授人以鱼不如授人以渔

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授人以鱼不如授人以渔. ---《 初中英语教学策略 》 导读. 虹口实验学校 邬明敏. 作者简介 王笃勤,副教授,英语语言文学博士,北京市“人才强教”中青年骨干教师, 《 中等职业学校英语教学大纲 》 修订组组长:曾主持教育科学“十五”规划等各级科研项目,主要研究应用语言学、教师发展、教材开发、教学设计以及评价与测试:主编国家规划教材,参编新课程标准教材、高等师范院校教材多部,发表论文 50 余篇,多次参加国际学术交流。代表作有 《 英语教学策略论 》《 真实性评价:从理论到实践 》 等。. 教学策略 - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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--- 《初中英语教学策略》导读

虹口实验学校 邬明敏

作者简介

王笃勤,副教授,英语语言文学博士,北京市“人才强教”中青年骨干教师,《中等职业学校英语教学大纲》修订组组长:曾主持教育科学“十五”规划等各级科研项目,主要研究应用语言学、教师发展、教材开发、教学设计以及评价与测试:主编国家规划教材,参编新课程标准教材、高等师范院校教材多部,发表论文 50 余篇,多次参加国际学术交流。代表作有《英语教学策略论》《真实性评价:从理论到实践》等。

教学策略在特定的教学任务中,为了提高教学的时效性,在某种教学观念、理念和原则的指导下,根据教学条件的特点,对教学任务的诸要素进行的系统规划以及根据谋划在执行过程中所采取的措施。

第一章 初中英语教学策略概述 第二章 初中英语教学要素分析 第三章 初中英语规划教学策略 第四章 初中英语词汇教学策略 第五章 初中英语语法教学策略 第六章 初中英语听说教学策略 第七章 初中英语阅读教学策略 第八章 初中英语写作教学策略 第九章 初中英语策略教学策略 第十章 初中英语学习评价策略

宏观规划策略

单项教学策略

通用教学策略

1.事实信息、观点信息的识别和转述能力

2.事实信息、观点信息、语言使用、策略使用的理解3.事实信息、观点信息以及语言知识的运用

4.关系、逻辑、结构以及策略使用的分析

5.综合各种信息、观点

6.对事件、任务、观点、策略使用等方面的评价7.知识、信息和策略的创造性应用

8.元认知

1.事实信息、观点信息的识别和转述能力

2.事实信息、观点信息、语言使用、策略使用的理解3.事实信息、观点信息以及语言知识的运用

4.关系、逻辑、结构以及策略使用的分析

5.综合各种信息、观点

6.对事件、任务、观点、策略使用等方面的评价7.知识、信息和策略的创造性应用

8.元认知

阅读能力的层次性

知识、理解、分析、运用、元认知

元认知知识

元认知操作

元认知体验

元认知

元认知知识:学生了解什么样的阅读策略适应于什么阅读任务。

影响阅读的因素

心理因素

知识因素

语言因素

策略因素

( Torgesen&Burgess,1998 ):相当部分研究发现,一年级中阅读能力低下者,其阅读能力将持续低下 , 开始的错误可能会导致永久的低效,也就不可能培养流畅的阅读者。

“Catch them before they fall”( Torgesen.1998 )传授阅读技巧和阅读策略注重阅读学习策略的教学 帮助学生提高阅读的自主学习能力

一、阅读认知的要求 二、《课程标准》的要求

初中阶段阅读目标为:能在听或阅读中克服生词障碍、理解大意、获取准确信息。能在阅读中运用阅读策略获取所需的信息。

理解层次;分析层次;元认知层次

四级阅读:1 、能借助词典阅读包括信件、广告、说明等形 式的语言材料,理解意思、并能在整体理 解文章的基础上进行推测判断。2 、能理解标志图表提供的文字信息。3 、能不借助词典读懂含 3%-5% 生词的语言材料4 、能从网络等文字读物中获取基本信息。5 、课外阅读量不少于 20 万字(累计)。元认知

阅读技巧

运用阅读策略进行有效学习的能力

一、教学目标设定二、教学内容包含

三、教学方式渗透四、教学过程贯彻五、教学评价检测

一、教学目标设定

阅读课教学目标中要设定策略教学目标。

二、教学内容包含 Learn to read 1 )语言 2 )阅读方法

3 )阅读策略

阅读策略:skimming, scanning, word-guessing, inferring 等

planning, monitoring, management, self-evaluation, resourcing 等

阅读的计划能力,阅读中元认知能力 策略支撑技巧

猜测词义 (根据上下文、构词法,同义词、反义词,上下义词, for example 的例证等等 )

培养

大意理解(阅读首尾段,阅读首尾句,阅读每一段的主题句等)作者的观点态度(主题句阅读, for example, therefore 等信息词的提示,虚拟语气等语法结构)

三、教学方式渗透任务型阅读教学

PWP 教学模式

情境阅读教学

ACTIVE 阅读

Active 阅读教学(安德森 )

•Active prior knowledge (激活背景知识)•Cultivate vocabulary (培养词汇能力)•Teach for comprehension (传授阅读技巧)•Increase reading rate (提高阅读速度)•Verify reading strategies (验证阅读策略)•Evaluate progress (评估学习效果)

阅读材料;激活学生的学习动机;培养一定的词汇能力;激活相关的背景;进行策略教学;有阅读效果的评估

需要:

Leaning of the tower Leaning of the tower

TimeTime What happenedWhat happened

In 1173In 1173

By 1178By 1178

On 7 On 7 January January 19901990

On 16 June On 16 June 20012001

the tower began to lean

the tower was closed to the public

the tower was officially reopened

in danger

10 years’ work

safe

the building of the tower began

Reading skills ( 核心环节)

四、教学过程贯彻1.一定要有策略设计策略教学目标:

1 )目标设定的层次: 知识层次 应用层次 2 )与知识技能目标相一致3 )根据学生的策略基础确定策略目标

2. 显性与隐性相结合3. 发挥学生在策略学习中的主体作用

What’s the main idea of each paragraph?What’s the best title of the passage?

策略目标 能够运用览读策略了解段落主题;能够根据段落主题确定文章标题。

读前活动:策略调查在阅读之前通过询问等方式激活学生的策略图式,以便学生能在阅读中使用正确的阅读方式完成阅读任务。

在地铁站看火车时刻表,在候车地点看列车公示都是如何阅读的,又是如何浏览报纸找自己想看的信息

案例:( scanning 策略激活)

通过阅读呈现策略,而不是阅读前介绍

应用层次

知识层次

读中活动:策略教学 1 )提示学习策略

2 )丰富阅读学习策略教学活动

如 Look for words you know. You don’t have to understand every word.

3 ) 传授阅读学习策略

•主题句阅读•首尾段阅读•通观全局•信息聚焦•表格填充有声思维•标题阅读•图片或者片段预测

策略教学活动

•反复朗读课文•背诵课文或相应的段落或语篇•提前预习,设置学习目标,增强阅读的计划性•阅读时集中注意力,忽略与之有关的其他内容•根据上下文、构词法、同现复现信息等猜测词义•忽略不熟悉的且不影响主题理解的词语•根据已知信息和语篇逻辑进行推理判断•采用自上而下或自下而上的处理模式•利用常识或零散已知信息推测作者意图•通过主题句、结论句等了解文章主题,分析文章结构•通过 but, so 以及 for example 等信息词判断作者的观点态度•区分事实信息与观点信息•不同文体的文章采取不同的阅读方式•阅读时记录关键信息•了解相关背景知识

阅读学习策略

读后活动:反思运用

如何获取信息,如何进行推理判断,采用了什么策略 培养学生的策略意识

如:阅读后评价学生是否根据每段首句获取大意:How did you get the answer? Read the following and tick what you did.a. I got the answer from the first sentence of each paragraphb. I read through the passage from beginning to end to get the idea.c. …

设计策略应用的环节

2.显性与隐性相结合

策略的显性学习过程

学生自主地使用策略

策略的再次显性训练

三阶段

显性:策略教学 隐性:策略应用 Anstrom(1999) :我们应该明确的概括出阅读策略的名字,如:“ I am using inferring when I figure out the words I don’t know from the text.”

3. 发挥学生在策略学习中的主体作用

Yes No

When I read the story, I tried to guess what is going to happen next.

While I was reading, I tried to image what is happening as if I were watching TV.

I tried to build a connection between different plots.

When I reached…, I tried to read back…

自我提问单

策略教学程序 1 、呈现

2 、训练

3 、应用

4 、拓展

教学目标1 、了解“略读”阅读策略的功能与操作2 、能够尝试综合运用“略读”阅读策略解决实际阅 读任务。

【案例】

教学过程Step 1. read for main idea 1. 学生阅读课文回答有关文章主题的问题。 What is the article about?2.选择如何阅读获取大意 skimming a. 阅读标题 b. 阅读开篇段以及每段的起始句 c. 阅读结尾段3. 阅读每段的第一句,根据每段的第一句总 结大意,拟定主题

了解策略的概念演绎的方式

归纳的方式

呈现

Step 2 训练应用 学生阅读所给文章,回答文章的主题 (What is the article about? ) ,请同学们思考自己用了什么样的策略 Step 3 Summary 总结 skimming 阅读策略

Step 4 拓展( homework) 选择 3--5篇与所学课文一样的文章,归纳出其每段的主题旬。

训练

应用

拓展

五、教学评价检测(一)课内评价

1.变教师评价为学生评价2.既要关注结果,又要关注过程3.既要关注正确选择,又要关注错误作答 4.关注学生的发展

(二)课外形成性评价1. 阅读活动的评价 ( 阅读日志、读书会、读书报告 ) 2. 阅读质量的评价 ( 自我提问单 )

国外策略培训的模式

单一策略培训 & 策略对比培训 (Cohen & Aphek 1980)

有效

个别学生培训 &小组培训 (Butler 2002) 效果明显

全班培训 (Chamot, Barnhard, El-Dinary & Robbins 1990)

“Strategy-Based Instruction”

PreparationActive background knowledge Presentation Explain, Model

PracticePrompt strategiesGive feedback EvaluationAssess strategies Expansion Support Transfer

Attend Participate

Apply Strategieswith Guidance

Assess Strategies

List Strategies Independently

Transfer Strategies to New Tasks

Teacher responsibility

Student responsibility

策略培训框架( Chamot等人)

Inferencing for word recognition

LANGUAGE OBJECTIVE:Reading to have a better understanding of vocabulary and the text.STRATEGY OBJECTIVE: Making educated guesses at the meanings of new words.TIME NEEDED: 60 minutes.MATERIALS: Lesson plan, student worksheet.

1. Preparation (5 minutes)

Freshwater aquatic plants are found in ponds, ditches and pools of stagnant water. Such plants may be free floating, partially submerged or totally submerged.

2. Presentation( 15 minutes)

Step1: Explaining

Step2: Modeling

Kunte Kinte was the victim of cruel, evil, malevolent and brutal slave traders.

对阅读策略的使用做出示范:大声说出认知过程中所采用的策略。

think-aloud既能示范所用的阅读策略,又能使阅读策略培训明朗化。 Anstrom( 1999)

Think-aloud:

TeacherTeacher’’s think-aloud processs think-aloud process strategiesstrategies

I don't know the first two words Kunte I don't know the first two words Kunte Kinte.Kinte.

Here I'm picking out a problem Here I'm picking out a problem word--problem identification.word--problem identification.

But there are capital letters in front of But there are capital letters in front of both words. Normally people or place both words. Normally people or place names are capitalized like that. So this names are capitalized like that. So this could be a name.could be a name.

Here I'm using my Here I'm using my knowledge knowledge about the English languageabout the English language to to guess what an unknown word guess what an unknown word is.is.

And it says Kunte Kinte was the victim of slave And it says Kunte Kinte was the victim of slave traders. What did slave traders do? I saw in traders. What did slave traders do? I saw in movies that slave traders sold men as slaves in movies that slave traders sold men as slaves in order to make money. If Kunte Kinte is the order to make money. If Kunte Kinte is the victim of these slave traders, Kunte Kinte must victim of these slave traders, Kunte Kinte must be a man and a slave.be a man and a slave.

I'm making use of nearby I'm making use of nearby words in the sentence words in the sentence (linguistic context) and my (linguistic context) and my general knowledge of the general knowledge of the worldworld to guess. to guess.

I donI don’’t know the word malevolent.t know the word malevolent. I'm picking out a problem word I'm picking out a problem word again--problem identification.again--problem identification.

But the word describes slave traders, so But the word describes slave traders, so it must bean adjective. it must bean adjective.

I'm using my I'm using my knowledge about knowledge about part of speechpart of speech to guess.to guess.

There are four words here that describe There are four words here that describe the slave traders: cruel, evil, malevolent the slave traders: cruel, evil, malevolent and brutal. I know what cruel, evil and and brutal. I know what cruel, evil and brutal mean. They are similar in brutal mean. They are similar in meaning. So malevolent must be very meaning. So malevolent must be very bad as well, similar to the three.bad as well, similar to the three.

Here IHere I’’m guessing the m guessing the meaning of an unknown meaning of an unknown word from the sentence word from the sentence where the word appears.where the word appears.

And slave traders sell people. They are And slave traders sell people. They are bad anyway. So the word must mean bad anyway. So the word must mean something similar to very badsomething similar to very bad

I'm confirming my first I'm confirming my first guess with my general guess with my general knowledge of the world.knowledge of the world.

Now that I understand all the words I Now that I understand all the words I dondon’’t know in the sentence, let me go t know in the sentence, let me go back and check if I understand the whole back and check if I understand the whole sentence: sentence: Kunte Kinte was the victim of Kunte Kinte was the victim of cruel, evil, malevolent and brutal slave cruel, evil, malevolent and brutal slave traders. traders. OKOK,, I think l know what the I think l know what the sentence means now.sentence means now.

I'm evaluating both my I'm evaluating both my understanding of the text understanding of the text and the successfulness of and the successfulness of my guessing.my guessing.

3. Practice (25 minutes) The hippopotamus is a herbivore. It feeds on plants found on the banks of rivers. It does not prey on other animals.

Text

Your guess

Reasons for the guess (list all clues for each guess)

…As a mammal, it is unable to breathe in water. However, it keeps its whole body under the water except its eyes and nostrils.…

【 The strategy worksheet】

4. Evaluation (10 minutes)

5. Expansion (after-class assignment for students)