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Journal of Language Relationship 5 (2011) Pp. 6995 Militarev A., 2011

Alexnder MilitrevRussian State University for the Humanities / Santa Fe Institute

A complete etymology-based hundred wordlist of Semitic updated:

Items 3554The paper represents the second part of the author's etymological analysis of the Swadesh

wordlist for Semitic languages (the first part having already appeared in Vol. 3 of the same

Journal). Twenty more items are discussed and assigned ProtoSemitic reconstructions, with

strong additional emphasis on suggested Afrasian cognates.

Keywords: Semitic, Afrasian (AfroAsiatic), etymology glottochronology, lexicostatistics.

The object of the present study is analysis of the second portion 1 of Swadeshs 100-wordlist for

Semitic. It is a followup to the authors second attempt at compiling a complete Swadesh

wordlist for most Semitic languages that would fully represent all the branches, groups and

subgroups of this linguistic family and provide etymological background for every possible

item. It is another step towards figuring out the taxonomy and building a detailed and com

prehensive genetic tree of said family, and, eventually, of the Afrasian (AfroAsiatic) macro

family with all its branches on a lexicostatistical/glottochronological basis.

Several similar attempts, including those by the author (Mil. 2000, Mil. 2004, Mil. 2007,

Mil. 2008, Mil. 2010), have been undertaken since M. Swadesh introduced his method of glot

tochronology (Sw. 1952 and Sw. 1955). In this paper, as well as in my previous studies in genetic classification, I have relied on Sergei Starostins glottochronological method (v. Star.)

which is a radically improved and further elaborated version of Swadeshs method.

That the present portion includes only twenty items out of the 100-wordlist, instead of a

second third (33 items), as I had previously planned, is justified by my efforts to adduce as

many Afrasian parallels to Semitic words as possible more than I did within the first por

tion. I hope to fill all the Afrasian gaps in the first portion as a supplement to the forthcoming

portions which I will also try to provide with Afrasian etymologies. It should be noted that my

aim is not to give complete data from all the nonSemitic Afrasian languages for all the items

(i.e. not the complete etymological entries), but only to present available data demonstratingthe Afrasian origin of all Semitic words involved, inter alia, to eliminate the possibility of thelatter items having been borrowed from nonAfrasian languages. Compared with the same

20 items of the list included in one of my previous papers (Mil. 2008), these ones are updated,

corrected in some points, and some more reliable etymologies are suggested.

This study was carried out within the frames of several projects: Featuring early Neolithicman and society in the Near East by the reconstructed common Afrasian lexicon after the Afrasian database (supported by the Russian Foundation for Sciences, No. 090600153), Semitic Etymological Dictionary (supported by the Russian Foundation for the Humanities, No. 060400397a),Evolution of Human Languages (supported by the Santa Fe Institute), and The Tower of Babel(supported by Dr. Evgueny Satanovsky). I am much thankful to all of the supporters. My

1 See the first portion (items 134) and a more extended introductory note in Mil. 2010.

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gratitudes also go to my colleagues and collaborators in different projects: Prof. O. Stolbova

(with whom we collaborate on the Afrasian Database within the Evolution of Human Lan

guages project, from where I draw most of the data) and Drs. L. Kogan and G. Starostin for

consultations and discussions. I am also indebted to Dr. M. Bulakh for obtaining for me a

100-word list from a Tigre speaker, and to L. Kogan for sharing with me the Soqotri list

(namely, of the dialect spoken by a Bedouin tribe of Darho in the central part of Socotra) com

piled by him during his recent expedition to Socotra in November 2010, which caused me to

correct a few items and cancel several synonyms that, for lack of more precise data, I had to

treat on par with the corresponding main term in my previous list.

The list below is based on the following main sources (not referred to in the text except for

special cases): Akk. CAD and AHw; Ugr. DUL; Hbr. and Bib. HALOT; Pho. Tomb.;

Pal. Sok. JP; Syr. Brock. and Sok. Syr.; Mnd. DM; Urm. Tser. and Sarg.; Qur. Pen.

and BK; Leb., Mlt. native speakers, Mec. Sat.; Sab. SD; Gez. LGz; Tna. native

speakers and Kane T; Tgr. a native speaker and LH; Amh. native speakers, Baet. and

Kane A; Arg. LArg; Gaf. LGaf; Sod. and Cha. native speakers and LGur; Har. a na

tive speaker and LHar; Wol. LGur; Hrs. a native speaker and JH; Mhr. native speak

ers, JM and Nak.; Jib. native speakers,JJ and Nak.; Soq. data collected by L. Kogan and LS.

The Data.

The data consist of items 3554 of Swadeshs 100-word list of 28 Semitic languages, repre

senting all groups within the family. Each item unites all the synonyms that are different in

origin, i. e. form different subentries within the same entry, each of which is preceded by its

own number (in round brackets). Each subentry, in its turn, consists of one or several cognate

lexemes divided by a semicolon; the etymological comments including a Sem. protoform fol

low after a double slash; nonSemitic Afrasian parallels and a suggested Afrasian protoformfollow after the symbol . Note that for cases when the choice of only one representative lex

eme in a language is too difficult, Starostins procedure allows for several synonyms in the

same language to be scored; in this case, synonyms from the same language would be present

in two or more entries. Within each item there may occur two kinds of cases which are not

scored at all borrowings and lack of a corresponding term in the available sources; such

cases form a separate section within the item, preceded by the symbol . Each item is com

pleted with its Semitic protoform(s) in bold letters on the deepest level of reconstruction

available (ProtoSemitic, Common West and South Semitic, etc.) in accordance with my classi

fication of Semitic.

The following dates (some of them fairly conventional, some chosen after much hesitationand discussions with specialists in individual languages, and still liable to changes before a fi

nal scoring) have been attributed to individual languages: Akkadian, 1450 B.C.E.; Ugaritic,1350 B.C.E.; Hebrew, 650 B.C.E.; Phoenician 850 B.C.E.; Biblical Aramaic, 200 B.C.E.; Palestinian Judaic, 200 C.E.; Syrian Aramaic, 200 C.E.; Mandaic, 750 C.E.; Urmian Aramaic, 1900;Quranic Arabic, 600 C.E.; Lebanese Arabic, 2000; Meccan Arabic, 2000; Maltese Arabic, 2000;Sabaic, 200 B.C.E.; Geez, 500 C.E.; Tigrai, 2000; Tigre, 2000; Amharic, 2000; Argobba, 2000; Gafat, 1900; Soddo, 2000; Harari, 2000; Wolane, 2000; Chaha, 2000; Harsusi, 2000; Mehri, 2000;

Jibbali, 2000; Soqotri, 2000.

Abbreviations of languages, language periods and ancient sources:Afras. Afrasian (Afroasiatic, SemitoHamitic); Akk. Akkadian; Amh. Amharic;

Arb. Arabic; Arg. Argobba; Arm. Aramaic; Ass. Assyrian, B Babylonian, BD

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A complete etymology-based hundred wordlist of Semitic updated: Items 3554

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Book of the Dead; Brb. Berber; Bib. Biblical Aramaic; C. Central; Cha. Chaha;

Chad. Chadic; Clas. Classical; CT Coffin Texts; Cush. Cushitic; Da Dana Ara

bic; Dem. Demotic; of. ofar Arabic; Dyn. Dynasty; E. East; Egyp. Egyptian;

ESA Epigraphic South Arabian;Eth. Ethiopian; Gaf. Gafat; Gez. Geez; Gur. Gu

rage; Har. Harari; r aramawt Arabic; HEC Highland East Cushitic; Hbr. He

brew; Hrs. Harsusi; Jib. Jibbali; Jud. Judaic Aramaic; LL = lexical lists; Leb. Leba

nese Arabic; LEC Lowland East Cushitic; Mlt. Maltese Arabic; Mec. Meccan Arabic;

Med. Medical Texts; Mhr. Mehri; MK Middle Kingdom; Mnd. Mandaic Aramaic;

Mod. Modern; MSA Modern South Arabian; N New, N. North; NK New King

dom; OK Old Kingdom; Omot. Omotic; Pal. Palestinian Aramaic; pB. postbiblical;

Pho. Phoenician; Pyr. Pyramid Texts; Qur. Quranic Arabic; S Standard, S.

South; Sab. Sabaic; Sem. Semitic; Sod. Soddo; Soq. Soqotri; Syr. Syrian Aramaic;

Tna. Tigria (= Tigray); Tgr. Tigre; Ugr. Ugaritic; Urm. Urmian NeoAramaic;

W. West.; Wol. Wolane, Y Young.

Transcription and transliteration:2

bilabial emphatic voiceless stop; bilabial emphatic voiced stop; bilabialvoiced fricative; dental emphatic voiceless stop; dental emphatic voiced stop; voiceless interdental fricative (in Egyptian, a conventional symbol most likely conveying ; voiced interdental fricative (in Egyptian, a conventional symbol most likely conveying;c alveolar voiceless affricate [ts]; alveolar voiced affricate [dz]; palatoalveolarvoiceless affricate [t]; palatoalveolar voiced affricate [d]; hissing emphatic voicelessfricative; emphatic voiceless affricate; conventionally stands for what was likely ,emphatic voiced interdental spirant, or , emphatic voiceless interdental spirant; palatoalveolar emphatic affricate; lateral voiceless fricative (denoted by xin Sem. reconstructed

protoforms); lateral voiceless affricate; lateral voiceless emphatic affricate; lateralvoiced emphatic fricative (or perhaps affricate); lateral voiced fricative; voiced velarfricative (in Berber), or q emphatic velar stop; q hypothetic velar affricate [kh] (only inreconstructed Afrasian protoforms); uvular voiced fricative (Arabic ghain); uvularvoiceless fricative; presumably velar voiceless fricative (only in Egyptian); pharyngeal voiceless fricative; pharyngeal stop (ayin), h laryngeal voiceless fricative; glottal stop (aleph, hamza), y palatal resonant; and conventional transcriptionsymbols accepted in Egyptology.

Conventions for reconstructed protoforms:

V renders a nonspecified vowel, e.g. *bVr should be read either *a, or *i, or *uH renders a nonspecified laryngeal or pharyngealS renders a nonspecified sibilant/ when separates two symbols means or, e.g. *i/abar should be read either *ibar or

*abar( ) a symbol in round brackets means with or without this symbol, e. g. *ba(w)r should

be read *bawr or *bar~ means and pointing to two or more coexisting protoforms

2 It should be stressed that the vocalism reconstructed below for Semitic and, especially, Afrasian protoforms

is, in many cases, conventional and highly tentative.

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35GREEN

(1) Akk. (w)aru; Ugr. yr greenishyellow (of metal); Hbr. yr, yrara; Pal. yr; Syr.yr-; Mnd.yura-; Har. war // < Sem. *war yellow, green (v. in DUL 982; Bulakh 2003810).

( < Afras. *wVragreen, yellow (ADB): (?) Egyp. (MK) < *yr leeks, greens, vegetables(more likely < Canaanite than an inherited term, cf. Hbr. yr greens, vegetables); Brb.:Ghadames ar be green,Siwaawra green, Ahaggar, Ayr irwa (met.), Qabyle awrabe green, etc.

(2) Qur. aar-; Leb. Mec. aar; Mlt. adr // < *r. Perhaps related to Akk. aartu (aertu,aatu) (wool or cloth of a certain color, probably green); (green) dry mucus, nasal discharge(CAD 130) if the meaning green is genuine. Probably further related are Pho. mrt herbage (Tomb. 172), Hbr. r grass, leek (HALOT 343), Old Arm. r grass, herb (HJ 400),

Jud. ar grass, leek (Ja. 496) if the latter forms represent a case of Sem. *> Arm. ; cf., however, Arb. irim tout fruit vert, non mr et acide; datte non mre and ar tissu; ... natte(de roseaux ou de jonc); ... panier tress de feuilles de palmier (BK 1 441) pointing to *r,perhaps a variant root of *

r.The situation looks still more entangled in view of Jib.

argrn (attested in Jahn 190; another variant root *r?). Cf. the discussion in Bulakh Dis.( There are problematic Afras. parallels with metathesis (ADB): Chad. C.: Mandara urke

blue, Podoko rka black (St. 2007 #275), Malgwa rke green (ibid. #270), E.: Kera kisrk black (ibid. #275; all the above examples are treated as forms with secondary -k,which needs proof; in all of them can reflect *acc. to Stolbovas table of reflexation ibid. 8); C. Cush. *iur ~ *ar black: Waag iur, Kunfl sarki, Aungi crki, arq; Omot.N. *karc/ black (although these forms are reconstructed as *kartt in Bnd. Om., c andespecially more or less contradict the tables of correspondences in both Bnd. Om. andBla. Om. and can hardly reflect the common Afras. suffix in *-t): Gamo karec, Male kari,

Zaise kr, Ganjule kari, etc., (?) S.: Ongota arkamuni, arkamuni, aramuni green, wet(compared in Bla. Ong., on one hand, with Ong arki dew, Tsamai arke id., on the other,with Aungi carki black). If related to Arb. aar-, all of these forms imply Afras. *qVVr~ *qVrV ~*VrVq green, black.

(3) Gez. /amalmil; Tna. amlmil3; Wol. aml dn // < Eth.: Gez. aml vegetation, vegetables,herbs, shrubs (LGz 233), Tgr. amle coll. vegetables, herbs, grass (LH 59), Tna. amliedible herbs, vegetables, cabbage or mustard greens (Kane T 169), etc.4 Perhaps compa

rable with Arb. amilat douce, molle, tendre; terrain bas, doux et propre la culture; terrain sablonneux trs doux et couvert de vgtation; bois pai, arbres touffus et dont les

branches sentrelacent; jardin o il y a beaucoup darbres (BK 1 635). See detailed discus

sion in Bulakh Dis. No Afras. parallels.(4) Tgr. saarsaaro5; Cha. srimsr // < Eth. *a(a)r grass, vegetation: Gez. ar, Har. sar,

Cha. sr, etc. (LGz 525, LGur 531; Cha. srimsr is interpreted by Leslau as it resemblesgrass from sr + (y)msr from msl to be like with l:r ibid. 560), further related toArb. ar vegetation, trees.

( < Afras. *a()r green, grass, vegetation: Chad. W.: Hausa r, emphasizes greenness,Ngizim rt green, not ripe, E.: Somrai serandu green, etc. (St. 2007 #270; likely also

3 The other Tna term for green, ly, is an Amharism, judging by - instead of the expected *-

(v. Bulakh Dis.).4 Borrowed into Cush.: Aungi ml, Bilin ml, etc. cabbage (App. CDA), Kambatta hmiilu cabbage (Huds.

320).5 The other term for green, dr, is borrowed from Arb.

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*(y)VrVleaf ibid. #285 and perhaps *VrVblack, blue ibid. #275 as a secondary development from green). Very likely further related to Afras. *a()rVy barley: Sem. *aVrbarley; grass (Dolgopolsky explained - as the result of contamination with Sem. *arhair; otherwise influenced by Sem. *V6); Egyp. (MK): r.t Gerste (EG IV, 524);E. Cush.: Kambatta arta, Tembaro aaru barley, etc. (see Mil. Farm. #6).

(5) Amh. lmma, lyya, lal // < Eth. *al: Gez. al leaf, foliage (LGz 450), Tna.li leaf, branch, green branch, foliage (Kane T 1059), Amh. al leaf, plant, occasionally tree (Kane A 829), etc., related to Arb. al fourrage vert coup pour les chevaux,alat tendre et flexible (arbre); gerbe (de crales fauches) (BK II 755).

( This Arb.Eth. *al is comparable, as a form with -lextention (see Mil. RE), with Cush.C.: Aungi aci leaf (App. CDA 91; < *ac/-), S.: Iraqw qaanaar, Alagwa qaanar, etc.green, likely < *an: Burunge qaana rawness, state of being unripe7, Qwadza anagreen, perhaps Dahalo e unripe, raw (HRSC 250, in which Maa -ksa bad, semantically possible but hard to prove, is also included). The resulting Afras. protoform can be

reconstructed as *al green, unripe.(6) Amh.

arngde(syn.); Arg.

rangde; Sod.

arngade// No Sem. etymology.

( Cf., however, C. Cush.: Kemant argina green (connected with Amh. arngde, according to App. CDA 77); the connection is unmistakable, though quite enigmatic. While

-d in S. Eth. fails explanation, the Kemant term matches Egyp. (Pyr.) w (if < *wrg) begreen (EG I 264) and S. Omot.: Dime rgo leaf (Dolg. 141). Are these scattered forms sufficient to reconstruct Afras. */warg green?

(7) Hrs. her; Mhr. her; Jib. rr; Soq. ehor // < MSA *er with no direct cognates. Asthe similarity with *r (#3) can hardly be ignored, may be suspected to be a contamination case (*r > *r influenced by another MSA root with a similar meaning and initial-), but I have so far been unable to find the pattern words with in MSA which may

have engendered the phonetic shift. One wonders whether it could be the other wayround: MSA *er reflects a primary root *xVVr-, while in Arb., where and are incompatible, *r > rby contamination with b be green?

( Urm. ml // Borrowing from Iranian (information from Prof. F. Pennacchietti). No terms inUgr., Pho., Bib., Sab. and Gaf.

Proto-Semitic: *war (#1) .

36HAIR

(1) Akk. rtu; Ugr. r; Hbr. er; Bib. ar; Pal. r, sr; Syr. sart-; Qur. ar-; Leb. Mec. aar;Mlt. (gh)ir; Gez. rt // < Sem. *aar(-at) (SED I #260).

( < Afras. *Var (ADB): Brb. *azzar (possibly < *VHar) hair: Semlal azzr, Izdeg,Seghrushen azzar, etc.; Chad. C.: Mofu ra, Gisiga ara feather, E.: Migama re id.,Dangla r long feather.

(2) Mnd. manzy-; Urm. mizt // < Arm. *mianzay: Jud. mazzy hair (Sok. 693), mazzy id.(ibid. 652). Likely a relative adjective (goatish) < Sem. *ma/i(a)z goat: ESA: Main mzy

6 Sem. *V barley, ear of corn; k. of beans: Akk. eu barley, grain; pine nut (CAD 1 345; AHw 1222; acc.

to both sources, from Sumerian; the quoted reading has been recently put under doubt by Huehnergard), uupulse, chickpea (CAD 3 416), eine Getreideart (AHw 1294); Jud. t a species of beans (Ja. 1610), t id.(Ja. 1611); Arb. -, i-, u barbe de lpi, IV se remplir de grains (se dit des pis, des crales) (BK 11234); Tgr. soats (LH, 194), etc.(see Mil. Farm. #5).

7 United in KM 230 with Iraqw qn saliva of a dead man, Alagwa qn rainy season, which is semantically unconvincing.

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(du.) chvre, Arb. maz-, maaz-, nom gn. chvres et boucs, espce, race caprine, etc.(SED II #148).

( < Afras. *mai(n) horned ungulate: Egyp. (CT) myz.t horned animal (?); Chad. W.:Hausa mazo harness antelope, C.: Gudur magazaw Redunca (reedbuck), E.: Bareinmzo ox; (?) S.Cush.: Dahalo mae8 female topi; N.Omot.: Gamo mizi, Dorze miiz, Anfillo mino, Bworo mii(n)z cow, cattle (ADB; EDE III 15679).

(3) Sod.gunnn; Cha.gunr // Also head (Muher, Masqan, Goggotgunnn id.) < Sem. *gu/in~ */wVgn cheekbone: Arb. anat, wanat joue, surtout joue saillante, Jib. gntcheekbone, etc. (SED I #84).

( < Afras. *gi/un(Vn) cheek; jaw; face; head: Egyp. (Med.) nn.tSchdel, Kopf (EG V 576;if < *gi/unn); Brb.: Ayr ganan os maxillaire; mchoire; Chad. W.: Montol gun cheek,Geruma genne face, C.: Lame gn cheeks, E.: Birgit gin forehead, etc.; N. Cush.: Beja

genn jaw, chin (ADB; cf. SED I #84).(4) Wol. dumi // < Eth.: Gez. dm, dm, dmh head, crown of the head, skull, summit,

Amh. dmah top of the head, Arg. dmah head, Gaf. dm tte, comparable with acluster of variant roots in Arb.:

dim cervelle, cerveau,

dmfrapper la tte au point

dattendre la cervelle, dm briser la tte and dammaa pencher la tte (cf. SED I #52,DRS 271; cf. also Kog. Eth. #42). Apart from Mhr. dm brains, likely an Arabism, I havefound neither Sem. nor Afras. parallels.

(5) Hrs. ft; Mhr. eft; Jib. fet; Soq. feh // < Sem. *V()p(-at) (tuft of) hair: Arb. afatmche de cheveux, tupet, cheveux (BK 1 1240), etc. (SED I #259).

( < Afras. *aVp (ADB): Brb. *zi/aff: Ahaggar tahiffa, E.Tawllemmet taffa unplaited hair,Wargla zaff, Iznasen azf, Snus zfhair; Chad. (?) C.: Kotoko pf tail, Mada apa plait(hair), Mofu p plait (hair, rope) (otherwise < *VpV rope or *Vp-), E.: Ndam saptail, Masmaje sfifit mane (St. 2007 #90, 94); E. Cush.: Oromo saii pubic hair, Darasa

sae hair, pubic hair.( Tna. gr, gr; Tgr. gr; Amh. gur; Arg. gr; Gaf. gr; Har. igr are all < Cush.(cf. C.: Qwara agur, E.: Somali agur, etc., v. LGz 550). No terms in Pho. and Sab.

Common North and West Semitic: *ar(-at) (#1).

37.HAND

(1) Akk. tu // No Sem. etymology.( If -t is a fossilized suffix, related to Afras. *aVw/y claw, fingernail, hand (ADB): Chad.

W.: Mburku awi, Jimbin uya fingernail, E.: Ubi ky hand, Mokilko kok (redupl.)claw; E. Cush.: Konso ayaa, Darasa eya claw, Gawwada qoyakko claw, nail, Dobase

qoakko finger, Tsamaygoakko claw, hoof; perhaps also Egyp. (MK) (upper) arm,shoulder, elbowwithout reliable Afras. parallels10, implying that Egyp. may be a result of secondary phonetic processes, considering that the combination * is impossible inSem. and unusual for Afras.

(2) Ugr.yd; Hbr.yd; Phoyd; Bib.yad; Pal.ya, ; Syr id-; Mnd. (i)d-; Urm. ayd-; Qur.yad-;Leb. d-; Mec.yad; Mlt. idey; Sab.yd; Gez. d; Tna. id; Tgr. de; Amh. ; Arg. n; Sod.

8 There seem to be a few cases of Dahalo < */ (although mainly < *d), but this correspondence still has to

be investigated.9 I do not see any reason to separate what Takcs reconstructs as two N. Omot. roots *miiz cow and

*min cattle, for which he admits the possibility of being a palatalized form < *ming borrowed < Eth.: Amh.mng, etc. The change *g > is not characteristic of Omotic in genuine words and is hardly expected in loanwords.

10 The ones suggested in EDE I 332 are all with *k-, not * as in Egyp.)

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; Har. ii; Wol. n; Cha. ; Hrs. ayd; Mhr. ayd; Jib. ed; Soq. ed // < Sem. *yad ~ *id(SED I #291).

( < Afras. *ya/id (ADB; scarce attestation): Egyp. d, hieroglyph for hand; E. Chad.: Mawakwayidam (my) hand (cf. kwakal bras, kwakam griffe, etc.).

(3) Gaf. at // < Sem. *Vb(-at)-,aba finger (SED I #256).( < Afras. *ibV finger (ADB): Egyp. (Pyr.) b finger; (?) Brb.: Ghadames taaut fin

gerring11; E. Cush.: *Vib heel: Somali eib, Rendille bb (redupl. with a loss ofinitial pharyngeal), Baiso iib (* > in Baiso)12.

Common West and South Semitic: *yad ~ *id (#2).

38. HEAD

(1) Akk. aadu // < Sem. *a/uda/ud skull, head (SED I #159).( Likely a reduplicated form < Afras. *ad calabash, vessel (ADB)13: Chad. *wad/*kwa

(with a shift of emphasis): W.: Kirfi kw, Gera kwaa, Geruma koddo calabash, C.: Higikwadya small pot, Logone kda (< *nVwad-) bottle, E.: Dangla k small jug; Cush.E.: Oromo

qodaareceptacle, S.: Dahalo

oookind of calabash.

(2) Ugr. ri; Hbr. r(); Pho. r; Bib. r; Pal. r(), ry; Syr. r-; Mnd. ri-; Urm. r-; Qur.ras-; Leb. rs; Mec. rs; Mlt. rs; Sab. rs1; Gez. rs; Tna. rsi; Tgr. rs; Amh. ras; Har.urs; Hrs. erih; Mhr. rh; Jib. re; Soq. rey // < Sem. *ra(i) (SED I #225).

( < Afras. *rais brains, head (ADB): Egyp. ys (Med.) brain, viscera (of the skull); Chad.C.: Glavda rr, Nakatsa rra, Mofu mg brains (on the phenomenon of secondary lateralization in C. Chad. see St. LS), E.: Mawa rsa, Kajakse reeze brain.

(3) Arg. dmah; Gaf. dm; Wol. dumi // See HAIR #4.(4) Sod.gunnn; Cha.gunr // See HAIR #3. Common West and South Semitic: *ra(i) (#2).

39. HEAR

(1) Akk. em; Ugr. m; Hbr. m; Pho. m; Bib. m; Pal. m; Syr. m; Mnd. ma; Urm. m;Qur. m; Leb. sma; Mec. simi; Mlt. sma(gh); Sab. s1m; Gez. sm; Tna. sme; Tgr. sma;Amh. smma; Arg. smma; Gaf. smm; Sod. smmam; Har. smaa; Wol. sm; Cha. smam;Hrs. hma; Mhr. hma; Jib. ; Soq. hema // < Sem. *m .

( z shift in Hozo or Sezo(-z can be < *- in noninitial position only in Sezo), according to Benders chart of correspondences (Bnd. Om. 290).

13 A metaphoric semantic shift, attested in various languages.14 Sem. *-, with no traces of it in Egyp., looks like a secondary root extention (see Mil. RE). In EDE I 194 and

262, Sem. *mand the Chad. forms are instead related to Egyp. sm. Though, according to EDE III 609, ...Eg. smhas been convincingly etymologized from *sm < *sm~ Sem. *mto hear (see EDE I 262), this is based only on abare statement in EDE I 262, with no arguments at all, convincing or not, in favor of this comparison; recognizing

in Sem. *-a secondary extention, regardless of whatever reasons may lie behind it, is in better agreement with theprinciple of Occams razor than the multiplestage explanation of incompatible s and in Egyp., with for someunknown reason changing to (reflecting *g? or one of the emphatic affricates?), the whole process crowned withmetathesis at that!

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40. HEART

(1) Akk. libbu; Ugr. lb; Hbr. lb; Pho. lb; Bib. lb; Pal. lb; Syr. lebb-; Mnd. lib; Urm. lib-; Sab. lbb;Gez. lbb; Tna. lbbi; Tgr. lb; Amh. lbb; Arg. lbb; Sod. lbb; Hrs. elbb; Mhr. albb; Jib. ub;Soq. ilbib // < Sem. *libb (SED I #174).

( < Afras. *()lib(b) heart (ADB)15: Egyp. b (OK) heart; Chad. C.: (?) Bura libu weed withheartshaped leaf, Daba l, Musgoy lib belly (or < *la/ib chest, side of body seefootnote 15), E.: Mokilko lb heart; Cush. N.: Beja lw (if < *lib-) pylorus (cf. leeb belly,stomach, heart < Eth.?), C. *lab(b)ak heart (App. CDA 82 with the comment the suffixelement -k ... is unexplained), E.: Afar alib lung (lbbi heart, soul is < Eth.), Somalilaab, Konso luppoota (unless < *la/ip-, footnote 15) heart (both rather genuine than borrowed, whereas Oromo lubbuu heart, soul, spirit is likely < Amh. and Sidamo lubbo, Burjilubbo soul are < Oromo rather than < Amh.), S.: Maa lubra spleen (the comparisonwith Asa liba chest in HRSC 205 implies a suffixed -ra in Maa; Asa liba chest likely belongs to *la/ib chest, side of body, footnote 15); Omot. N.: Bworo libbo heart, S.: Ari(Ubamer) li/a id. (otherwise < Afras. *la/ip inner organ, footnote 15).

(2) Qur.alb-;

Leb.alb

; Mec.alb

; Mlt.alp

// Most likely, related (with metathesis) to Akk.

ablu middle, center, middle part; hips, loins, waist (CAD 6; cf. also SED I #161).( < Afras. *abl ~ *alb (ADB): Egyp. (MK) b breast (if < *Vlb-; cf. EDE I 314); W. Chad.:

Mburku ubulo (and Siri bukuli with met.?) stomach (E. Cush.: Oromo qalbii mind mustbe an Arabism).

( Har. lbi, isolated in Eth., is rather an Arabism than an inherited term; Wol. wzn is aloan from Cush. (cf. Kambatta wozna, etc.); Cha. n (together with similar Gurage forms

15 In almost all of the sources (Dolg. 1973 1634, EDE I 878, App. CDA 82 et al.), several roots are confused

part of them have presumably been variant roots as early as in ProtoAfras.; I hold it methodically correct to treat

them separately. Besides *()lib(b) heart, they are (ADB):(1) *l/ib upper torso: Sem. *lbb(-t) neck with chest; back and flank: Akk. lbnu tendon of the neck;

neck, Arb. lubbt le haut de la poitrine qui touche la clavicule, lbb le haut de la poitrine ou de poitrail dodescend un collier ou autre parure du cou, lbn poitrine, surtout la partie entre les mamelles, poitrail (de toutanimal sabot), Tgr. lbbt place of the fillet steak on the back of animals; midst, side, Jib. lb side, etc. (cf. SED I#173); Chad. W.: Guus l corpse, C.: Mada lwv side; Cush. N.: Beja lew (< *lVb?) side, C.: Aungi yelibwomans breast, E.: Afar lb side of the body (cf. lbk scapula, back of shoulder), Saho id., Somali lb chest,sternum, thorax, Burji le side (or < Oromo lee breast?), S.: Asa lib breast, chest.

(2) *l/ip inner organ; chest and belly with interior: Egyp. np(CT) guts (if < *lVp-); W. Chad.: Sura, Angas lp spleen, Bokos mlf liver; Cush. E.: Afar leefu spleen, Oromo lee heart, breast (Gr. 262; unless liver holds water, < Afras. *gab side (ADB): Egyp.(Westcar) gb side of a room; Chad. W.: Hausa gba across, on the other side of, Dwat

gp side, C.: HigiBana gbio, Musgu gubbi, gobi, Masa gob nearby; Cush. N.: Beja gabside, C.: Bilin gba side (of body), Khamir gba side, E.: Afar gabbe side (of back),

Konso, Dirasha kapa (k < *g-, -p < *-b) beside, near, Burji gba side, Harso kapa (k < *g-,-p < *-b) id. (cf. EDE I 223).(4) Arg. amfha // Regardless of the form being interpreted as derived from a triconsonantal root

*mp//h or *np//h, or from biconsonantal *p//h, it has no fitting etymology whatsoever.( Mlt.fuiet; borrowed from a Romance language. No term in Pho., Bib., Sab. and Gaf. Common West and South Semitic: *kab(i)d (#2).

37 EDE III 159 asserts that SouthEast Omot. *myy is regularly < *myz-. However tempting it is to equate thetwo forms, in Bla. Om., where correspondence tables by LambertiSottile, Bender, Hayward and Ehret are quoted,

the shift *z/ > y is postulated only for KafaMocha; Benders way of solving this problem by reconstructing (inBend. Om. 118) N.W. Omot. *my+z does not help, since it implies an unproved suffix *-z. Anyway, the development *z/ >y, possible in theory, of course,requires proof; until it is presented, I prefer to regard N. Omot. *myand *myz (undoubtedly cognate with Egyp. (Pyr.) myz.t liver) as separate roots, both with sound Afras. etymologies at that.

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49. LONG

(1) Akk. arku; Ugr. rk (verb); Hbr. rk; Pho. rk; Pal. ryk; Syr. arrk-; Mnd. aruk-; Urm.yark// < Sem. *arVk long.38

(2) Qur. awl-; Leb. awil; Mec. awiyl; Mlt. twl // < Sem.: Hbr. wl (hif) to throw far (HALOT373; Tgr. wwl, quoted ibid. as to extend, implying cognation, is actually to lengthenin LH 618, likely derived from wil long, an obvious Arabism), Sab. lm length, wl toextend, stretch (SD 154), etc.; cf. the Eth. root augmented with : Gez. anola, Tgr.(an)ola spread, stretch out LGz 590).

( Perhaps < Afras. *awl be long, stretch (ADB)39: (?) Egyp. dwn (Pyr.) to stretch out (if < *dwl< *wl); C. Chad.: Ouldem tl, Mofu -tl extend (a hand), Mada tla extend, reach (toward).

(3) Gez. nwi; Tna. nwwi // < Sem. *nw be extended, stretched out, repose: Gez. nw tobe long, tall, extended, stretched out, repose, etc., Akk. nu to be slow, still; rest, etc.(CAD n 143), Ugr. n to rest (DUL 629), Hbr. nw to settle down, rest, repose, Arb.nyiat tendue de terre, pays qui stend au loin (BK 2 1364)40.

(4) Tgr. ryim; Jib. rihm; Soq. rihom // < Sem. *rym to be high, long: Ugr. rm high, Hbr.

rw/ym, Syr.

rymto be high, Arb.

rymII to exceed, Sab

rymmheight, Gez.

rayyamabe

high, long, etc.

( < Afras. (ADB): Egyp. wrm.t (Pyr.) Dach (bekrnung eines Gebaudes), wrm (late) hochragende Figur; W. Chad.: Hausa rmstand (on hind legs) (semantically debatable); S.Cush.: Dahalo rmae long, tall (for other possible parallels cf. EDE III 368).

(5) Amh. rim; Arg. rim // Amh. rzzma to be long (Gez. razama to become long, be tall,heavy, rzum tall, long, etc. are marked in LGz 479 as borrowed from Amh., which requires argumentation); cf. also Tgr. trazzm to be heavy, intense, mrzzm strong, intense, steady (compared with Amh. rzzma in LH 160; the semantic connection is farfrom evident). The only nonEth. parallel, though also debatable semantically, that I could

find is Arb. rzm II rester longtemps chez soi, la maison (BK 1 856; cf. also mirzmat quifait de grandes enjambes (chamelle) ibid. 857). No Afras. parallels.(6) Arg.gudor (syn.); Gaf.gaddrm; Har.gudr; Wol.gudr (the three latter forms also mean

ing big) // < *gdr to grow, grow big: Wol. Zwaygdr to grow up (child), be big, Amh.(t)gddr to germinate (that is, grow LGur 264 where the Gur. and Amh. verbs arecompared with hesitation, but quite reasonably), Arb.dr slever audessus du sol (se ditdes plantes); se former (se dit des certain fruits) (BK 1 263). The Eth.Arb. *gdr presuma

bly goes back, with the extension *-r, to Sem *gVd(d): Arb.idd beaucoup, extrmement(BK 1 260), Sab.gdd great (SD 49), Tgr.gdd to be bigger, surpass (LH 602); see Afras.etymology in BIG #8.

(7) Sod.gllf; Cha.gef// quoted as tall in LGur 272, but as tall, long in LGur., I 56 and 1066.The Gur. verb *glfis identified in LGur 272 either with Oromo golfofa to be tall and lazy

38 For odd external parallels cf. (with metathesis) W.Chad.: Miya krkr long; C. Cush.: Kemant krt be

far, distant, Qwara kr be long, distant < *k()r (though Dolg. 202 relates these forms with E. Cush. *Vr-);one wonders whether Yaaku etirk long since could be explained as having a prefix t and thus related (it istempting to compare E. Cush.: Bayso keri long, high as in Dolg. 202, but k is a prefix of adjectives in Bayso).

39 Cf EDE I 247, comparing Egyp. dwn with the Hbr. and Arb. verbs and E. Cush. *1l (referring to SassePEC 27, where Gidole l be better, welthier, taller, Konsol exceed, be bigger, longer and Oromo l exceed are quoted, clearly pointing to the initial affricate, and not to * < *-) that yields Lowland E. Cush. *l belong with no specific forms adduced, which I could not find (there is what may be a variant root of *wl-, namelyE. Cush *i/er long: Saho ee, Afar eeri, Somali eer, Dasenech ir, etc. related in Dolg. 1267 with Sem. *rrbe high).

40 To be compared with isolated S. Omot.: Dime n()t to sleep; for parallels (with metathesis) see fn. 30.

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(in this case, a loanword) or with Amh. (tn)gflll (with metathesis) to be long (ofhair); in favor of the latter assumption cf. Arb. lif longue mche de cheveux qui descend sur les tempes andalfrobe manches longues (BK 1 317). No Afras. parallels.

( Hrs. ewl and Mhr. wl are almost certainly Arabisms. No term in Bib. and Sab. Common North and West Semitic: *arVk (#1).

50. LOUSE

(1) Akk. uplu // < Sem. *pVl(y): Arb.fly, Mhr.fl to delouse, etc. (SED II #175).( < Afras. *(V-)pil (ADB; cf. EDE II 393): Egyp. py (Med.) flea (if < *pVl-); Chad. W.: Sura

pilwus Glhwrmchen (wus fire), C.: Bura mafilkwi flea, Hildi maflspider, Madaoffl tique (du chien, des vaches), Matakam fly k. of ant; Cush. C.: Qwara peliya,Kemant fle flea, E.: Dirasha fillt, Sidamo pillo, Harso fillyye, Gollango fillye id., S.:Qwadzapaaliko flying termite; N. Omot.: Kafapill (perhaps < E. Cush.).

(2) Akk. kalmatu (syn.); Pal. klmh // Presumably < Sem. *kalm: Akk. kullu dragonfly (CADk 503), Gez. klkl(t) kind of black ant (LGz 283). See discussion in SED II #130.

( < Afras. *k()a/il

(-m

) a biting insect (ADB): S. Brb.: Ayr, E.Tawllemmetklkt

. pouil

leux; Cush. E. *kilm: Saho, Afar kilim tick, Somali ilin, pl. ilmo, Boni ilmi, Rendilleilim, Oromo ilma id. (Sas. Bur. 173).

(3) Syr. almt-; Urm. alm-; Qur. aml; Leb. aml; Mec. gamil; Mlt. mel; Gez. mal; Tna.mal; Tgr. mal; Amh. mal; Arg. mal; Sod. mal; Har. umy; Wol. umal; Cha. mar// < Sem. *()aml/*uml ~ *alm (SED II #130).

( With a few parallels in Chad. (?) W.: Hausa m flea (of rats, dogs) (with a loss of final -l?or < Arb. aml ?), Mupun kuma id. (< Hausa?), C.: Buduma komli ant (ADB).

(4) Gez. ni (syn.) // < Sem. *VVn: Syr. en cimex (Brock. 659), Arb. tn IV tuer lateigne (BK 1 675), see SED II #141.

( < Afras. *VVn/m (ADB): Chad. (?) W.: Hausa wrwat, wlkwat (< *watwata?)louse, Karekare ktkm, kktm (< *ku kutum ?) fowl lice, etc., C.: Cuvok mktkt an insect with a pointed head; E. Cush.: Dasenech kuuin worm, Darasa ooaamoant; cf. what may be a variant root *gVVn/m in HEC: Sidamogooaamo, and N. Omot.:Wolaittaguuniya, Gamuguune, Maloguine, Dae, Zaisseguume worm.

(5) Hrs. kenemt;Mhr. kenmt; Jib. sinit; Soq. konem // < Sem. *ki/ann(-Vm) a harmful insect:Hbr. kn gnat, kinnm gnats, pB. kinn vermin, louse, knimm vermin, moth, etc.(SED II #116).

( Cf. scattered parallels in E. Chad.: Migama kkkm louse (< *kankum?) and N. Omot.:Hozo konni louse (ADB).

( No term in Ugr., Hbr., Pho. Bib., Mnd., Sab. and Gaf. Common North and West Semitic: *()aml ~ *alm (#3).

51. MAN

(1) Akk. zi/akaru, Hbr. zkr // < Sem. *akar: man, male (HALOT 270, DUL 269)41.(2) Ugr. mt // also individual and husband (DUL 598; the meaning man debatable, proba

bly husband v. Kog. Ug.) < Sem. *mVt: Akk. mutu husband; man, warrior (CAD m313), Hbr. mtm (pl.) men, people (HALOT 653), Gez. mt husband (LGz 371).

( < Afras. *mVt man, husband (ADB): Egyp. (Pyr.) mt man; Brb.: Ghadames tmettaynpeuples, Ahaggar tamtt, pl. timttiwn ensemble de population trs considerable,

41 The only distant nonSem. parallel that comes to mind is in N. Brb.: *rgz man with metathesis, although

-g does not correspond to Sem. -k-. A mere chance resemblance?

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tous les peuples du monde, etc.; Chad. W.: Hausa mtm person, E.: Dangla mtkman, mt husband, Jegu mt man, Sokoro mtii man, husband, etc.; (?) E. Cush.:Oromo maatii family (cf. also N. Omot.: Welaitta attuma man < *atum with metathesis?). Perhaps eventually related to Afras. *mwt die, implying the primary notion of human being as mortal.

(3) Pho. ; Hbr. man (syn.; also husband; human being); Sab. ys1// < Sem. *i man:Arm. (Old, Palm., etc.) y(HALOT 43).

( < Afras. *(i-)was (ADB) man, person, male relative; female; daughter: Brb.: Siwa tiwin (pl.), Ahaggar , Nefusa issi, Mzab issis, etc. daughter; Chad. W.: Siri wu, Geji yasibrother, Bokkos wfatherinlaw, DaffoButura wauncle, C.: Mbara ws, us, Musgu(w)us man, Glavda us woman; Cush. C.: Xamtanga asw male (human)42, wsry, Bilin usri, Kemant yusy female, E.: Somali was to copulate (with a woman), Sidamoosoo, Hadiya ooso boy, Kambatta (w)osoo child; N. Omot.: Wolaitta as, Male asi,Koyra aci, Ganjule aci, Chara as, ca, Mocha ao, Mao (Bambeshi) ss, Ganza si man,person, Hozo ee, Sezo aay, Ganza saa (< *sa(a)y with met.?) woman, wife.

(4) Bib.gbar

; Pal.gar

; Syr.gabr-;

Mnd.gabr

// < Sem. *gabr

~ *gabbr

(Kog. DD) strong

man, hero43: Hbr.gibbr manly, vigorous; hero,gbr strength (HALOT 172), Jud.gibbr strong, hero, giant, gburt superiority, strength, might (Ja. 234), Arb. abbr fort,grand et robuste; puissant; homme violent, tyran (BK 1 248).

(5) Urm. n-; Sab. ns1(syn.); Tgr. nas (less likely to be reinterpreted as sing. < Arb. coll.pl.) // < Sem. *(i-)na man(kind): Akk. ni mankind, people, Ugr. in people, Hbr.nman, Syr. n-, ()na, Arb. insn-, ns (coll.), etc. (cf. HALOT 70).

( < Afras. *(i-)nas human being, male, male relative (ADB): Egyp. (MK) nswy.w servants;Brb.: Ahaggar ayns jeune homme; W. Chad.: Bokkos ns, DaffoButura ns brother;Cush. C.: Bilin nsa, Kemant nsy, Qwara nsa male, S.: Maa naseta (with the fem.

suffix -t-) woman; Omot. N.: Gimira (Bench) nas, (She) yns person, man, Nao nuuehusband, S.: Ari inse boy, nasi son, Hamar nas child44 .(6) Qur. raul-; Leb. ral; Mec. ril; Mlt. ral // with a semantic shift foot > pedestrian,

footsoldier < Sem. *rigl foot (SED I #228; see FOOT #3); cf. Hbr. rgl foot, leg; one whogoes by foot, pedestrian, Pho. mrgl, Jud. riglafootman (HALOT 11846, Tomb. 198).

( < Afras. *riga/ul limb, leg (ADB): Brb.: Zenaga trgl, Ghadames tara/elt plume, trgla gros pdoncule du rgime de dattes, Ayr argul penis, Ahaggar ral queue;Chad. W.: Angas turgul ankle, ankle bone, Tangale argil inner side of upper thigh, (?)E.: Mawa drgl, Sokoro dergel, drkl knee (if < *dVrgVl-). Cf. also Egyp. (Pyr.) g.t hoof(of cow and ass) (< *lg dissimilated< *lg < *rlg < *rgl?), (NK) g.t (< *rgl?) claw (of lion

and bird) (cf. footnote 54).42 Comparing this form with Kemant nsy male, D. Appleyard (App. CDA 96) states: the Xam.[tanga]

form is surely related, but the absence of the initial nasal is difficult to explain. Perhaps *ns > *ns > s-. Infact, it is easy to explain as reflexes of two different Afras. roots: (i-)ws and *(i-)ns (see #5).

43 With a couple of surprising parallels in C. Chad.: Ouldem gr homme, mari, adulte (an Arabism?), Bachamagbor person (ADB) and S. Brb.: Ahaggar bbr homme gant de lpoque prhistorique (Fouc. 709),E Tawllemmet obbr id. ( < *g is possible; one wonders if this could be an Arabism, which would be somewhatstrange from the historical point of view, or a loan from Punic),bbr . adulte (Aloj. 83).

44 Cf. Bnd. Om. 206, where the quoted Ari and Hamar forms are united with Galila yinand Dime nic, nitchild. However natural such an agglomeration of similarly looking terms with the same meaning may seem,

I prefer to relate the Galila and Dime forms to a different Omot. root * in-, also including Ongota int, hint andN. Omot.: Mao nt / nman (quoted by Fleming), to be related, for phonetic reasons (Omot. reflexes of Afras. *are still not clear), with Sem. *nt woman, reconstructing Afras. */in man, woman, child (ADB).

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(7) Gez. bsi // also male, husband, someone, bsit woman, Tgr. bs husband (LGz83). No Sem. cognates.

( < Afras. *bVVs son, boy, coeval (ADB): Chad. W.: Siri besi son, boy, C.: Tera bsoka(< *besonk?) boys; Cush. C.: Kemant baas beget, become father, S.: Qwadza boosikofriend (HRSC 138), Dahalo oso (met.) friend of same age, coeval; N. Omot.: Dawrobia brother, Malo bia child, Yemsa busa (pl.) boys, Kafa bu boy, son, Mocha bu(o)child, Bworo (Shinasha) buoo son.

(8) Gez. d (syn.) // also male, husband, pl. daw, adw men, people (LGz 56). Likely t or *t > d, if any) and only thereafter making a crossreference to variant roots is methodologically the only correct way to treat such an entangled and evasive phe

nomenon as root variation.

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(2) Hbr. rab; Pho. rb; Urm. rb // < Sem. *rabb big, see BIG #1.( There are scattered but unequivocal Afras. parallels (ADB): Chad. W.: Hausa rib, rb

multiply, exceed (cf. also r in large quantity), C.: Bura ribribu many; S. Omot.:Ongota arba big.

(3) Bib. agg; Pal. sagg; Syr. sagg// < Sem. *gto be numerous, large (with an interestingreduplication of the second radical in Arm. and esp. Arb.: possibly conveying the seman

tics of plurality or largeness?): Hbr. gto grow (HALOT 1305), gy to increase, becomelarge (ibid. 1306), Arb. aaw trs grand, trs haut (BK 1 1196)49.

(4) Mnd. nap // No suggestions other than a nontrivial development from other meaningsof the same word soul, personality, self (DM 285) < Sem. *nap(i) soul, person, etc.< *npto breathe (SED I Verb #46).

( < Afras. nVfVs breathing: Brb.: Ahaggar unfas breath, Izayan unfus id., nffs breathe;Chad. W.: Hausa nmfs (and lmfs with dissimilation? Cf. also Sha lufwos breathe)breathe; rest, DaffoButura nafos breathe (in principle, the Brb. and W. Chad. terms can

be Arabisms, but this seems less likely to me), C. (met.): Mofu -sfn-, Musgu smfa id., etc.;E. Cush.: Saho

nafsebreathing (more likely < Eth.), Boni

neefsobreathe, Rendille

nefsibreath, nefs, nefsa breathe (not necessarily < Eth.).(5) Qur. kar-; Leb. ktir; Mec. kaiyr // Most likely < Sem. *kr fit, achieve, be optimal, plenti

ful, etc. (cf. also Kog. DD): Akk. karu (1) to repair (ruined or damaged walls, buildings,etc.), (2) to succeed, achieve, (3) to replace, compensate (CAD k 2845, given as three unrelated roots), Ugr. kr skillful and vigour, good health (DUL 471, two different entries;cf. also krt, goddesses who preside over childbirth, ibid. 472; could this be goddesses offertility or abundance?), Hbr. kr to be proper, kirn skill, success, profit, advantageHALOT503), etc.

( < Afras.? Perhaps related to Egyp. (OK) t(< *kr? Eg. renders *ki/u, and t can be < *)

Eigenschaft von der Macht des Knigs (EG V 411; compared with Sem. in EDE I 317).One wonders if the Arb. term (or all of the abovelisted forms if they do indeed reflect the

same root; if so, with the primary meaning be many, plentiful) is derived, with the ex

tension -r of unclear function (see, however, Mil RE 1224), from Afras. *(i-)ka (ADB):Sem.: Akk. kau be massive; C. Chad.: Mbara koo many, much; Cush. N.: Beja kassall (or assim. < kars,kris id., which, in turn, can be a metathesis < *kar?), C.: Khamta ekst many, E.: Harso ikia many.

(6) Mlt. afna // < Sem. *Vpn hollow of the hand, handful; fist: Hbr. opnayim (dual) thehollow of both hands, etc. (SED I #125). No reliable Afras. cognates.

(7) Sab. ny // The only parallel that I could find is Arb. ny IV pondre, dposer une grande

quantit doeufs (se dit des sauterelles); av. une vgtation trsriche (se dit dun pr) (BK1 643). No Afras. parallels50.

(8) Gez. bzu; Tna. bzu; Tgr. bzu; Amh. bzu; Har. b; Wol. bi; Cha. bz // Related toArb. baz abondance (de biens) (LGz 117, DRS 54)51 .

(9) Arg. nbbur // < Sem. *nbr to elevate, raise, place atop52: Amh. annbabbr to heap, pileup (LArg 215), Gez. nabara to sit, stay, live, etc. (with a semantic shift that is somewhat

49 Obviously related to C. Cush.: Bilin iig y and Khamir g be plenty (Dolg. 120 reconstructs *V[w]g-,

comparing these Agaw forms with unrelated Beja w and some Omot. words, but, for some reason, overlookingthe comparison with Sem. *g-).

50 Cf. what may be a variant Afras. root *in: Egyp. (Gr.) n grow and E. Chad.: Lele hin increase (ADB).51 The only similarlooking forms (perhaps lookalikes) that I could unearth are in E. Chad.: Kabalai pe,

Nanchere b many.

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strange for the main verbal stem), tanbara to be placed (one thing upon another), manbarseat, chair, high place, pulpit, throne (LGz 3834), Arb. nbr lever, exhausser (unechose); grandir, av. grandi (se dit dun petit garon), minbar estrade, place un peu leveau dssus du sol; chaire, prne o se place limam ou un khatib pour rciter la prire ou

haranguer le peuple (BK 2 1183), Hbr. pB, Jud. nbr (of the swine) to turn the ground upwith the snout (Ja. 870), Syr. nbr excitavit (terram) (Brock. 412), perhaps also Akk. nberuferry, ford, crossing; ferryboat (CAD n2 145). No Afras. parallels.

(10) Gaf. tbb, tb // also . abondant (LGaf 240), presumably a nontrivial semantic shift< Eth. *tbto be courageous: Gez. taba to be brave, courageous, manly, strong, etc. (LGz56970), Tgr. tba, Tna. tbe, Amh. Gur. tbba to be courageous. Perhaps related to Akk.teb aufstehen, sich ergeben, etc., tb Insurgent (AHw 1342). No Afras. parallels.

(11) Sod. ydn // Probably for ydm, jussive of dmm to be beautiful, pretty (LGur680); if true, < Sem. *dm (ibid. 209). No Afras. parallels.

(12) Hrs. meken; Mhr. mken; Jib. mkn // < *meken, cf. Soq. kn,kyhn id. (related to the Mhr.and Jib. forms in JM 264; not on Kogans list). Likely related to Arb. kn . fort; devenirfort et gros (BK 2 850)53.

(13) Soq. dila // Related to Eth.: Gez. lh grow (cf. li, Tgr., Tna, Amh. li chief), Amh.la grow, tll big (< *tll?), Gurage *la be superior, grow, etc. (LGur 381). NoAfras. parallels.

Common North and West Semitic: *mVad (#1).

53. MEAT

(1) Akk. ru; Pho. r // both also flesh < Sem. *ir flesh (SED I #238).( < Afras. *sVur (ADB): Chad. W.: Ngizim surk long stripes of dried meat, pl. saurarin

(< *sawr-), C.: Kulung asra meat, flesh, E.: Kera kusur body; E. Cush.: Arbore sra

meat.(2) Ugr. br; Hbr. br; Bib. bar; Pal. bar; Syr. besr-; Mnd. bisr-; Urm. bisr-; Gaf. bsr; Sod.bsr; Har. bsr; Wol. bsr; Cha. bsr // < Sem. *bir ~ *baar flesh, (human) body; skin(SED I #41).

( The only etymological guess I can make is that the meaning skin, attested in Arb. and

MSA, is the primary one here, so the root can be compared, assuming the extension -r,with such forms as Sem.: Arb. (Syrian) baacouper menu (viande, etc.); Brb.: Ghadameszr to be peeled (note preservation of -r); (?) E. Chad.: W. Dangla bs faire une coupure de la peau au couteau, E. Dangla bs scarifier, faire une entaille dans la chair(if Afras. *-can yield Dangla -s in noninitial position; acc. to St. 2007 8, Afras. * in the

initial position yields Dangla -); Cush. C.: Khamir bas to make an incision in the skin,tattoo, (?) E.: Somali be chaff, S.: Maa bue skin, all < Afras. *ba(-Vr) skin; to (cut)skin (ADB).

(3) Qur. lam-; Leb. lam; Mec. laam; Mlt. lam // < Sem. *lam food: Ugr. lm to eat,grain, bread; food, meat, Hbr. lm, Syr. lam bread, etc. (v. in DUL 495, 497; HALOT500).

( Cf. tenable parallels in Chad. W.: Hausa lmmk of gruel, lamai tuwo, Mburku laam,Guruntum lm meat, E.: Bidiya klam meatlover (ADB).

(4) Hrs. tewi; Mhr. twi; Jib. te; Soq. te // < Sem. *tw/y to eat (seeEAT #5).

52 Perhaps with a fossilized nprefix < Afras. *bVr big (see a variety of derived terms in EDE II 910).53 Note E. Cush.: Oromo ikkn, Dirasha kn big, unless a chance coincidence, implying Afras. *kn

many, big.

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( < Afras. *tiaw eat: Egyp. t (Pyr.) bread; Brb. *ttt eat (habitative); Chad. W.: Hausatw tuwo, , Bolewa ti-, Dera twi/a, Geruma ti-, Jimbin ti, taa, Tule i/i, DaffoButurauh, Ngizim t eat (soft food), C.: Lame -t-, Masa t, etc. eat, E.: Dangla t, Migama t

yw, Birgit tw, tya eat (soft food); N. Cush.: Beja tiyu eat; N. Omot.: Yemsa ta eat(pl.), Gimira (Bench) tya eat (of carnivores).

( Gez. g; Tna. sga; Tgr. sga; Amh. sga < C. Cush. (see in LGz 526). The only tenable explanation for Arg. w, having no parallels in Sem., is a loan from C. Cush., in spite ofphonetic differences, cf. Khamir ziyaa, Qwara zeyaa meat, etc. No term in Sab.

Common North and West Semitic: *ir(#1).Common West Semitic: *bir ~ *baar(#2).

54. MOON

(1) Akk. waru; Ugr.yr; Hbr.yr; Pho.yr; Gez. wr; Tna. wari; Tgr. wr; Har. wari;Wol. wari // < Sem. *war moon54.

(2) Pal. shr; Syr. sahr-; Mnd. sir-; Urm. sahr // < Sem. *ahr new moon: Arb. ahr-, Gez. ahr,Jib.

ehr, etc. (v. LGz 528).

( < Afras. *a/ihar night celestial body: moon, star (ADB): Chad. *VHVr star: W.: Ankwesumar (sum is sky), Boot ar, Guus yr, Kulere sisri, C.: Mbara mr (St. 2007 #289).There is also S. Cush. *a/ih moon: Iraqw aha, pl. aheeri, Alagwa, Burunge ehe,Qwadza ahayiko, Maa mhe, but * in W. Rift languages, where Afras. *usually yields*and Afras. * yields *, is unusual. Even if the S. Cush. root is related, the question remains whether it has lost its final *-r or it actually represents the original root without thesecondary extension.

(3) Pal. zhar (syn.) // < Sem. *zhr to shine (HALOT 265).( < Afras. *a/ihr night celestial body: moon, star (a variant root of Afras. *a/ihar-) to

gether with Brb. *-zir moon (ADB): Siwa, Mzab taziri, Qabyle iziri, etc., unless the latter continues *a/ihar-, a problem doomed to remain unsettled, since both Afras. *and *yield Brb. *z.

(4) Qur. amar-; Leb. amar-; Mec.gamar; Mlt. mar // The exact meaning in Class. Arb. is lune,surtout depuis la troisime jusqu la vingtsixime nuit du mois lunaire (BK 2 811). Ei

ther derived from the verb mr . blanc ou blanchtre, briller (BK 2 811) or constitutes aprimary noun; in the latter case, there are two etymological opportunities, both debatable:

(1) < Sem. *amar arch (implying the association of the crescent moon with an arch): Hbr.pB. mr to bend, arch over, Jud. mr to bend (Ja. 1387), Gez. amara to build an arch,round off, etc., amar vault, arch, firmament, Tna. mr to build an arch; (2) related to

Gez. amar moon (LGz 432), if it is not an Arabism (contra Leslau), to be further compared to Gez. ammara to count, compute, etc., Tna. mr to compute, reckon by thecalendar, Amh. mmr id. commented upon ibid. as the verb is perhaps a denominative from amar moon... which serves in the computation (ibid.). No Afras. parallels ineither case.

54 With no other parallels outside Sem., the only wellknown unsophisticated comparison, proposed by vari

ous authors and justly doubted by Takcs (in EDE I 280), is to Egyp. moon. However, it may eventually proveto be acceptable; possible proof, the way I see it, should involve painstaking research on positional changes in

Egyptian due to full and/or partial consonantal incompatibility (requiring detailed and exact calculations like the

ones made by J. Greenberg in his pioneering study on Arabic triconsonantal verbal roots, see Green.) and, in this

particular case, in connection with what I suspect to be rhotal R in Egyptian conveyed by and causing certainpositional changes a hypothesis I am working on.

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(5) Amh. ra; Arg. ra; Gaf. r; Sod. drraa // No etymology proposed in LGur. 632,except for a mention of Cerullis opinion that the Eth. term is a loan from Beja terig id.55

Clearly related to Arb. ri toile du matin, the primary meaning being a night luminary (r venir de nuit; faire une sortie de nuit, etc., urat tnbres BK 2 75). No Sem.or Afras. parallels for this Eth.Arb. root.

(6) Cha. bna // No parallels outside Gur. According to LGur. 146, it is tempting to identify itwith S[elti]and W[olane] wri with the alternance r:n: and with w becoming b, but thisetymology, first suggested by Ullendorf (with reservations ibid.), is out of the question.

(7) Hrs. rt; Mhr. rt; Jib. rt; Soq. ere // < MSA *ary moon. Probably related to Sem.:Akk. urru (heller) Tag (AHw. 1433), Hbr. r brightness, daylight; light; dawn (HALOT24), Soq. rir allumer (LS 75), etc. (v. DRS 13, where Sem. . allum, briller (lumire,feu) is not compared with MSA *ar moon)56.

( No term in Bib. and Sab.

Common North and West Semitic: *war(#1).

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Baet. BAETEMAN, J., 1929. Dictionnire mrign frnis suivi dun vocbulire frnis mrign . DireDaoua(Ethiopie).

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