4 sem ess report+artur zdanovic bk46e

8/12/2019 4 Sem Ess Report+Artur Zdanovic Bk46e

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SPECIALITY TITLE:

Passive solar design.

CONSULTANCE:

Ane Marie Hindhede

AUTHOR:

Artur Zdanovic

Number of pages: 19

Number of characters: 23.264

GENERAL INFORMATION: All rights reserved no part of this publication must be

reproduced without preceding permission from the author.

NOTICE: This speciality/Report is produced as a part of the

constructing architect education- every responsibility concerning

guidance, instructions or conclusions is hereby renounced!


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1. ............................................................................................................................. 4

2. ........................................................................................................................................ 62.1 .................................................................................................................................... 7

3. ............................................................................................................................. 8

3.1 .................................................................................................................................. 8

3.2 : .......................................................................................... 9

3.3 ..................................................................................................................... 9

3.4D ............................................................................................................................... 10

3.5 ............................................................................................................................ 11

3.6 ........................................................................................................... 123.7 C ............................................................................................................... 13

4. .......................................................................................................................... 14

4.1 B ................................................................................................................................ 14

4.2 ................................................................................................................. 15

5. C ......................................................................................................................................... 17

6. ............................................................................................................................... 18

A ............................................................................................................................................ 19

A 1: . ....................................................................................................... 19

A2: ........................................................................................................................... 19

A3: ......................................................................................................................... 19


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Listen, the environmental movement is not about protecting the fishes and the birds so much

as recognizing that nature is the infrastructure of our communities. I'd say the most patriotic

thing you can do is to take care of the environment and try to live sustainably. (Robert F.

Kennedy, Jr., National Resource Defense Fund, 2005)


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I have noticed that when I tell people

that these new houses have energy costs

of approximately 50 cents a day, they tend

to think about their own homes. People

respond to the idea. They just need

education and awareness.(JeffChristian, Oak Ridge National

Laboratory, buildings technology

researcher)

.

Sustainable building design is the practice of creating structures and using processes that are

environmentally responsible and resource-efficient throughout a building's life-cycle: design,

construction, operation, maintenance, renovation, and deconstruction. This practice expandsand complements the classical building design concerns of economy, utility, durability, and

comfort.(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_building 11 May 2010)

In order to increase buildings eco-friendliness a lot of different solutions are used

worldwide. Over a century of sustainable building design there have been found a lot of

solutions such as: Low energy consumption- designing the building with a minimum

waste of energy (this is commonly achieved by using highly insulated constructions and

components). Alternative energy sources- wind energy, solar energy, geo-thermal energy,

hydro energy. Recycled materials- everyday more and more materials used in buildingindustry are the result of recycled materials, mostly from demolished buildings. Lightning-

the optimal artificial and natural lightning in a building.

The purpose of this report is to investigate the Passive solar design in building industry.

The topic of natural sustainable lighting has been taken in mind by architects all over the

world for centuries. What interests me in this topic the most is the fact that passive solar

design requires minimum maintenance and can be used in buildings all over the world. As

green building industry is getting more and more popular all over the world every day, I

have decided to investigate what is done to create sustainable architecture by using theelement that every living organism depend on-the Sun.


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.1

Green building practices aim to reduce the environmental impact of buildings. Buildings

account for a large amount of land use, energy and water consumption, and air and

atmosphere alteration. Considering the statistics, reducing the amount of natural resources

buildings consume and the amount of pollution given off is seen as crucial for future

sustainability, according to EPA (Environmental Protection Agency). The environmental

impact of buildings is often underestimated, while the perceived costs of green buildings are

overestimated. A recent survey by the World Business Council for Sustainable

Developmentfinds that green costs are overestimated by 300 percent, as key players in real

estate and construction estimate the additional cost at 17 percent above conventional

construction, more than triple the true average cost difference of about 5

percent.(http://www.wbcsd.org 11May 2010)

Geneva, 11 December 2009- Buildings represent nearly 40% of final energy used globally.

If we include the energy consumed in building construction, this number grows to more than

50%. However, large and attractive opportunities exist to reduce buildings' energy use at a

lower societal cost and a higher return than in other sectors.

(http://www.wbcsd.org/Plugins/DocSearch/details.asp?DocTypeId=251&ObjectId=MzY4ND

k 12 May 2010)

Lighting accounts for around 15% of the energy bill in most homes, and around 25% in

commercial buildings. It is supplied by electrical power plants using fossil fuels, and is

responsible for a significant percentage of carbon dioxide emissions.

(http://www.sustainablebuild.co.uk/SustainableLighting.html 11 May 2010)

In Europe around 40% of total energy consumption is used for operation of our houses. The

houses we construct are solid and have a very long useful life; this means that each year only

around 1-1.5% of our building stock is replaced. More focus on energy consumption has led

to political restraints so that the Building Code today requires that new commercial buildings

must not use more than 95 kWh/m2/year (primary energy) for operation. In the Building

Code (BR08) low energy classes 1 and 2 have furthermore been introduced; a class 1building uses less than 50 kWh/m2 for operation (explanation: low energy class 1 is the best

low energy class in the Building Code). In 2020 requirements for energy consumption in a

new commercial building are expected to be further tightened. Requirements in 2020 will

probably be at no more than 30 kWh/m2/year. (Green Lighthouse Presentation December

2009)


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These facts are really taking away all of my questioning about why is modern building

industry is so focused on sustainability of building. Buildings influence on nature is

enormous. And only a century ago buildings all around the globe were created without any

consideration of sustainability. During industrialization decades the situation got even worse.

Nowadays, on the other hand, architects from countries all over the world have finally

realized the importance of creating sustainable buildings, the importance of creating abrighter future.

.

.1

Solar energy is a radiant heat source that causes natural processes upon which all lifedepends. Some of the natural processes can be managed through building design in a manner

that helps heat and cool the building. The basic natural processes that are used in passive

solar energy are the thermal energy flows associated with radiation, conduction, and natural

convection. When sunlight strikes a building, the building materials can reflect, transmit, or

absorb the solar radiation. Additionally, the heat produced by the sun causes air movement

that can be predictable in designed spaces. These basic responses to solar heat lead to design

elements, material choices and placements that can provide heating and cooling effects in a

home. (http://passivesolar.sustainablesources.com/ 12 May 2010)

Passive solar design refers to the use of the suns energy for the heating and cooling of

living spaces. In this approach, the building itself or some element of it takes advantage of

natural energy characteristics in materials and air created by exposure to the sun. Passive

systems are simple, have few moving parts, and require minimal maintenance and require no

mechanical systems. Not only the passive solar design itself saves the energy and improves

the energy consumption of a building, but also the low maintenance of the system improves

its life-cycle costing by a great deal. The cost of passive design elements can run the same or

slightly more than conventional building costs. This assumes that design services are used in

both approaches passive solar design and conventional design. Interior thermal mass

materials such as stone and brick generally add to the cost of a home but can also beconsidered aesthetic enhancements.(http://passivesolar.sustainablesources.com/ 12 May

2010)


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.

The building should be elongated on an east-west axis. The buildings south face should receive sunlight between the hours of 9:00 A.M. and

3:00 P.M. (sun time) during the heating season.

Interior spaces requiring the most light and heating and cooling should be along thesouth face of the building. Less used spaces should be located on the north.

An open floor plan optimizes passive system operation. Use shading to prevent summer sun entering the interior. SustainableBy Design has

an online calculator for Sun Angles and from that you can figure the overhang

calculations.

(http://passivesolar.sustainablesources.com/ 12 May 2010)

These are very basic rules that might vary in different parts of the world due to climate

differences. In Denmark these rules apply quite well and are used to create passive solar

design all over the country. These guidelines alone will not make a building sustainable, ithas to be investigated more deeply and a specific design should be chosen for each unique

project.

.

As it was known and used in practice for centuries, two primary elements of passive solar

heating are required:

South facing glass Thermal mass to absorb, store, and distribute heat


There are three approaches to passive systems direct gain, indirect gain, and isolated

gain. The goal of all passive solar heating systems is to capture the suns heat within the

buildings elements and release that heat during periods when the sun is not shining. At the

same time that the buildings elements (or materials) are absorbing heat for later use, solar

heat is available for keeping the space comfortable.


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The direct gain system is most commonly used for apartment and public buildings. The

system has proven itself during long years of practice in sustainable architecture. The rules

are simple to follow and they might be automatically considered by architects when

designing any building. Moreover, the basic idea of direct gain system is making the building

itself more attractive for its users as it requires a large area of south-facing windows with

preferably opened space which is most commonly used as living area.

.

An indirect-gain passive solar home has its thermal storage between the south-facing

windows and the living spaces. Using a Trombe wall is the most common indirect-gain

approach. The wall consists of a 200 to 400mm-thick masonry wall on the south side of a

house. The Trombe wall distributes or releases heat into the home over a period of several

hours. Solar heat migrates through the wall, reaching its rear surface in the late afternoon or

early evening. When the indoor temperature falls below that of the walls surface, heat beginsto radiate and transfer into the room. The thermal mass absorbs the sunlight that strikes it and

transfers it to the living space by conduction. The indirect gain system will utilize 30 45%

of the suns energy striking the glass adjoining the thermal mass.


The thermal mass is located immediately behind

south facing glass in this system.

Operable vents at the top and bottom of a thermal

storage wall permit heat to convert from between the

wall and the glass into the living space. When the

vents are closed at night radiant heat from the wall

heats the living space. The thermal mass is located

immediately behind south facing glass in this system.

(http://passivesolar.sustainablesources.com/ 12 May

2010)

http://passivesolar.sustainablesources.com

Indirect gain system is probably the best one for warm seasons and for the areas where it is

warm during the whole year. It allows less sun to get inside the area that the direct gain

system which means it requires less cooling during those hot days. When the sun goes down

and the temperature outside drops down, this system allows to either minimize or fully

replace the heating system in the area.


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A sunroomalso known as a solar room or

solariumis a versatile approach to passive solar

heating. A sunspace can be built as part of a new

building or as an addition to an existing one.(http://passivesolar.sustainablesources.com/ 12 May

2010)

An isolated gain system has its integral parts

separate from the main living area of a building.

Examples are a sunroom and a convective loop

through an air collector to a storage system in the

building. The ability to isolate the system from the

primary living areas is the point of distinction for

this type of system.


The isolated gain system will utilize 15 30% of the sunlight striking the glazing toward

heating the adjoining living areas. Solar energy is also retained in the sunroom itself.

Isolated gain system is most commonly used for private or multi-family houses. It can be

found in apartment buildings using sunrooms as glazed balconies.

The sunroom has some advantages as an isolated gain approach in that it can provideadditional usable space to the building and plants can be grown in it quite effectively. It is

advised to use dark color for the thermal wall in a sunspace. Ventilation system should be

used for summer months. It is most common to use opening vents either on the roof

construction of sunrooms or on the highest points of the glazing.


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.

A primary strategy for cooling buildings without mechanical assistance (passive cooling) in

hot humid climates is to employ natural ventilation.

Passive solar cooling rules of thumb:

Place operable windows onthe exposure of a building

from which the summer wind

usually breezes.

Casement windows offer thebest airflow. Awning (or

hopper) windows should be

fully opened or air will be

directed to ceiling. Awning

windows offer the best rain

protection and perform better

than double hung windows.

If a room can have windowson only one side, use two

widely spaced windows

instead of one window.



The idea is very basic: even south wind is cooler than standing air, which means when it is

let inside a building it cools down interior. This air is replacing hot air inside a building. Air

from interior should be given a path of least resistance. Hot air goes up, therefore opening

are suggested to be highest possible points of rooms/floors. System of passive solar cooling is

most commonly used in private houses, but can be implemented for apartment building with

opened space arrangement.


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What does it take when we go frrelative to this subject and close

perfect example of passive solar

Green Lighthouse is Denmarks

green, circular building housing

Green Lighthouse is a house for

(http://greenlighthouse.ku.dk/en

om_Green_Lighthouse_221016

Building owner: the Ministry o

User: The University of Copenh

Turn-key contractor: Hellerup

Architectural concept: Christen

Engineering concept: COWI

Size: 950 m2

Construction year: 2008-2009

Price: 37 million Danish kroner

Denmarks first CO2 neutral pu

opened at Copenhagen Universit

2009.

The other partners in the projectof Copenhagen, The Danish Uni

Agency, The Municipality of Co

AA

m theory to practice? The project I have foundt by geographical situation is the Green Light

design is Denmarks first CO2 free building.

first public CO2-neutral building. The house is

he Faculty of Science at the University of Cop

students.

lish/presskit/PressemeddelelseGLH_201009_

FINALUK.pdf/)

Science, Technology and Innovation.

agen

Byg

sen og Co. Arkitekter A/S

lic building was

y on 20 October

are The Universityersity and Property

penhagen and VELUX/VELFAC.

14

the mostouse. It is a

a 950 m2

nhagen.

K.pdf/Fakta_


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Natural ventilation (Passive Solar Cooling) takes place through the upper part of the

windows that open and close automatically in order to allow fresh air to enter; no electrical

powered systems are therefore needed. The heated air rises through the centre atrium of the

building and exits through the skylights. Skylights are also used during the warm season to

cool down the house during the night.

Windows with thermo glass minimize the heat loss, and at the same time, ensure that the sun

heats up the house during the winter. The lighting source is based on a light emission diode

system characterized by a long life and low energy consumption. Energy for basic lighting is

generated by the building itself.

A daylight factor above 5% is perceived as a well lit room where artificial lighting is

normally not needed during the day. ( Tregenza and Loe in The design of lighting (1998))

Requirements for the daylight factor in Green Lighthouse are at least 3% for all permanent

workplaces and at least 2% for corridors. Overall, daylight is meant to be the primary light

source and is part of the strategy for energy efficiency.

Calculations (using the Radiance program) have documented that the daylight factor is

complied with; in most areas the level of daylight is higher.

At a daylight factor of less than 2% artificial light is necessary and will dominate the room.

://..///201009./

221016A./

The project Green Lighthouse is the most perfect example of modern sustainable design.

This case investigation has given me a lot of inspiration and knowledge about building

green. Hopefully, not only me but also my fellow classmates will be able to get the same

inspiration.


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.

I have made a research about passive solar design and its different types that can be used in

most of architectural projects. It was in my interest to find out how very simple and

underestimated architectural solutions can improve buildings sustainability.

During this report writing I saw how much potential passive solar design has. In different

projects all around the world it can and mostly should be used to save up energy use as a part

of creating a new CO2 neutral society. The perfect example of that is the green Lighthouse

project in the city of Copenhagen; it is a masterpiece passive solar design and an inspiration

for architects of how to achieve the maximum result in this area of constructing science.

Different, on the other hand similar, solutions of passive solar design can be used: direct

gain, indirect gainor isolated gain. Correctly applying one of these or a combination of

such can dramatically increase inhabitant, industrial or public buildings sustainability by

lowering yearly energy consumption.


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.

Links:

://...../.

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://..//D/.?D=251&=4D

://../

://..///201009./

221016A./

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://../2006/08/16/101/

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Literature:

Green Lighthouse Presentation December 2009

Tregenza and Loe in The design of lighting 1998

Passive Solar Design for the Home DOE/GO-102001-1105 FS121February 2001


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1 .

This report is writhen as a part of 4thsemester on Constructing Architect in VIA University

College Aarhus. In this report I am planning to figure out how can the architecture and a most

efficient way of using sunlight help to improve sustainability of a building.

In this report several main passive solar design systems are investigated: direct gain,

indirect gain, isolated gain and passive solar cooling.

A case study ofthe Green Lighthouse is given as an example of passive solar design in

modern architecture.

My research was mainly based on web searching for passive solar design systems.

Electronic books, web pages and architectural forums were researched to feed my curiosity

about this subject. All the links can be found in the list of references of this report.

There is a lot of software available for helping architects to create passive solar design. The

most popular and highest ranked by professionals around the world are Solarch and

Radiance software programs. The programs and tutorials can be downloaded at:

Solarch- http://www.kahl.net/solarch/

Radiance- http://www.radiance-online.org/

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