each operation after testillg feasibility

8., synchronisation of, operatiOns~and ~serVices'

'The rural development progra11!mys:may be classi-fied into various)categories dcpending on their thrust

dimension and goal orientation. '.

Based on the dimension of thrust; the following

thie" caiegorics may be discerned'. Firstly, sectoral

thrust programmes or programmes which focus onI

one or more sectors of rural development such as

health, education, nutrition and housing. Second,

spatial thrust programmes or programmes which are

area-specifjc and are aimed at meeting .the special

needs, of a given territory. Third, clientele thrust pro-

grammes which are addressed to the distinct sectionsof the population needing special' attention. "

,0t' ! THE BA~IS OF their goal orientation, rural d:ve-lopment ~programmes may also be claSSIfie

into'

. "

Programming refers to the. process of evolving a

'series of coherent, consistent, area-person-and-re-

source-specific procedures and schedules oriehted to

the effective relation of the policy or plan goals. Pro-

"iammin~ involves operationalisation of policiesb . _ - .through ',a proCess of transforming. their broad out-

lines into specifics. Consequently successful,program-

ming involves 'clarity on many vital qnestions as to

'what is to be done?' 'Who is responsiblei for what?'

'When, where how~and how long should operations

take placc?' Progranuning requires a set of carefully

worked out priorities, choices of personnei :md tech-

niqu~s anq logistics of training and placing.

TH1S~PAPER, briefly touching upon a few aspects

of progranuning for the rural poor, seeks 0 raise

some issues that crop~up in the proc~ss., , Q

Persistent poverty coupled with accentuating ,imba.

lances between the rural and urban sectors in the

country has resulted. in the expressionat a growingconcern. for tlie rural poor. Thery is no major policy

or plan document which does not refer-implicity or

explicitly-to the rljral poor.' In fact the rural poorhave now ,become the focal point of 'reference for

~~most of the rural development programmes. The

success of rural development ~effortand the attack on

"poverty, among other things,"crucially depend on pro-

per programming. ,

. - - . ~

As A PROCESS,prl?wamming may be viewed a~ a::. 'series of interrelated and overlapping steps in-

volving:

1. identificJltion and ,listing of operations ,requir-

ed for attaining ,policy goals.,

Whatis prognimming?

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Preconditions to programming

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tion ta the rural poar. The sectDral thrust and spa-

tial thrust programmes C\lUld,.only pay diffused atten-

tiDn tD them! In the later tYPDIDgythe welfare and

'income generatio;'al pr9grammes have greater chances"

.of being relevant to the rural poor.

SUCCESSFUL PROGRMMINGfor rural pODr depends

.on the fDllDWingconditions. First, precise, idenc

tificatiDn of the _rural poOr' and their f"It needs in

'terms .of.hierarchy .of priorities. Secon'd, participa-

tDry environment. Third, availability .of relevant,

dependable and usable infDrimitiDn. FDurth, an

effective, communication system. ,Fifth, prbgranuning

technDlagy. '\ ' '

Many develDpment programmes fDr the ni;alpoor

. flOl;Ulderat the" very stage .of clientele identificatiDn.

It has been a con1mpn place e,xperiencethat the non-

poor' have filtered inta the beneficiary grDUPthr':lUgha variety .of machinations and manipuiatiDns. While

falsificatiDn.of th~ caste and class positions has been

the !TI0stc'ommDn'fDrm .of this 'manipnlation, exces-

sive reliance .on farmal evidence and urbanised bure-,, .

aucracy have facilitated this miscaqiage. The urba-

nised and urban-biased bureaucracy has been largely

insensitive to the'real and pressing needs .of the rural

p.oDr. Consequently, pri.orities w;oreriat properly per-

ceived and development effort at tiines was wasted .on

matters not .of ll!uch concern to the 'pDOr.

This handicap, in identificatiDn of the rural pODLan5i their felt needs also stems from the Prevailing

'centrist philosophy' and 'top down' apprDach .' to

planning inevitably marring the participatary environ-

ment and thereby nurturing autocratisation. PrDgram-

ing, whether f.orrural poor or for .other developmental

schemes, has been a centralised exercise wherein the

pa~ticipation or' lower levels is confined to mere in-fDrmatiDn supply while the top rungs fix, prioriti(:S,

schedules ,and targets leaving little scape for involve-

~en~ and initiative. CDnsequences .of this phenome-

nOn are very' hazardous. IThis s'aps the fieJd mDtiva-tiDn, flexibility and adDptability of progri'mmes , to

local. conditiDns, and weakens the support structure

for the prograntmes. Whiie one premise .of this ceI\t-

rist ideplogy is. mistrust .of the lawer rungs of the

government hierarchy by the higher, the, .other one is

the still greater lack of' cpnfidence in the capacity .of

the poor t.o perceive their .ownneeds.

P'ARTIOPATI.oNin programming is tD be secured

both in terms of the clientele and the progranml-

'ing bureaucracy. The clientele participatiDn in pr9-

sramming is extremely limited priinarily because it isnot desired by the destiners .of the programmes for

the poor. Poverty kills confidence .of the poor re-

garding tbeir .own'ability to parti~ipate. The e'\tteme

degree .of ascriptive social stratificatiDn,manifest in

the, caste system divides the poor, and inhibits them'

from uniting as a community for an .organised ac.tian. _. .. InfDrmaticn is a crucial input for proper program-

ining. The quality of infcrmatiDn oase in terms of

relevance, availability and 1JSabilitydesires much to

be imprcved. ,The centralised prDgramming process

- has' created a wide gulf between the DriginatDr.of in-

fDrmati.on viz., the field and ,the user of information

viz., the headquarters creating p'otential for distor-

tions. Further, the infDrmation,i~ . .often deliberately

distDrted by the field level agencies with the fear that

their past perf.ormance would be judged .on the basis

.of this infDrmatiDn.Added 10 these, the infDrmati.on

Iand stat,istica1base .of the rural uevCIDpmentDrg~-

tions is very poor in the sense that it is 10Dkeddown

upon as a periferal function nDt WDrthspecialised,at-

tentia!). At tiines the information needs .of program-

.ming suffer because .of excessive informatian _ an

account .of too frequent and detailed reporting.'vCDmmunicatian bottlenecks have a costly bearing

an, the prag~~,ng. Poor cammunication creates

cpnfusian" affects caar,dinatiDnand spails interpersanal

relatiDns. Existence .of proper. public' relations and

hmwm relatians are ma!~ important than the physi-

cal infrastrl,lctl,l~efDr.effective cDmmunicaiian. Unlnhi-

.hitive" inte,active an~ .open interpersanal' relatialts are

(Dund wanting within' the rural .develapment bureauc-

racy due to clDsed"and rigidly hif'rarchic nature .of it.

Mutual distrust an the, part .of bureaucracy vis-a-vis

~. cammon peDple is restricting the passiblity .of inter-organizati~nal cDl1?munication. Programm-ing technD-

lagy.implies knawledge and mastery .of prograntming

taskS such as scheduling, identificatian .of routines,

budgeting, forms designing, manpDwer allocatiDn, .tar-

geting etc. Numerous madern techniques that have

, come intD use need to be emplayed for the more effec-'

, tive prDgranuning. These tecl1niques,include Critical

Path Methad (CPM),; 'PrDgramme Evaluatian and

Review Technique (PERT); Prograntming, Planning

and Budgeting System (PPBS); Pragramming and

Implementation Management System (PIMS), andthe' like.' These madern techniques are nDW being'

used .on 'a very limited scale. There is a vital need

\ . 0 .emPIDYthese.techniques .on'a wider scale.!

T.0 C.oNCLUDE,programming fDr the rural poar

, . is nat an isolated issue to be examined in limited

cDnfines. ThDugh programming is just ,.one phase in

the .overall task .of rural development, it affects and

permeates the many different phaSes .of ,ural deve-

lopment process. TherefDre, inlproving the program-

'ming process withaut reference ta' ather "speets .of

rural develapment is neither feasible nar desirable.Hawever; programming 'deserves the attentibn due to

it within the .overall framewDrk and the ,tata!, cantext

.of rural, d,eyelopment. " ' ,

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\ 6>h, to have a piece..... of o w n land !

HOSHIAR SINGH

Associate Prof.,' Deptt. of Public' AtImn., University of Rajasthnn, Jaipur

I

THE AGE-OLD CLASS DISTRmUTION and inequalities.

, in landholding in India raised the issue of land

ceiling and distribution of land ~mong landless people.

In rural India poverty is linked with th~ ownership of

- land. Those who have b ig holdings enjoy better' and, secure soCio-economic status, while the landless relies

, upon wages mostly as agricultural labour. Such in-

equalities are prevalent in whole of India and Rajas-

than is no exception to this phenomenon. This tradi-

tional agrarian structure hinders the agricultunil pro-

duction. Those who have big land holdings, keep

tenants or share-croppers, mostly from lower Castes.

Thus they live on rented income and invest the surplus

in oiher business instead of agricultural improvement.

)-his sector' engages 72 per cent population and a large

inajority of them had been without any piece of.]and

of their own to cultivate. Thus a .large population

consists of landless agricultural labour; ploughing on

the field of others for a meagte wages in sub-normal

conditions. .Such persons in the abserice of any sense

of belonging and incentive nev~r put their heart in .maximising.agricultural production. .Thus agricultural

output is worst affected, when the country needs it

most. In order to remove social injustice and in-

equality, certain land reform measures were adopted

and surplus .land was distributed among landless

laboures. The Rajasthan Tenancy, Act, 1955 was,

passed andthis Act made the tiller master of the land.

Likewise, Rajasthan Land Ceiling Act 1960. Fixa-

tion of Ceilin.g of Land Goverument Rules, 1963

(This ceiling law was further amended in 1968 and

'1970), Rajasthan Imposition of Ceiling on Agricultu-ral Holdings Act, 1973, are some of the steps taken

by the Government of Rajasthan in this regard.

. /"

It was expected that land allotment to weaker

sections and landless would inaprove their s6cio-econo-

mic statulL With the aim to examine and assess the

impact of land distriqution on socio-econotic condi-

tions of laud allottees, a study.was carried out'in Kota

district in 1981. 12 'Tehsils and 52 villages were.

selectedJor the sfudy. Out of 676 allottees, 573 were

contacted and ouly 514 allottees I.e. 89.7 per c~nt ofthe allottees had actually taken possession of lal)d and, ' , .

TE 1.1

Size of Land and Its o""iq,ancy

S. Size crass (Hectare.s) No. of responding No. of No. of Could Total' No. of

No. allottees in the a/{ottees ,alloftees not be allottees

sel ec ted vil lag es wh o sur~ who dec. given who took

-

rendered lined to possession possession

the ir {an d take' (and of ao.0tted land of land

1 2 3 4 \ ,5 .6 7 8

J. Below 0-5 19 1 1 18

2. 0.5-1 220 2 4 12 18 262

3, 1-2 " 300, 5 10 24 39 261

4. 2-3 34 I 1 33

. TOTAL. 573 8 14 37 59 514

(100-0) (1.4) (2-4) (6'5) (10'3) (89 '7)

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the remaining 59 allottees per cent could not take .,__the mcome of the allottees during the period pn;ceding

possession of the land because either they have sur- the aIldtmentof the land and aho after it with the

rendered the, allotted land, or declined to accept the ~bject of assessing 'the impact of the implementation

aIlotmenu or the allotment' was never made. The of the ceiling laws on t~eir earnings.,

Table 1.1 shows the details of occupation and size of _,

land alloted.' " Before allotment' of the land; the maximum pro-

portion 'of allottees (46.50 p~r cent) were in the, It,would be seen from the table that the proportion annual income range of Rs. 1000~.2000' and another

of, allottees who refused to 'take possession 'is signi- 26.26 per cent were in the raEge of Rs.(2000.c.L.3000.fic;ant: 6.5- per cent and' 2.4 per cent declined the Thus near about 314 allottees (72.76 per cent) had

allotment offer while 1.4 per cent took the possession annual income between Rs. 1000-3000 \ before

of land, but later on surrendered the land. The reasons allolme.Jlt'of land. After allotment of land the,

given for declining the offer of, allotment were uTI- position of income remained unchanged. but a shift

cultivable nature of land, land being scattered jlnd was visible in the income range had re~uced to 62.06

lack of resollrces to 'cultivate the land. ,Likewise, per cent as' compared to 72.76 per cent before, allot-

reasons for surrender of land after taking possession 'ment of land. Similarly, the proportion was lowered, \'

were tbat the land was uncultivablc and,prices of land down in the income lange of less tban Rs. 1000

were high. Thus u'ncUltivablenature of allotted land from 13.13 per cent oefore to 8.75 per cent after. In

was the main 'cause for declining the offer"s 'well as tbe .jlltome ranges Rs. 3000-4000, Rs. 4000-5000

for surrendering the land. Thus these 59 allottees and Rs. 5000 and above, the proportion of 8.36 per \

(10.~ per cent) did not get any benefit from allot- cent, 2.92 per cent, and 2.73 per cent noted t-efore

merit. , allotment of land increased upto 14.77 per cent, 5.26

, , ' per cent and 9.i 5 per cent respectively: Thus aThe total land allotted to the 514 persons measur- ,ed 607.49 hectares or 1518.72 acres. The following slight inere",e in the higher income side had taken

Table 1.2 gives the details of size of the land allotted place after the allotment of land. The table givenbelow,shows the income rangeS percentage of allottees,

ahd percentage of aIlottees,' before and "after allotment of land.

TABLE 1.2

Size o/the land Percehtageof allqttees

allotted (Hectares) to total

1 2 \

- \

TA~LE1.3

InC{)me before and after allotment of land". I ,

Socia-economic effects" ' l < \

ITWAS'EXPECTED that the land redistribution to the

landless would improve their s9cio-economic con-

ditions. ' Accordingly, inforination was collected about, ,

\'7 HE CEILING LAW .provides that the surplus landIf' vested in the Slate Government sball be distri-

buted among the landless persons, particularly to the

members of scheduled castes and scheduled tribes'. To

know the implementation of the rule, information wascollecied and it was gathered that 64.78 per cent of

the total allottees, belong to scheduled castes and .

scheduled tribes. Out 'of this 55.0~ per cent are

scheduled caste members and 9.73 per elmt are mem-

bers of Scheduled Tribes. The ex-servicemen ,con-

sists of 4.48 per cent aod others 30.74 per eent.\ Thus

he objective of allotment of land to the landless

persons particularly to weaker,sections of society was,

achieved to.a great extent.I ' "

BelQw 0.5

0, 5- 1

1- 2

2- 3

TOTAL:

3. 50

39 :30

50. 78

6. 42

100. 00

,

Before allotment After allotmentIn come range

.i 2 3 '

Below I 1 3 . 2 3 8 . .7 51 ~2 4 6 ' 5 0 37' 552 . , L 3 26. 26 24' 52

'. 3' - - 4 8 ' 3 6 1 4 . 7 7 ~4 - 5 2. 92 5, 265-and above 2 . 73 9. 15

TOTAL: 100. 00 1 0 0 ' 0 0

\ Impact on employment

T-HE MAIN' OBJECTIVE of the land allotment to the', landless bas been to provide employment oppor-, tunities in rural areas. To assess this' objective, infor-

mation was collected and it was found tlmt after allot"

ment of land emplOymentprospects b"ve not signifi-{Jo,

eantly cbanged. Before land allotment, the propor-

'. tioii O f workers to the total family members was 40.72

per cent' and after allotment it was 41.76 pet cent, thus

there was only a nominal increase of 1.04 per cent in

. the number of workers'after allotment. This inadtuateemployment i~ agricultural activities may be because

the land allotted was too small to ereate much impact.

(Contd. on p. 11)

KURUKSH;ETRAJuil~ 16,1983 o

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Evolution of _ruraldevelopnlent strategies,'

S. N, MISHRA and (Miss) KUSHAL SHARMA,

Indian Institute o f Public Administration, New Delhi

'ridden society under conditions of extreme poverty.

There were no clearly set goals iJi.tbis programme reo

garding equity and distributive justice. All these

factors resulted in the rural elite deriving maximum

advantage from tbe Community Development' Pro-

grammes and the various schemes undertaken for

rural and agricultural developme;;i~ '

At \bout th~ time" several alternative approaches

were also tried. One of, them was the c~rtographic

approach in which it was supposed that problems couldbe solved by identifying small areas' on tbe map which'

could be ser~iced by a 'growth centre. The growth

centre, it was supPosed would radiate employment, 'pro.

mote innovative ideas and implements, provide people

with income-boosting projects a'ad so on. However,'

not much' came out of this approach. . . .

I,N THE EARLYSIXTIES,the Intensive Agriculture Dis'trict Programme was taken up in a f'1\;,selected dis-

tricts in the country. The main objective of this pro- .

gramme was to ensnre a hreak-through in agricnltural

production by means of effective' measures of intensi-

fication, However, it did not involve any.transformation

of. Indian agriculture, since it was purely technocratic

in naturc. The year 1965 marked another step in agri-

cultural development. In that' year the High Yielding

'I Tarieties Programme was introduced. All these pro-

grammes were concentrated jh areas which had some

advantages in terms of physical resources and Jarmers

who owned substantial holdings and had 'the financial "

capacity to' take risk. It is this class of deh peasantry

which quickly ,derived benefit. .'

, Reducing ruraI~poverty .

S.OME OTHERCORRECTIVEMEASURES-in the'field of

agriculture were taken in the Fourth and the,Fifth .

PlaM wheh'a number of programmes :were intr.oduced

. . 'D.EVELOPMENT,isa characteristic activity pf ourtimes. It is almost a synonym for modernisation

in the countries of the Third World. In, India, ever.

since Independence there has been a commitment to\

development. ' During' the 'later part of the struggle'

for ihdependence under the leadership of Mahatm~

Gandhi some attention was given to rural uplift and

reconstruction.' As a matter of fact the nineteen-

"PQint constructive programme drawn up by JVkIhatma

Gandhi was aimed at mitigating misery in rural afeas,This approach was informed by 'a spirit of welfare

and reform, The Mahatma appealed to the well.to-do

people to :provide funds and ,the youngmen to come

forward, and work as volnnteers in this field. This\ .

led' to piecemeal effor! at reforin in various sectors

of rural life' in different parts of the cOlintry.

It was only after Independence. that a well conceived

. ~ effort was made for all-round development in the coun.

tryside. The First Five Year Plan defined tbe central

objective of planning as creation of conditions inWhiClJliving standards are reasonably high and citi.

zens have full and equal opportunity for growth and

justice. The' Community Dev~lopment Programme'

was launch!'d'in tbe year'1952 together with National .

Extension Servic~ which by slow degrees spread to "

the entire country. This was characterised by

, division of tbe entirc countryside into small manage-

able blocks with' a population of abouf one hundred

,thousand and .an area of about 100 villages. How-

ever; ,the experiment failed in the, Julfilment of its

basic,' aim to channelise community effort and unite,

the same witb those of the government towards gene-~ ' .

rating a self-enduring base of development. It was

,indeed very difficult to ,bring abo,!t rapid' economic

and social transformation of tbe vast rural masses

most of wbom were illiterate' a):ldliving in a tradition-, .

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or the disadvantaged groups and depressed areas. The

more iniportant of these programmes were the Small

nd Marginal Farmers Development Programme,

DrOUght Pfone' Areas" Programme; Comm'!.nd Areas

Developme';'t Programme, Integrated Tribal Develop-

nient Programme, D\'sert Development Programme and.

o on.

The problem' of the number .of underemployed is

acute in rural areas. Oilless this is tackled, any talk

of rural development will not have much meaning.

Special employment prqgrammes have been taken up

during various Plan perio~ such as 'Rural Manpower

Programme;and the Crash Scheme for/Rural Employ-

ment. However, the)' were all ad-hoc programmes and .

neither met the immediate problem nor provided any

0ng-term.benefit.,RecentlyoTRYSEM and NREP have

been introduced to redilce the problem of unemploy-

ment in rural areas., -

The latest approach to rural development in India

s Intekrated Rural Development. It is now recognized

that development does not merelyiinply an increase

in GNP or even per capita income: The increased in-

come should be so distributed' as to reduce the inequa-

litie~ in income and wealth. Development is also ex-

pected 'to incl~de areas of health, eduDation,'L-ulture

and values of life, Thus it becomes equivalent to an

eurichment of the total quality of life and its availabi-

lity at a 'minimum level t6 all sections of the popula-

tion. Mere provisiOJ:iof opportu'mties for development

s not enough. Creation of facilities necessary for actual

utilisation of these 'Opportunities is also imperative:Thus, integrated rural development really 'means the

development of the 'area and the people through opti-

mum development and utilisation of local resoUrcesand

by bringing about necessary institutional, structural and

attitudinal changes and' by delivering a package of ser-

vices to include all fields of activity. Such development

pays special attention to the rural poor and the rural

weak.'

The target groups for the IRD programme consists

of small and marginal farmers, share-croppers, landless

labourers and rural artisans. Thus it seeks to cover theweakest sections of community including Schedtiled

Castes, Schedtiled Tr1bes/and rural women: Its .objec-

lives are accelerated production

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i f .

The promise ofTR YSEMRABINDRA .KUMAR SINHA

Lalbhai Group Rural Information and ~raining Institute, Ahmedabad (Gujarat)

I .."

TR'l:lNING FOR SELF-EMPLOYMENTis a new field

and no ready-made model sh~uld be prescribed.

It will dep6'nd on the prom"ters, who wish to promote

. self-employment. In each case the promoters have

to build up their,own model; as arid when required,

through trial ,!nd crror method. .

I am convinced that ihe institution which shares the

burden of trailling lor seif-employment could do much

,in this directi on through their own practical and tested '

approach and this is possible, it they first put their own

house in order in terms of themselves first acquiring the

entrepreneurial culture and orientation. The support,

and coordination between government and non-govern-

men,t agencies is also possible and can be fruitful within

the"parameters of bureacratic framework, if amongst

the top ladder of government official; there is also an

entrepreneurial spirit and cif readiness to !)lake a dis-

, tinction between the spirit and the letter of law.' .

The experiences gamed so 'far on this subject afebeing presented here in orcler to .;stimulate the reader

in the Virgin area of entrepreneurial development in the

iight of TRVSEM. .

The ma~ objeptive of theTRYSEM is 10motivatethe unemployed in, the runiJ. areas to start. their ,own

se.J.f-empioymentprojecis anti to create confidence in

them for successful management of their ventures.

B~fore fuiiliei sharing my experiences on it, let me

put the problem iii itS pr&pe1 perspeHive. Why is

TRYSEM becoming so-important? What do pe6piii,

the prospective beneficiaries iiI tI,e' village think about

it ? What are the special handicaps faced by the bene--.

ficiaries in achieving' a breakthrough 'in the self-, -

employment venture.

Why TRYSEM is important

S BVERALSILENT, quiet, and vocal too, revolutionhave swept over the villages and'ithasgivell them, ,

12

much experience.' My recent observation also proved '.,

, ,that now people are als~ aware of this programme.

,

Coruirig back to the question, why is TR YSEM be-

coming so imPortant? Wi,.haye to go deep to probe

the employment situation, which is proving too big to

solve. India is not solving its unemployment PID-

, blem the way tlicy are tackling development 'now, by

mostly relying.oiI the expansion of job oppOrt~itiesin

the industrial and orgamsed sedors of the economy.

After three deveiopmeill decades, the c~untry is riow

awakening to the fact tilai -if we continue to rely on

modern industry, even srri;ill scale se,ctor industry, we '

will'require. such an amount of capital for .the gene,;a7

tion of every additionai job, anq the capital accumula-

tion will be. so slow and limited, tliat we will be foreed

to leave the next two or three generations of the poorest ,

iiI tlieir dire iiiise.ry. In the light of our failure. to

accommodate the unemployed in the organised sector,

I prefer .to see the growth and even nfoliferation of ihe

'. infonnal sector, wherein people make a living some--

how or othe" f,?r instance, th~ way-side tea;st"lls, P . , p -wallas, repair ..shops are asi,gn of hope, otherwise this

vast ocean of unemployed men in this sector, if theylose their batance, can become a key to sociaC unrest.

,

It is .goo

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"

~~0. t

r

. .Helping farmers to become

better farmers

"

. . .';'

\,M. P. GUPTA

. tUsisbint Prof. (Extension Education) H.P. ~I. University, PalaI!1pur(H.p.)

r

INDIA HAS NOT MADE tardy progress in attaining self-

sufficiencyin fe.edingits own people even in the

wake of different agricultunil and rural development

programmes. Apart from many problems, the most

important constraint. in organising for agricultural

. development is due to the lack of trained 'hands.

Realising th" importance' of training, the Education'

'Commission (1964-66), High-yieldingVariety Pro-

. gqmme (1966) and the National Commission on

Agrjculture (1970) laid stress on establishment of

specialized institutes to provide vocational edllcation

.in agriculture and. allied fields. Recently, in a bid' to

improve . organisl}tional efficiency for agriculturaldevelopment, 'Training and Visit System' ha,; been

launched in 14 States with th.efocus on trainers' train-

. lng or eventually on trainees for their 'prepara-

.tion', 'training' and 'follow~up'. Besides the Govern-

ment, a number of semi-government and autonomou~

\ .institutionslike Agricultural Universities,Krishi Vigyan

.Kendras, Krishi Gyan Kendras and Nehru Yuva

Kendras are coming forward to provide training10 field

staff and !arm families in agriculture and r~lated

fields. But, the extension,training programmes as have

been functioning in our country are Under severe.'criticism. It locks very, strange that no consdom

attempts have been made to'develop appropriate train-i" . ,-

ing strategy. Training is mainly through oral lecture

method and lacks inactivitv or action-oriented

approach to yield changes in skill. FUrther, the most

common medium med in training classes is the black-

hoard. Handout& are given to trainees. Sometimes,

charts, bhick and white slides are used'hy fewtrainers.

However, important training programme may be, it

cannot have the desired' impact on the minds and

actions of the trainees in the adoption of innovations

.with the,conventional training approacJ("'" .'

Some of the. important inadequacies in agriculture

triUilingprogtammes revealed by' ~OO trainers. and

trainees selected from Punjab, Haryana and HimachalPradesh States are summarized as under :-

(i) Training, in general, was not need-based and

lacked practical utility.- .

(ii) No well defined objectives of training' pro-

grammes.

(iii) Course content not properly spelled-out to

fulfil the objectives. .

(iv) T~ainers do not employ mo

confined to lecture method alone.

,(v) Unwilling tr"i)lers and trainees lacked enthu- ,.sibm. ~(vi) Undue importance to inaugural and 'concluding

sessions of training programmes.

(vii) Lack of adOqnate' facilities for practical

training. .

(viii) 'No proper management and evaluation of

training; courses. .

(ix) No follow-up of the training programmes.

Appropriate training strategy

THE NEED'IN the development of appropriate train-

ing strategy in being increasinglyfelt,at all levels

in institutional and non-institutiohai' training pro-

. grammes. It is not a matter of surprise that many a

time''training , technology', is taken for :the use of

'charts, models, slides, films etc.' Bllt this is not so;

rather these aid,; constitute' an important cOmponent.

Training strategy iI,lcludessystem approach for' deve-

.lopment. of skills, It refers to the integrated use ofinterwoven variables, teaching tools and techniques in

making training. dynamic, promoting change. The ~ix

14,KURUKSHETRA June 16, 1983

t o

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ment in 1979 as a part of the strategy (or promoting

seli-employment. The essential steps iIjvolved in this

scheme are-{:areful'indentification of opportunities for

gainfur'seli-employment based on,an economic analysis

of the developmental assets and liabilities of each

block, designing training prograntmeS which will help

to impart the requisite skills, and identification of insti-

tutions which can impart such trliiuing on the principle

of "learning by doing", organisation of post-trainingserVices such as subsidy, credit and marketing arrange-

ments and organisation of the training programmes in

such a manner that the training institution serves the

need for continuing education of the trainees. The

scheme aims at 'training every year arolmd 40 youths

froJri each of the 5,000 blocks in the country. Prefer-

ence will be given to youth and women belonging to the

target groups of' smaIl and marginal farmers, landless.

agricultural labourers, artisans and craftnien aild people

below the 'poverty line. The identification of the train~

ees should be ilone as apart of the block-level plan-uing...,elIortfor the betterment of the lot of the vulner- .

able groups. The training would be imparted by the

existing training institutions, such as Gram Sevak Train!

ing Centres, Gram Sevika Training Centre, Farmers

Training Centres, Krishi Vigyan Kendras, ITIs and

other existing state and central organisations, and suii~

able/ voluntary organisations can also he included.'/

NOW COMING TO the haI\dicaps faced by the OOI lC -

ficiaries, my recent observation on TRYSEM

being implemented is different from what official eva- 'luation says, handicaps are mostly mental and attitu-

dinal. No capital, very limited risk-taking capacity of

the people; a feeling of helpleSsness, 'attitude towarus

money, these are some of the handicap elements found

in villagers, which prevent the breakthrough of eiitre-

preneurship anicingst the rurai coimmipities. the

Government machinery seems to be v e J ;" Y conscious on

the figures, quantitative part of the programme. , Ac-

cording to an official report, under TRYSEM,'

1,79,000'youths were trained and 83,000 youths wero

provided seli-empioyment dUring die year 191>1-82.

For 1980-81" the figures were 1,23,000 and 45,000

respectively. Number improvement over, year seems

to B e an indicatOr ohIy. If, we consider the numbergiven Q Y the government, there seems to be a wider

gap between the niUnki: o( youths trained and n1.tmb.er. . ., .t" . .-, J ., __ ' ' .' ,. _.' \. _ " . .~ ,

of. youth seli:employed. My rOc!:nt visit to some 01. . . . ."'. . . , ~., - '-- '. . . - . , . -',..

the youths who have b e e n tramed and employed ateno longer iio~ ciinU:ortable iii. their riew ventute, they

are acmi varietYo f probl"m:s. Most of tiiem are "i4!,e i9 bureauc-ratic. and tliei} ng;d runctional Slyic.Therefi:lre, t~ere is atso a need-to re{,jew, r.xvaluate

as to. what liiippeiie.ewingclasses

should be discouraged, unless it is very secured; his

experience wa~ based on.,practical implication of the

scheme i.e.. tailoring in their oPeratiorial' area had be-

come so common" that now it has lost employment'generating properties.

There is still some' controversy over the priorityamong the. suitable opportunities and suitable persons,

which should be done first. But if the self-employment

opportunities in blocks shonld be assessed before, start-

ing the training classes and priority shouid be worked

out; then .we can cOme over or can also check the

mushroom growth of professional trilining institutions,

which is not worthwhile in the purpose itseli.'

According to official study of scheme in Gujarat, 'as

of January, 1981, majority of the trainees were 'not

engaged substantially ,in the skilis that they were

trained iu. Selection of trades, trainers and institutionswas done in various manners_ ~ridto- some ~extent

,haphazardly. Involvement of DIC (District Industry

Centres) 'aod Lead bank officials left !Iluch to be de-

sired. They also found out that si.,,'months trainmg

were nQt needed in all traqes. They felt that the way

the' scheme is being implemented in ,the state

it' Would , be better .to merge it \vith other

sch,mes , J ; : > avoid duplicity '.of rec.ords, accounts

and adroicistrative.. pro" I .."

(Conti!. 0 " " p. 16)

"

13

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I ' , . 1. 1.J

'.. ... > ',

rDefiniilg objectIve:"

-Determining .the behavioural 'change.

-Specifying., extension -activjtie~.

4 ..An

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,'REFERE1'lCES

(a) anaiysis of intended participants, (b) princi-

ples of system approach, (c) defining objectives,

(d) analysis of task, (e) subject-matter pla'nning

and. (f) design of learning, should be empl0'led.

2' The training should' be 'tailor-made' to meet the

felt and unfelt needs of clients. For this purpose,

training facilities should be strengthened' and exten-sion staff should be re-oriented in latest training

media and method.

3 In a study on "Use of Cammunication Media by

VLWs", the author reporled that village level work-

ers were not equipped with appropriate media to

drive the ideas home to illitera~e farmers in an

understandable ,and meaningful way. It is suggested'

that there should be enough opportunities 'for field'

staff to make use of ~communiCation media on

different' projects and sufficient exhibition

materials should be provided for demonsttations, field

days and 'village level training camp . Gupta (1980)

in another study, "Training Media-a unique experi-

ment," found that' sli.des synchronized tape -pro-

gramme-an innovative mediun,' has bettcr impact

on tbe trainees overihe slides alongwith the lecture '

method. As a result, it. is recomm"ended that

slides/tape medium should be extensively used to

vi~alisethe training programmes.

4 In comparison to 'plains, the hilly areas pose s.

greater challenge to extension personnel in fraining

of farmers in modernisation of agriculture, on ae'

count of complex problems like small'lseatteredand

slopy holdings, absence of effective"means of com-

munication, transportation and ~ITatic weather. It-,

.is. suggested that community !raining centre should

be set-up for a cl)lster of ;,.;nages. Further, farmers

should be imparted training in 'mixed farming', on

scientific lines to meet their diversified needs and to.

safeguam against erratic behaviour of weather.

In hilly areas, farmers are}eeonomically backward,

illiterate and traditional-minded to accept and adopt

new .Ideas. This calls for a three-pronged training

I sthrtegy---Which should not oniy' equip""'them with

/know~how' and 'do-how' but 'also shun their jnhibi-

tions for new occupations., ",

!,

1. Gupta, MY. (l9JlO) "Use of Communication Media by

VLWs," Indian Journal of Extension Education, (3 and 4):

88-89. ' ,

2. Gupta, M.P. (1980) "Impact of Training Mcdia-A Unique

" Experiment,;' J . Indian Educltional NCERT, Nc'w Delhi:

Vol. xv n N O.1 .

3. Singh. K.N; Rao, C.S.S. andSahay, B.M. (1970}.Rcsca,ch

in extension Educatian for Accelerating Development

Process. Cuxton Press~Ltd., New Delhi.

_; ~,! I

right from the inception of the project formulation,

while trainees are still in training institutes. Marketing

, for the 'small self~employed' seems to be the most vul-

nerable areas, when they come OUt with their products .

It is good that government is making continuous efforts

to channalise the marketing to yield them good. result,

, but much depends on the people, the ultimate consu-

mer,to appreciate. and encourag", the products., It will

be realistic to recognise the fact that only a small num~ber of new entrepreneurs can come out of the traihing

programme, ,vhile the vast majority .will have to. be

helped to, help themselves tllrough the well tried stra-

tegy of package assistance. No plannmg or scheme

will help to promote the self-employment in rural areas,

if it is designed and administere

.by those who have no interest in the future of villages

and tbe rural poor. Therefore, the policy-makers and

the functionaries has to cbange tbeir present outlook

and attitude towards the rural people .

.(Contd. from p. 13) ~ .

J tJ..'

only for expanding self-employment, but mil'" efforts

,should be put to.make it profitable with the institutional

support. Majority of the training institutes are lacking

.the adequate facilitics, machines and tools for training.'

In majority 9f cases, the trai)1ees are sent to the Govt./ Semi-government workShop for inplant training;by the

training institutions, thete. also they face varieties ot

problems and they are not allowed to work comfortahly

because of raw hand and low or no compensation be- . '.ing paid to the workshop. Therefore, spedal attention

should be paid' to the provision of workshed for the

trainees and for the' small self-employed; too. Once

they are in the new venture, just likc HYV (high,

yielding variety) seed, they need special care, their

problems should be continuously monitored to make

, available a timcly assistance. Banks. have got 'a special

role io play in financing self-empioyment schemes, but

they are experiencing so"nlbdifficulties' due to lack of

coordinated approach and absence of official support.

There.fore, it would be advisable to include the bank

.'

!'\,

16i

. XURDKSHBTRA J u n e 16, 1983

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Holalkere Taluk has encouraged to set up similarentres in Hosadurga, Ch;Illakere Hiriyur in theistrict., '

2 REVANNA,SONOFREVANNAis a professional woolweaver in the tiny village of Gowripura of Challa-

ere Taluk.

Revanna has;a wife and two children to look after.Every week he weaves upta five blankets and sells

hem in the nearby Challakere Shandy. Each of theseblankets is sold as Rs. 40 per blanket. On a roughcalculation, Revanna's production is warth Rs. 200,

er week, but in actnality, Revanna did not get morehan Rs. 40 per week. TIre balance af the amount

was always taken away by the, middle-men eitherhowing accounts towards raw materials or showing a

balance of loan account against the name of Revanna.When Revanna was in need of money, especially dur-ng festivals and other ceremonies, he would be givenome hand . loan by. the middle-men and this would

always be kept outstanding against his name, Thuswent on the viciaus 'circle waven around Revanmi byhe middle-men from which he could never extricate

himself.

Consequently, Revanna's annual income was a paltryRs. 2000 and was hardly sufficient for his family. orcommensurate with his hard Work. It is in this back-ground that Gowripura Wool Weavers' functional clus-ter was taken up under IRDP in '82-83. Revannaalong with other wool weavers were obviously thebeneficiaries selected by the B.D.O., Challakere underntDP.

Thanks to the dynamic and the pianeer work done Iby the young manager af Chitradurga. GrameenaBank. Kyadigunte, Revanna was sanctioned the laan.

under wool weavers scheme of IRDP. , TIrere was anmitial hesitatian on his part to accept tile loan as thatwould mean giving up an accepted form of support,however bad Thanks to the persistent effort af theblock staff and. the manager of Chitradurg'a GrameenaBank, Revanna was convinced of the continued sup-port and its advantages.

today, Revanna continues with the ~aine rate ofproduction with the equipment. and raW materialsprovided to ,j1imby the laan. He is able to weave thesame five blankets, but with the raw inaterial costwarking mit to Rs. 20 per blanket, he noW earns anncame af Rs. H iO per week. This amouilts to ap-

proximately Rs. 5000 per annum. -The bank managerof Chitradurga Grameena Bank, Kyadigunte reportsthat. Revanna has been regularly relfaying the loaniilstalments due to the .Bank. Revanna's familyhas thus crossed the poverty line and also got outpermanently from the clutches of the middle-men andmoney-lenders of Gowripura. When. asked about hisfuture plans, Revanna mfornlS that lie wants to sendhis children to school and wants to improve his hutinto a pucca structure. '

IRDP has truly been 'a boon to Revanna.

There are many pdor Revanna's in Gowripura,some of them have been helped. upder the current

functional cluster of Gowripura. Others are stillawaiting for the supporting hand of IRDP.

\. 13: L. SHRIDHAR. IASSpl. Dy. Commissioner (Developinent),

Chitr~durga (Katilataka)

KURUKSHETRA June 16, 1983

I: 'Brides of Singhapura, i

THE BRIDESOF SINGHAPURAare very status-con-. scious. But status symbols change. The latestfad is a gobar gas 'plant. . ...

They. arc reluctant to wed grooms who still burnfirewood an'! dung cakes in their hamesteads..

Quite natural. They do not like smoke-filled kit-

chens. .Nor do.

they like the smell of dung to. lingeron their fingers. Who would enjoy sitting in the blis-tering sun, hour after hour, mak.ing cakes of dung tofeed their primitive ~toves? Who. would like to spoilthe softness of her palms by endless scrubbing ofblackened pots 'and pans? .

For more and more village belles of Haryana, thesetortures are all horrors of the past. Their kitchensare smokeless and clean; their vessels shine and spar-kle:000king itself is quick; it has become almost a

pleasure. Everi their lamp' burn gas, shedding bril-liant light.

Gumam Singh, a young progressive farmer of

village Singhapura, near Kjul1kshetra was the first toinstal a dome-tYPeJamita gobar gas plant in the area.According to him, the plant provides excellent manure,besides gas for cooking and lighting. Prompted byhis success, many more installed their awn plants.Some-have connected their .flush latrines to the plants.Today, Singhapura is famous all over Haryana as an"energy village" ..

Haryana led other States in installing gobar gas'plants in 1982-83 with 2259 plants in operation and294 tinder CO)lStruction. Kurukshetra District alonehas 343 such plants.

For those who do not have the requisite number

of cuttle or enough space to work their own gisplants, the 'Government is to set 11p community gasplants. Each such plant will.cater to the needs of atleast 50 families. Jnitially one such plant will be setup in each district of'the State. They will be capa"ble .of lighting street lamps and running small enginesalSo.

In Haryana, it is easy to own one's own gobarplant; The State Agricultural Department providesall' technical assistance mid services of masons to

build a plant.' A subsidy of Rs. 1940, fully reimburs-able by the Centre,. is given to the plant builder.Loans are alSo provided, if necessary. There is a

special provision fot cement supply. The total cosf ofa plant will be in the vicinity of Rs. 6000. .

Singhapura's uniqueness was that it was selected .as a model .Vil1agefor demonstration of a!temate~nrces of energy, as a part of the new 20-pointprograrilIne. . In addition to gobar plants, attemptswere made to tap wind energy also.

'.-.,., Three windmills were installed in the state of which

one was in $inghapura. It has be.en designed by theInstitute of Rural Technology, Allahabad. The wind-mill is used to drive a pump which supplies water tomore than 30 scheduled caste families of the village.The windmi11s,each coslting Rs. 20,000 was given

free by the Government of India., .

Solar cookers are also fast gain~ngpopularity in. the .area.

":-Press Information Bureau, Cnandigarh

21

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'

,,

(

"

J

, Social Profile, of' Children in Arid . Zone of Rajas- ~

than,; by K. K. Singh: National Institute of Public

Cooperation &. Child Development, 5 , Siri Instit~tional

Area, Hauz Khas, New Delhi~110016; pp. 261; pricePaperback Rs" 40, [,;ibrary'Edition Rs. 70.

. . - . ".~ . .

INTERNATIONALCHILDREN'S YEAR promoted by the

UN instilled in. us. not only the awareness of the

value of a child as a future citizen, 'but also remet~d

in a plethora of studies covering varlous dimensions

of child care and development.. The study . under

review, 'Social Profile"'of Children in Arid Zone or _.

Rajasthan' is the outcome of the recommendation of

the national plan of action drawn during ~he Intemac

tional Year .of the Child in India,Wide gaps in ecological situations in 'Jndia coupled

with divergent',soc\aFmillieuand life style in different

parts of the ceimiry, h.ave:import~t bearing on child

raring, Children born, and brought up in near-desen

conditions have peJfo~ce"io be different from those in,

say, the Gargetic plain: .., 'I ',:

The study co~~;; fout:~ di~tricts,'of .Rajasthan.:.c..

Jais:llmer,- Barmer,- ,JOdhp,rr 'and .. Bikaner; S)lIVey

was' conducted' in' ;300' houSeholds. from, 20 villages ,ill

the fo'; 'districts:' 'SiX~'i:on1miIili~.leaders in addition,

were i~terviewed f o r 'cross-checking' tne information,gathered. ' . "," . ' . ", "",., .'

~.~. ,.,

, ' 'EConomi~aUy the districts. are exteremely poor ..fOl:- '

.~iiig'p-;'rt' (If Drought Pione Area' Programme 3'nd have

very l;'w agricultural produfdon,' 'Am~nities" ,like

drinking ,water or housing are still"a 'far co/: .Be~ong-,lng,mostly to. ,the" schedJlled castes;the~aJontYls' al-

most ostracised by socie~" Na!i0n,a.I R~ral~mpl.o~-

ment Scheme might-have offered some economIc .gfJn~,

but .no~s'oCialrecognition. .. -,' . 1

Data an~ly~edshoclddo 'no ~reili!t o : oUr.n\'tion~.lfamily planning progratpme;, "44 per. cent of ~u~learfamilies and joint families had two ,cnlldren whIle .o!,e ,

child was found in 37 ,per Cent. of nuclear, famili~s

and dn~-thfr'd' or' joint arid'nuclear',familiesrespecti-,

,.

\.

Book"TeviewS. N. BHATTACHARYA

" '-;

\ /vely; No multinational children food, has invaded the

area and breast-feeding of the chila is common', as-

,suring some resistallce power, '.~A;'ound 14 per cent

faJIrilies had never faced any, problem or commonai1m,entsof children iniheir fatnilies". .

. ENROLMENT in primary schools has improved, but

drop-out rates are higher, as is the glaring

disparity in educational opportunities between boys

and girls. Balwadis are non:.oxistent', but, asserts the

study, 'non-formal education ,and its potential' w~s

partially realised'. Sample shows that 159 fatnilies

had non-school going children. Reason is ,0bvi'Ous.

Gainful employment 'Ofthe child or his help is need.ed

at home.

What about malnutrition which inhibits a child's

abili~.,to cope with the challel\ges ,of daily existence?"

Prime Minister's new 20'point, prograinme highlights

'devel'Opment programme for' children imd women.

"-Integrated child development seheme of the Ministry

of Social Welfare, to be extended to'iOOOprojects oy

the. end 'of turrent plan, tbough weU concefvect, is a

. drop in the ocean. Integrated Rural' Development

Programme has approached the Planning Coininission

,for,,: huge outlay for the next" plan. period 'if,' the

.poverty line is to be, reduced, as committed, IT om 50

percent to 40. But where are the resources?

Public. cOOperation, . nay. publi~ in~olvement, ,~

'go along way tn supplement 'Government and volun-

. tary efforts. Leisure hours' if any, iiI arid zones' ai'

, spent ,in fighting the, adverseeffects,of"urikind nature.

Where is the tinie to form Mahila Minldals or "youth

:Clu~ for collective action .? . :; ;

To a sensitive!mind, the study wiil 'leave :an"impress.

This is verily:ou'::coimtry 'and' many 'of the niral c~m-

,munities still stniggle hard fot existence: He 'will

,think twice' wasgng' water in the city when. his .fellowbeing}n 'thearidzoiii has to trek miles for a pitcher

, of wa~r! .Thanks, are due to NIPCCD and to Shri

K. K. ,Smghfor giving a graphic ,picture of the condi-

,tions of the citizens' that are there 0':' wjlldje.

, .KqRUKSHETRKJiliie'16; .1983

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Science education will quicken. \

.. rural developmentK.D: KOKATE and V.K; DUBEY

National Dairy Resear.ctr Institute, Karnal (Har)'ana

THE MAIN OBJECTIVE, in out agricultural str~tegy

.is to increase ,Jhe total agricultural production as

well as to push up the cfficiency' of various inputs

sed by. the rural cQInmunity. . The technology that

s developed at the agricultural research institutes

eeds to be adopted by the vast majority of the ,farmers

o that agricultural production is accelerated by effi-

ient use of inputs.

"To enhan-oethe process of change the governin~nt

dopted the policy of extending~ubsidy and assistancea the rural' communities, so that pec'ple could adopt

he suggested changes, This assistance-based. thrust

of the system is slowly crippling'"theinner motivation

t the man to make self-efforts to achieve ~oals iIi

fe. It' has created a feeling'of dependenc,,"a",;1even

with new seeds and fertilizers the farm~r is quite

gnorant 'Of the changes.jri attitude expected of him.

A study of the trends in the present day agriculture of

ur country revealed that there are some imbalances

which retard the growth of agricultural production,

According to Alag and Bhalla, who studied the regio-

al concentration of' agricultural development, found"

hat in 1970--73, 20.48 per cent,of the gros> cultural: ~

rea' operated in the cO\U1try(mainly'loeated in PUn''-

ab, Haryana, Western U.P: and. major' command

reas) accounted for 44.24 per cent of the .total ferti-

zer "consumption, 50.39 per cent o f tractors, 38.43er cent eff irrigated area and' contributed, 36.40"per

ent of the total output. On'the other hand, 31.74 per

nt of the grass cultural area (mainly consisting

f Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra. and Orissa) shared

2,83 per cent 'of fertilizer, 11.36 per cent of tractors.

1.88 per cent of irrigation facilities and contribut~ci. " .nly 15,68 per cent to the total agrirultural output. ese &gional disparities in the use' of critical agri-

ultural inputs got ultimately reflected.in the varia,

'R(jKsaEl1~A June 16,1983'

tion in growth rates oI foodgrains production in diffe~.

rent regions. .Even though, our country as a whole

'has..made devclopm.cntin incr'casingour food produc-

tion to a level of self.sufficiencyof 130 m tonnes, but

it is far lagging behind many countries as far as fields

like dairying are concerned. This point is very clear

. through the following figures:

(i) India .has nearly 23 per cent of the world's

bovine population, ,however its share in tEe

world milk production' is only; 65, per

cent. ..-t

(ii) Iridia is' producing around ,29 million tonnes

of milk:

(iii) The per>capita availability of milk is 120

g/day against the required 200 g/day.-

(iv) The .productivity per milch animal in India

is.2,96 litres/day which is very low' when

viewed against the figure of 1'1' litres/day ofdeveloped countries. .

The reasons as reported by National Commission

on Agriculture (1976) for the poor performance' "in

dairying /sector are (i) vcry low production poten~

tiality b f . thc'animals; (ii) lack of adequate nuttition;'and (iii) poor health coverage.

Accent on dairying,T HE 'STATEWISE. M,LK PRODUCTWN, productivity- per mIlch ammal and per capital , availability

, cle'arly indicate that the milk production potentiality

of our animals can be improved as exemplified in cer-

tain. states like GlIjarat, Haryana, Punjab etc. This'

situation of dairy sector is quite similar to that of

agricultural developmcnt. How is it that this deve-

lopment is limited to few states and ,that too confined

.to few areas? The reaSOnis not that ~e don't have

proper technology ne~d~d for exploiting the produc-- .

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transfer io

Science education programme

programme for,rural communities, which is fleXible'

enough to bring changes in their knowledge as wellas in attitude. ., ' , '

,(a) Difference in attitude

,.I nlan's ,place j~it; p

(b) ,Difference between traditional knowledge

" and modern science; and

(c) Difference in attitude to certain ,economic

aspects of human life and endeavour.

(a) Nature 2nd MaDis' Place in it i-The tradi-'

fiona:! attitude iowards nature is one of awe, a snb-

,conscious fear that disturbing nature would nltij

mately bring disaster and heuce a convictiou that manmust make his living by working with nature.

Educatio!1.is a key to progress, and more so for the'

rural communities. ,Its expansion in the rural com-

munities needs greater emphasis in the present con-

text as there is an urgency to change. traditional out-

look of illiterate masses. The main purpose of edu-

.eating the oppressed' should be to make them av:,are

of tlieir situation and to "motivate them to change

this situation by proper action,

It is one of' the functions' of education' to explam

, th~ working of nature and to indicate the possibilities

of modifying and harnessiug it in the interest,dman.'1n"the context of adult education to the' community, ,

the simplest way to 40 this is to explain to community

the working of several natural p1)enomena,. which

affect 'everyday h'uman, plant and animal life, equally,

It is,'thus that t~ villager will"realize that this is a

struggle which, he must wiil if he is to survive; and,

know all that modern science has placed in his h"nds

as the necessary tools. ;' ,'". - ' .

(bYTraditional Knowledge and Modem "Science.-The vast rural population, besides being illiterate, is

eugaged e~en today in the traditional' forms of

agricnlture. In this connection, y"erma (1966): re-

ported that \rib\lls did not allow the calf to ,suckle

the dam for'.the first milk called 'colostrum' as they

felt that calf wonla develop diarrhoea. 'Further, he

found that tribals generally did not keepatiimals for

milk. S~ traditional knowledge is authorisation iu

the .sen~ that it is passed on from one ;>:enerationto

the. next by the authority of tradition. On the other'

hand modern science is' experimental. Every bit of'it is" suppo~ed to~,be verifiable by experime~t or

. ~bservatiou and it is the privilege 6 f every man to

. put it to such. a 'test ~nd evaluate it in his own

situation.

, .

To GOVERN ONE'S own situation what the man ,inc1

. Iura!. setting needs to :know is the differenc~ bet~ .

. ween traditiona:! and,modern agricultur{and way 'of

life. This amounts to have : ~ .,,-.. . . ~,towards' nat';re and

Adoption of improved practices

MOST ,of the research workers have reported durer-

rent factors responsible for the adoption of imp-

roved animal husb.andry practices'.', However, tM

crucial psychOlogica:l components which affect the

adoption are knowledge and attitude of the. farmers.

Needless to say that use of technology will. depend(, . , ' .

upon retention of acquired knowledge 'by jarmers.

Research worker'S namely, Hoffer and ' Stangland ~

(1958), Sizer and Porter (1960), Jaiswa:! (1965),

Singh (1977) .and Chauhan (1979) have reported

sigruficant' asso"iation between knowledge and adop-

tion of improved practices. Similarly, the ,attitude offarmers has an important bearing upon the time lag

between iitialkno)vledge and adoption ,of an innova-

tion. As a,matter of fact, human behaviour is lar-

gely a function of attitdd,e and it is more so in.a free

choice society like ,ours, In ,the past decades, many

research workers like Wilkening (1952), Fliegel

(1959) ,and Rogers and Havens (1961) have point-,ed out clearly \ lJ 6 significance'of attitude on adoption.

Attitude, as one"of the most important psychological

determimints of adoption behaviour, has aiso been

idei],tified by Jaiswal (1965), Nair" (1969), Gupta

and Sohal (1976) and Singh (1977). In general,

most ,of the research' workers were in agreement of the

fact that' attitude controls the adoption behavi0!1r offarmers as they h.ave reported a consistent relationship

between attitude of farmers arid adoption ofimproV-

ed practices. '

The development of rural community', is not a

mechanical process amenable to rigid' principles or

scientific process. It: is' ~ssentially psychological andprimarily concerned with changing, the outlook and

attitudes of millions ,of people living, in rural areas.tt is not merely the question of laying out new roads,

or opening n!,w schools or' starting new health centres,

but a problem of mentally, rdorming the rural com-,munity.. Therefore, .there is a need of an wucationa:!

ti6~ potential of lour livestock but their

farmers', fields, the',place of adoption.

Government has 'implemented a' v,ariety. of daijy

development programmes of national'significance such

as Key Village Scheme '(KVS),Intensive Cattle Deve-

lopment Projects (ICDPs) Operation Flood ProjeCts

etc. Many organizations a,e involved" 1n developing ;

dairy farming innovation as well as transfer of suchtechnology from laboratories to the clientele, The

only 'good mdicator of success of these endeavour is

the level of adoption in the farmer~: fields. Some of

the ,adoption-studies conducted in the field of dairy-

ing revealed thatthe: level of' adoption and number'

, of practices ad9pted are more in areas where the deve-

lopment is pllenomenal compared to their counten>arts

elsewhere. t ' . . . -

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1& , KURUKSHETRA J u n e 16, 1983

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MON and more adult literacy

centres with w~ll provided

reading roOms are attracting

more and more adults.

Adult education

The target of the National Adult Education Programme is to co,'er. by 1984 the entire illiterate

population in the 15-35 age group. Assistance in launching literacy canipaigns in selected areas is

being encouraged. As part of massive mobilisation, over 30,000 voluntary agencies and about 500

other educational institu1i01~Swere deplayed in the programme. Some 250 adult education centres

were established ill the villages and urban slums in which 37 /akhs i:literate adu'ts were enrolled,

eachfor a period of 10 months of whom around 40 per cent emerged as literates.

Adult literacy among women, particularly rural is th mOst far-reaching development measure of thc society.

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(Licensed under U(DN)-54 to post without prepay-ment at Civil Lines Post Office,Delhi).

-Regd. No D(DN)/39

RN 702/57

To learn the 3 R's makes a human being a man.

Adult education.

> Non-formal education for adults between 15,35years wilf receive priority during the plan in

view of their potential for immediate impact in raising the level of productivity in the economy.The weaker sections I;ke women, schMuled castes and scheduled tribes, agricultural labourers, slum

dwellers,,drought prone area re,idents will he given special attention 'in this work, Besides providing

basic literacy skil!s, ihe programme wil/.a/m at upgrading technical skits, creating social aware'.'ess

among' the ,i!liierate.masses .'thusrelieving them from _unemployment and poverty, ..'- ~'." '.. - .