260110140103_frederick alexander_modul 1-4 anstrum

Upload: frederick-alexander

Post on 23-Feb-2018

214 views

Category:

Documents


0 download

TRANSCRIPT

  • 7/24/2019 260110140103_Frederick Alexander_Modul 1-4 Anstrum

    1/20

    LAPORAN AKHIR PRAKTIKUM

    UJI ALKOHOL, FENOL, ASAM KARBOKSILAT, ALKALOID, DAN

    BASA NITROGEN

    NAMA : FREDERICK ALEXANDER

    HARI/TANGGAL PRAKTIKUM : RABU, 25 MARET 2015

    ASISTEN :1. IBRAHIM DALLI

    2. DAISY RAHMA F.

    LABORATORIUM ANALISIS INSTRUMEN DAN PENGEMBANGAN

    METODE

    FAKULTAS FARMASI

    UNIVERSITAS PADADARAN

    ATINANGOR

    2015

  • 7/24/2019 260110140103_Frederick Alexander_Modul 1-4 Anstrum

    2/20

    LAPORAN PRAKTIKUM REAKSI!REAKSI PENDAHULUAN GOLONGAN

    ALKOHOL, FENOL, ASAM KARBOKSILAT, ALKALOID, DAN BASA

    NITROGEN

    I. TUUAN

    P"#$%&$#' (#)#% *+'+%#-& (#' *+*#-#*& #"# *+'&(+'%&&$#&

    3'#' #3$-3, +'3, ##* $#"4$&3#%, #3$#3&(, (#' 4## '&%"+'.

    II. PRINSIP

    II.1 A3$-3

    T+"4+'%$ +%+" &$# (&%#*4#-$#' ##* $#"4$&3#% 6#' (#)#% (*#%&

    (#"& #"*#'6#.

    R1!OH 7 R!COOHR!COOR1

    II.2 F+'3

    ! D&%#*4#-$#' 3#"%#' F+C38 %+"4+'%$ $*)3+$ 4+"9#"'#

    ! P+'$)+3#' (+'#' "+#+' (%#&

    ! D&%#*4#- M#";& %+"4+'%$ $*)3+$ 4+"9#"'#

    II.8 A#* K#"4$&3#%

    ! A#* (#)#% *+*+"#-$#' 3#$* 4&"

    ! S+'6#9# ##* (#)#% %+"43&*#& &$# (&)#'#$#'

    ! A#* (#)#% %+"+%+"&&$#& (+'#' #3$-3

    II.< A3$#3&( (#' B## N&%"+'

    D#)#% 4+"+#$& (+'#' "+#+' D"#+'(", (#)#% (*#%& (#"&

    %+"4+'%$'6# +'(#)#'.

    III. REAKSI

    III.1 G3'#' A3$-3

  • 7/24/2019 260110140103_Frederick Alexander_Modul 1-4 Anstrum

    3/20

    III.2 G3'#' F+'3

  • 7/24/2019 260110140103_Frederick Alexander_Modul 1-4 Anstrum

    4/20

    III.8 G3'#' A#* K#"4$&3#%

    III.< G3'#' A3$#3&( (#' B## N&%"+'

  • 7/24/2019 260110140103_Frederick Alexander_Modul 1-4 Anstrum

    5/20

    IV. DATA PENGAMATAN

    IV.1 G3'#' A3$-3

    IV.1.1 E%#'3

    R+#+' P+"3#$#' H#&3 P+'#*#%#'

    1E%+"&&$#& A#*

    S#3&&3#%

    1 *3 +%#'3 (&*#$$#' $+(#3#* %#4' "+#$&,

    (&%#*4#-$#' H2SO< *+3#3&

    (&'(&' %#4', *3% %#4'

    (&%%) (+'#' *4#% $#)#,

    $+*(' (&)#'#$#'.

    A"*# *+'#(& #"*#

    *&'6#$ $#6 )%&- +"+3#-

    (&)#'#$#'. S+4+3*

    (&)#'#$#', $"&%#3

    *+'+'(#). S+9#$%

    )+*#'##', %&(#$ #(#

    +'(#)#'. S+%+3#- )+*#'##'

    %+"4+'%$ +'(#)#' $+*4#3&.

    2 I("*

    1 *3 +%#'3 (&*#$$#' $+

    (#3#* %#4' "+#$&, $+*('(&%#*4#-$#' KI, I2, (#'

    H2SO

  • 7/24/2019 260110140103_Frederick Alexander_Modul 1-4 Anstrum

    6/20

    50? (#3#* %#4' "+#$&.

    (+'#' )#'#.

    IV.1.2 G3&+"&'

    R+#+' P+"3#$#' H#&3 P+'#*#%#'

    1 CSO< 7 N#OHL#"%#' 3&+"&' (*)"$#'

    (+'#' 1 %+%+ N#OH

    T&(#$ %+"#(& )+"4#-#'

    9#"'#, +-#"'6# 4+"9#"'#

    4&" %#.

    IV.2 G3'#' F+'3

    IV.2.1. N&)#&'

    R+#+' P+"3#$#' H#&3 P+'#*#%#'

    1 F+C38

    D#3#* %#4' "+#$& (&4#%

    3#"%#' '&)#&' (+'#' F+C38,

    (&)#'#$#', 3#3 (&(&'&'$#'.

    .

    N&)#&' %&(#$ 3#"%.

    2 M&33' D#3#* %#4' "+#$&

    (&)#'#$#' *3#- 6#' #*#

    4#'6#$ 3#"%#' '&)#&' (#3#*

    #3$-3 (#' )+"+#$& M&33',

    T+"#(& 9#"'# *+"#- *(#

    @'&)#&' 3#"%.

  • 7/24/2019 260110140103_Frederick Alexander_Modul 1-4 Anstrum

    7/20

    (&4"$#' 10 *+'&%.

    IV.2.2. H&("$&''

    R+#+' P+"3#$#' H#&3 P+'#*#%#'

    1 A@NH8NO8

    H&("$&'' (&3#"%$#' (+'#'

    #&" $+*(' (&%#*4#-$#'

    )+"#$ '&%"#% #*'&$#3.

    H&("$&'' %&(#$ 3#"% (#'

    4+"9#"'# #4!#4 %+"#'

    $+$3#%#'.

    2 F+C38

    D&%#*4#-$#' 3#"%#' 4+&

    $3"&(# $+(#3#* -&($&''

    (%# )3#% %+%+.

    C#*)"#' 4+"9#"'# #4!#4

    +3#) %&(#$ 3#"%.

    8P4@CH8COO2 7

    NH

  • 7/24/2019 260110140103_Frederick Alexander_Modul 1-4 Anstrum

    8/20

    R+#+' P+"3#$#' H#&3 P+'#*#%#'

    1 )!DAB HC3L#"%#' "+"&'3 (&%+%+& )!

    DAB (%# )3#% %+%+.

    R+"&'3 (#3 4+"9#"'#

    $3#% *(#, ($-&"

    4+"9#"'# $3#% %#.

    2 F+C38

    L#"%#' "+"&'3 (&%+%+&

    3#"%#' 4+& $3"&(# (%# )3#%

    %+%+.

    C#*)"#' 4+"9#"'# '

    $+-&%#*#'.

    8 M#";&L#"%#' "+"&'3 (&'#$#'

    (#3#* & L&+4+"*#''.

    C#*)"#' 4+"9#"'# $3#%

    $+-&%#*#'.

    < A@NH8NO8

    L#"%#' "+"&'3 (&"+#$&$#'

    (+'#' 3#"%#' )+"#$ #*'&$#3.

    C#*)"#' 4+"9#"'# -&%#*

    $+#4#'.

    IV.8 A#* K#"4$&3#%

    IV.8.1 A+%#3

    R+#+' P+"3#$#' H#&3 P+'#*#%#'

    1 M#";&A+%#3 (&%#*4#-$#' (+'#'

    "+#+' M#";&.

    T+"#(& 3#"%#' )%&- @%&(#$

    4+"4#-

    2 F+C38 A+%#3 (&%#*4#-$#' (+'#'

    3#"%#' 4+& $3"&(#.

    T+"#(& 3#"%#' '

  • 7/24/2019 260110140103_Frederick Alexander_Modul 1-4 Anstrum

    9/20

    8N#OH, H2SO

  • 7/24/2019 260110140103_Frederick Alexander_Modul 1-4 Anstrum

    10/20

    8 F+C38

    L#"%#' '+%"#3 +'6#9#

    4+'#% (&"+#$&$#' (+'#'

    3#"%#' 4+& $3"&(#.

    L#"%#' 4+"4#- 9#"'#

    *+'#(& "#'+

    IV.< A3$#3&( (#' B## N&%"+'

    IV.

  • 7/24/2019 260110140103_Frederick Alexander_Modul 1-4 Anstrum

    11/20

    IV.

  • 7/24/2019 260110140103_Frederick Alexander_Modul 1-4 Anstrum

    12/20

    < K"&%#3K"&%#3 )#)#+"&' (&4#%

    (+'#' H2C32.

    T+"4+'%$ $"&%#3

    IV.

  • 7/24/2019 260110140103_Frederick Alexander_Modul 1-4 Anstrum

    13/20

    8 K"&%#3

    K"&%#3 ++("&' (&4#% (+'#'

    H2C32.

    T+"4+'%$ $"&%#3

    IV.

  • 7/24/2019 260110140103_Frederick Alexander_Modul 1-4 Anstrum

    14/20

    *+"#- 6#' (#- (&4##-&.

    8 K"&%#3K"&%#3 H+$#*&' (&4#%

    (+'#' 43&*#&.

    T+"4+'%$ $"&%#3 #"*.

    V. PEMBAHASAN

    P+"4##' &'& *+")#$#' )+"4##' "+#$& )+'(#-3#'

    (&3'$#' $+ (#3#* +*)#% 4#' 6#&% 3'#' #3$-3, +'3,

    ##* $#"4$&3#%, #3$#3&(, (#' 4## '&%"+'.

    A3$-3 *+")#$#' +'6#9# 6#' *+*&3&$& OH )#(#

    "#'%#& $#"4' #3%&$. I$#%#' 6#' %+"#(& )#(# OH (#' "#'%#&

    $#"4' *+")#$#' &$#%#' $#3+'. P#(# )+"4##' )+"%#*#, (&'#$#'

    +%#'3 +4##& #*)+3. P#(# +%#'3 (&3#$$#' "+#$& +%+"&&$#&.

    E%+"&&$#& *+")#$#' )+"4#-#' (#"& #% ##* $#"4$&3#% (#'

    #3$-3 *+'#(& +%+" (+'#' *+''#$#' $#%#3& ##*. E%+"

    *+")#$#' #% +'6#9# 6#' *+'#'(' COOR (+'#' R

    (#)#% 4+"4+'%$ #3$&3 *#)' #"&3. R+#$& +%+"&&$#& *+")#$#'

    "+#$& 4#3&$ @"++"&43+. H#3 &'& (&4$%&$#' (+'#' "+#$& +%+"&$#&

    +%#'3 (+'#' ##* #3&&3#%. S+%+3#- (&%#*4#-$#' ##* 3#% (#'

    (&)#'#$#', %&*43 4# 6#' $-# @*&6#$ $#6 )%&- 6#'

  • 7/24/2019 260110140103_Frederick Alexander_Modul 1-4 Anstrum

    15/20

    *+'#'(#$#' %+"4+'%$ '6# +%+". R+#$& $+(# *+")#$#' "+#$&

    &("*. R+#$& &("* (&'#$#' '%$ *+'&(+'%&&$#&

    $+4+"#(##' CH8CH@OH (#3#* #3$-3. N#*', )#(#

    )+"4##' $#3& &'&, +%#'3 (&'#$#' +4##& 4#-#' (##" (#' 4$#'

    )"($ )+"4##'. S+%+3#- +%#'3 (&%#*4#-$#' $#3&* &(&(#, &(&(#,

    (#' ##* 3#% *#$# #*)"#' 4+"4#- 9#"'# (#"& %&(#$ 4+"9#"'#

    *+'#(& $'&'. D&%#*4#- (+'#' #"*# $-# 4+%#(&'+. H#3 &'&

    *+''$$#' +%#'3 *+*#' 4+'#" *+'#'(' CH8CH@OH.

    R+#$& $+% #(#3#- "+#$& #'%#"# +%#'3 (+'#' $#3&* (&$"*#%.

    R+#$& &'& *+")#$#' "+#$& $&(#&. E%#'3 (&$&(#& 3+- $#3&*

    (&$"*#% *+'-#&3$#' #3(+-&( $+*(' ##* $#"4$&3#%. P#(#

    )+"4##' &'& (&-#&3$#' 9#"'# -, -#3 &'& *+''$$#' +%#'3

    *+")#$#' #3$-3 )"&*+" 6#' %+"$&(#& *+'#(& ##* $#"4$&3#%.

    S#*)+3 $+(# 6#' (&'#$#' #(#3#- 3&+"&'. G3&+"&' *+")#$#'

    #% %"&4#& #3$-3 6#' %+"(#)#% (& #3#* (#3#* 4+'%$ %"&3&+"&(#

    6#' *+")#$#' %"&3&+"&3 +%+" (#"& ##* 3+*#$. G3&+"&' %+"3' $+

    (#3#* #3$-3 )3+' $#"+'# %"$%"'6# 6#' *+*&3&$& %

    OH. D#3#* "+#$&, 3&+"&' (&4##$#' (+'#' '#%"&* -&("$&(#

    $+*(' (&%+%+& %+*4## 3#%. H#&3 6#' (&(#)#% #(#3#- %&(#$

    #(#'6# )+"4#-#' 9#"'# )#(# 3#"%#'. H#3 &'& 4+"%+'%#'#' (+'#'

    %+"& 6#' *+'-#&3$#' 9#"'# 4&". =#"'# 4&" (&+4#4$#' $#"+'#

    %+"#(&'6# $*)3+$ %+*4## (#3#* 3#"%#'. P+"4+(##' &'& *'$&'

    (&+4#4$#' $#"+'# ##'# 4## 4+3* %+"#)#&, -#3 &'& (&$#"+'#$#'

    )+'#*4#-#' '#%"&* -&("$&(# 6#' -#'6# #% %+%+. R+#$& &'&

    (&+4% "+#$& C)"&&3.

    P+"4##' $+(# #(#3#- )+"4##' (+'#' *+''#$#' 3'#'

    +'3. F+'3 *+")#$#' +'6#9# 6#' *+*&3&$& OH 6#'

    4+"&$#%#' (+'#' &'&' $#"4' #"*#%&$. I$#%#' 6#' %+"#(& #'%#"#

    &'&' $#"4' (+'#' !OH *+")#$#' &$#%#' $#3+'. S#*)+3

    )+"%#*# 6#' (&'#$#' (#3#* )+"4##' &'& #(#3#- '&)#&'. N&)#&'

    *+")#$#' *+%&3 +%+" (#"& ##* )!-&("$&4+'#%. N&)#&'

  • 7/24/2019 260110140103_Frederick Alexander_Modul 1-4 Anstrum

    16/20

    (&"+#$&$#' (+'#' 4+& @III $3"&(# $+*(' (&)#'#$#' 3#3

    (&(&'&'$#'. H#&3 '6# '&)#&' %&(#$ 3#"%. H#3 &'& %+"#(& $#"+'# 4+&

    @III $3"&(# *+")#$#' +'6#9# '' )3#". K+3#"%#' '&)#&' #$#'

    4+"$"#' 4&3# #% +'6#9# '')3#" 4+"&$#%#' (+'#' &'&'

    #"*#%&$'6#. P+"4##' $+(# #(#3#- *+"+#$&$#' '&)#&' (+'#'

    )+"+#$& M&33'. H#&3 6#' %+"#(& #(#3#- #(#'6# )+"4#-#' 9#"'#

    *+'#(& 9#"'# *+"#-. H#3 &'& *+*4$%&$#' '&)#&' *+*&3&$& +'6#9#

    +'3#%. H#3 &'& # *+''$$#' #(#'6# "+#$& #'%#"# #"&3 (#' #*&'

    )"&*+".

    S#*)+3 4+"&$%'6# #(#3#- -&("$&''. H&("$&'' *+*)'6#&

    "* $&* CHO2. P+"%#*#, -&("$&'' (&"+#$&$#' (+'#' )+"#$

    '&%"#% #*'&$#3 *+'-#&3$#' 9#"'# #4!#4 %+"#' $+$3#%#' (&+"%#&

    (+'#' %&(#$ 3#"%'6# -&("$&''. H#3 &'& (&+4#4$#' -&("$&''

    *+*&3&$& %"$%" (+'#' )&& )#"#. P#(# )&& )#"#, (#6# "+($&

    %&(#$ +$#% )#(# )&& "%. P+"#$ '&%"#% #*'&$#3 #$#' *+*4+"&$#'

    -#&3 )&%& 4&3# -&("$&3 (#3#* )&& "%, %+%#)& %&(#$ (#3#*

    )&& *+%#. K+(#, -&("$&'' (&"+#$&$#' (+'#' 4+& @III $3"&(#.

    H#&3 6#' #*# (&)+"3+- ##% -&("$&'' (&"+#$&$#' (+'#' 4+&

    @III $3"&(#. H#3 &'& %&(#$ +#& 3&%+"#%" 6#' *+'6+4%$#' 4#-9#

    #$#' *+*4+"&$#' -#&3 )&%& $+%&$# (&"+#$&$#' (+'#' 4+& @III

    $3"&(# $#"+'# %+"&(+'%&&$#& +'6#9# +'3#%. H#3 &'& (&+4#4$#' %&(#$

    +*# +'6#9# 4+" +'3&$ (#)#% (&&+'%&&$#& (+'#' +'6#9#

    4+& @III $3"&(#. K+%, -&("$&'' (&"+#$&$#' (+'#' %&*4#3 #+%#%

    (#' #*'&* $3"&(# *+'-#&3$#' 9#"'# 3#"%#' $3#% *(# 6#'

    *+''$#' -#&3 )&%& %+"$#'(''6# +'3 )#(# -&("$&''.

    K++*)#%, -&("$&'' (&"+#$&$#' (+'#' '#%"&* -&("$&(#

    *+'-#&3$#' 9#"'# $3#%. S#*# -#3'6# (+'#' %&*4#3 #+%#%, )#(#

    '#%"&* -&("$&(# # *+''$$#' &'(&$#& )&%& +'3.

    S#*)+3 %+"#$-&" (#3#* 3'#' +'3 #(#3#- "+"&'3.

    R+"&'3 *+*&3&$& '#*# 3#&' 1,8!(&-6("64+'+'#. R+"&'3

    (&"+#$&$#' (+'#' )!DAB HC3 *+'-#&3$#' 9#"'# $3#% 6#'

  • 7/24/2019 260110140103_Frederick Alexander_Modul 1-4 Anstrum

    17/20

    4+"4#- (& #$-&". H#3 &'& *+''$$#' -#&3 )&%& &(+'%&&$#&

    +'3 $#"+'# &'&' "+"&'3 %&(#$ %+"&$#% (+'#' $'#% 3#&'.

    R+"&'3 $+*(' (&"+#$&$#' (+'#' 4+& @III $3"&(#

    *+'-#&3$#' 9#"'# '. H#&3 &'& )&%& *+'&(+'%&&$#&

    +'3. R+"&'3 $+*(' (&"+#$&$#' (+'#' )+"#$& M#";&. P#(#

    "+#$& M#";& %+"4+'%$ 9#"'# $3#% $+-&%#*#'. U& (+'#' )+"+#$&

    M#";& (&'&3#& %&(#$ )+&&$ $#"+'# 4#'6#$ +'6#9# 3#&' 6#'

    *+'-#&3$#' "+#$& %+"-#(#) "+#+' &'&. D#' %+"#$-&", "+"&'3

    (&"+#$&$#' (+'#' )+"#$ '&%"#% #*'&$#3 *+*4+'%$ 9#"'# -&%#*

    $+#4#'. H#&3 &'& *+")#$#' -#&3 '+#%&. I'& (&+4#4$#' "+"&'3

    *+*&3&$& %"$%" -&("$& )#(# )&& *+%# (&*#'# %&(#$ #(#

    (#6# "+($&.

    A#* $#"4$&3#% *+")#$#' 3'#' ##* #3%&$ 6#'

    *+*&3&$& COOH. S+*# ##* $#"4$&3#% *+")#$#' ##*

    6#' 3+*#-. A#* $#"4$&3#% *+")#$#' -#&3 $&(#& #3$-3. P#(#

    )+"4##' )+'(#-3#' ##* $#"4$&3#%, (&'#$#' #+%#3 +4##&

    #*)+3 )+"%#*#. A+%#3 *+")#$#' ##* #+%&3 #3&&3#%. A+%#3

    *+*&3&$& $#"4' #"*#%&$ (&+"%#& (+'#' $#"4$&3#%.

    A+%#3 (&"+#$&$#' (+'#' )+"+#$& M#";& (#' *+''$#' -#&3

    '+#%& @%&(#$ #(# )+"4#-#' 9#"'#. H#3 &'& (&+4#4$#' $#"+'#

    )+"+#$& M#";& -#'6# (#)#% *+'&(+'%&&$#& +'6#9# 6#'

    *+*&3&$& %"$%" (+'#' +'6#9# #"*#%&$ @%+"(&"& (#"& C,N,O,

    +'6#9# (+'#' &'&' $&+', #%# +'6#9# (+'#' &'&' 3".

    S#*)+3 #+%#3 $+*(' (&"+#$&$#' (+'#' 4+& @III $3"&(#

    *+'-#&3$#' 3#"%#' 4+"9#"'# '. H#&3 &'& )&%& $#"+'# 3#"%#'

    4+& @III $3"&(# *+'&(+'%&&$#& OH )#(# #+%#3. A+%#3

    $+*(' (&"+#$&$#' (+'#' N#OH (#' ##* 3#%. T+"#(&

    )+'+'(#)#' $#"+'# %+"4+'%$ #"#* '#%"&* 3#% -#&3 "+#$& #'%#"#

    '#%"&* -&("$&(# (#' ##* 3#%. E%#'3 $+*(' (&%#*4#-$#'

    (+'#' ##*. T+"#(& "+#$& $&(#& #3$-3 *+'#(& ##*

  • 7/24/2019 260110140103_Frederick Alexander_Modul 1-4 Anstrum

    18/20

    $#"4$&3#%. H#3 &'& (&4$%&$#' (+'#' *'3 '6# #"*# *+%&3

    #3&&3#%.

    A#* 4+'#% %+"*#$ $+(#3#* 3'#' ##* $#"4$&3#%

    $#"+'# *+'#'(' $#"4$&3#% 6#' %+"&$#% (+'#' &'&'

    $#"4'. A#* 4+'#% (&"+#$&$#' *#&'!*#&' (+'#' ##* 3#%

    (#' ##* $3"&(# +'+". H#&3'6#, ##* 4+'#% %&(#$ 3#"% (#3#*

    $+(#'6#. H#3 &'& (&)+'#"-& (+'#' $+3#"%#' ##* 4+'#% 6#'

    (&)+'#"-& 3+- )H. S+*#$&' %&'& )H, *#$# +*#$&' %&'& )3#

    $+3#"%#' ##* 4+'#%. D+'#' )+'#*4#-#' ##*, )H *+'#(&

    +*#$&' $+&3 (#' $+3#"%#' ##* 4+'#% 4+"$"#'. A#* 4+'#%

    $+*(' (&"+#$&$#' (+'#' 3#"#' 4+& @III $3"&(#. A#* 4+'#%

    4+"+#$& )&%& (+'#' 3#"%#' 4+& @III $3"&(# $#"+'# OH

    (#' &'&' $#"4' )#(# ##* 4+'#% %+"&(+'%&&$#&.

    T+"#$-&", (&3#'%$#' (+'#' "+#$& )+'(#-3#' 3'#' #3$#3&(

    (#' 4## '&%"+'. A3$#3&( *+")#$#' +'6#9# '&%"+' "#'&$,

    )#(# **'6# 4+"4+'%$ &'&' -+%+"&$3&$, 4+"% 4## (#' )%&

    #$%&, "#%#!"#%# 4+"4+'%$ $"&%#3 #3$#3&( *+'#'(' #*&(# (#3#*

    %"$%" *3+$3'6# +-&'# 4+"% 4##. S#*)+3 )+"%#*# 6#' (&&

    #(#3#- $&'&' HC3. K&'&' *+")#$#' #% )3&)+)%&(# %"$%"#3 %+"$#&%.

    P+"%#*#, $&'&' (&%#*4#-$#' ##* 3#% (%# )3#% %+%+. T#'

    )+'#*4#-#' ##* 3#% #(#3#- '%$ *+'#"&$ #3$#3&( $#"+'#

    #3$#3&( 4+"% ##* 3+*#- (#' 4&3# (&"+#$&$#' (+'#' ##* *#$#

    #$#' %+"4+'%$ #"#* 6#' 3#"% (#3#* #&" +-&'# #"#* #3$#3&(

    (#)#% %+")- *+' #+ #&". K+*(' $&'&' (&3&-#% (&4#9#- &'#"

    UV 25< '* *+''$$#' 9#"'# - *(# +(#'$#' (+'#' UV

    8 '* *+''$$#' 9#"'# '. H#3 &'& (&$#"+'#$#' %+"#(&'6#

    )+'6+"#)#' 9#"'# 6#' 4+"4+(# $+%&$# (&3#$$#' )+*#'#"#' &'#"

    UV (+'#' )#'#' +3*4#' 4+"4+(#. K"&%#3 $&'&' $+*('

    (*#%& (#' (&-#&3$#' $"&%#3 $&'&' 4+"4+'%$ #"*.

    S#*)+3 +3#'%'6# #(#3#- )#)#+"&' HC3. P#)#+"&' %+"3'

    $+)#(# #3$#3&( )&*. P+"3#$#' )+"%#*# #(#3#- (+'#' )+''

  • 7/24/2019 260110140103_Frederick Alexander_Modul 1-4 Anstrum

    19/20

    L&+4+"*#''. H#&3'6# #(#3#- '+#%& @9#"'# -&%#*. H#3 &'&

    (&+4#4$#' )#)#+"&' *+*&3&$& %"$%" (+'#' &$#%#' O! )#(# &$#%#'

    #3#- #% &'&' 4+'+'# (+'#' )&& "%. U& L&+4+"*#'' %&(#$

    (#)#% *+'&(+'%&&$#& +'6#9# 6#' *+*&3&$& O! (+'#'

    )&& "% )#(# 4+'+'#. P#)#+"&' $+*(' (&& (+'#' )+"+#$&

    M#";&. H#&3'6# %&(#$ %+"#(& )+"4#-#'. H#3 &'& 4+"3#9#'#' (+'#'

    %+"& (&*#'# +-#"'6# %+"#(& )+"4#-#' $#"+'# )#)#+"&' *+*&3&$&

    +'6#9# #"*#%&$ 6#' +3"-'6# %+"(&"& (#"& C,H, (#' N. P#)#+"&'

    # *+*&3&$& &'&' 4+'+'# 6#' (#)#% 4+"&$#%#' (+'#' "*#3&'

    @M#";& (#' ##* 3#%. H#3 &'& *'$&' (&+4#4$#' $#"+'# "#&

    C,H, (#' N (#3#* )#)#+"&' %&(#$ $ (&"+#$&$#' (+'#' )+"+#$&

    M#";&. P#)#+"&' $+*(' (&%#*4#-$#' #'-&("&( ##* #+%#% (#'

    ##* 3#% $+*(' (&3&-#% (&4#9#- &'#" UV 25< '* (#' 8 '*

    (+'#' *+'-#&3$#' 9#"'# - *(#. H#3 &'& (&$#"+'#$#'

    %+"#(&'6# )+'6+"#)#' 9#"'# 6#' #*# $+%&$# &'#" UV (&3+9#%$#'

    )#(# )#)#+"&'. K"&%#3 )#)#+"&' (&%+%+& "#$# $3"&(# $+*('

    (*#%&. H#&3'6# $"&%#3 )#)#+"&' 4+"4+'%$ 43#%.

    S#*)+3 +3#'%'6# #(#3#- ++("&'. E+("&' *+")#$#' #%

    #*+%#*&' 6#' %+"4%&%& (#' *+")#$#' #'#3 %"$%"#3

    *+%#*+%#*&'. P+"%#*# ++("&' (&"+#$&$#' (+'#' )+"+#$&

    L&+4+"*#'' *+'-#&3$#' 9#"'# "#'+ @&'#. H#3 &'& +#&

    (+'#' %+"& $#"+'# )+"+#$& L&+4+"*#'' (#)#% *+'&(+'%&&$#&

    +'6#9# 6#' *+'#'(' &'&' 4+'+' %+"4%&%& %'#3 6#'

    %&(#$ 4+"#4' (+'#' $#"4'&%, #*&(#, #%# CN!O. E+("&'

    $+*(' (&"+#$&$#' (+'#' %+*4## @II 3#% (#' #*'&*

    -&("$&(# *+'-#&3$#' 9#"'# ' $#"+'# %+"4+'%$ $*)3+$

    C@NH8

  • 7/24/2019 260110140103_Frederick Alexander_Modul 1-4 Anstrum

    20/20

    ##* #3&&3#% (#' -+$#*&' 3#"% %+%#)& +%+3#- )+'#*4#-#' ##*

    3#%, 3#"%#' *+'#(& *+'+'(#). H#3 &'& (&+4#4$#' #(#'6# "+#$&

    #'%#"# #*&' #"*#%&$ )"&*+" (#"& -+$#*&' (+'#' )+"+#$&'6#.

    H+$#*&' $+*(' (&"+#$&$#' (+'#' )+"#$& M#";& (#'

    *+*+"#-$#' 3#$*. H#3 &'& (&+4#4$#' $#"+'# )H 6#' %+"#(&

    *+")#$#' ##*. P#(# (##"'6# )+"+#$& M#";& (#- 4+"% ##*.

    H#3 &'& *+''$$#' -+$#*&' (#)#% 4+"% ##* #%# '+%"#3. K"&%#3

    -+$#*&' (*#%& (+'#' #"# 43&*#& @)+"4#-#' (#"& )#(#%

    *+'#(& # $+*(' *+'#(& )#(#% $+*4#3&. H#&3'6# -+$#*&'

    *+*&3&$& 4+'%$ $"&%#3 #"*.

    VI. DAFTAR PUSTAKA

    A%%#9#6, S. 200