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발 간 등 록 번 호

11-1390271-000037-10

ANNUAL RESEARCHREPORT 2003

2003

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Rural Development AdministrationNational Livestock Research InstituteRural Development AdministrationNational Livestock Research Institute

National LivestockResearch Institute

National Livestock Research Institute

발 간 등 록 번 호

11-1390271-000037-10

P.R Number

11-1390271-000037-10

ANNUAL RESEARCHREPORT 2003

Rural Development AdministrationNational Livestock Research Institute



FOREWORD ■■■

A prime objective of the National Livestock Research Institute was to

undertake research which supports the Korean policy of economic

globalization and free-market trade. To this end, staff from our institute

undertook a total of 276 projects with the livestock industries,

universities and government agencies during 2003. Outcomes from

these projects were in the form of 98 policy recommendations, 97

agricultural applications, 48 property rights and technology transfers to

industry, 326 scientific presentations, and 116 publications in academic

journals, including 32 SCI quality papers. Furthermore, the institute

won the RDA Best Publicity award for the efforts to publicize our

activities to the public.

Achievements of the animal genomics, bioinformatics and

biotechnology groups included the identification of candidate genes

related to Hanwoo economic traits and registration to the

Genbank(NCBI). Other achievements included development of

transgenic pigs to produce thrombotic medicines, improvement of the

methods for hEPO purification, and development of technologies for

cloning and recombination of genes related to human immunity.

For the animal improvement group achievements included selection

and dissemination of superior breeding stock, and preparation and

presentation of a report on Koreans animal genetic resources to FAO.

Improvements in the quality of livestock products and feeding

management included TMR feeding techniques for Hanwoo, and

ultrasound techniques to evaluate meat quality from live animals.

Furthermore, the CUPID system was established between farms and

our institute. Pork quality was improved through the control of dietary

protein level, and early weaning programmes for pigs were developed.

Feed supplements for poultry production were developed, and

uniformity in Korean native broilers was increased by development of


separate raising techniques for male and female chickens.

Carcass grading schemes for beef and pork were established. Our

staff also developed an analytical method for detection of BSE-related

animal proteins, and our institute was approved as an official institute

for livestock feed inspection. The sustainable livestock farming group

developed a system for composting animal waste and a compost control

model for pig slurry. In addition, a system was developed for the direct

payment to the farmer for products which were classed as

environmentally-friendly. Forage and crop research focused on the

development of stress tolerant and high yielding forages, production

and propagation of Italian ryegrass variety "Hwansan 101", and on

technical support for a large scale cultivation complex of forage crops.

It is my belief that animal agriculture is not a simple process of

producing animal products, but it includes development of

biotechnologies which meet the various demands of consumers in terms

of product quality and are produced in environmentally-friendly

farming systems. The research effort of our institute will continue to

develop basic and applied biotechnologies to produce safe and high

quality animal products and to transfer these technologies to industry

and ultimately the public. Finally, I would like to express my best

appreciation to all of the expert committee members, concurrent senior

researchers, honorary field senior researchers, farmers, industry leaders

and all NLRI staff who made these achievements possible.

July 2004

Sang-Gi Yun, Ph.D. Director General

National Livestock Research Institute, R.D.A.

ANNUAL RESEARCH REPORT 2003

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Event’s of the YearEvent’s of the Year

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3 4

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1. Opening ceremony of visitor's lounge for public service (13th January, 2003)

2. Technology transfer of an energy saving ventilation system for broilerhousing (6th February, 2003)

3. Deliberate council of Agency research institution administration (19th February, 2003)

4. Technology transfer of silage innoculates (25th February, 2003)5. Inauguration meeting for animal biotechnology society (28th March, 2003)

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6. Demonstration of Hanwoo reproduction technologies (4th July, 2003)7. International symposium on technology development of livestock food

products in the 21st century (11th July, 2003)8. Leaders' meeting of livestock farming organization (17th July, 2003)

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9. Workshop on TMR feeding for Hanwoo (27th August, 2003)

10. Opening ceremony of animal bioinformatics center (8th September, 2003)

11. Deliberate council of Agency research institutionadministration (17th September, 2003)

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12. Symposium on low cost and high quality Hanwoo beefproduction (4th June, 2003)

13. The 11th symposium on Asian dairy technology (24th October, 2003)

14. Visit of national guests from Mongol and Vietnam (29th October, 2003)

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15. Completion of high rise hog building (6th November,2003)

16. Symposium on the strategies of animal improvementfor the production of brand products (27th November,2003)

17. Forty examples of technologies developed by NLRI(December, 2003)

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CONTENTS

Ⅰ. Major Research Results 11

1. Biotechnology research 11

2. Nutrition and physiology research °¶°¶°¶°¶°¶°¶°¶°¶°¶°¶°¶°¶°¶°¶°¶27

3. Products and utilization research °¶°¶°¶°¶°¶°¶°¶°¶°¶°¶°¶°¶°¶°¶°¶°¶34

4. Livestock environment research °¶°¶°¶°¶°¶°¶°¶°¶°¶°¶°¶°¶°¶°¶°¶°¶41

5. Grassland and forage crops research °¶°¶°¶°¶°¶°¶°¶°¶°¶°¶°¶°¶°¶50

6. Animal improvement planning research °¶°¶°¶°¶°¶°¶°¶°¶°¶°¶°¶°¶57

7. Animal genetic resource research °¶°¶°¶°¶°¶°¶°¶°¶°¶°¶°¶°¶°¶°¶°¶62

8. Beef cattle(Hanwoo) research °¶°¶°¶°¶°¶°¶°¶°¶°¶°¶°¶°¶°¶°¶°¶°¶°¶68

9. Dairy cattle research °¶°¶°¶°¶°¶°¶°¶°¶°¶°¶°¶°¶°¶°¶°¶°¶°¶°¶°¶°¶°¶73

10. Swine, poultry and other animals research °¶°¶°¶°¶°¶°¶°¶°¶°¶°¶79

Ⅱ. Appendix 96

1. General information 96

2. Organization °¶°¶°¶°¶°¶°¶°¶°¶°¶°¶°¶°¶°¶°¶°¶°¶°¶°¶°¶°¶°¶°¶°¶°¶°97

3. E-mail addresses and telephone numbers °¶°¶°¶°¶°¶°¶°¶°¶°¶°¶98


■■■11 ANNUAL RESEARCH REPORT 2003

I. Major Research Results

1. Biotechnology research

(1) QTL mapping related to intramuscular fat contents anddevelopment of microsatellite markers

The linkage maps of SSC4 and SSC6 were developed by genotyping the

reference families between Korean native boars and Landrace sows. Seven

microsatellite markers were developed by sequencing analysis of the BAC

clones located in specific region of QTL. After shotgun sequencing, as the

result of repeated site analysis, KP0290F2 (TTCC), KP0248C11 (AAAT),

KP1231C91 (TAG), KP1231C92 (TTG), and KP1231C93(GA) in which

ploymorphism was identified were discovered. In these 5 sites of 8 breeds

(Landrace, Korean native pig, Duroc, Yorkshire, Berkshire, Wuzhishan pig,

Xiang pig, and Min pig), average number of alleles were 2.13, 4.63, 7.38,

2.75 and 6.25, and the average heterozygosities of these 5 sites were 0.2110,

0.6865, 0.8304, 0.4057, and 0.7051, respectively. KP0248C11, KP1231C91,

and KP1231C93 were considered as informative markers due to showing

sufficient alleles and high heterozygosity value.

Table 1-1. Heterozygosity value of each microsatellite marker

MS markerBreeds

Landrace KNP Duroc Yorkshire Berkshire Wuzhisan Xiang Min

KP0290F2 0.4965 0.0000 0.2778 0.4688 0.0000 0.1975 0.1527 0.0950

KP0248C11 0.7118 0.7222 0.7361 0.7150 0.7150 0.7407 0.6100 0.5408

KP1231C91 0.8058 0.8636 0.7891 0.8594 0.7900 0.8672 0.8554 0.8125

KP1231C92 0.4167 0.5590 0.5173 0.6805 0.0000 0.0000 0.5416 0.5350

KP1231C93 0.7257 0.6860 0.5868 0.7550 0.7535 0.6181 0.7191 0.7963

2003

Rural Development Administration 12■■■

(2) Structural and genetic analysis of candidate genes on QTLregion by high-throughput sequencing

Genomic structures of LEPR and AMPK 2 estimated to be located in QTL

region were characterized. cDNA sequences of these genes were obtained

from NCBI database. Full genomic sequences were analysed by shotgun

sequencing of BAC clones screened by PCR from KNP BAC library.

Several cSNP were identified through comparison between cDNA and

genomic DNA and alleles of SNP were confirmed by genotyping the pig

population raised at institute. Four SNP sites were detected in LEPR gene

structure and the frequency of these SNP were analysed in population.

Single SNP site was identified in AMPK 2 gene, and analysis of correlation

test had shown that the genotypes of this SNP were significantly related to

body weight along the week.

Table 1-2. Comparison of weekly body weight changes by geneotype ofAMPK 2 gene

Age of weeks

Genotype 0 wk 3 wk 5 wk 12 wk 20 wk 25 wk 30 wk

AA 1.1±0.0 4.6±0.3 7.4±0.5 32.5±2.1 72.3±4.3a 76.5 ±2.8a 76.5±2.8a

AB 1.1±0.0 4.7±0.2 7.7±0.4 33.8±1.4 83.0±3.2b 84.9±2.1b 84.9±2.1a

BB 1.1±0.0 4.2±0.2 8.0±0.5 32.2±1.7 86.5±3.7b 87.3±2.4b 87.3±2.4b

a.bp < 0.01.

Table 1-3. Analysis of polymorphism on cSNP sites of LEPR gene

Genotype Exon 5/NdeI Exon 13/AciI Exon 14/NdeI Exon 18/Sau3AI

AA 54 (17.8%) 67 (21.7%) 79 (27.3%) 42 (13.5%)

BB 106 (35.0%) 131 (42.6%) 123 (42.5%) 135 (43.5%)

AB 143 (47.2%) 110 (35.7%) 87 (30.2%) 133 (43.0%)

Total 303 heads 308 heads 289 heads 310 heads

N ational Livestock Research Institute



(3) Assessment of the phylogenetic relationship among cattlebreeds using microsatellite genotyping

For the assessment of the phylogenetic relationship among the cattle

breeds including Hanwoo, twenty cattle populations - ten Asian (Hanwoo,

Korean Black cattle, Yanbian, Nanyang cattle, Luxi cattle, Japanese Black

Wagyu, Japanese Brown Wagyu, etc), seven European Bos taurus as well as

three Asian/African Bos indicus - were characterized with 21 microsatellite

markers. Allele frequencies were used to estimate expected

heterozygosities, genetic distances, and to perform individual analysis. Two

hundred thirty four alleles were observed across all loci. Our data support

that the Hanwoo had been originated with Yanbian cattle (Da = 0.065) and

there was no evidence of a possible taurine-zebu crossbreeding origin of the

Hanwoo. Also, the Eastern-Northern Asian cattle showed genetically

distinct from the Bos indicus as well as the European taurine and could be

classify from the Chinese mainland cattle breeds. To apply these

microsatellites to the DNA traceability, we also performed parentage and

individual identification test.

2003

Fig. 1-1. Individual analysis of the cattle breeds including Hanwoo.


(4) Development of Multiplex PCR method for diagnosis of viraldiarrhea

In this study, we tried to detect simultaneously cultured bovine

rotavirus(BRV), bovine coronavirus(BCV), and bovine viral diarrhea

virus(BVDV) by multiplex reverse transcriptase polymerase chain

reaction(RT-PCR). Specific primers were designed for amplification of

BRV outer capside protein VP7, BCV spike glycoprotein, and BVDV

complete genome. Three bands are successfully detected at 1,062bp(BRV),

458bp (BCV), and 300bp(BVDV) simultaneously.

As the BRV, BCV, and BVDV used in this experiment were purely

cultured RNA viruses, it was possible to conduct the RT-PCR in one tube

mixed with these viruses. However, the multipex PCR diagnose method was

not available to be applied in field yet because there were many PCR

inhibitors in stool such as bile salts, bilirubin, urobilinogens, and

polysaccharides.


Fig. 1-2. Only 4 genes(E.coli stx2(584bp), E.coli intimin(425), Salmonella pho E(365bp), ClostridiumCPA(283bp)) were successfully amplified by multiplex-PCR with annealing temperature of45 to 59 . 100bp DNA ladder was used for molecular weight marker.

E.coli Stx 2 gene(584bp)E.coli Intimin gene(425bp)Salmonella pho E gene(365bp)Clostridium CPA gene(283bp)



(5) Operation of Animal Bioinformatics Centers

The reasons to establish the Animal Bioinformatics Center at National

Livestock Research Institute were to build a bioinformatics system for

collection and analysis of the animal genomic information, and to apply

huge animal genomic data from International Pig Genome Project.

The programs installed in the system of Animal Bioinformatics Center

were a Base Calling Assembly System for supporting preengagement

assembly processing and offering various viewer, BLAST search engine

such as Normal Blast, Fasta, Mega, and Pairwise, and ClustalW for

comparison of base pair between animal genomics. The Laboratory

Information Management System (LIMS) was established to manage users

by group, laboratory, and project as well as sharing result between users.

Database in the system has been built to collect and apply huge animal

genomic information and twenty-five different individual genomic entity

and working ares were designed. Effective bioinformatics system was

established by building five different animal genomic information database.

2003

Fig. 1-3. Flow chart for analysis of animal genomic data


(6) Development of culture technique for the production ofnuclear transfer (NT) bovine embryos

The purpose of this study was to develop the serum-free culture system for

the production of nuclear transfer bovine embryos. Bovine NT embryos

were cultured in various cultures with different protein sources, BSA

sources, ITS (Insulin-Transferrin-Sodium selenite) or FGF-4 (Fibroblast

growth factor-4). In this experiment, it was found that serum-free culture

condition could be used for the in vitro production of bovine NT bovine

embryos. Particularly, the supplementation of ITS or FGF-4 in culture

medium containing fatty acid free BSA had more beneficial effect on the

development of bovine NT embryos.

Table 1-4. Effect of the kinds of proteins on the development of NT bovineembryos

No. of No.(%) of No.(%) of Cell numbersProtein oocytes oocytes blastocysts Apoptotic

fused cleaved

10% FBS 157 100 (63.7) 32 (20.4)a 78.4±19.4 3.1±1.4

0.5% BSA* 138 111 (80.4) 36 (26.1)a 90.9±29.1 1.7±1.4

0.1% PVA 115 77 (67.0) 8 (7.0)b 46.0±0.0 7.0±0.0

* Fatty acid free-BSA (FAF-BSA), a,b p<0.01.

Table 1-5. Effect of BSA sources on the development of NT bovine embryos

No. of No.(%) of No.(%) of Cell numbersProtein oocytes oocytes blastocysts Apoptotic

fused cleaved

FAF* 122 98 (80.3) 32 (26.2)a 86.8±32.3 1.5±2.2

Fraction V* 158 108 (68.4) 20 (12.7)b 72.3±19.9 6.7±3.1

* Concentration: 0.5%, a,b p<0.05.




Table 1-6. Effect of ITS supplementation on the development of NT bovineembryos

No. of No.(%) of No.(%) of Apoptotic Treament* oocytes oocytes blastocysts Cell numbers cell numbers

fused cleaved

ITS (-) 96 74 (77.1) 25 (26.0)a 86.8±32.3 1.5±2.2

ITS (+) 88 69 (78.4) 35 (39.8)b 79.9±27.4 3.4±3.0

* ITS: 5 ㎍/㎖ insulin, 5 ㎍/㎖ transferrin, 5 ng/㎖ sodium selenite.a,b p<0.05.

Table 1-7. Effect of concentration of FGF-4 on the development of NTbovine embryos

Conc. No. of No.(%) of No.(%) of Apoptotic (ng/ml) oocytes oocytes blastocysts Cell numbers cell numbers

fused cleaved

0 49 41 (83.7) 9 (18.4)a 66.3±11.4a 7.0±5.0

1 51 42 (82.4) 15 (29.4) 75.9±25.5 5.1±3.1

10 51 45 (88.2) 12 (23.5) 74.4±22.4 5.9±2.6

100 52 42 (80.8) 21 (40.4)b 86.7±26.5b 5.9±2.0

a,b p<0.05.

(7) Development of transgenic animals by gene transfectedsomatic cells

The purpose of this study was to produce transgenic cows using the

transfected somatic cell nuclear transfer. The fetal fibroblast cells (KbFF)

were constructed from male fetus of day 45 of pregnancy. For screening the

secretion of hFSH from transfected cells, hFSH genes were transfected to

KbFF cells, Chines Hamster ovary (CHO) cells and bladder cells by an

electroporation system. The gene-transfected cells were cultured with G-

418 selected medium for 2 weeks. Selected colonies were confirmed by

PCR. Some of colonies of hFSH transfected KbFF and bladder cells

secreted hFSH to culture medium. For nuclear transfer, enucleated bovine

2003


oocytes were transferred with hFSH transfected or nontransfected fetal

fibroblasts. After 48h of culture, in hFSH transfected cells, 68.7% of

embryos were cleaved and after 8 days of culture, 22.8% of embryos were

developed to blastocyst stage, while in the hFSH nontransfected cells,

80.2% of cleavage and 24.5% of blastocyst development, respectively.

Apoptosis was not significantly different between hFSH transfected and non

transfected blastocysts.

The transfected somatic cell nuclear transferred blastocysts were

transferred to 53 recipient cows and two calves were born but hFSH gene

was not expressed.

Table 1-8. Effect of hFSH transfected and non-transfected cells on thedevelopment of NT embryos

Donor cellNo. of oocytes No. (%) of developed to

Man. Fused 2-cell Blast.

KbFF 153 102 (66.67) 69 (80.23) 25 (24.51)

hFSH transfected 253 166 (65.61) 114 (68.67) 26 (22.81)

Table 1-9. Pregnancy rate of NT embryos with hFSH and GFP transfectedcells

Target geneNo. of NR rate No. (%) of

recipients Day 60 Day 120 calves

hFSH 53 8 (15.09) 2 (3.77) 2 (3.77)

GFP 53 26 (49.06) 9 (16.98) 1 (1.89)

(8) Analysis of placental proteins in somatic cell cloned recipientcows

This experiment was conducted to investigate, and to compare the protein

profiles in the placenta of Korean cows transferred cloned embryos and




artificially inseminated. Tissue samples were taken from the placenta of

cows after cesarean section around parturition, and placental proteins were

analyzed. Also, protein alterations were compared using two dimensional

gel electrophoresis and the concentrations of 6 proteins including

peroxiredoxin 2, vimentin, aldose reductase, cytokeratin 8, similar to

RIKEN cDNA gene and laminin binding protein were analyzed and

compared between two types of cows. The expression of vimentin and

cytokeratin in recipient cow placentomes was further confirmed by Western

blot analysis (Fig. 1-5). In the placentome of cows transferred cloned

embryos of late gestation, by western blot vimentin and cytokeratin

2003

peroxiredoxin 2 vimentin

Laminin-binding protein Cytokeratin 8

Similar to RIKEN cDNA gene Aldose reductase

Fig. 1-4. Analysis of placental proteins in normal and NT placenta.

Normal

NT

Normal

NT

Normal

NT


expression was not detectable. The results suggest a role for placental

protein as pregnancy factors involved in the regulation of placental growth

and differentiation.

(9) Cloning of useful genes and production of transgeniclivestock

This research aimed to generate transgenic animals producing useful

substances, and to clone and verify the useful genes and the transgenic

vector system in cultured cells prior to the animal transgenic procedure. We

have developed transgenic vectors targeting milk and urine of domestic

animals as source for the production of useful human genes. The transgenic

vector containing human tissue plasminogen activator gene under

transcriptional regulation of either bovine beta casein promoter or murine

uroplakin II promoter were constructed (Figure 1-6 and 1-7). In addition,

we have cloned porcine beta casein promoter that directs mammary gland

specific expression, and analyzed the expression levels of luciferase reporter

gene of transgenic vectors in mammary gland derived cell line, HC11

(patent in progress).

To produce human therapeutical medicine, a total of 624 embryos injected


A) vimentin B) cytokeratin 8

Fig. 1-5. Western blot analysis of placental proteins.

Normal NT Normal NT



with mouse uroplakin promoter-tPA were transferred to 23 recipients. Thirty

one offsprings from 3 sows were delivered (Table 1-10). We analysed the

transgenes with PCR methods from 31 piglet tails DNA, three of them were

detected as the transgenic founder pigs with tPA gene(Fig. 1-8).

Table 1-10. Summary of mUPII-tPA transgenic pig production

Recipients No. embryos Transferred Offsprings Transgenic transferred embryos/recipient pigs

23 624 27.1 31 3

2003

Fig. 1-6. Transgenic vectors targeting milk (b CSN-htPA) and urine (mUPII-htPA).

Fig. 1-7. Schematic diagram of targeting vector and PCR primers used for analysis.


(10) Improvement of transgenic efficiency with sperm-mediatedgene transfer method

There are many methods to introduce exogenous DNA into embryos to

produce transgenic animals. Recently, sperm mediated gene transfer method

was developed. An exogenous gene can be integrated into oocyte by sperm

with chemical treatment or liposome. In this study, sperm was used as a

vector for a transgene, which is encoding enhanced green fluorescent

protein (GFP). This study was conducted to investigate the expression of

exogenous gene in porcine embryos after injection of spermatozoa binding

with GFP gene fragment. TritonX-100 or lipofectin were to used for DNA

binding to matured sperm head.

Table 1-11. Transgene expression in the porcine embryos after sperm-mediated GFP gene transfer

Treatment No. of No. of cleaved Blastocyst GFP expression oocytes oocytes (%) (%) (%)

Lipofectin+ICSI 96 57 (59.4) 18 (18.8) 33/96 (34.4)

TritonX-100+ICSI 116 72 (62.1) 23 (19.2) 39/116 (33.6)

ICSI only 75 47 (62.7) 19 (25.3) 0 /75 (0.0)


Fig. 1-8. PCR identification of transgenic pigs. Agarose gel electrophoresis of PCR products fromtwo different sites(831 and 450bp).



(11) Expression of Oct-4 in the testis, ovary and placenta ofKorean cattle(Hanwoo)

This study was conducted to investigate the expression of POU

transcription factors which are known to be involved in transcriptional

regulation during early embryonic development and cell differentiation.

The ovaries of Korean heifers, testes of young Korean bulls and placenta of

Korean cows in late pregnancy were collected from the slaughter house. To

examine the expression of the POU transcription factor Oct 4, the RT-PCR

and immunochemical stain were performed. We investigated ovary, testis

and placental tissue and found Oct 4 mRNA expression was detectable and

Oct 4 was positively expressed in all tissues examined (Fig. 1-10). The low

number of Oct 4 expressing tissues can be assumed to be the explanation for

the low expression levels and the expression of Oct 4 protein during

placental development mirrors the pattern seen for its mRNA (Fig. 1-11).

Also, we performed immunohistochemistry to localized Oct 4 in bovine

ovary (Fig. 1-12). The results of this study indicated that Oct 4 was

expressed in the ovary, testis and placenta of Korean cattle. Oct 4 was also

expressed in the trophoblast of placenta, and during the follicular

2003

Fig. 1-9. Expression of GFP gene in the developing porcine embryos


development it was stage specific, but the expression of Oct 4 was confined

to germlines.


Fig. 1-10. Expression of Oct 4 mRNA in Korean native cattle

Fig. 1-11. Western blot analysis of Oct 4 protein expression in the placenta of late pregnancy cows.

Fig. 1-12. Bovine graafian follicle cells expressed Oct 4 protein. A serial section of the ovary A:immunohistochemistry to localized graafian cells, B: microscopic image. (x400)

M Ovary Testis Placenta

Day of pregnancy

A B

Fetal placenta

Day of pregnancy

Maternal placenta



(12) Expression of TGF 1 and type I, II of TGF 1 receptors inbovine embryos

We investigated the expression of TGFß1 and II in bovine embryos.

TGFß1 may have beneficial effects on the preimplantation embryos and

show different expression patterns at each embryo stage. Using

immunocytochemistry, the presence in unfertil ized oocytes and

preimplantation embryos of TGFß1 (Fig. 1-13) and the essential

components of the TGFß1 signaling pathway, TGFß1 receptor type I and II,

were investigated. Both receptors, as well as TGFß1 were present in the

unfertilized oocytes (Fig. 1-14 and 15), which indicated that TGFß1 was a

maternally expressed protein. Also specific gene expression patterns at each

embryonic stage was confirmed (Fig. 1-16). The patterns of TGFß1 and

TGFß1 receptors expression may be different by the stage of oocyte and

2003

Fig 1-13. Laser Scanning confocal microscopic images of TGFß1 and nucleus in bovine embryos.Red image; Nucleus, Green image; TGFß1 A) MII B) 2 Cell C) 4 Cell D) 8 Cell E) 16 cellF) Blastocyst.

Fig 1-14. Laser Scanning confocal microscopic images of TGFß1 receptor type I and nucleus inbovine embryos. Red image; Nucleus, Green image; TGFß1 R I A) MII B) 2 Cell C) 4 CellD) 8 Cell E) Morula F) Blastocyst.


embryo development, and TGFß1 signaling may have an important role on

the development of the preimplantation embryo and embryo implantation.


Fig 1-15. Laser Scanning confocal microscopic images of TGFß1 receptor type II and nucleus inbovine embryos. Red image; Nucleus, Green image; TGFß1 RII A) MII B) 2 Cell C) 4 CellD) 8 Cell E) Morula F) Blastocyst.

Fig 1-16. RT - PCR analysis of TGFß1 and TGFß1 receptors in bovine oocytes and preimplantationembryos. Line designations: O, oocyte; 2C, 2 cell; 4C, 4 cell; 8C, 8 cell; M, morula; and B,blastocyst Stages of development.



2. Nutrition and physiology research

(1) Investigation of optimizing feeding period of TMR in Hanwoosteers

Present study was conducted to investigate the optimizing feeding period

of TMR for improving high quality Hanwoo beef production. In Exp. 1,

forty five Hanwoo steer calves were fed with forage and concentrate

separately (control) or fed with TMR during the growing period (TMR1),

from the growing period to the early fattening period (TMR2), from the

growing period to the middle fattening period(TMR3), or from the growing

period to the late fattening period(TMR4). In Exp. 2, four Hanwoo steers

fitted with 100 mm i.d. ruminal cannula were used to study the effect of

TMR on rumen fermentation parameters. During the growing period, the

daily BW gain was higher in TMR groups compared with control (0.81 vs

0.66 kg), but did not differ between TMR and control during the early

fattening period (0.94 vs 0.93 kg) and the middle fattening period (0.73 vs

0.74 kg) (Exp. 1). Daily DM intake was lower in the control than TMR

groups during the growing period (5.35 vs 5.80 kg) and the early fattening

period (7.67 vs 7.99 kg), but higher during the middle fattening period (8.40

vs 7.94 kg), respectively. The DM intake per BW gain was 8.08 and 7.17 kg

for control and TMR (the growing period), 8.26 and 8.49 kg (the early

fattening period) and 11.36 and 10.87 kg (the middle fattening period),

respectively. In carcass characteristics, marbling score was higher in

TMR3(6.8) and TMR4(6.2) than control(4.7). The rate of high quality beef

appearance (1+ and 1 in quality grade) was increased by 89% in TMR3

from 44% in control, resulting in net income increased (20%) in economic

analysis. In Exp. 2, ammonia N and total VFA concentration did not differ

between the treatments, whereas relatively smaller change in ruminal pH

appeared in TMR than non-TMR groups, indicating that a TMR feeding

2003


may result in stable rumen fermentation. In conclusion, present results

indicated that a TMR feeding could be recommended for high quality

Hanwoo beef production.

(2) Investigation of optimizing TDN and NDF contents of TMR inHanwoo steers

Present study was conducted to investigate the optimal nutrient feeding

level for developing TMR feeding and producing system. Sixty Hanwoo

steers in Exp. 1 were used to investigate the effects of NDF and TDN levels

on growth performance, feed efficiency and carcass characteristics. In Exp.

2, six Hanwoo steers fitted with 100 mm i.d. ruminal cannula were used to

study the effect of feeding pattern (i.e. feeding forage concentrate (FC)

or feeding concentrate forage(CF)) on rumen fermentation parameters.

Decreases in NDF contents and increases in TDN contents in the diets were

associated with daily BW gain increase, whereas DM intake was not

different between the treatments, indicating that DM intake per BW gain

was decreased with low NDF and high TDN contents (Exp. 1). Different

levels of NDF and TDN contents in the diets did not significantly change


Fig. 2-1 TMR producing system and a sampling party



any carcass characteristics. Smaller changes in ruminal pH, ammonia N and

total VFA concentration were shown in FC compared to those in CF diets,

indicating that a feeding forage-and-concentrate may result in stability of

rumen fermentation (Exp. 2).

(3) The effects of mineral block supply on growth performanceand quality beef production in Hanwoo steers

Present study was conducted to investigate the effect of mineral supply on

growth performance, feed efficiency and carcass characteristics. Forty four

Hanwoo steer calves (6 mo)(Exp. 1) and forty four Hanwoo steers (12

mo)(Exp. 2) were used. Daily BW gain, DM intake and DM intake per BW

gain were not influenced by the block supply in both experiments. In

carcass characteristics, there was no difference in experiment 1, however,

marbling score was higher in beef block (5.18) and newly developed beef

block (4.86) than that for control (4.56) in experiment 2 conducted from the

early fattening stage (12 mo) to slaughter (28 mo). In conclusion, present

results indicate that a mineral supply from early fattening stage can be

recommended for high quality beef production.

(4) Prediction of growing performance in Hanwoo

The seventh revised edition of NRC(1996) includes a computer model that

allows description of the dynamic state of the animal and accounts for

animal, feed, and environmental variation. However, utilization of the

model in Hanwoo feeding standards(2002) has been limited. In particular,

there has been little research on the effectiveness of this model for

predicting performance of Hanwoo under varying management conditions

in Korea. For the model to be effectively used, evaluation must be

undertaken under various Korean management conditions.

2003


This report provides tables of feed composition that partition feedstuffs

into carbohydrate and protein fraction, ruminal digestion rate of feedstuffs

and effective NDF content. This information can be used as a basis for

predicting metabolizable energy and protein absorption.

Data from a comparative slaughter experiment with Hanwoo were utilized

to determine their body fat compositions and fat deserves. Available data

indicated that weight gain and loss during growth was highly related to

body fat reserves (R2 = 0.9180) and chest girth was also highly related to

body fat reserves (Y = 2.708 X -358.09, R2 = 0.9125).

Nine Hanwoo steers were used to investigate the change in metabolic rate

at three different energy levels. Increase in energy intake with the increased

DM intake did not affect digestibilities of dry matter, organic matter, crude

protein, crude fiber, crude fat and nitrogen-free extract. Energy loss was

41% feces and 1.5% urine of gross energy intake. Furthermore, energy loss

from methane produced during rumen fermentation was 5∼9%, while body

heat loss was averaged in 40∼60%.

(5) Effect of dehorning on performance and carcasscharacteristics of Hanwoo steers

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of dehorning of

castrated Hanwoo calves at 6 months of age. Forty eight calves were

assigned to 3 treatments (2 pens for treatment), non-dehorning (control),

dehorning and reassigning for even body weight (treatment 1) at 12 months

of age and dehorning without reassigning (treatment 2).

Average body weight at 12 months of age for dehorning treatments was

lower than that for control. It might contribute to less weight gain for one

month after castration and dehorning. In treatment 2, standard deviation of

body weight in two pens was decreased by the reassigning. Dehorned

animals gained similar weight from 12 to 27 months of age. As a result,




dehorning caused a depression in liveweight gain in calves at growing and

fattening stages and showed no effect on carcass grade.

Table 2-1. Carcass characteristics

Control Treatment 1 Treatment 2

Slaughter weight (27 month, kg) 657.2±52.7 638.2±31.8 648.2±42.4

Carcass weight (kg) 389.4±43.1 383.9±29.2 371.5±24.1

Dressing (%) 59.2±2.3 60.1±1.6 57.3±1.9

Appearance rates of yield grade (A:B:C) 31:54:15 33:53:13 45:45:9

Appearance rates of quality grade (1+:1:2:3) 46:23:31:0 27:40:33:0 27:36:27:9

(6) Effects of dietary concentration of nutrients on growth andcarcass characteristics

A study was conducted to investigate effects of concentration of nutrients

on growth and carcass characteristics of finishing pigs. The dietary nutrients

were arranged for 4-24 weeks age of pigs. The dietary nutrient levels were

prepared such as adjusted level, 10% and 20% higher levels of Korean

Feeding Standard for Swine (2002). Therefore, the experimental results

indicated that feed efficiency was improved in 10 or 20% higher nutrients

concentration treatments compared with adjusted level of Korean Feeding

Standard for Swine (2002) (p<0.05), but daily body weight gain was

signficantly different among the treatments (p>0.05).

In addition, there were no effects on other characteristics (p>0.05) except

for improvement of carcass characteristics and grade (p<0.05). Thus, the

present results suggest that little bit higher level of nutrients than Korean

Feeding Standard for Swine.(2002) would be recommendable.

2003


Table 2-2. Effects of dietary nutrients concentration on animal performancein growing pigs (4-24 weeks age)

Items Feeding Feeding Feeding

standard* standard 1.1 standard 1.2

Initial body weight, kg 6.13 6.16 6.18

Final body weight, kg 116.20 112.46 114.43

Daily body weight gain, kg/day 0.78 0.76 0.77

Daily feed intake, kg/day 2.10a 1.97ab 1.93b

Feed efficiency 2.69a 2.59ab 2.51b

* Korean Feeding Standard for Swine (2002). a,b,c (p<0.05)

Table 2-3. Effect of dietary nutrient concentration on carcass characteristicsin growing pigs (24 week age)

Items Feeding Feeding Feeding

standard* standard 1.1 standard 1.2

Carcass weight, kg 84.64 83.93 83.71

Back fat thickness, mm 21.14 22.21 20.00

Muscle, kg 51.59 50.67 51.85

Bone, kg 10.51 10.52 10.75

Fat, kg 20.60 20.95 19.31

Carcass grade2 2.00a 1.86a 1.50b

1 Korean Feeding Standard for Swine (2002).2 Carcass grade (1=A, 2=B, 3=C, and 4=D grade).a,b (p<0.05)

(7) Effect of food waste proportion in diet on feed evaluation fordiet of adult dogs

Although Korean government has been trying to decrease food waste, the

food waste is still problem because of native Korean culture for food.

Therefore, this study was conducted to evaluate food waste into pellet diet




for adult dogs for commercial use. The food waste was tested at 100 for 30

min for available use. The food waste levels were 0, 25, 50, and 75%. In

addition, the dietary protein was 18%, and 20 female experimental dogs (8

months age, and 7.5kg body weight) from JIN-DO ireland were used this

study for 12 weeks. Diet price and diet price per kg body weight gain were

better with increasing food waste level in the diet. Although intial body

weight was not much different among the treatment, it was higher in 25% of

food waste treatment and lower in 75% of food waste treatment compared

with others. While, total feed intake and feed efficiency were higher in food

waste added treatments compared with no added food waste treatment.

Table 2-4. Effects of different levels of Food waste in diet on animalperformance of adult dogs

Items Level of food waste in diet for adult dogs(%)

0 25 50 75

Diet price (won/kg) 257 187 147 71

Index (%) (100) (73) (57) (28)

Body weight

- Initial body weight, kg 7.64 7.82 7.58 7.70

- Total gain, kg 4.16 6.11 5.01 3.27

Feed intake

- Total feed intake (kg/animal) 26.98 40.05 35.58 31.27

- Feed efficiency (kg) 6.49 6.55 7.10 9.56

Diet price per kg gain (won) 1,668 1,225 1,044 679

Index (%) (100) (73) (62) (41)

Protein proportion for adult dogs: 18%.

Experiment period : 12 weeks.

Food waste was not calculated in diet price.

2003


3. Products and utilization research

(1) Revision of the carcass evaluation standards for beef andpork

The slaughter weight of Hanwoo cattle increased to 8.1% for Hanwoo

weighing 300∼400kg, to 14.8% for Hanwoo weighing 350∼400kg in

2002 compared to those in 1998 based on data from domestic slaughter

house. The proportion of Hanwoo steers weighing higher than 350kg

increased to 42.5% from 16.3% in 1998. The frequency of grade 1 and 1+

beef were also increased to 18.1% in 2002 from 15.9% in 1998 with the

revision of yield index for slaughter weight and increase of consumption for

the high marbled beef. Therefore, the objective of this study was to establish

the evaluation standard of intramuscular fat for the utilization as the index

of improvement and breeding.

A total of 631 Hanwoo and Holstein were used for this experiment. The

animals were slaughtered, and the carcass and meat qualities were evaluated

after the carcasses were stored for 18∼24hrs at cooler.

The results of carcass properties of beef cattle weighing 350∼400kg as

follows; The rate of retail cut was highest in Hanwoo bulls(67.8%),

followed by Holstein steers(64.5%), Hanwoo steers(61.3%) and Hanwoo

cows(59.2%) (p<0.05). The rate of retail cut(%) was lower in Hanwoo

steers, compard to Holstein steers by 3.2%. The yield rate of bone was

highest in Holstein steers(15.4%) and lowest in Hanwoo cows(11.1%)

(p<0.05). The rate of body fat was highest in Hanwoo cows(27.1%),

followed by Hanwoo steers(24.8%), Holstein steers(18.5%) and Hanwoo

bulls(17.6%) (p<0.05). Therefore, the results showed that Hanwoo steers

and cows had low productivity due to high yield of fat(%) compared to

Holstein steers, although Hanwoo steers and cows produced low yield of

bone.




Table 3-1. Estimated equation for yield index

The evaluation standard of intramuscular fat was established as mean

values of fat contents in meat such as No.1 < 3%, No.2 3.1∼6%, No.3 6.1

∼8%, No.4 8.1∼10%, No.5 10.1∼12%, No.6 12.1∼14%, No.7 14.1∼

16%, No.8 16.1∼18% and No.9 >18%.

The pork grading system must be improved based on meat quality and

carcass yields as beef grading system which evaluates color, texture, purge

loss and intramuscular fat. In addition, the contents of intramuscular fat

should be added as an evaluation factor in pork grading system because

marbling is highly related to palatability. Pork can be evaluated as grade 2

for undesirable condition such as PSE pork and grade 1+, 1 for normal pork

depending upon the contents of intramuscular fat.

2003

Fig. 3-1. Standard model for evaluation of intramuscular fat of beef.

Beef marblingscore model


Table 3-2. Standard of intramuscular fat contents for pork

Number 1 2 3 4 5

Intramuscular fat < 1% 1∼2% 2∼3% 3∼4% > 4%

(2) Research on HACCP system for pig farm

Safety program for pig farmers is important to increase compatibility at

the time of purchase by consumers. Thus the current study was conducted to

analyze critical control points of feeding period in farm, and to develop

HACCP program for establishing the BCCP system.

To establish the critical control points of feeding period and BCCP

system, safety management was investigated in cooperation with the pig

federation from 43 farms for 10 items of GPP. Results showed that farm

record for the period without medication and disease were 71.4 and 39%,

respectively.

HACCP management method for pig farm was divided into 4 pre-stages,

and 7 basic stages and one post management stage, resulting in total 12

stages. Basic 7 stages were ① CCP analysis ② CCP determination ③ CL

④ Monitoring ⑤ CA ⑥ Verification ⑦ Record and storage. BCCPs were

total 9 stages, and CCPs were 7 stages.


Fig. 3-2. Intramuscular fat contents by pork grade.

No. 1 No. 2 No. 3 No. 4 No. 5



Table 3-3. CCP for pig farm

CCPs Production Principal inspection items

CCP 1 born in farm ①reproduction ②gestation ③lactation ④record of growth

CCP 2 bought from outside ①record of disease ②purchase place ③origin ④pig

CCP 3 pig house ①contamination ②damage ③bad facility

④temperature/humidity ⑤sanitation

CCP 4 feeding(health) ①infection ②pig contamination ③disease

CCP 5 feed ①feed contamination ②container contamination

③feed deterioration

CCP 6 water ①water contamination ②container contamination

③bad feed mixture

CCP 7 drug ①bad drug use ②To follow direction ③special

drug management

CCP 8 transport ①marketing day ②ID ③marketing place ④ no. of

preparation animals ⑤confirmation of document, resting period

CCP 9 sale(slaughter) ①abnormal pig ②skin contamination ③niddle

④vehicle contamination

* CCP : Critical Control Point.

2003

< initial window >

Fig. 3-3. HACCP system for pork farm.

< input window >


(3) Labeling of compositional information for domestic processedmeat products

Food labeling is important for consumers with "The right to know" and

the labeling of nutrition facts for the processed products was obligated in

US and Japan since 1996. Korean consumers also want to be provided with

various information for food product they consume with the increase of

interest in healthy food. The objective of this study was to improve the

current labeling system for domestic meat products. The materials for

investigation were 29 ham products(loin ham 3, press ham 4, mixed press

ham 20, fish ham 2) produced from 5 domestic meat industries and they

were sampled from local large-scaled marketing stores in Suwon city for

analysis. The meat and fat contents for loin ham were 96∼98% and 5∼9%,

and those for mixed press ham were 75∼91% and 1∼19%, respectively.

The calorie contents of loin ham were 1,620∼1,783cal/g, whereas those of

mixed press ham were 1,587∼3,127cal/g. The cholesterol contents of loin

ham were 6∼30mg/100g, whereas those of mixed press ham were 7∼

50mg/100g, respectively. The saturated and unsaturated fatty acid

compositions of loin ham were 34∼40% and 57∼66%, whereas those of

mixed press ham were 31∼40 and 56∼72%, respectively. The production

rate of processed meat products such as press ham and mixed press ham

increased. Although total meat content and main ingredients must be

labeled by the current labeling system, there are still wide difference in the

ranges of meat contents, fat, calorie and fatty acid composition especially

for mixed press ham products. Therefore, compositional nutrition

information for fat sources such as fat, cholesterol, saturated fatty acids,

must be labeled as the obligation items to choose the highly qualified

processed meat products easily for consumers depending on their preference

at the retail marketing stores, to provide more various information to

consumers and to encourage the production of highly qualified processed

meat products by meat industry.




Table 3-4. Composition analysis for domestic ham products

Labeled Fatty acid compostion

Productsmeat Protein Fat (%) Cholesterol

contents (%) (%) (㎎/100g)(%) SFA MUFA PUFA

Loin ham 96∼98 18∼23 5∼9 34∼40 47∼53 10∼13 6∼30

Press ham 91∼96 13∼16 8∼16 33∼39 47∼52 11∼16 10∼50

Mixed press ham 75∼91 12∼18 1∼19 31∼40 44∼53 12∼19 7∼50

Fish ham 87∼88 14∼16 2∼4 33∼34 47∼50 13∼19 20∼30

(4) Proteome analysis of pork longissimus muscle and itsrelation to meat quality

The application of bioinformatics and proteomics is rapidly expanding to

include food science and technology. Proteome analysis has established

itself as a crucial link to understanding how gene products communicate

and work together. Furthermore, this approach has been proven to be a

powerful tool for exploring postmortem muscle proteins. The current study

was conducted to identify proteins related to hunter L* value and drip loss

in pig m. longissimus dorsi during chiller ageing. Two-dimension-based

2003

Fig. 3-4. Mean of fat and cholesterol contents indomestic ham products.

Fig. 3-5. Mean of calorie contents in domesticham products (Mean±max. and Min.values).


proteome analysis was conducted at 0, 1, 3 and 7 d postmortem for six male

Landraces with various meat quality traits. The results showed that hunter

L* value and drip loss were highly correlated (r=0.8, p<0.05), and that high

lightness and drip loss coincided with a high rate of proteolysis. Twelve

proteins were related to hunter L* value, which included contractile

apparatus and related proteins such as alpha actin, myosin light chain 1,

cofilin 2 and troponin T, and chaperone proteins of alpha-b crystalline.

Four proteins (troponin T, adnylate kinase, ATP-dependent proteinase SP-

22, and DJ-1 protein) were related to drip loss. A discriminant analysis for

the classification of objective meat quality traits using these proteins

excluded myosin light chain 1, substrate protein proteinase SP-22, adenylate

kinase, and actin fragments from the final model. The model successfully

classified all pale, soft and exudative(PSE) meat while four out of six dark,

firm and dry samples were classified into PSE(two samples) and normal

(two samples). The current model study demonstrated that proteomics is an

applicable approach to meat science.

However, a larger scaled study is necessary prior to industrial application

because the number of animals and the identified proteins in this study were

limited.


Fig. 3-6. 2ED profile of pig longissimus muscle (left panel) and classification of pork quality using theidentified proteins(right panel).



4. Livestock environment research

(1) Studies on the forming with livestock manure compost

In livestock industry, manure composting, the control of composting

process and the optimization of composting technique have been main

issues. In this study, three types of molded products made up with

fermented livestock manure compost were formed at several forming

process. The quality and the usefulness of the molded composts were

analyzed, and were compared with the characteristics of the raw materials.

The best way to treat livestock manure is to recycle the manure as an

organic fertilizer after fermentation or composting. The aim of this study

was to produce compost of good quality. In this study, to improve the

quality of livestock manure compost different kinds of forming methods

including pelletizing were used. In pelletizing process, the optimum water

content of compost to form pellet is around 40%. When clay was mixed by

volume more than 15% as a bonding agent, the efficiency of process was

improved. On a DM basis, the contents of N, P and K of fermented cow

manure compost were 2.52%, 1.01% and 2.98%, respectively. After the

processing, the contents of compost pelleted with the cow manure compost

were 2.45%, 1.10% and 2.93%, respectively. The same parameters of pig

manure compost were 2.01%, 1.89% and 1.31%, respectively. The

parameters of compost pelleted with the pig manure compost were 1.96%

1.73% and 0.89%, respectively. After the pelletizing, there was a little

change in the content of heavy metals such as Pb, Cd, As and Hg. When

pelleted compost was dried naturally and was submerged in water, it was

completely dissolved in 30 minutes. On the other hand, pelleted compost

dried with the mechanical convection oven at 70for 24 hours was

completely dissolved in 960 minutes. The volume and weight of pelleted

compost decreased with time. After 30 days of storing, the weight of

2003


pelleted compost decreased by 15% compared to its original weight. Its

volume decreased by 17∼25% at the same time. In general, the quality of

compost was improved by the pelletizing process.

(2) Studies on inter-relationship between the use of disinfectantsand livestock liquid manure composting

Disinfectants are important process to prevent infectious diseases of

livestock, and their use has been widespread in recent years. This study was

conducted to determine the effect of the disinfectants on microorganisms

with reference to disinfectant concentration and application period in

piggery slurry. As material, chemically different four disinfectants were

used: Acids (A), Alkalis (B), Aldehydes (C) and Basic (D). The

characteristics of pH, moisture content and organic matter of the piggery

slurry were 8.2%, 98.6%, 0.4%, respectively. The initial total

microorganism of piggery slurry was 6.3 105cfu/㎖, and the initial number

of Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus was 1.2×104,

4.1×104, 1.7×104cfu/㎖, respectively.

The disinfectants were applied at 100%, 200%, or 300% concentrations on

the piggery slurry surface. It was determined that the effect of disinfectants


Pelleted compost

Fig. 4-1. Mold products of pelleted and pot-shaped compost.

Pot-shape



varied according to the concentration and application time.

The most sensitive microorganisms were Escherichia coli and

Staphylococcus aureus, while Bacillus cereus was found to be durable.

As a result of this study, all disinfectants decreased the number of

microorganisms of the pig slurry during 2 weeks, but the number tended to

increase after that time. Accordingly, the microorganisms, which are

concerned in the liquid composting of piggery slurry were not affected by

the disinfectant after 2 weeks.

(3) Phosphorus utilization research using Cyanobacteria

Eight percentage of DMSO was better than glycerol to preserve a

microbial mutant for a long time at -20℃and -50℃. Figure 4-3 shows

trehalose as a carbon source that prevents Cyanobacteria from precipitating

in liquid state. When Synechocystis sp. was added to swine feeds,

absorption of phosphate increased from 38.7% to 93.9% and the

digestibility of Ca and P was improved by about 10%. However, in case of

fecal flora, total bacteria and fecal coliform numbers did not differ between

treatments. According to the increasing level of Cyanobacterium, fungi and

Lactobacilli increased while Clostridia was low. Available phosphate in

feces was 6.1% and 8.0% in 0.1% and 0.3% of Cyanobacterium treatment

2003

Tota

l mic

roor

gani

sms

200000

400000

600000

800000

00 1 3 7 14 30 60

Application period(days)

A B C D control

Fig. 4-2. Changes in the number of total microorganisms by the disinfectant application period.

Time


groups, respectively. When Cyanobacterium was added to the feed of laying

hen, total bacteria, fungi, and Lactobacilli increased while Clostridia

decreased during the test period. The digestibility of phosphate was 50.96%

in 0.1% Cyanobacterium treatment compared to control at the first test.

Amino acids except threonine and serine were high in the Cyanobacterium

treatment. The digestibilities of Ca and P were increased to 4.58% and

5.37% in 0.1% Cyanobacterium treatment, and 5.7% and 5.62% in 0.3%

Cyanobacterium treatment. The concentration of available phosphate in

feces was similar to the initial period. In case of the microbial application to

livestock liquid fertilizer, 0.05% addition was most effective. By adding

0.05% of microbial product to liquid fertilizer, GI value was improved by

more than 40% in anoxic and more than 50% in aerobic compared to the

control (Table 4-1).

Table 4-1. Effects of the level of Cyanobacteria on germination in swinemanure liquid fertilizer based on the time

Swine manure liquid fertilizer Swine manure liquid fertilizer

Itemmanufactured by anoxic condition manufactured by aerobic condition

Control 0.05 % 0.2 % Control 0.05 % 0.2 %

0× 3× 0× 3× 0× 3× 0× 3× 0× 3× 0× 3×

5 GR (%)* 3.33 83.3 30 93.3 4.95 66.67 20 96.67 30 80 63.3 96.67

min GI** 0.02 69.6 0.99 94.22 15.04 18.45 1.97 81.61 1.4 48.68 3.95 118.2

65 GR (%) 92.59 96.3 77.78 103.7 77.78 96.3 63.96 100 81.48 107.41 92.59 111.11

min GI 33.98 77.37 65.43 122.37 72.93 121.77 12.83 83.73 13.44 69.34 34.59 122.19

365 GR (%) 30 93.3 40 86.67 20 90 3.33 100 13.33 70 20 100

min GI 4.06 88.11 69.87 126.7 75.71 132.25 0.06 50.39 5.51 78 79.76 137.54

1445 GR (%) 26.67 96.67 16.67 93.33 10 86.67 50 93.30 26.67 93.33 70 93.33

min GI 3.18 92.49 88.57 133.61 99.06 174.72 8.68 90.72 86.31 145.35 107.94 179.27

*Germination rate, **Germination index.




(4) Studies on the odor generated from pig barn

This study was conducted to develop a technology to reduce odor. Data

obtained from 133 swine farmers through a questionnaire survey indicated

that odor intensity was higher in summer and winter than in spring and fall,

during cloud and rain weather than in other weather, and at dawn than in

other times (Fig. 4-4), and pig farmers used probiotics to reduce odor.

2003

Fig. 4-3. Precipitation test after microbial manufacture.

Fig. 4-4. The result of questionnaire from pig farmer.

(unit : ppm)


Average concentration of odor matters NH3, H2S, and (CH3)SH in pig

barn was about 2 times, 24 times, and 1.6 times, respectively, higher than

the average concentration in the boundary area of 20m away from the

surveyed pig barn and located along the direction of the wind(Table 4-2).

Average strength of odor matters of NH3, H2S, and (CH3)SH in pig barn 2

OU was higher than in the boundary area(Fig. 4-5).

Table 4-2. Average odor concentration in pig barn and boundary area

Item NH3 H2S (CH3)SH (CH3)2S (CH3)2S2

Pig barn 5.6 0.9 0.01 0.003 0.002

Boundary area 2.5 0.03 0.006 0.0 0.001

H2S of dispersion area was predicted from about 1 km south and about

800 m east by ISCLT3 model.


Fig. 4-5. Average odor strength in pig barn and boundary area.



(5) Development of optimal compost process of escalator typecomposting facility

This research was carried out to investigate the composting system and

the evaporating phenomenon. The escalator-type composting system has

been tested in Y livestock cooperative composting factory and in B pig

2003

Fig. 4-6. An wind rose in Suwon area in 2001.

Fig. 4-7. H2S of dispersion area.


farm. The composting temperatures were in the range of 65∼80℃

seasonally in the composting plant and the water content (75%) in the

beginning stage was decreased to 60% at the end of the composting stage

(Fig. 4-8). Average contents of total nitrogen, total phosphoric acid and

potassium were 0.85%, 1.86%, 0.70%, respectively.

The average water content of manure in Hanwoo farm was 85.7%. Total

nitrogen, total phosphoric acid, potassium, organic matter, OM/N, and

calorie value in Hanwoo farm feces were 0.39%, 0.42%, 0.15%, 18.5%,

51.5, and 523 kcal/kg, respectively.

The average water content was 88.8% in dairy farm manure. Total

nitrogen, total phosphoric acid, potassium, organic matter, OM/N and

calorie value in dairy farm feces were 0.26%, 0.23%, 0.33%, 9.10%, 35.2,

and 443 kcal/kg, respectively.

The average water content was 84.1 in pig farm manure. Total nitrogen,

total phosphoric acid, potassium, organic matter, OM/N, and calorie value

in pig farm feces were 0.61%, 0.85%, 0.34%, 14.1%, 23.3 and 699 kcal/kg,

respectively, water content varied by temperature in dry oven (8∼18%).

The optimal management program for composting plant was developed by

using a Visual Basic to calculate the optimal composting volume, demand

of bulking agent, and others. This program consists of a manu and a manual

for operating a manure-composting plant (Fig. 4-9).


Classified investigated deep

Fig. 4-8. Variation of composting temperature in each point of composting plant.

Classified investigated length



2003

Fig. 4-9. Computer program for optimal operation of composting plant.


5. Grassland and forage crops research

(1) Development of new orchardgrass variety "Kordi"

Objective of this research was to develop the new orchardgrass variety

with high yield and good growth characteristics such as winter hardiness,

lodging tolerance, regrowth, moisture tolerance, disease resistance, etc. To

develop the new variety of orchardgrass, 5 superior clones were selected

and polycrossed for seed production. Synthetic seeds were examined on the

agronomic growth characteristics and forage production at Suwon from

1995 to 1998, and regional trials were conducted in Suwon, Pyungchang

and Jeju from 2001 to 2003 and Icsan in 2003, respectively.

New orchardgrass(Dactylis glomerata L.) variety named as "Kordi" was

developed in 2002. "Kordi" showed medium growth in fall and spring, long

type in length of flag leaf, and short type in upper internode. Plant height of

"Kordi" was little shorter than that of standard variety, "Ambassador", and

heading date was delayed by about 3 days (14th of May) compared to

Ambassador. Winter hardiness, regrowth, moisture tolerance, disease

resistance of "Kordi" were stronger or better than those of Ambassador.


Fig. 5-1. Heading stage of "Kordi".



"Kordi" showed 10% higher in dry matter yield in average of 3 years

(15,174 kg/ha) than that (13,735 kg/ha) of Ambassador. Nutritive value was

similar in both varieties.

(2) Comparisons of yields and agronomic characteristics of theforage winter rye cultivars

This experiment was conducted to classify forage winter rye cultivars

based on heading date, and to recommend an appropriate cultivar according

to arable land and planting time for forage crop production at Suwon.

The earliest heading cultivars were Olhomil and Vitagrazer, whose

heading date was April 21. The latest cultivar was Danko (5th May).

The arable land was divided into 2 regions according to isotherm of -4℃,

which is the lowest mean temperature of January. The optimal region for

cultivating winter rye is mid-northern part of Korea, which includes

Gyunggi, Gangwon, Chungbug, Chungnam, and northern part of Kyungbug

provinces, and the appropriate arable land is mid-south part of Korea, which

includes Chunbug, Chunnam, Kyungbug and Kyungnam provinces.

The dry matter yields per ha of Humbolt, Vitagrazer and Maton were

15,258kg, 14,969kg, 14,062kg, respectively, whereas the standard cultivar,

Koolgrazer, was 12,409 kg/ha.

2003

Fig. 5-2. Heading stage of rye cultivar. Fig. 5-3. Olhomil.


(3) Cultivar development of Korean-type turfgrass and turf-typeforages

The objective of this research was to develop the new variety of Korean-

type turfgrass and turf-type forages.

Growth characteristics such as density(quality), covering speed, green

period, disease resistance, heading existence(number of seeds) and other

characteristics were examined for selection of superior lines among the 133

zoysiagrasses and 3 bermudagrass lines collected in 2001.

Six superior lines were selected and the results were summarized as

follows. Superior line, J01067 was longest for green period among the 133

zoysiagrasses and stayed green until the beginning of November. Leaf

widths of J01106 and J01129 lines were very narrow (1.5mm and 2mm) and

superior for density(quality), covering speed and disease resistance. J01122

line was selected for strongest disease resistance among the lines of Zoysia

japonica. Leaf width of J01128 was 3.2mm showing medium type and

similar to standard cultivar, Sunburst. This line also showed high density

and strong disease resistance similar to J01106 and J01129.

One superior line of bermudagrass was selected for high covering speed

and density. These selected lines were used as breeding materials for the

development of Korean-type turfgrass cultivars.


Fig. 5-4. Experimental field. Fig. 5-5. Superior line of bermudagrass.



(4) Production of transgenic alfalfa plant by introducing ofthermo-tolerance gene

Several transgenic alfalfa plants were produced by introducing of

BcHSP17.6 gene using Agrobacterium-mediated transformation method,

and confirmed transformation of these transgenic plants. The callus of

alfalfa was induced on SH-3 medium containing 3mg/l of 2,4-D. The callus

was co-cultivated with transformed Agrobacterium by pIGH4 plasmid. The

transgenic alfalfa plants were produced by cultivation for about 4 months on

several regeneration media including SH-nk-c, SH-11b-c, SH-sp-c, and SH-

IBA medium. The transgenic alfalfa plants were elucidated by PCR and

Southern blot analysis. Heat treatment at 80℃ for 50 min is an optimum

condition to distinguish the lethality of alfalfa plants. The shape of

transgenic alfalfa plants was regular, and growth was somewhat slow. The

transgenic alfalfa plants were survived at 80℃ for 50 min.

(5) Utilization technique for grasses-rape mixture

These experiments were conducted to determine the effect of nitrogen

fertilizer levels and mixed grasses species on productivity and forage

2003

Fig. 5-6. Regeneration of transgenic alfalfa plant by BcHSP17.6 gene.


quality in grasses-rape mixture at two different locations(Suwon and

Mokpo). In the case of utilization at Mokpo in spring, dry matter(DM)

yields of rye+rape mixture and rape monoculture with 200kg/ha of nitrogen

application were 9,449 and 9,227kg/ha, respectively. The crude protein(CP)

content of rape was 18.6%, while average CP content was 16%. Rye+rape

mixture or rape monoculture can be recommended on the southern region of

Korea where rape can be used in spring.

In the case of utilization at Mokpo in autumn, DM yield of oat+rape

mixture and rape monoculture showed a significant increase. Nitrate

nitrogen content was highest in 200kg/ha of nitrogen application level, and

it was relatively high in rye+rape mixture and rape monoculture plots.

Oat+rape mixture or rape monoculture can be recommended on the southern

region of Korea, where rape can be used in autumn. In the case of utilization

at Suwon in autumn, DM yield of oat+rape mixture was highest, and that of

rye+rape mixture was lowest. In the mixture with grass forage crops nitrate

nitrogen content was decreased, but it was not harmful level for animals.

Oat+rape mixture can be recommended for the use on the southern region of

Korea where rape can be used in autumn.

(6) Marketing of round bale silage and price of domestic forages

This experiment was conducted to determine 1) the possibility of


Fig. 5-7. Rape+Oat mixture. Fig. 5-8. Rape monoculture.



marketing of round bale silage using domestic forages, and 2) the

production yield, silage quality, palatability and marketing price of rye and

Italian ryegrass in paddy field at Suncheon, Muan, Dangjin and Naju from

2000 to 2003.

Quality of rye round bale silage and its palatability for milking cows were

relatively high. For improvement of marketing of round bale silage using

domestic forages, sealing, silage quality and stability were important. The

marketing price of Italian ryegrass round bale silage was about

30,000~40,000 Won per roll at Muan, and the price of rye round bale silage

was about 40,000 Won per roll at Dangjin.

Quality of round bale silage using domestic forages was better than that of

imported hay. The market price of round bale silage using domestic forages

was much cheaper than that of imported hay. Simple measuring method of

silage pH and dry matter percentage of round bale silage in field were very

important. The possibility of marketing of round bale silage was high.

(7) Feeding effect of total mixed rations feeds using whole cropbarley silage on milking cows

This study was carried out to investigate the feeding effect of total mixed

rations of feeds(TMRs) using whole crop barley silage and corn

silage(control) on milk yield, fat, protein, lactose and SNF yield of milking

2003

Fig. 5-9. Round bale silage. Fig. 5-10. Italian ryegrass field.


cow in Naju, 2003.

The milk yield of cows fed TMRs using whole crop barley silage was 30.9

kg/head/day during experimental period, and that of cows fed TMRs using

corn silage was 27.35 kg/head/day. The milk fat yield of cows fed TMRs

using whole crop barley silage was 1.17 kg/head/day, and that of cows fed

TMRs using corn silage was 1.12 kg/head/day.

The milk protein yield feeding with TMRs using whole crop barley silage

was 0.99 kg/head/day during experimental period, and that of TMRs using

corn silage was 0.90 kg/head/day. The SNF yield feeding with TMRs using

whole crop barley silage was 3.96 kg/head/day, and that of TMRs using

corn silage was 3.20 kg/head/day.

In conclusion, feeding of TMRs using whole crop barley silage produced

in paddy field was very desirable for milk yield and quality in dairy cattle.


Fig. 5-11. Feeding for dairy cattle. Fig. 5-12. Logo of barley milk.



6. Animal improvement planning research

(1) Live Hanwoo beef quality evaluation system developmentusing real time ultrasound techniques

Ultrasound techniques to evaluate beef quality of live animals have been

applied to Hanwoo population since late 1990's in Korea. Researchesto solve

technical problems were initiated from then on. Ultrasound techniques have great

advantages by prediction of beef carcass characteristics earlier in fattening

period, which can revise feeding regime for better and more economical

production of beef at slaughter. That also can shorten generation interval for

selection of seedstocks in favor of beef yield and quality without progeny testing

for carcass evaluations.

The objective of this research was to make standard growth ultrasound image

patterns of Hanwoo rib eye area, back fat thickness and intramuscular fat

deposition. Hanwoo steers were scanned with three different scanners from

yearling to 27 months of age every three other months. Rib eye area and

marbling grew steadily with body growth and rate of fat deposition in rib eye

became faster after 21 months of age.

Table1 shows typical changes in the measures of rib eye area at 18, 21, 24, and

24 months of age scanned with three scanners that are widely used in Korea.

Table 6-1. Changes in ultrasound measures of Hanwoo steers

Age Ribeye Area Back Fat Marbling Score Body Weight (months) (cm2) Thickness (mm) (1-7) (kg)

12 46.2±0.43 1.9±0.15 1.04±0.02 302.3±1.74

18 63.8±0.48 5.5±0.16 1.88±0.08 454.9±2.79

21 73.2±0.45 6.8±0.20 3.04±0.08 536.4±3.49

23 77.3±0.41 8.1±0.22 3.76±0.11 591.9±3.87

25 79.5±0.40 9.4±0.26 4.14±0.12 625.6±4.11

27 80.6±0.40 10.4±0.31 4.77±0.14 651.3±4.72

* Average±SD.

2003


(2) Studies on pig meat quality for various breeds

One hundred thirty-eight heads of pigs (90 gilts, 48 barrows) were

experimentally slaughtered to investigate the meat quality for 6 breeds

(Duroc, Landrace, Yorkshire, Yorshire♀×Landrace♂(YL), Landrace♀×

Yorshire(LY), Yorshire♀×Landrace♂×Duroc♂(YLD). The average fast

body weight of the gilts was 105.5kg, and the dressing percentage and

carcass width of Duroc were highest, with 85.1±1.25%, 37.3±0.34cm, but

the dressing percentage and carcass length of the pigs were least

(50.2±0.38%, 96.8±0.54cm), and meat weight was not significantly

different among breeds. In barrows, fast body weight, carcass weight,


Fig. 6-1. Ultrasound images of rib eye area of Hanwoo steers by three scanners.

AgeMedison SV900 Aloka SSD500 Pie scanner200(mo.)

21

21

24

27



dressing percentage, meat weight, meat percentage (95.3±2.53kg,

70.5±1.94kg, 74.0±0.35%, 46.6±13.0kg, 49.5±0.73%, respectively) in

Duroc were higher than those (103.5±2.40kg, 78.8±1.84kg, 76.1±0.33%,

55.6±1.23kg and 53.6±0.69%, respectively) of Yorkshire. The live backfat

thicknesses of scanned by mysono201 and PIE200 were 1.66±0.595cm,

1.69±0.427cm, respectively. The correlation between live and carcass

backfat thicknesses was 0.73 by mysono201, and 0.60 by PIE200.

Table 6-2. Least square means and standard errors of meat quality bybreed of gilt

Breed IMF1)

pH WHC2) Shear force Cooking loss(%) (%) (kg) (%)

Duroc 4.54±0.181a 5.68±0.013a 58.5±0.49a 3.22±0.149b 30.2±0.33c

Landrace 0.90±0.314c 5.50±0.023c 53.1±0.85c 3.08±0.258b 33.0±0.58ab

Yorkshire 0.74±0.314c 5.61±0.023b 53.4±0.85c 3.56±0.258ab 32.4±0.58ab

YL 1.17±0.222bc 5.60±0.016bc 55.8±0.60b 4.13±0.182a 31.8±0.41b

LY 1.02±0.314bc 5.61±0.023b 53.9±0.85bc 4.08±0.258a 32.8±0.58a

YLD 1.81±0.314b 5.54±0.016bc 53.0±0.85c 3.19±0.258b 33.2±0.58a

* IMF 1) : Intramuscular fat, WHC2) : Water-holding capacity.

Intramuscular fat, pH and water-holding capacity of Duroc were

4.54±0.181%, 5.68±0.013, 58.5±0.49% respectively, which were higher

than those for other breeds, but shear force and cooking loss of Duroc were

3.22±0.149kg, 30.2±0.33%, which were lower than those of other breeds. A

similar trend was also noted in barrows.

(3) Establishment of cattle traceability system using RF-ID

While the quality of life improved, the supply of the high quality food

which is safe to consumers become more important than the supply of the

cheap food in bulk. Concerning about safety of foods is to be suddenly and

2003


greatly growing according to continuous increase in desire of consumers in

order to keep health through foods.

In the production of Hanwoo meat in particular only productivity and

price were considered and quality and safety were ignored.

Recently, however, considered factors at the time of purchasing beef have

been fitted to safety and quality of meat product than quantity of meat.

Specially, as import of foreign-beef and live beef cattle is accelerated,

competitiveness of the domestic livestock brand is urgently needed.

In the case of Hanwoo beef production, consumers can get a product

passed through steps of raising, slaughter, processing and distribution.

However, ambiguous processing network and insufficient information cause

many kinds of problems during the process of Hanwoo meat production.

There is no technological system which solves such problems, and attracts

consumer's trust for purchasing domestic meat.

Consequently, an integrated measurement and sensor equipment using

RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) system is required for raising,

slaughter, processing and distribution steps. In addition, the system using

RF equipment is also demanded for livestock management and information

tracing at every stage of raising, slaughter, processing and distribution.

This study was conducted to develop a traceability system for systematic

animal identification for the better and reliable animal improvement,

raising, slaughter, processing, distribution, sanitation and marketing at

national base. This new animal identification traceability system was

designed for easy management, data collection and storage.




2003

Fig. 6-2. Overview for Hanwoo traceability system.


7. Animal genetic resource research

(1) Preparation of country report for Korean animal geneticresources in Korea

For the preparation of country report, we surveyed the state of farm

animals in Korea, and analyzed over all the past policy and the future

demand and predicted trends for farm animal genetics, and recognized the

state of national capacity to support conservation and management of farm

animal genetic resources. Also, we examined the priorities of demanded

actions for those, and made a plan for the policy, strategy and managing

program.

Table 7-1. Breed diversity of farm animals*(number of breeds)

Species Current total At risk Widely used Others Lost

L E L E L E L E L E

Cattle 5 3 3 2 3 1

Sheep 2 0 2

Goats 2 4 1 1 4

Horses 1 8 1 1 7

Donkeys 1

Pigs 4 3 1 3 3 1 6

Chicken 7 1 4 3 1 2

Turkey 2 2

Duck 3 1 3 1

Geese 1 3 1 3

Rabbits 8 4 1 3

Deers 1 4 1 2 2

Quails 1 1 1

* L = Locally adapted or native, E = Exotic(recently introduced and continually imported)Breeds at risk are those with total number of breedng females and males are less than 1,000 and 20,respectively; or if the population size is less than 1,200 and is decreasing.Lost breeds are those are extinct for last 50 years.




The 13 surveyed species were consisted of 65 breeds(table 7-1). The

Korean cattle generally called as "Hanwoo" have 4 different varieties. Of

them, Korean Brindle and Jeju Black were endangered and Korean Black

was at risk. Old type of Korean native pig was extinct already. However,

Korean Black pigs as a new native, synthetic breed between old native and

Berkshire remained, even though they were endangered. There were many

kind of strains in Korean native chicken, which have different

characteristics each other and are in need of characterization and evaluation.

On the other hand, 8 breeds that were introduced long time ago and were

locally adapted, were endangered, and 9 breeds that were introduced from

foreign country, have been extinct for last 50 years. Of the recently

introduced breeds, 4 ones that had been locally adapted for long time but

got faced at risk, and then were re-introduced recently, are included.

Based on the state of farm animal diversity, after analysis of past policies

and future demands were analyzed and current state of capacity was

inspected, priorities of action for conservation and management of farm

animal genetic resources were decided. Priorities in strategy and policy are

as follows; ① establishment of national strategy for the conservation and

management of animal genetic resources(AnGR), ② actualization of legal

and systematic device for the preservation and management of AnGR, ③

confirmation of endangered breeds or strains and practice of conservation

measure for them, ④ development of monitoring system and method for the

AnGR, ⑤ expansion of awareness of the importance of AnGR.

Priorities in projects on species or breeds are as follows; ① multiplication

and conservation of rare breeds in Hanwoo, ② stabilization of Korean black

pig conservation, ③ classification of strains from native chicken

population, ④ examination of native chicken characteristics, ⑤ protection

of conserving groups for rare breeds, ⑥ exploration and introduction of

new livestock species/breed, ⑦ development of ex situ preservation

technique.

2003


(2) Studies on the construction of basic database for theconserving group of Korean native breeds

This study was carried out to prepare a base of database system for the

conserving group of Korean native breeds by collecting and analysing data

for characteristics of Korean native cattle, pig, goat, and chicken. The

results are as follows.

Exterior feature of Korean black pig was characterized by 7 major

characteristics, which included coat color, muzzle color, nose shape, type of

nose bridge, ear shape, presence of wrinkle on brow, and shape of back-line.

That of Korean native Chicken was characterized by 4 major characteristics,

which included feather color, shank color, comb type, and body size. That

of Korean black goat was characterized by 10 major characteristics, which

were coat color, length, shape, cross-section and direction of horns,

presence of beard or wattle, length, direction, and shape of ear. That of

Hanwoo like Korean black, Korean brindle and Jeju black was

characterized by 6 major characteristics, i.e. hair color, presence of brindle,

muzzle and peri-muzzle color, type of chops, and presence of back-line. It

was found that some characteristics such as growth in pig, goat, chicken and

cattle, reproduction in pig and goat, and egg production in chicken, could be

measured. These characteristics were utilized with the basic information,

including breed, strain, name, birthday, and ownership. The managemental

information like record identification number and some codes were related

another data base to make some data base format. In overall, we have made

6 kinds of animal data base format.

Additionally, we have made a kind of cryopreservation database format

which was consisted of 54 fields. We have made 2 kinds of DNA

polymorphism data base format. One of them was the format for

microsatellite polymorphism which consisted of 145 fields, and the other

one was for mitochondrial DNA polymorphism which consisted of 126

fields.




Table 7-2. Field composition of data base for individual or group by species

Information Field groupIndividual D/B Group D/B

Cattle Pig Cattle Pig Chicken Goat

Basic Distinguish 5 5 7 7 9 9

Birth 1 1 - - - -

Ownership 4 4 4 4 4 4

Investigation 3 3 3 3 3 3

Characteristic Feature 8 7 21 21 17 16

Growth 6 23 - - 21 13

Egg production - - - - 24

Management Record Id 1 1 1 1 1 1

related D/B 8 8 9 9 7 7

Total 36 52 45 45 86 53

(3) Analysis of genetic diversities in indigenous breeds

Microsatellites(MS) were used for analyzing genetic diversities. In

Hanwoo(Korean native cattle), 6 loci of MS guided from ISAG were used

for analysis, and 7 loci of cattle MS were used for deers. The genetic

diversities in Korean chicken also were analyzed using 11 MS loci. The

number and range of those loci were shown in table 7-3. The PCR condition

of several MS loci for goats and pigs were also introduced which will be

used for genetic diversities.

2003


Table 7-3. The number and range of alleles on each MS loci by species

Species MS loci No. of Range Species MS loci No. of Rangealleles alleles

Cattle ETH10 12 196-222 Chicken ADL136 6 138-150

ETH225 8 134-154 ADL158 6 182-212

TGLA126 7 115-127 ADL172 7 146-162

SPS115 9 241-257 ADL176 5 181-194

BM1818 10 252-270 ADL268 5 104-116

BM1824 9 163-191 MCW67 3 177-183

Deer BM1824 1 136 MCW78 3 138-146

ETH225 5 135-167 MCW98 2 259-261

INRA023 4 157-201 MCW248 3 216-224

SPS115 5 237-259 MCW295 6 91-103

TGLA122 1 144 MCW330 3 269-277

TGLA126 6 142-178

TGLA227 1 130

(4) Studies on detection of genetic disorder in pigs

In the screen of DNA point mutation on pig HSP70 gene, we detected 29

mutant DNA with 14 missense, and then we constructed 4 kinds of PCR-

RFLP methods. In Genotypes of HSP70 K1 and K3 embryo development

rates to blastocyst was improved by 0.36. DNA variation of pig CYP21

gene were detected 11 mutant DNA with 6 missense, and then we

constructed 3 kinds of PCR-RFLP methods.

Table 7-4. Effects of HSP70 genotype on oocytes development after in vitrofertilization using frozen semen

HSP70 No. of No. of IVM No. of IVF 48h 168h Average of K1-K3 head oocytes oocytes (2cell) (blastocyst) blastocyst

AB-AA 1 25 23 20 0 0

AB-AB 13 675 580 318 20 1.18

AB-BB 3 132 108 23 0 0

BB-BB 52 2234 1994 993 80 1.54




(5) Effects of TGF- on in vitro maturation and developments inbovine COCs

Addition of bovine serum to the culture medium for in vitro maturation

and culture is well known, but sera contain many unknown factors and have

a risk to be infected by mycoplasma and microorganism. This study was

performed to investigate the effects of TGF-βon in vitro maturation and

developments in bovine COCs. The maturation rate of COCs cultured with

TGF-βwere 95.8-100%, but developmental rate was 0.8%, and 8.5-12.8%

of them were developed to blastocysts in TCM199+ PVA, FBS and, BSA,

respectively. These results suggested that TGF-βhas an important role on in

vitro maturation of bovine COCs, but did seem not to affect the in vitro

development.

Table 7-5. Effects of TGF- β& maturation time on in vitro maturation inbovine COCs

TGF β Culture time No. of GV GVBD M I M II(%)COCs

0.1 6h 30 8 22 - -

12h 17 - 2 15 -

24h 48 - 2 - 46(95.8)

1 6h 34 4 30 - -

12h 9 - 1 8 -

24h 48 - 1 1 46(95.8)

10 6h 33 7 26 - -

12h 16 - 1 15 -

24h 42 - - - 42(100)

2003


8. Beef cattle(Hanwoo) research

(1) Maternal nucleus breeding scheme for Hanwoo

A line of Hanwoo cows and heifers was selected for fast growth with

superior maternal ability and marbling scores at slaughter. Genotypes of

DNA markers were identified to find their effectiveness in selection process

within each line.

Table 8-1. Least square means and standard errors of carcass traits bygroups

Groups LMA BFT MS C. Fat Juiciness Tenderness

Random 93.00±0.80 9.95±0.34 5.31±0.19 6.11±0.22 3.30±0.06 3.65±0.06

Selected 90.70±1.50 11.24±0.62 8.30±0.36 7.56±0.44 3.11±0.12 3.78±0.13

*MS : No. 1∼No. 21.

Table 8-2. Least square means of milk yield, suckling time by groups

Groups No. 90day Milk Yield 120 day Calf Wt. Cow Wt.

Random 176 3.52±0.17 88.04±1.25 427.36± 3.41

Selected 13 4.14±0.41 93.40±4.56 447.20±11.66

Table 8-3. Genotype frequencies of - Casein, - Lactoglobulin and - Lactalbumin genes between two groups selected for higher andlower milk production

High production group (n=154) Low production group (n=174)

Gene Genotype Genotype

AA AB BB AA AB BB

κ-Casein 7 (4.5) 52 (33.8) 95 (61.7) 7 (4.0) 77 (44.3) 90 (51.7)

β-Lactoglobulin 7 (4.5) 38 (24.7) 109 (70.8) 7 (4.0) 54 (31.0) 113 (64.9)

α-Lactalbumin 87 (51.5) 49 (31.8) 18 (11.7) 103 (59.2) 55 (31.6) 16 (9.2)




There was no significant difference in body weight between the selected

and random populations. However, the average marbling score and crude fat

proportion were higher in selected group (8.30±0.36 and 7.56±0.44%) than

in random group (5.31±0.19 and 6.11±0.22%). Average calf weight at 120

days of age was also higher in selected group than in random group

(93.40±4.56 vs. 88.04±1.25㎏). Average daily milk yield of selected group

(4.14±0.41㎏) was higher than that of random group (3.52±0.17㎏).

Genotypes affecting growth, intramuscular fat development and milk

production were identified by PCR-RFLP technique. Gene frequency of

high marbling related gene was higher in animals raised at Daekwanryong

station than animals in the other farms. This reflects continuous slection and

mating of Daekwanryong Hanwoos for superior marbling scores. Analysis

of microsatellite markers showed higher polymorphic patterns in Hanwoo

population and Chinese Browns around Yenbyen than in European breeds.

(2) Effects of artificial fiber on performance of Hanwoo steer

This experiment was carried out to investigate effects of rumen inserted

artificial fiber(PFI; polymerized fibrous implements) on growth

performance and carcass characteristics of fattening Hanwoo steers. Thirty

six steers weighing 369㎏ on average were randomly assigned within three

treatments which were control, the ruminal insertion of three pieces(T1),

and five pieces(T2) of PFI. During the overall experimental period, average

daily gain was lower in PFI groups than control, but significant differences

were not found among the treatments(p>0.05). Feed requirement per kg

body weight gain during overall experimental periods was slightly higher in

PFI groups compared with that of control. There was no difference in

carcass traits inc1uding dressing, retailed cuts, loin eye area, backfat

thickness, marbling score, meat color, and fat color. Fecal weight tended to

be decreased by the ruminal insertion of three pieces of PFI compared with

2003


the control. Number of rumen villi was higher in PFI groups than control,

but significant differences were not found among treatments(p>0.05). The

length of villi was significantly longer in T2 compared with that for the

control(p<0.05).

Table 8-4. Results of growth performance and carcass characteristics

Item T1 T2 T3

Initial BW. (㎏) 369.3±17.0 369.3±23.8 366.4±20.2

Final BW. (㎏) 698.7±40.6 687.7±43.4 671.1±36.3

Daily gain (㎏) 0.84±0.10 0.81±0.09 0.77±0.08

Feed requiroment (㎏)

- Concentrate 10.63 11.05 11.60

- Rice straw 2.51 2.58 2.83

Dressing percent (%) 61.1±1.6 60.9±2.2 60.7±1.5

Loin eye area (㎠) 88.0±8.7 85.2±11.1 89.4±7.3

Back fat thickness (㎜) 12.5±4.0 13.5±5.5 12.4±3.6

Carcass grade (A:B:C) 2:7:3 3:5:4 2:8:1

Marbling score 4.7±2.0 3.9±1.3 4.6±1.5

Meat quality grade(1+:1:2:3) 5:3:3:1 2:6:4:0 3:5:3:0

* Not significant (p>0.05).

(3) Studies on the optimal castration time in starter for long termfattening

This study was carried out to investigate the most optimal castration time

for producing the high quality Hanwoo beef through long term fattening

over 28 months of age. Calves were castrated at the age of 2, 4, 6, 8, 12 and

16 months and raised until age of 28 months. The range of average daily

gain for overall period was 0.68∼0.74㎏ and when castrated at 6 months of

age it was higher than that of other treatments(p<0.05).

Daily intakes of concentrates, rice straw, DM, CP and TDN during

fattening period were 6.21∼7.20, 1.59∼3.24, 6.83∼7.91, 0.92∼1.10 and




4.95∼6.26㎏ respectively. Calves castrated at 8, 12 and 16 mon. of age

consumed more feeds than those castrated earlier(2, 4 and 6 mon.).

However, the opposite was occurred in feed consumption. In carcass

characteristics, carcass weight was in the range of 355.9∼400.9㎏.

Although the backfat thickness was high in the calves castrated early, yield

index was high in the calvescastrated late, and rib-eye area was highest in

the caves castrated at 4 mon. of age. Marbling scores were higher (6.12) in

the calves castrated at 4 mon. of age than other treatments. In physical and

sensory property, calves castrated at 4 and 6 months of age were more

advantageous than other treatments.

Table 8-5. Effects of performance and beef quality improvement bycastration times

ItemsCastration times(age of months)

2 4 6 8 12 16

ADG(kg/day) 0.73 0.71 0.74 0.69 0.69 0.68

Feed consumtion(㎏)

- Concentrate 8.76 9.04 9.57 10.25 10.64 11.07

- Rice straw 2.24 2.64 2.82 4.32 4.45 5.02

Marbling score 3.91b 6.12a 4.83ab 3.93b 4.26b 3.93b

Meat color 4.8 4.6 4.6 5.1 5.0 5.0

Quality grade0:5:2:1 5:3:0:0 1:6:1:0 0:6:4:0 1:4:5:0 2:2:5:1

(1+:1:2:3, heads)

Net income 3,552 3,917 4,036 3,402 3,346 2,845

(4) Effects of comprehensive input of techniques on beef qualityin Hanwoo steer raising farms

As beef market is being gradually globalized and competitive, Hanwoo

raising foundation is being largely shrunk. To overcome this, high quality

beef production is inevitable. Therefore, this experiment was carried out to

2003


enhance meat quality (1st grade appearance rate) by the input of

comprehensive techniques for 2 Hanwoo raising farms where 1st grade

appearance rate was low (approximately 30∼60%).

Table 8-6. Carcass traits and quality in the technology input Hanwoo raisingfarms

Items Wonju farm Hoengsung farm

Heads 7 30

Live body weight(㎏) 604 714.1

Carcass weight(㎏) 361 428.5

Backfat thickness(mm) 9.6 10.9

Loin area(㎠) 93.7 85.9

Marbling score 4.14 5.8

Quality grade(1+:1:2:3) 3:1:2:1 13:10:7:0

Quantity grade(A:B:C) 4:3:0 8:18:4

1+grade appearance rate 42.9 43.3

1grade appearance rate 14.3 33.3

Two farms were selected in Wonju-si and Hoengsung-goon Gangwon

province whose raising techniques were insufficient to produce high quality

beef and castration period, appropriate fattening period, feeding system and

market weight in those farms were controlled. Calves were castrated at 4∼6

months of age, and feeding was restricted during growing stage and

marketed at 24∼28 months of age. As the result of the application of high

quality beef production techniques, the appearance rate of 1st grade beef

was improved to 63.6∼76.7% from 35∼55%.




9. Dairy cattle research

(1) Estimation of economic values of milk yield, fat yield, proteinyield and somatic cell counts

The objective of this study was to estimate economic values of 305-d milk

yield, 305-d fat yield, 305-d protein yield and somatic cell counts. The data

were collected from Dairy Cattle Improvement Center and Korea Animal

Improvement Association. The economic values were estimated using

predicted transmitting abilities and crude income of animals. The means of

305-d milk yield, 305-d fat yield, 305-d protein yield and somatic cell

counts were 7,241.05, 270.97, 232.00 and 3.75, respectively. The

percentages of Class 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 according to the classification of

somatic cell counts were 73.97%, 12.92%, 5.51%, 4.28% and 3.32%,

respectively. The economic values of 305-d milk yield, 305-d fat yield, 305-

d protein yield and somatic cell counts were 1.97, 43.54, 8.06 and -2,630,

respectively.

Table 9-1. Statistics of milk yield, fat yield, protein yield and somatic cellcounts

Traits No. of records Mean Standard Deviation

305-d milk yield 216,079 7,241.05 1,679.59

305-d fat yield 215,871 270.97 67.48

305-d protein yield 212,758 232.00 52.69

Somatic cell counts 148,105 3.75 1.13

Table 9-2. Economic values of traits

305-d milk yield 305-d fat yield 305-d protein yield Somatic cell counts

1.97 43.54 8.06 -2,630

2003


(2) Studies on pattern of postpartum estrous cycle in high-yielding dairy cows

This study was conducted to investigate postpartum estrous pattern in

high-yielding dairy cows, and to improve reproductive performance in high-

yielding dairy cows. Days showing milk progesterone peak postpartum

were 38.8±11.1 and 39.6±9.7 in average- and high-yielding dairy cows,

respectively. Reproductive performances were analyzed based on data

collected from 20 dairy farms. Intervals from calving to first service in

average- and high-yielding dairy cows were 99.4±71.6 days and 117.7±78.6

days, respectively, intervals from calving to conception, 145.9±102.8 days

and 165.9±100.8 days, the number of services per conception, 1.78±1.3 and

1.68±1.2, and calving intervals, 421.5±107.2 days and 448.4±108.7 days.

To induce estrous after calving, PGF2 was given on 40 days postpartum and

after the first treatment, PGF2 was given again to non-estrous cows 14 days

apart and CIDR plus was inserted for non-estrous cows after 5 days.

Induction rates of estrus in average- and high-yielding dairy cows were

34.8% and 52.9%, respectively, for the first PGF2 injection, 46.7% and

75.0% for second PGF2 injection, and 50.0% and 50.0% for third CIDR

plus insertion. Induction rates of estrus in dairy cows, whose BCS were less

than 2.50 and BCS of 2.75-3.50, were 38.5% and 48.2%, respectively, for

the first PGF2 injection, 37.5% and 64.3% for second PGF2 injection, and

40.0% and 80.0% for third CIDR plus insertion. Reproductive performances

were analyzed based on the application of "Recording-manager of estrous

cycle", and it was shown that intervals from calving to first service in case

of application and non-application were 59.1±26.0 days and 53.2±24.1

days, respectively, intervals from calving to conception, 155.4±113.5 days

and 87.3±58.6 days, the number of service per conception, 2.17±1.87 times

and 1.93±1.14 times, and calving intervals, 434.5±109.2 days and

418.2±112.7 days. Distributions of estrous detection rate on dairy farms

were 28.6% for less than 30% of detection rate, 52.4% for 31-50%, and

19.1% for more than 51%, respectively.




Table 9-3. Comparison of progesterone concentration in milk postpartumin average- and high-yielding dairy cows

No. of cows Progesterone peak(ng/ml) Days after calving

Average 10 3.23±1.54 38.8±11.1

High 9 3.43±1.97 39.6±9.7

* High-yielding dairy cows: more than 10,000kg based on 305 days.

Table 9-4. Effect of PGF2 and CIDR plus on heat induction by BCS

BCS1st PGF2 2nd PGF2 3rd CIDR plus

Heat No heat Heat No heat Heat No heat

Less than 2.50 5(38.5) 8(61.5) 3(37.5) 5(62.5) 2(40.0) 3(60.0)

2.75~3.50 13(48.2) 14(51.9) 9(64.3) 5(35.7) 4(80.0) 1(20.0)

(3) Studies on the nutrient balance technique developed forminimization of metabolized disorder in dairy cows during theprepartum and postpartum

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the nutrient balance technique

developed for minimization of metabolized disorder in dairy cow during the

prepartum and postpartum. 1) Increased energy and protein level in the diet

during prepartum and postpartum period affected milk yield and calving

ease. 2) Twenty multiparous Holstein cows were used to examine the effects

of flake corn and RUP(rumen undegradable protein) levels on dry matter

intake, milk yield, milk composition and metabolic disorders of dairy cows

during pre- and postpartum. Dry matter intake was similar(9 kg) among the

treatments for 3weeks of prepartum, but postpartum intake was higher for

cows fed the flake corn and RUP 40% diets. Cows fed the flake corn diets

produced more milk than those fed with the cracking corn diets. Income

from cows fed the flake corn and RUP 40% diets was higher than that of

other treatments. 3) The objectives of the present were to determine the

rumen-protected methionine, and methionine and lysine in dairy cows

2003


during the prepartum and postpartum. Rumen-protected methionine

significantly decreased feed intake at calving, increased milk yield and milk

fat. Moreover, rumen-protected methionine supplementation decreased rate

of metabolic disorders such as ketosis.

Table 9-5. Effect of pre- and postpartum dietary energy and protein level onDMI and lactation of cows

ItemDiets1)

SND HED HEPD

DMI, kg/d 20.5 20.4 20.7

Milk yield, kg/d 29.3 28.6 31.1

4% FCM, kg/d* 28.7 29.0 31.5*

ECM, kg/d** 30.8 31.1 34.0*

Milk fat, % 3.86 4.09 4.09

Milk protein, % 3.11 3.18 3.17

* 4% FCM = (0.4*milk,kg) +(15*fat,kg).** ECM(energy-corrected milk) = (7.2*protein,kg) + (1295*fat,kg) + (0.327*milk,kg).1) SND= Standard diet; HED= high energy diet, HEPD= high energy and protein diet.

Table 9-6. Least squares means for DMI, milk yields, BCS andmetabolic disorders for 3wk postcalving

Item Control By-pass(Met.) Met.+Lysine

DMI, kg/d 15.5±0.14 15.1±0.16 15.2±0.16

Milk yield, kg/d 26.5±0.44 29.2±0.75* 27.8±0.63

Fat, % 4.34±0.05 4.48±0.06* 4.27±0.07

Protein, % 3.27±0.01 3.28±0.01 3.24±0.03

Calving ease 2.2±0.33 2.4±0.18 1.8±0.14

3wk precalving BCS 3.67 3.77 3.73

3wk postcalving BCS 3.17 3.17 3.17

Difference 0.50 0.60 0.56

Retained placenta 2 1 2

Milk fever - 1 -

Displaced abomasum 1 - -

Ketosis 1 - 1

* Means in the same row with different superscripts are different (P<0.05).




(4) The development of a device for supplying warm and coolwater to livestock

This study was carried out to develop a device for supplying warm and

cool water to dairy cows. In this developed device, the systems of the

ionization and magnetizaion of water were also added. The main functions

in this developed device for supplying water to dairy cow were 1) automatic

control of feeding water by float valve, 2) automatic control of water

temperature by sensor and circulation pump, 3) to maintain a constant

temperature by heat exchanger, and 4) automatic circulation of water for

cleaning by controller. Though conventional functions of the developed

device were as same as the conventional water-cup, the developed device

through this study has the additional functions such as supplying cold water

in summer and reducing bacteria in water.

Table 9-7. Water quality test

Items Total Nitrite as Nitrite as Fe Chlorinebacteria NH4 NO3 ion

Control 100FCU/ below below below below(Basis of drinking water) ml 0.5mg/l 10mg/l 0.3mg/l 250mg/l

Before Conventional 102,000 Not detect 6.2 0.48 17

cleansing Developed 13,000 Not detect 6.3 Not detect 15

After Conventional 150,000 0.32 0.2 0.76 23

cleansing Developed 11,000 0.26 0.5 Not detect 23

(5) Database establishment for supplying information of foodprocessing by-products

The present study was conducted to make a database on by-products from

food industries that can be used as feed sources for livestock. Twenty by-

products were selected and information on their prices, the amount of

production per year and the place of production were collected. The

2003


database was constructed by providing the feed value of the by-products

and connecting producers with consumers. The results are summarized as

follows;

1. The information on the producers of the by-products can be found

according to their production area.

2. The producers can register their by-products directly into the

database.

3. The composition of the by-products can be provided for livestock

farmers.

4. The operation information on the database is as follows;

Location : http://www. nlri.go.kr/byproduct/

Operating system : Windows NT 4.0

DBMS : MS SQL 7.0

Program tool : ASP, CGI, Power builder


Fig 9-1. The Data base search program for supplying information of processed by-products.



10. Swine, poultry and other animals research

(1) Studies on the national across-herd evaluation of geneticperformance in swine

This study was conducted to accelerate the improvement of genetic

performance by means of national across-herd evaluation in swine. Genetic

parameters were estimated and the trend was analysed on performance traits

of three major breeds such as Landrace, Large yorkshire and Duroc using

raw data provided by the Korea Animal Improvement Association. The

traits analysed were days to reach 90kg(D90), average daily gain(ADG),

backfat thickness(BF), loin muscle area(LMA) and lean meat

percent(LMP). Prior to estimation of genetic parameters, descriptive

statistics were proceeded on the fixed effect of breed, year, sex and scanning

method. Through the analysis on fixed effects, the abnormal data such as

statistical outlier or data with logical error were excluded from the analysis.

Since 1998, B-mode scanner has been used in ultrasound scanning of

carcass traits such as LMA together with the existing A-mode.

Approximately 10% of scanning, however, was performed using B-mode by

very limited number of farmers or investigators, thus, genetic parameters

and breeding values were estimated and presented separately between A-

and B-mode in this report. Main contents presented in the report were

genetic parameters on the analysed traits, changes in genetic trend and

inbreeding coefficient by farm and year, and breeding values for each

animal born in 2003.

2003


Table 10-1. Changes in phenotypic and breeding values of Duroc by year

Year NoPhenotypic Value Breeding Value

D90 ADG BF LMA LMP D90 ADG BF LMA LMP

1991 13 145.9 914.7 15.8 59.6 57.5 1.88 -21.13 -0.13 -0.83 -0.38

1992 1313 142.9 950.7 17.1 60.4 57.1 -0.42 -5.75 0.68 -0.58 -1.04

1993 2381 142.5 934.2 17.3 58.4 56.3 -1.03 -1.41 0.90 -0.62 -1.42

1994 2192 140.1 971.5 16.2 58.6 56.2 -0.97 -3.72 0.93 -0.23 -1.64

1995 1622 139.1 939.5 14.9 55.2 56.2 -2.58 -5.51 1.20 -0.64 -1.88

1996 2835 144.7 880.2 15.5 50.9 55.4 -2.59 -6.30 1.12 -1.73 -1.78

1997 3420 150.4 881.4 14.7 39.8 56.0 -1.84 -9.13 0.97 -2.35 -1.62

1998 3674 147.6 862.3 14.2 41.1 55.9 -1.67 0.25 0.52 -1.58 -1.06

1999 4216 141.6 944.2 13.9 40.9 56.1 -2.45 6.90 0.33 -1.27 -0.78

2000 4515 143.5 928.0 13.3 42.8 55.6 -1.76 7.73 0.35 -0.77 -0.62

2001 6254 144.7 940.1 12.5 42.4 57.2 -1.91 8.73 0.04 -0.37 -0.20

2002 6849 144.5 982.9 11.9 41.6 57.9 -1.87 16.07 -0.31 -0.31 0.27

2003 2761 146.2 925.7 12.5 41.5 57.5 -2.50 19.90 -0.17 -0.20 0.21

Table 10-2. Changes in phenotypic and breeding values of Landrace byyear



1991 27 143.4 907.9 14.6 60.3 56.8 -0.63 -15.13 0.03 -0.05 -0.33

1992 1022 150.3 875.7 12.7 61.8 59.9 0.04 -4.33 -0.21 0.43 0.05

1993 1865 150.3 891.2 11.7 59.3 60.1 -0.09 -2.72 -0.23 0.44 0.07

1994 1459 148.0 885.3 10.8 58.0 60.2 -0.25 -1.66 -0.25 0.57 0.07

1995 909 151.3 880.1 10.4 56.5 61.0 0.67 -9.90 -0.32 0.46 0.09

1996 3060 147.5 851.7 13.1 54.1 58.9 -0.51 0.01 0.29 0.12 -0.61

1997 1792 145.8 871.6 12.5 44.3 59.0 -1.38 9.59 -0.03 -1.73 -0.43

1998 3779 146.3 848.2 12.9 45.5 58.8 -1.10 6.54 -0.02 -1.16 -0.37

1999 4580 143.5 872.7 12.7 45.5 58.9 -1.50 6.94 0.04 -1.04 -0.28

2000 6366 148.4 835.8 13.0 46.9 56.9 0.03 -0.21 0.18 -0.68 -0.20

2001 7498 147.7 841.6 12.9 46.1 57.5 -1.58 3.62 0.10 -0.40 -0.04

2002 8540 148.1 825.9 12.7 45.7 57.6 -1.78 9.23 -0.09 -0.46 0.05

2003 3224 149.3 807.4 12.4 46.2 57.5 -2.45 10.75 -0.28 -0.08 0.21




Table 10-3. Changes in phenotypic and breeding values of Yorkshire byyear



1991 30 138.3 921.5 15.3 58.1 54.2 -1.27 -3.62 1.64 1.16 -1.72

1992 1160 148.6 908.4 13.3 61.5 59.1 0.17 -0.84 0.11 0.23 -0.21

1993 2260 148.5 910.4 12.9 59.9 59.0 0.39 0.71 0.06 0.11 -0.23

1994 2291 147.6 912.5 11.9 58.9 59.5 -0.28 9.98 0.06 0.35 -0.21

1995 1294 149.2 913.2 10.6 57.0 60.8 0.34 8.26 -0.16 0.28 0.02

1996 7236 145.7 866.7 14.2 55.2 58.0 0.75 -10.82 0.58 0.92 -0.54

1997 4370 147.6 857.9 13.3 45.0 58.7 -0.36 -9.50 0.00 -0.05 0.01

1998 7091 147.9 856.0 13.7 46.2 58.3 -0.09 -5.69 -0.09 0.43 0.26

1999 9583 144.3 892.3 13.7 46.9 58.2 0.09 -4.09 0.07 0.83 0.29

2000 17135 147.2 853.3 14.0 47.3 57.5 0.31 -2.18 0.23 1.25 0.23

2001 22635 148.1 846.0 13.9 46.2 57.7 -0.87 3.77 0.22 1.39 0.24

2002 20084 149.5 843.7 13.2 45.6 57.8 -1.37 10.91 -0.10 0.99 0.36

2003 7468 150.8 807.9 13.4 45.9 57.4 -1.62 11.26 -0.15 1.35 0.41

(2) Surveys on the reproductive performance in breeding andfeeding pig farms

This study was conducted to investigate factors affecting the productivity

of sows through surveys on the reproduction status of breeding and feednig

pig farms. Raw data on the reproduction status from 2001 to 2003 were

provided by Pig CHAMP® and Pig PLAN® for breeding farms (GGP, GP)

and slaughter pig farms, respectively. The reproductive performance,

reasons of culling, main genital disease in sows and etc. were analysed. For

breeding farms, rate of repeated breeding, farrowing rate, piglets

weaned/sow/year, piglet death rate, average parity, days to first service after

purchase, average parity of culling sows, and average days open were from

11 to 13%, 79 to 81%, 19.3 heads, 8 to 9%, 2.7, 55 days, 3.4 to 4.3, and 67

days, respectively. Regarding the culling of sows, culling was the most

2003


frequently occurred within the parity of 0 to 3, and lameness was the first

reason and followed by reproductive failure. Endometritis and vaginitis

turned out to be the most frequent genital diseases. For feeding pig farms,

number of sows, farrowing rate, days open, piglets weaned/sow/year, age at

first service, sterility rate, and rate of reproductive failure were 100 to 200

heads, 80 to 85%, 70 to 80 days, 19 to 21 heads, 210 to 240 days, 4 to 10%,

and 18 to 26%, respectively. In conclusion, it was considered that much

more efforts were required for better utilization of sows.

(3) Effects of dietary protein level and supplementation ofconjugated linoleic acid on growth performance and meatquality in finishing pigs

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of the dietary crude

protein (CP) level and supplementation of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA)

on growth performance and meat quality in finishing pigs. A total of forty-

eight pigs weighing about 79kg were assigned into 2×2 factorial

arrangements with the dietary treatments as follows; 1) dietary protein level

[reduced (11.3%) vs required (16.0%)], 2) CLA level (0% vs 2.5%).

Final body weights were between 115kg to 129kg. No significant effect of

CLA was found, but final weights of 16.0% CP group were greater than


Fig. 10-1. Cysts of ovary. Fig. 10-2. Vaginitis.



those of 11.3% CP group (p<0.05). Average daily gain (0.739 vs 0.932kg)

and feed/gain (3.88 vs 3.12) were improved (p<0.01) with increasing

dietary CP level. There was interaction (p<0.001) between dietary CP and

CLA level for backfat thickness. For pigs fed diets with 11.33% of CP, there

was no effect of CLA on backfat thickness. However, backfat thickness in

16.0% CP group was reduced (p<0.05) when 2.5% of CLA was added.

Marbling score and intramuscular fat content of loin were greater (p<0.01)

in 16.0% CP group than in 11.3% CP group, while CLA had no such effect

on them.

Table 10-4. Effects of dietary CLA and crude protein level on growthperformance, carcass characteristics and meat quality infinishing pigs 1), 2)

CP level 11.3% 16.0% Probability (P)

CLA level 0% 2.5% 0% 2.5% CP CLACP *CLA

Initial BW, kg 78.9±0.71 78.4±0.82 78.6±0.71 78.7±0.82 - - -

Final BW, kg 118.8±2.89 115.5±3.34 128.9±2.89 123.8±3.33 * - -

ADG, kg 0.739±0.05 0.687±0.06 0.932±0.05 0.836±0.06 ** - -

Slaughter wt., kg 122.3±1.24 122.1±1.24 136.1±1.24 126.0±1.24 *** *** ***

Carcass wt., kg 90.8±1.11 90.0±1.11 101.1±1.11 93.8±1.11 *** ** **

Dressing 74.3±0.44 73.7±0.44 74.3±0.44 74.4±0.44 - - -percentage, %

Carcass length, cm 105.8±1.12 103.3±1.12 106.2±1.12 104.8±1.12 - - -

Backfat, thinkness mm 3)

25.5±1.44 27.1±1.56 33.3±2.14 25.2±1.22 * * ***

Marbling score 2.17±0.271 2.33±0.271 1.33±0.271 1.33±0.271 ** - -

Fat content (loin), % 2.48±0.40 2.57±0.40 1.33±0.40 1.20±0.40 ** - -

1) LS mean±.E.2) * p<0.05, ** p<0.01, *** p<0.001.3) Carcass weight was used as a covariate.

2003


(4) Studies on the establishment of oral vaccine system usingrecombinant Lactobacillus expressing E. coli K99 fimbriae

This study was carried out to establish the model system for the

development of oral vaccine using recombinant Lactobacillus expressing E.

coli K99 fimbriae. p123(1-5N)-K99 fimbriae vector, which is the episomal

vector containing the S-layer signal sequence responsible for the expression

of foreign protein in Lactobacillus, was constructed. Recombinant L.

acidophilus containing p123(1-5N)-K99 fimbriae vector were constructed

and the appropriate protein was identified by SDS-PAGE and

immunoblotting. In the recombinant Lactobacilli strains, cell lysates

showed higher expression of K99 fimbrial protein than supernatants. L.

acidophilus appeared to produce more fimbrial protein than L. reuteri. In

binding inhibition test using brush border, adhesion of E. coli to brush

border was more inhibited in competition assay than in displacement assay.

In vivo test using weanling piglets, recombinant L. acidophilus appeared to

be more effective in preventing the incidence of diarrhea of piglets

immunized with E. coli K99 than L. acidophilus.

This study verified the possibility of model establishment of oral vaccine

system using Lactobacillus vaccine vector expressing foreign protein.


Displacement assay

Fig. 10-3. Brush border binding test using displacement and competition assay. LA : Lactobacillus acidophilus, RLA : Recombinant Lactobacillus acidophilus.

Competition assay



(5) Effects of increasing branched-chain amino acids onreproductive performance in lactating sows

The present study was undertaken to investigate the effects of increasing

valine and isoleucine level on sow body weight loss, feed intake, litter

weight gain and milk fat composition of lactating sows. A total of sixty

F1(LY) sows were allotted into six diet treatments. The treatments were

consisted of 2×3 factorial arrangements with two levels of valine (1.08 and

1.32%) and three levels of isoleucine (0.60, 0.85 and 1.08%). Litter size was

standardized to at least 10 pigs by cross-fostering among sows, irrespective

of dietary treatment until 24h after parturition. Sows were allowed ad

libitum access to feed from parturition until weaning, and creep feed was

not offered to litters. Sows were weighed and evaluated to determine

backfat thickness within 24 h postpartum and at weaning (d 21). Pigs were

weighed at d 0, 7, 14 days of age and at weaning. Sows were milked

manually on either d 17 or d 18 of lactation to determine milk compositions.

Increasing valine level from 1.08 to 1.32% tended to increase, whereas

increasing isoleucine level from 0.60 to 1.08% tended to decrease sow body

weight loss. Increasing valine level from 1.08 to 1.32% tended to decrease

ADFI of sows and milk fat composition. No significant difference was

found in the traits among iso-leucine levels.

Table 10-5. Effects of valine and isoleucine on sow body weight loss, feedintake, litter weight gain and milk fat composition

Valine (%) 1.08 1.32

Iso-leucine (%) 0.60 0.85 1.08 0.60 0.85 1.08

Sow BW loss, kg 11.8 15.8 10.6 21.2 18.1 15.8

Litter wt gain, kg 42.9 45.2 44.3 41.8 44.6 45.9

Feed intake, kg/d 5.24 4.98 5.11 4.85 5.02 4.69

Milk fat composition, % 8.04 7.99 8.16 7.69 7.19 7.46

2003


(6) Establishment and utilization of an excellent line for thepoultry

The purpose of this experiment was to conserve the pure line of Korean

Native Chicken(KNC) and O-gol chicken. Egg laying performance of KNC

was 83.1 for egg production, 48.9 grams for egg weight, and 1,703 grams

for body weight each at the age of 270 days. Analysis for the relationship

between telomeric DNA of lymphocytes and laying performance indicated

that the negative relationship between egg production numbers and egg

weights existed, while the positive relationship was shown between sexual

maturity and body weight.

In White Leghorn, 135.9 days of age at the first egg laying, 94.4 for egg

production and 58.6 grams for egg weight a piece at the age of 270 days

were observed. Accordingly, selection differences were follows; 10.3 for

egg production, 3.4 grams for egg weight. For Rhode Island Red, the first

egg laying age was 140.6, days and the egg production and egg weight at

the age of 270 days were 88.1 and 55.6 grams, respectively. Selection

differences were, therefore, 12.8 and 4.6 grams in egg production and egg

weight.

Performance of commercial chickens under the separate raising conditions

was improved, compared to mixed raising, by 4.8 percent and 56 percent in

the uniformity and income per head. Fertility rate also increased from 89.13

percent to 94.60 percent in accordance with the increment of dilution rate of

rooster semen from 1:3 to 1:6 separately at 35℃.




Table 10-6. Performance for important traits in Korean Native Chicken(270 days of age) by generation

Generation Viability Body weight At first egg Egg No. Egg weight Egg shape (%) (g) (days) (eggs) (g) index

1 97.7 1,842 150.6 75.2 48.8 72.5

2 98.2 1,852 147.3 74.4 49.2 72.7

3 95.3 1,898 149.0 75.5 48.8 74.1

4 98.1 1,770 142.7 77.4 49.1 75.1

5 98.5 1,766 147.3 75.9 50.0 75.7

6 97.8 1,773 144.4 77.3 49.8 75.9

7 98.0 1,765 147.8 77.8 49.2 75.9

8 98.4 1,717 151.4 82.3 50.1 74.7

△G 0.15 -20.12 -0.02 0.85 0.15 0.44

(7) Studies on physiological and productivity changes in brownlayers

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of restricted

feeding to pullet on growth and laying performance, egg quality and

endocrine profile in brown layers. 1,440 brown-layer chicks were divided

into four diets treatments: conventional diet(C), restricted diet one(T1)

started from seven to seventeen week of age(T1), restricted diet two(T2)

and early prelayer diet from sixteen week of age(T3).

Overall egg production was the highest in T1(p<0.05) compared to others.

Average egg weight also showed a similar tendency to egg production. Feed

intake was higher in T1 during peak period(p<0.05), but there were no

difference between all treatments after the peak. Overall feed conversion

ratio was improved in T1 compared to others. Body fat was less in the

restricted group than that of control. After twenty weeks, body composition

were similar with all treatments. Intestinal weight and length were not

affected by the restricted feeding. The concentration of IGF-1 maintained

high concentration, and decreased greatly at the first egg laying. Estradiol

2003


concentration increased slightly from 12th week, and surged greatly near the

first egg laying. Restriction feeding during rearing period was beneficial to

improve egg productivity, and to decrease feed cost.

Table 10-7. Comparison of laying performance by restricted feeding from 24to 70 weeks of age

Restricted feeding period(week)Items Ad lib 6 to 18 12 to 18 Early prelayer

(C) (T1) (T2) (T3)

Egg production, % 87.6b 88.9a 87.8b 86.7b

Egg weight, g 63.7b 64.4a 64.0ab 63.3b

Feed intake, g 116.9 118.4 118.4 116.3

FCR 2.04a 2.01b 2.04a 2.06a

(8) Effects of body weight control methods during rearing phaseon laying performance in broiler breeder pullets

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of different BW

control methods during rearing on laying performance of broiler breeder

pullets. D-old 540 female breeder chicks(Arbor Acres) were assigned to

three treatments which were consisted of standard BW(Control), 110% of

standard body weight at 12 weeks of age(T1), 90% of standard body weight

at 12 weeks of age(T2), with three replicates of 60 birds per replicate(pen)

for each treatment.

At 20 weeks of age, all birds from three treatments reached the BW

required in the Arbor Acres Manual. There were no differences in egg

production, egg weight and viability during laying period. However, total

egg production rates were improved in T1 and T2. Average egg weight was

highest in T1 among all treatments. The number of hatched chicks in T2

was 146, which was also higher than that of other treatments, despite the

difference was not significant. The number of hatched chickens of T2




reached 167.9, showing higher number than other treatments (Table 10-8).

Fertility and hatchability were similar among the treatments, but those of

T2 birds tended to be higher than that of other treatments at 37 and 53

weeks of age. No significant difference was found in hatchability among

three treatments (Table 10-9).

It appears that the laying performance of broiler breeder hens could be

improved when their BW at 12 weeks of age are kept at 90% of standard

BW, and reach the standard BW at 20weeks of age.

Table 10-8. Effect of body weight control systems on sexual maturity andperformance of broiler breeders

Traits Control T1 T2

Sexual maturity(days) 185.7±2.33 186.0±1.73 186.7±1.45

Egg production(%) 61.1±3.77 61.6±2.60 63.5±1.66

Egg weight(g) 63.6±0.60 64.2±0.48 63.4±0.12

Viability(%) 93.4±1.89 92.2±3.39 96.0±0.00

Egg No. 157.3±9.73 158.0±6.70 167.9±4.65

Hatched chick(bird) 134.1±8.45 135.2±8.65 146.2±1.86

Table 10-9. Effect of body weight control systems on ferti l i ty andhatchability of broiler breeders

Traits37 wk of age 53 wk of age

Control T1 T2 Control T1 T2

Fertility(%) 97.8 97.2 98.3 94.3 94.8 95.2

Hatchability(%) 89.7 87.2 88.6 80.7 83.6 85.7

(9) Analysis of chicken meat export trends and research forcorresponding strategies

Korean broiler industry has the geographical advantage in terms of export

to Japan. Production cost, however, to produce broilers in Korea exceeds

other competitors' costs such as China, Brazil, U.S.. Consequently, we

2003


should cut down the production cost to 510 yen per kilogram, because the

price of leg cuts domestically produced and preferred by Japanese

consumers is 610 yen for each kilogram.

Heavier broiler raising technology developed in Korea is able to reduce

the production cost as well as to increase the yield of carcass. In addition,

broilers produced in Korea should be regarded as safe by sanitary

slaughtering and flawless quarantine system.

Selective broiler farms and manufacturers are to be aided systematically

for the purpose of export.

Table 10-10. Comparison of broiler production costs among selectedcountries

Items Korea Japan China ThailandUnited

BrazilStates

Marketing Weight(kg) 2.50 2.75 2.50 1.80 2.38 1.94

Production cost(won/kg) 915.9 1,450.6 1,140.0 839.7 638.6 528.0

Ratio 100.0 158.4 124.5 91.7 69.7 57.6

Table 10-11. Estimates of broiler production scale for exporting broiler meat

ItemsYear

2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

Breeder:

Thousands of birds 285 385 485 667 1,000 1,350 1,667

Thousandsm2 of house 95 130 162 223 334 450 556

Commercial:

Millions of birds 24 46 58 80 120 160 200

Thousandsm2 of house 600 1,150 1,450 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000




(10) Studies on growth patterns of body weight and genitalorgans from hatching to maturity in Korean Native Chickens

The objectives of this study were to understand the developmental phase

of the Sertoli and Leydig cells, and to determine the volume changes in

testicular components and serum estradiol, IGF(insulin-like growth factor)-

1, LH(leutenizing hormone) and testosterone levels, and leuteinizing

hormone-stimulated testosterone production per testis in vitro Changes in

the testis from hatching to maturity were studied in Korean Native Chickens

at 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 21, 24, 28, 32, 44, 52 and 64 weeks of

age. The other purses of study were to quantify Leydig and Sertoli cells in

number and absolute volume, to investigate the relationship between Sertoli

and Leydig cells during testicular development, to clarify the relationship

between testosterone levels and Leydig cell ultrastructure, and to observe

the germ cell development in seminiferous tubules during testicular

development.

The results were as follows : Just after hatching, the body weights of

Korean Native Chickens were 32.5 grams in male and 28.4 grams in female,

with an average of 30.5 grams. Fourteen weeks and 21 weeks were

required to reach 1.5 kg for male and female in the average of 18 weeks.

Rapid growth was found in terms of the femur length and ulnar length at 12

∼14 weeks of age. Tardy growth was observed after this period. Internal

parenchymal organs developed fast up to 10 weeks of age and grew in

accordance with the weight gains. Similar aspects were shown in the growth

of gastrointestinal ducts which were developed rapidly to 10∼12 weeks of

age.

Development of fabricius bursa was reached the highest at the age of 16

weeks. Volume density of the seminiferous tubules increased from 32.6

percent to 92.9 percent during 0 to 64 weeks of age, while the volume

density of the interstitium decreased from 67.4 percent to 7.1 percent during

the same period. The volume density of the interstitium also lowered

2003


gradually up to 14 weeks of age, and no further change was shown

thereafter. On the contrary, the Sertoli cells showed a volume density of 3.4

percent at 0 week and 10.8 percent at 18 weeks of age and there was no

remarkable change thereafter.

Level of IGF-I decreased significantly until 16 weeks of age. No further

change, however, was noted after 16 weeks. In terms of serum testosterone

level, it was increased significantly only during 10∼32 weeks of age. In the

period of 0∼32 weeks of age, the LH-stimulated testosterone production

per testisin vitro increased significantly. However, rapid decrease was

found at 44∼64 weeks of age.

In overall, growth of gastrointestinal organs and skeletal development of

Korean Native Chicken were completed at 10∼12 weeks and 12∼14

weeks, respectively. The results clarified the pattern of changes in length of

bone, gastrointestinal organs and the testicular development in Korean

Native Chickens from hatching to adulthood : neonatal∼prepubertal(1∼12

weeks), puberty(14∼18 weeks) and adult(21∼64 weeks).

Table 10-12. Changes in body weight(gram) for post-hatching chickens from0 to 64 weeks of age

Weeks

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16

♂ 32.5 125.5 251.8 452 666.2 1105.5 1215 1470.3 1653

♀ 28.4 120 230 357.1 608.8 884 918.9 1049.8 1232.9

Avg. 30.5 123.2 240.9 404.6 637.5 994.8 1066.9 1260 1442.9

Weeks

18 21 24 28 32 44 52 64

♂ 1771.5 1927.9 1994.1 2601 1960.1 2467 2278 2368

♀ 1334.3 1456 1677.6 1546.7 1530 1569 1617 1711

Avg. 1552.9 1691.9 1835.9 2073.9 1745.1 2018 1947.5 2039.5




Table 10-13. Changes in femur length(mm) for post-hatching chickens from0 to 64 weeks of age

Weeks

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16

♂ 21.3 31.13 44.73 57.57 63.32 80.11 86.11 90.94 90.98

♀ 21.57 26.23 42.04 53.21 62.57 74.61 77.55 79.84 79.64

Avg. 21.43 28.68 43.38 55.39 62.95 77.36 81.83 85.39 85.31

Weeks

18 21 24 28 32 44 52 64

♂ 91.53 92.68 93.73 95.02 94.8 96.25 95.95 95.29

♀ 80.63 80.16 80.33 78.54 79.39 77.48 78.26 80.59

Avg. 86.08 86.42 87.03 86.78 87.09 86.86 87.11 87.94

Table 10-14. Serum IGF-1(ng/ml) and ISCH(ng/ml) levels in post- hatchingchickens from 0 to 64 weeks of age

Weeks

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16

IGF-1 18.4 30.4 66.9 51.2 50.5 67.8 58.2 60.5

ISCH 4.6 3.9 4.3 5.3 4.8 5.9 5.4 7.2 8.8

Weeks

18 21 24 28 32 44 52 64

IGF-1 57.3 51.7 49.4 40.2 43.4 46.2 38.9 37.1

ISCH 8.5 11.4 12.4 15.6 17.5 13.1 10.2 9.3

Table 10-15. Serum testosterone (ng/ml) levels and testosterone production(ng/testis) for post-hatching chickens from 0 to 64 weeks of age

Weeks

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16

ST 0.324 0.41 0.345 0.526 0.663 1.04 0.859 0.829 1.645

TP 1675 1549 1745.8 1394.4 1949.3 2573.4 2789.2 3645.1 4843.2

Weeks

18 21 24 28 32 44 52 64

ST 1.305 1.825 2.915 3.923 2.502 2.134 2.22 2.12

TP 5082.9 5608.5 6908.4 8445.4 7894.5 6063.7 6432 6271

2003

* ST : Serum testosterone(ng/ml). * TP : Testosterone production(ng/testis).


(11) Effects of MPA injection on growth of velvet antler in deer

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of hormone injection

on casting day of antler, velvet antler yield, and blood hormone

concentration in elk deer and sika deer. The results obtained in the present

studies are summarized as follows:

1) The casting day of elk and sika deer injected MPA averaged in 21

days after MPA injection, which was earlier by 38 and 24 days,

respectively, than the control(p<0.01).

2) The regrowth of antler in both sika deer and elk was occurred in the

MPA injected deer and the duration of growth of antler was 2 times

longer than that of control.

3) The total yields of velvet antler of elkin the control and MPA injection

were 7.31 and 10.11kg, and those of sika deer were 1.00 and 1.41kg,

respectively.

4) The blood testosterone concentration of sika deer and elk was less

than 4.0ng/ml for both the casting and during the antler growing.

5) The blood IGF-Ⅰconcentrations of sika deer and elk during the antler

growing period tended to be increased as growth curve of antler.

Table 10-16. The influence of velvet antler yields and length by MPAtreatment in deer

Item TreatmentVelvet antler yields(g) Velvet antler

First growth Regenerated Total length(cm)antler

Elk adultControl 7,317±993 - 7,317*a 73±4

MPA injection 6,965±1,149 3,145±585 10,110*b 76±4

Sika adultControl 1,004±301 - 1,004a 31±5

MPA injection 1,002±326 416±143 1,418b 33±5




(12) Effects of dehorning and castration on growth and meatquality of Korean Native Goats

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of dehorning and

castration on growth and meat quality of Korean Native Goats. Forty males

of Korean Native Goats were divided into four groups : dehorning,

castration, both dehorning and castration and control.

Daily gain of Korean Native goats was 57.1g for dehorning, 59.1g for

castration, 51.0g for both dehorning and castration and control(45.9g). Feed

conversion ratio trended to lower in dehorning and castration treatment than

that for control. Carcass percentage was similar among the treatments, but

meat percentage was higher in dehorning and control groups than that for

castration and both dehorning and castration treatments. Fat percentage was

higher for castration and both dehorning and castration treatment than that

for control. Crude fat percentage in meat quality was significantly greater in

dehorning and castration than that for control. The results of sensory

evaluation for physical properties of meat indicated that the traits were

better for castration and both dehorning and castration than those of control.

2003

Daily gain Carcass performance

Dehorning Castration Dehorningand

castration

Control

Dehorning Castration Dehorningand

castration

Control

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Carcass(%) Meat(%) Fat(%)

Fig 10-4. Daily gain and carcass performance of dehorned and/or castrated Korean Native Goats


Ⅱ. Appendix

1. General Information

Brief History

- Established as the Livestock Department of AgriculturalDemonstration Station(April, 1906)

- Reorganized to the Livestock Technology Center(May, 1952)- Separated into two organizations; the National Animal Breeding

Station and the Livestock Experiment Station(April, 1969)- Renamed as the National Livestock Research Institute by unification

of the National Animal Breeding Station and Livestock ExperimentStation(December, 1994)

Functions

- Research on breeding and genetics of livestock animals- Research on genomics and biotechnology for transgenic and clone of

livestock animals- Research on nutrition and physiology, feeding management and feed

resources of livestock animals- Research on quality, processing, distribution and safety of livestock

products- Research on animal housing and livestock waste management- Research on crop breeding, production and utilization of forages, and

grassland management

Facilities

- Land : 1,398ha- Building : 127,531m2


General Services Division

Technology Application Division

Genomics & Bioinformatics Division

Biotechnology Division

Nutrition & Physiology Division

Products Utilization Division

Environment Division

Genetics & Evaluation Division

Dairy Science Division

Swine Science Division

Poultry Science Division

Grassland & Forage Crops Division

Hanwoo Experiment Station

Animal Genetics Resources Station

Biotechnology and Environment Department

Experiment Station

Livestock ResourcesDevelopment Department

Director General

98■■■

A Key Number NLRI 031-290-1500

Director General Yun, Sang-Gi [email protected] 290-1503

General Services Kim, Jin-kook [email protected] 290-1511

Division Yoon, Sang-kyu [email protected] 290-1515

Cho, Byoung-Rpok [email protected] 290-1524

Kim, Sang-Hak [email protected] 290-1525

Kim, Lee-Soo [email protected] 290-1520

Choi, Byeong-Hee [email protected] 290-1522

Shin, Hak-Sun [email protected] 290-1516

Yang, Sun-Mo [email protected] 290-1526

Kim, Eun-Kyung [email protected] 290-1518

Technology Park, Yong-Kyoon [email protected] 290-1771

Application Jung, Jin-Kwan [email protected] 290-1773

Division Yoo, Choong-Hyun [email protected] 290-1772

Ryu, Il-Sun [email protected] 290-1565

Choi, Seong-Bok [email protected] 290-1776

Cho, Yong-Il [email protected] 290-1577

Oh, Hyung-Kyu [email protected] 290-1777

Research Planning Im, Seok-Ki [email protected] 290-1504

Team Kim, Jae-Hwan [email protected] 290-1512

Kang, Bo-Seok [email protected] 290-1513

Lee, Wang-Shik [email protected] 290-1559

Lee, Oh-Seob [email protected] 290-1541

Biotechnology and Cheong, Il-Cheong [email protected] 290-1503

Environment Oh, Sung-Jong [email protected] 260-1601

Department Na, Kie-Jun [email protected] 290-1605

Genomics & Kim, Tae-Hun [email protected] 290-1603

Bioinformatics Yoon, Du-Hak [email protected] 290-1593

Division Pak, Eung-Woo [email protected] 290-1595

Chung, Ho-Young [email protected] 290-1594

Lee, Ji-Woong [email protected] 290-1606

Cho, Yong-Min [email protected] 290-1607

Division Name E-maill address Telephone No.


Rural Development Administration


Choi, Bong-Hwan [email protected] 031-290-1592

Lee, Seung-Hwan [email protected] 290-1597

Chang, Kil-Won [email protected] 290-1596

Lee, Kyung-Tai [email protected] 290-1591

Kim, Nam-Haeng [email protected] 290-1610

Biotechnology Chang, Won-Kyong [email protected] 290-1621

Division Yang, Boh-Suk [email protected] 290-1624

Seong, Hwan-Hoo [email protected] 290-1625

Park, Jin-Ki [email protected] 290-1634

Jeon, Ik-Soo [email protected] 290-1629

Yang, Byoung-Chul [email protected] 290-1630

Im, Ki-Sun [email protected] 290-1623

Lee, Yeon-Geun [email protected] 290-1626

Kim, Song-Woo [email protected] 290-1628

Lee, Pung-Yeon [email protected] 290-1627

Kim, Dong-Hun [email protected] 290-1633

Kim, Bong-Ki [email protected] 290-1632

Chung, Hak-Jae [email protected] 290-1631

Ko, Eung-Kyu [email protected] 290-1580

Nutrition & Kang, Su-Won [email protected] 290-1641

Physiology Chung, Il-Byung [email protected] 290-1647

Division Lee, Byong-Seak [email protected] 290-1643

Jeong, Ha-Yeon [email protected] 290-1642

Cho, Sung-Back [email protected] 290-1652

Chung, Wan-Tae [email protected] 290-1677

Oh, Young-Kyoon [email protected] 290-1665

Kim, Dong-Woon [email protected] 290-1645

Hwangbo, Jong [email protected] 290-1663

Kim, Kyung-Hun [email protected] 290-1656

Lee, Hyun-Jeong [email protected] 290-1698

Products & Lee, Jong-Moon [email protected] 290-1681

Utilization Division Kim, Yong-Kon [email protected] 290-1691



100■■■

Ahn, Chong, Nam [email protected] 031-290-1685

Kim, Doing-Hun [email protected] 290-1684

Yoo, Young-Mo [email protected] 290-1688

Park, Beom-Young [email protected] 290-1701

Ham, Jun-Sang [email protected] 290-1692

Chae, Hyun-Seok [email protected] 290-1689

Cho, Soo-Hyun [email protected] 290-1703

Jeong, Seok-Geun [email protected] 290-1687

Kim, Jin-Hyoung [email protected] 290-1699

Environment Yang, Chang-Beom [email protected] 290-1711

Division Kwon, Du-Jung [email protected] 290-1712

Yoo, Yong-Hee [email protected] 290-1714

Kang, Hee-Seol [email protected] 290-1718

Choi, Dong-Yoon [email protected] 290-1715

Choi, Hee-Chul [email protected] 290-1719

Kwang, Jeong-Hoon [email protected] 290-1721

Park, Chi-Ho [email protected] 290-1722

Kim, Tae-Il [email protected] 290-1725

Jeong, Kwang-Hwa [email protected] 290-1732

Chung, Eui-Soo [email protected] 290-1749

Jeong, Jong-Won [email protected] 290-1724

Livestock Lee, Sang-Jin [email protected] 041-580-3301

Resources Jeong, Jin-Guk [email protected] 580-3310

Development Na, Seung-Hwan [email protected] 580-3356

Department Son, Sam-Kyu [email protected] 580-3355

Genetics ＆ Park, Jong-Dae [email protected] 580-3353

Evaluation Lee, Young-Chang [email protected] 580-3357

Division Kim, Sie-Dong [email protected] 580-3359

Seo, Kang-Seok [email protected] 580-3358

Yun, Ho-Paek [email protected] 580-3360

Choi, Jae-Gwan [email protected] 580-3361

Ahn, Mi-Ja [email protected] 580-3311





Kim, Myeong-Hyoung [email protected] 041-580-3312

Lee, Goo-Young [email protected] 580-3313

Lee, So-Hyun [email protected] 580-3314

Kim, Tae-Gyun [email protected] 580-3364

Dairy Science Kim, Hyeon-Shup [email protected] 580-3380

Division Ahn, Byeong-Seog [email protected] 580-3392

Kim, Nam-Chul [email protected] 580-3305

Suh, Guk-Hyun [email protected] 580-3405

Park, Soo-Bong [email protected] 580-3383

Ki, Kwang-sook [email protected] 580-3396

Park, Byoung-Ho [email protected] 580-3390

Park, Sung-Jai [email protected] 580-3387

Baek, Kwang-Soo [email protected] 580-3386

Lee, Hyun-June [email protected] 580-3395

Jeon, Byeong-Soon [email protected] 580-3389

Kang, Seok-Jin [email protected] 580-3407

Her, Tai-Young [email protected] 580-3406

Swine Science Kwon, Oh-Sub [email protected] 580-3440

Division Choi, Chin-Sung [email protected] 580-3443

Kim, In-Cheul [email protected] 580-3451

Kim, Myung-Jick [email protected] 580-3445

Park, Jun-Cheol [email protected] 580-3454

Kim, Young-Hwa [email protected] 580-3455

Lee, Jang-Hee [email protected] 580-3450

Woo, Jei-Seok [email protected] 580-3448

Cho, Kyu-Ho [email protected] 580-3447

Poultry Science Lee, Duck-Su [email protected] 042-822-2149

Division Kim, Hyoung-Ho [email protected] 822-1105

Suh, Ok-Suk [email protected] 822-1105

Na, Jae-Cheon [email protected] 822-1105

Choi, Chul-Hwan [email protected] 822-1105

Kim, Hak-Kyu [email protected] 822-1105



102■■■

Kim Sang-Ho [email protected] 042-822-1105

Jang, Byoung-Gwi [email protected] 822-1105

Park, Gi-Cheol [email protected] 822-1105

Grassland & ForageSeo-Sung [email protected] 041-580-6740

Crops Division Park, Geun-Je [email protected] 031-290-1761

Kim, Joon-Sik [email protected] 041-580-3480

Sung, Byung-Ryeol [email protected] 031-290-1742

Shin, Jae-Sun [email protected] 041-580-6777

Lim, Young-Chul [email protected] 031-290-1748

Lim, Keun-Bal [email protected] 041-580-6778

Yoon, Sei-Hyung [email protected] 031-290-1754

Rim, Yong-Woo [email protected] 290-1743

Kim, Jong-Geun [email protected] 290-1758

Kim, Weon-Ho [email protected] 290-1755

Kim, Maing-Jooung [email protected] 290-1752

Hanwoo Paek, Bong-Hyun [email protected] 033-330-0601

Experiment Shin, Ki-Joon [email protected] 330-0616

Station Kwon, Eung-Gi [email protected] 330-0612

Jeon, Kie-Jun [email protected] 330-0613

Lee, Jong-Kyong [email protected] 330-0609

Jeong, Young-Hun [email protected] 330-0630

Chang, Sun-Sik [email protected] 330-0615

Jeon, Byoung-Soo [email protected] 330-0617

Lee, Myeung-Sik [email protected] 330-0625

Cho, Young-Moo [email protected] 330-0657

Choi, Yeon-Ho [email protected] 330-0623

Animal Genetic Kim, Young-Keun [email protected] 063-620-3501

Resources Son, Dong-Soo [email protected] 620-3518

Station Sang,Byong-Don [email protected] 620-3511

Yeon, Seong-Heum [email protected] 620-3515

Jin, Hyun-Ju [email protected] 620-3536

Kim, Chong-Dae [email protected] 620-3535





Cho, Chang-Yeon [email protected] 063-620-3537

Choi, Sun-Ho [email protected] 620-3520

Kim, Sang-Woo [email protected] 620-3531

Choi, Sun-Ho [email protected] 620-3530

Choi, Chang-Yong [email protected] 620-3532

Han, Man-Hi [email protected] 620-3522

Kim, hyun-Jong [email protected] 620-3521



Editor-in-Chief : S. G. Yun, Director General, NLRI

Assistant Editors : I. C. Cheong, S. J. Lee

Editors : S. K. Im, J. H. Kim, B. S. Kang, W. S. Lee

Printed in : July, 2004

Publisher : National Livestock Research Institute


564, Omokchun-dong, Gwonseon-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do

441-706, Republic of Korea

Tel : +82-(0)31-290-1500

FAX : +82(0)31-290-1598

http://www.nlri.go.kr

P.R Number : 11-1390271-000037-10

ANNUAL RESEARCH REPORT 2003


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