ideal dilute solution : xA1; xi0 .: : ; : ..,.

1.:,,:

A= A*(T,p)+RTlnxA(1) A*(T,p):,T,p.

2.: A,B,B.,B,: B(l)=B(g)=B0(T)+RTln(pB/p0): pB=kxxB: Bsol=B0(T)+RTln(kxxB/p0) =B0(T)+RTln(kx/p0)+RTlnxB

Bo(T)= B0(T)+RTln(kx/p0): B=Bo(T)+RTlnxB(2)Bo(T): :,xB=1,..xB,,xB1,,.

.: pB=kmmB B=B0+RTln(pB/p0) =B0+RTln((kmmB/p0)(m0/m0)) =B0+RTln(kmm0/p0)+RTln(mB/m0) B=B+RTln(mB/m0)(3) B= B0+RTln(kmm0/p0)(4) B: .: mB=1mol.kg-1, .

: pB=kccB B=B0+RTln(pB/p0) =B0+RTln((kccB/p0)(c0/c0)) =B0+RTln(kcc0/p0)+RTln(cB/c0) B=B+RTln(cB/c0)(3) B= B0+RTln(kcc0/p0)(4) B: .: mB=1mol.L-1, .

(2)B,R.RB1.0m,,,.

(colligative properties):.

.(freezing-point lowering):

.() ,: A,s=Asol=A*(T,p)+RTlnxA *=Gm(l)()fusG= A* AsG =RTlnxA G/T=RlnxA

[/T(G/T)]p=R(lnxA/T)p=H/T2(lnxA/T)p=H/RT2

:dlnxA=H/RT2dT lnxA=H/R(1/T)|= H/R(1/Tf1/Tf*) =HT/(RTfTf*) T=Tf*Tf > 0

: xA1; xB0 lnxA=ln(1xB) xB

,: xB=fusHm(T/RTfTf*)fusHmTf/R(Tf*)2 Tf=R(Tf*)2/fusHm xB(1) R(Tf*)2/fusHm (nB/nA) =MAR(Tf*)2/fusHm (nB/WA)=mB Tf=KfmB (2) Kf=R(Tf*)2/fusHmMA(3)Kf:(cryoscopic constant);: K.kg.mol-1 .Kf,.

ATb, p0,Tbp, p0,. ,,T,p0,. TTb, Tb=KbmB.

. (boiling-point elevation) :, .pA=pA*xA

,: Tb=R(Tb*)2/vapHm xB(4) Tb=KbmB (5) Kb=R(Tb*)2/vapHmMA(6)(ebullioscopic constant)Kb,,.

,.: HAcKf/K.kg.mol-1 1.86 5.126.9 3.90Kb/K.kg.mol-10.51 2.535.8 3.07

,,,,.,;,.,: Tb=KbmB(1xBg/xBsol) (7):xBg :B; xBsol:B.,B,(7)(5).

: A A= A*(T,p)+RTlnxAA A*(T,p), A ,A. ,,A,,AA,A,A,,.

.(osmotic pressure):AA,(A),A,,(),.,A,.

::A*(T,p)A:A=A*+RTlnxA

ARTlnxA AVm*(A)dp =Vm*(A) Vm*(A) RTlnxA Vm*(A) =RTln(1xB) RTxB xB

nAVm*(A) = nBRT VnA Vm*(A) V=nBRT (10) =nB/VRT=cBRT(11)(10),(11).

: ,,...,,,,,,.