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Lektura i korektura hrvatskoga teksta The Croatian text language edited and proofread by

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Engleski prijevod i korektura Translated into English and proofread by

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Lektura engleskoga teksta The English text language edited by

MARK DAVIES

PROSLOV PREFACE

Akademija šumarskih znanosti, zajedno s drugim šu-marskim znanstvenim i stručnim ustanovama i društvi-ma, od svoga nastanka do danas, medu ostalim, sustavno radi na izdavačkoj djelatnosti u kojoj znanstvene mono-grafije zauzimaju značajno mjesto. Prirodne su šume, koje obuhvaćaju 95 % površine svih šuma u Hrvatskoj, u koje pripadaju i poplavne šume, velika vrijednost, a isto-dobno su ponos i obveza hrvatske šumarske struke i cije-loga društva.

Ponosimo se što smo tijekom 240 godina postojanja organiziranoga šumarstva u Hrvatskoj uspjeli gospoda-renjem unaprijediti i održati šume u prirodnoj strukturi i na prirodnom staništu.

Pomlađivali smo ih i njegovali metodama koje su su-kladne prirodnim procesima koji se događaju u iskon-skim šumama. Zbog toga su naše šume zadržale prirodna staništa (tlo, sastojinska klima), biološku raznolikost, stabilnost, proizvodnost i sposobnost prirodnoga pomla-đivanja. Njegom i obnovom, koje se u njima stručno pro-vode, nisu ništa izgubile od svoje kakvoće i prirodnosti. Promjene su nastale u pozitivnom smjeru zbog poveća-nja kakvoće i vrijednosti njihova prirasta te ubrzavanja prirodnih procesa kako bi brže i bolje ispunjavali svoju općekorisnu (ekološku, socijalnu i socijalno-ekofizio-lošku) i gospodarsku ulogu.

Obveza je šumarske struke i cijeloga društva da ih, poštujući načelo potrajnosti, i dalje sačuvaju, najmanje u onoj površini, kakvoći i prirodnoj strukturi kakve su danas.

Znanstvena istraživanja hrvatskih šuma provode se od prvih dana nastanka šumarske struke na ovim prosto-rima. Pisani podaci u obliku karata, inventure šuma, pla-nova gospodarenja, zakonskih akata, naputaka i dr., što se nalazi u arhivama, te kakvoća i prirodnost postojećih šuma svjedoče o našoj dugoj i bogatoj šumarskoj struč-noj i znanstvenoj povijesti.

Akademija šumarskih znanosti okupljala je i danas okuplja sve vrsne šumarske znanstvenike iz cijele Hrvat-ske, kao i počasne članove iz inozemstva. U središtu su njihova znanstvenoga interesa i aktivnosti prirodne šume u Hrvatskoj, koje su u današnjim ekološkim i gospodar-skim uvjetima ne samo u nas nego i u Europi sve rjeđi, ali i sve vredniji prirodni fenomen.

Kakvoća je naših prirodnih šuma, za razliku od šuma ostaloga dijela Europe, počela rasti pojavom šumarske struke prije 240 godina. Tada u Europi nastaju pravne države, a u našem slučaju šumarstvo je bilo u sustavu vojne hijerarhije, gdje su postojali zakoni o šumama, od kojih posebno navodimo one iz 1769,1852,1898, tako da se šumarstvo od prvih dana stvaralo kao struka temeljena na pravnoj osnovi. Uz to, a zahvaljujući propisanomu na-čelu potrajnosti, stručnomu radu, šumarskoj znanosti, a posebno zagrebačkoj školi uzgajanja šuma, šume su u Hr-vatskoj tijekom toga dugoga razdoblja uvijek imale uzlaz-ni tijek glede prirodnosti, kakvoće i proizvodnosti.

Načelo je potrajnosti dobilo točno objašnjenje svoga značenja Zakonom o šumama iz 1852. godine, koje vri-jedi do današnjih dana. Nažalost, danas bi to načelo tre-balo imati još značajniju ulogu s obzirom na snažna i štetna posezanja mnogih za šumom i šumskim zemljiš-tem te na želju da ih pretvore u druge kulture ili privedu u druge namjene, koje su u suprotnosti s važećim Zako-nom o šumama iz 1990. godine.

Načelo je potrajnosti tijekom vremena u hrvatskom šumarstvu dobivalo sve veće značenje. Ono je prihvaća-no, afirmirano i unapređivano u šumarskoj struci, pose-bice u šumarskoj znanosti. To je načelo usvojeno u Gos-podarsko-šumarskom učilištu u Križevcima (1860), Šu-marskoj akademiji pri Mudroslovnom fakultetu Sveuči-lišta u Zagrebu (1898), Gospodarsko-šumarskom (1919) i Šumarskom fakultetu Sveučilišta u Zagrebu (1960) već pri njihovu osnivanju.

Koncepcija potrajnosti ili potrajnoga gospodarenja, koja je nastala i afirmirana u šumarstvu, doživljava svoju reviziju kao globalno prihvaćena politika. Godine 1992. dobiva naziv trajno održivi razvoj u zaključnom doku-mentu, Agenda 21, Konferencije za okoliš i razvoj Uje-dinjenih naroda (UNCED) u Rio de Jeneiru. Dokument je potpisalo 179 zemalja, a među njima i Hrvatska. U njem su, među ostalim, ustanovljena etička načela opho-đenja s prirodnim dobrima koja obvezuju sve zemlje potpisnice, pa tako i Hrvatsku.

Zagrebačkoj školi uzgajanja šuma začetnik je bio prof. dr. Andrija Petračić. Bio je prvi doktor šumarskih znanosti u nas (1907. godine), profesor uzgajanja šuma, predstoj-nik Zavoda za uzgajanje šuma i dekan Gospodarsko-Šu-

marskoga učilišta Sveučilišta u Zagrebu. Zagrebačka Škola uzgajanja šuma imala je značajnu ulogu u održava-nju i unapređivanju naših prirodnih šuma; razvija se i una-pređuje do današnjih dana, kad doživljava svoju punu afirmaciju i priznanje i izvan granica Hrvatske.

Gospodarenje prirodnim šumama po načelima potraj-nosti, očuvanje prirodne strukture i raznolikosti, prirod-no i umjetno pomlađivanje pod zastorom krošanja po prirodnim načelima, održavanje i unapređivanje struk-ture, stabilnosti i kvalitetnih gospodarskih i općekorisnih funkcija šuma njegom, uzgojnim postupcima temelje-nim na načelima razvoja iskonske šume ili prašume, pri-mjena mjerila koja proizlaze iz ciljeva gospodarenja -4 osnovna su obilježja zagrebačke škole uzgajanja šuma.

Poplavne su šume svojim nastankom, životom i raz-vojem vezane uz vodu, njihov glavni ekološki čimbenik. Riječni tokovi i oborine utječu na poplavne i podzemne vode, a svi oni uz obilježja reljefa imaju značajnu ulogu na rasprostranjenost i opstanak poplavnih šuma.

Osim toga, za razvoj i opstanak poplavnih šuma značajnu je ulogu odigrao i čovjek. Riječni tokovi i plov-ni putovi, obale, šume i poljoprivredna tla u okolišu rije-ka uvijek su bila optimalna staništa za život čovjeka. Koncentracija stanovništva, osnivanje naselja i gradova, pojave prvih kultura i civilizacija vezani su uz obale mora i rijeka.

To je razlog što su upravo na tim prostorima nestale šume, što je danas vidljivo uz tokove manje-više svih većih rijeka u Europi. Zbog toga su prirodne šume topola i vrba, kao najznačajniji predstavnici ritskih šuma, te poplavne šume hrasta lužnjaka, poljskoga jasena i crne johe u cijeloj Europi svedene na najmanju površinu, a uz neke europske rijeke prava su rijetkost. Ako se na tom području ponegdje i nalaze šume, one su najčešće umjet-no podignute šumske kulture, koje po svojim struktur-nim, gospodarskim i općekorisnim funkcijama daleko zaostaju za prirodnim šumama.

Sve navedeno je razlog što su poplavne šume u Euro-pi postale vrlo zanimljive za sve zemlje koje su ih izgu-bile, a danas ih nastoje, uz velike napore i ulaganja, po-novno vratiti na one prostore koji su im nekad pripadali. Svjedoci smo velikih poduhvata, primjerice na rijeci Rajni, gdje se otkupljuju poljoprivredna zemljišta, ruše izgrađeni nasipi i obale, premještaju naselja, oživljavaju nekadašnji riječni meandri kako bi se vratili prirodni ri-ječni tokovi, šume i život koji se u njima razvija.

Hrvatsko šumarstvo, za razliku od europskoga, uspje-lo je sačuvati poplavne šume na većem dijelu njihova prirodnoga areala. Poštujući načela potrajnosti te njegu-jući i pomlađujući šume na načelima šumarske znanosti,

poplavne šume vrba i topola uz naše rijeke te šume u are-alu poplavnih šuma hrasta lužnjaka, poljskoga jasena i crne johe sačuvale su svoju prirodnu strukturu, biološku raznolikost i mogućnost prirodnoga pomlađivanja.

Sve navedeno je razlog što su danas ritske šume vrba i topola na području vukovarske šumarije na Dunavu naj-sačuvanije i najprirodnije na cijelom području od ušća Dunava do njegova izvora. I šume u slivu rijeka Drave i Mure, šume crne johe na području đurđevačke šumarije, poplavne šume hrasta lužnjaka i poljskoga jasena u Po-savini i Podravini te u cijeloj Slavoniji posebnost su i živi spomenik prirode i šumarskoga stoljetnoga rada u svjetskim razmjerima.

Rijetko se koji grad, kao grad Zagreb, može pohvaliti da se na njegovu području, u Novom Zagrebu, na obala-ma Save i jezera Bundek nalazi izuzetno lijepa, sačuvana i njegovana poplavna šuma bijele topole, koju bi zasi-gurno poželjele sve svjetske metropole.

Znanstvenici Akademije šumarskih znanosti svjesni su vrijednosti poplavnih šuma u Hrvatskoj, znaju da nji-hovo značenje prelazi hrvatske okvire i da su zanimljive cijeloj Europi i šire. To je bio razlog da svoje rezultate istraživanja objedine i napišu znanstvenu monografiju Poplavne šume u Hrvatskoj.

Ova je monografija najnovije izdanje od većega broja tiskanih monografija i drugih izdanja koja su izišla u raz-doblju nastanka slobodne i samostalne Hrvatske, kon-kretno od 1992. do danas. Uglavnom ista grupa autora, koja se s vremenom povećavala dolaskom mlađih čla-nova Akademije šumarskih znanosti i ostalih znanstve-nih i stručnih institucija, u tom je razdoblju tiskala veći broj radova.

Osim šumarske Akademije izdavači i suizdavači su još bili Hrvatska akademija znanosti i umjetnosti - Cen-tar za znanstveni rad Vinkovci, Šumarski fakultet Sveuči-lišta u Zagrebu, Šumarski institut Jastrebarsko, Trgo-vačko društvo Hrvatske šume d.o.o. Zagreb, Hrvatsko šumarsko društvo, Grad Zagreb - Gradski ured za poljo-privredu i šumarstvo i Ministarstvo znanosti, obrazova-nja i športa Republike Hrvatske.

U navedenom razdoblju tiskane su ove knjige i znan-stvene monografije:

Sume u Hrvatskoj, Silvae nostrae Croatiae, Hrast luž-njak (Quercus robur L.) u Hrvatskoj, Hrvatsko šumarsko društvo 1846-1996, Unapređenje proizvodnje biomase šumskih ekosustava, Zaštita i pridobivanje drva, Radovi-Nizinske šume Pokupskog bazena, Bibliografija Šumar-skog instituta, Uporaba drva, Slavonski hrastici, Iz šu-marske povijesti Gorskog kotara u sadašnjost, Retrospek-tiva i perspektiva gospodarenja šumama hrasta lužnjaka

u Hrvatskoj, Najveća cjelovita šuma hrasta lužnjaka u Hrvatskoj - Spačva (posebna izdanja na hrvatskom i nje-mačkom jeziku), Obična jela (Abies alba Mili.) u Hrvat-skoj i Obična bukva (Fagus sylvatica L.) u Hrvatskoj.

Sve se te knjige i monografije bave hrvatskim prirod-nim šumama, a njihovo je izdavanje rezultat jedinstva i zajedništva hrvatske šumarske struke okupljene u Hrvat-skom šumarskom društvu, osnovanome prije 159 godi-na. U njima se nalaze izvorni rezultati znanstvenih istra-živanja brojnih istraživača i autora.

Izdavajući navedena dijela, željeli smo upoznati i hr-vatsku i svjetsku javnost s prirodnim šumskim ekosusta-vima Hrvatske, pa su neke monografije pisane na hrvat-skom i engleskom jeziku, a knjiga o Spačvi i na njemač-kom jeziku. Ostala su izdanja tako pripremljena da mogu biti razumljiva i onima koji vladaju engleskim jezikom.

Znanstvena monografija Poplavne šume u Hrvatskoj rezultat je rada 32 autora. Oni su samostalno ili u suautor-stvu napisali uz proslov, uvod i bibliografiju i 7 poglavlja koja se odnose na isto toliko znanstvenih područja u šu-marstvu. U svim je poglavljima napisano 27 cjelovitih ra-dova, koji se bave staništem i biocenozom, odnosno svim šumskim ekosustavima koji se nalaze na području po-plavnih šuma u Hrvatskoj.

Monografija je namijenjena šumarskim znanstvenici-ma, šumarima u praksi i studentima u Hrvatskoj i ino-zemstvu, ali i stručnjacima i studentima prirodnih zna-nosti te svim ljubiteljima prirode u kojoj šume imaju pre-vladavajuću i nezamjenjivu ulogu.

Posebno nam je zadovoljstvo što će znanstvena mono-grafija Poplavne šume u Hrvatskoj, kao i dosadašnje mo-

nografije, pisane i na engleskom jeziku, kao što su Hrast lužnjak u Hrvatskoj, Obična jela (Abies alba Mili.) u Hr-vatskoj i Obična bukva (Fagus sylvatica L.) u Hrvatskoj, izuzetno dobro i korisno poslužiti svim inozemnim stu-dentima, koji će trajno ili parcijalno dolaziti studirati i na Šumarski fakultet u Zagrebu, Što im omogućuje reforma visokoga obrazovanja temeljem Bolonjske deklaracije.

S obzirom na to da je ove Školske godine počela nas-tava na Šumarskom fakultetu prema načelima te deklara-cije, a da su prirodne šume Hrvatske poznate po svojoj ljepoti, prirodnosti i načinu gospodarenja u cijelom svi-jetu, uvjereni smo da će i to, medu ostalim, biti dobar razlog i poticaj dolaska mladih ljudi na studij šumarstva u Hrvatsku.

Ugodna mi je dužnost zahvaliti svim autorima, koji dolaze iz svih stručnih i znanstvenih šumarskih insti-tucija, na velikom trudu i predanom radu kojim su omo-gućili izlazak ove, za hrvatsko šumarstvo vrlo značajne knjige.

Posebnu zahvalnost dugujem suizdavačima ove mo-nografije, Trgovačkomu društvu Hrvatske šume d.o.o. i Gradu Zagrebu, Gradskomu uredu za poljoprivredu i šu-marstvo, koji su kao i uvijek dosad, više nego korektno, preuzeli svoj dio tereta i obveza kako bismo šumarskoj struci podarili ovo vrijedno djelo.

Uvjeren sam da smo tiskanjem ove monografije još jednom potvrdili jedinstvo hrvatske šumarske struke u radu na boljitku naših šuma i da smo istodobno cijeloj hrvatskoj šumarskoj struci dali poticaj za izradu nove monografije, koja se već priprema.

Prof. emeritus dr. sc. dr. h. c. Slavko Matić, predsjednik Uredničkoga vijeća,

predsjednik Akademije šumarskih znanosti i redoviti član Hrvatske akademije

znanosti i umjetnosti

PREFACE Since its establishment, the Academy of Forestry

Sciences has systematically been active in the field of publishing. In cooperation with other forestry scientific and professional organisations it has published a range of materials, among which monographs take up the prime position. Natural forests, accounting for over 95 % of ali forests in Croatia and also including floodplain forests, are of exceptional value and represent a source of great priđe, showing at the same time the commitment of the Croatian forestry profession and society as a whole.

We are proud that, in the course of 240 years of orga-nised forestry in Croatia, we have succeeded in improv-ing and retaining forests in their natural structure and natural sites.

Forests have been regenerated and tended with the methods that imitate the natural processes occurring in virgin forests. It is for this reason that Croatian forests have retained their natural sites (soil, štand climate), bio-logical diversity, stability, productivity and capacity for natural regeneration. Professionally applied tending and regeneration treatments have not caused any losses in the quality and natural status of Croatian forests. The increased quality and value of their increment, combined with the accelerated natural processes, have created pos-itive ehanges, vvhich are responsible for the more rapid and better fulfilment of the non-commercial (ecological, social and social-physiological) and commercial func-tions or roles of forests.

The forestry profession and society in general have the duty and obligation to preserve the quality and natu-ral structure of the forests and to retain them at the very least in the area vvhich they currently inhabit. In order to achieve this goal, it is necessary to follovv strictly the principle of sustainability.

Croatian forests have been scientifically investigated since the beginnings of the forestry profession in these areas. Written data, such as maps, forest inventories, ma-nagement plans, legal acts, instruetions, and other forms that are stored in the arehives, as vvell as the quality and the natural character of the current forests, testify to a long and rich history of specialist and scientific forestry activities in Croatia.

The Academy of Forestry Sciences has always gath-ered renovvned forestry experts from Croatia and hono-rary members from abroad, vvhose scientific interest and activities focus on Croatian natural forests. In the present ecological and commercial conditions, not only at the Croatian but also at the European level, these forests are an increasingly rare and valuable natural phenomenon.

In contrast to the rest of Europe, the quality of natural forests in Croatia began to inerease vvhen the forestry profession vvas established 240 years ago. This vvas the period of the formation of legal states in Europe. In the case of Croatia, forestry vvas ineluded in the system of the military hierarchy, vvhich regulated forests vvith forest lavvs. Those from 1769, 1852, and 1898 deserve special mention. Consequently, forestry vvas established as a le-gally based profession from its earliest days. It is ovving to the prescribed sustainability principle, professional vvork, forestry science, and particularly to the Zagreb School of Silviculture that forests in Croatia have shovvn constant advances in terms of their natural character, quality and productivity throughout this long period.

The still valid defmition and explanation of the prin-ciple of sustainability vvas first mentioned in the Forest Lavv of 1852. In present times, this principle should play an even more important role in vievv of the keen and de-trimental aspirations of many tovvards forests and forest-land, and of the desire to convert them to other cultures and for purposes that conflict vvith the currently valid Forest Lavv of 1990.

During the long history of Croatian forestry, the prin-ciple of sustainability has increasingly gained in impor-tance. It has been adopted, affirmed and improved by both the forestry profession and forestry science. This principle vvas adopted by the Agronomy and Forestry School in Križevci (1860), the Forestry Academy vvithin the Faculty of Philosophy of Zagreb University (1898), the Agronomy-Forestry Faculty (1919) and the Faculty of Forestry of Zagreb University (1960).

The concept of sustainability, or sustainable manage-ment, vvhich vvas established and affirmed by forestry, is currently undergoing revision as a globally accepted pol-ica Agenda 21, the final document of the 1992 UN Con-ference on Environment and Development (UNCED) in Rio de Janeiro, defines this concept as "permanently sus-tainable management". The document vvas signed by 179 countries, including Croatia. Among other issues, the document promotes the ethical treatment of natural resources that is binding for ali the signatory countries.

The Zagreb School of Silviculture vvas initiated and established by Professor Andrija Petračić. He vvas the first doctor of forestry sciences in Croatia (1907), a pro-fessor of silviculture, Head of the Department of Silvi-culture and Dean of the Agronomy - Forestry School of Zagreb University. The Zagreb School of Silviculture has played an invaluable role in the maintenance and improvement of Croatian natural forests. Continuing to

develop and improve up to the present day, it currently enjoys full affirmation and acknowledgement outside the boundaries of Croatia as well.

The Zagreb School of Silviculture is characterised by the following features: management vvith natural forests according to the principles of sustainability, preservation of the natural structure and diversity, natural and artifi-cial regeneration vvith the sheltervvood method based on natural principles, the preservation and improvement of the structure, stability and quality of commercial and non-commercial forest functions vvith the application of tending treatments, silvicultural procedures based on the principles of virgin forest grovvth, and the observance of measures stemming from management goals.

The origin, life and development of floodplain forests are crucially determined by vvater, their principal ecolog-ical factor. River courses and precipitation affect flood-plain and ground vvaters. In combination vvith relief fea-tures, they play an important role in the distribution and survival of floodplain forests.

Man has also been a crucial agent in the development and survival of floodplain forests. River courses and navigation routes, riverbanks, forests and agricultural land in the surroundings of rivers have always been opti-mal sites for human life. Concentrations of people, the establishment of villages and tovvns and the birth of the first cultures and civilizations have always been con-nected vvith seacoasts and riverbanks.

The above factors are the main reason for the disap-pearance of forests from these areas. Areas along almost ali the larger European rivers are currently devoid of forests. Throughout Europe, natural forests of poplars and vvillovvs, as the most important representatives of riparian forests, as vvell as floodplain forests of peduncu-late oak, narrovv-leaved ash and black poplar, have been reduced to very small areas. They have even become a very rare feature along some of the European rivers. The occasional forests that occur in these places are for the most part artificially raised forest cultures, vvhose struc-tural, commercial and non-commercial functions lag far behind those of natural forests.

For ali these reasons, floodplain forests are currently in the focus of interest of ali those European countries vvhich have lost them. These countries are investing con-siderable effort and financial means to return them to their original long-lost areas. Large-scale activities are being undertaken (for example, on the river Rhine) to buy off agricultural land, pull dovvn dams and river-banks, relocate settlements and re-establish the former river meanders so that natural river courses, forests and the life that they support are restored.

Croatian forestry, unlike European forestry, has suc-ceeded in preserving floodplain forests in the larger part of their natural range. The application of sustainability principles, as vvell as tending and regenerating forests

according to the postulates of forestry science, has en-sured the retention of the natural structure, biological diversity and the capacity for natural regeneration in the floodplain forests of vvillovvs and poplars along the Croatian rivers, and forests in the distribution range of the floodplain forests of pedunculate oak, narrovv-leaved ash and black alder.

This has augmented the already exceptionally pre-served condition and naturalness of the riparian forests of vvillovvs and poplars in the area of the Vukovar Forest Office in the vvhole area from the mouth of the Danube to its source. Forests in the catchments of the rivers Drava and Mura, forests of black alder in the area of the Đurđe-vac Forest Office, and the floodplain forests of peduncu-late oak and narrovv-leaved ash in the regions of Posavina and Podravina and in the vvhole of Slavonia represent a specific feature and a living monument to nature and to age-long forestry activities on a global scale.

Zagreb is one of the very few cities in the vvorld that can boast an exceptionally beautiful, preserved and tend-ed floodplain forest of vvhite poplar, such as the forest inhabiting the banks of the river Sava and Lake Bundek in Novi Zagreb.

Scientists gathered in the Academy of Forestry Scien-ces are fully avvare of the outstanding values of Croatian floodplain forests. They acknovvledge that the impor-tance of these forests transcends Croatian boundaries and incites the keen interest of the vvhole of Europe and beyond. To satisfy this interest, they have decided to compile the results of their research in a scientific mono-graph entitled Floodplain Forests in Croatia.

This monograph is the latest edition in an extensive series of monographs and other publications issued since the establishment of free and independent Croatia in 1992. The articles have been vvritten by more or less the same group of authors; hovvever, the group has been complemented by younger members of the Academy of Forestry Sciences and other scientific and professional institutions, vvho have provided contributions.

Apart from the Forestry Academy, the publishers and the co-publishers also include the follovving institutions: the Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts — the Centre of Scientific Work in Vinkovci, the Faculty of Forestry of Zagreb University, the Jastrebarsko Forestry Institute, the company Hrvatske Sume Zagreb, the Croatian Forestry Society, the City of Zagreb - the City Department of Agriculture and Forestry, and the Ministry of Science, Education and Sports of the Republic of Croatia.

The list of books and scientific monographs publish-ed in this period includes:

Forests in Croatia; Silvae nostrae Croatiae; Pedun-culate Oak (Quercus robur L.) in Croatia; the Croatian Forestrv Society 1846-1996; Improvement of Biomass Production of Forest Ecosvstems; Protection and Extrac-tion ofWood; Papers - Lowland Forests in the Pokupsko

Basin; Bibliography of the Forestry Institute; Use of Wood; Slavonian Oak Forests; From the History ofFo-restry in Gorski Kotar to the Present Day; Retrospective and Perspective of Pedunculate Oak Forest Management in Croatia; the Largest Coherent Forest of Pedunculate Oak in Croatian Spačva (special editions in the Croatian and German languages; Silver Fir (Abies alba Mili.) in Croatia; Common Beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) in Croatia.

Ali the listed books and monographs deal with Cro-atian natural forests. Their publication is the result of the unity and cooperation of the Croatian forestry profession gathered in the Croatian Forestry Society established 159 years ago. They contain original results of scientific rese-arch conducted by a number of researchers and authors.

The goal of publishing these works is to introduce the natural forest ecosystems of Croatia to the Croatian and world public. In order to meet this goal, some of the monographs have been written both in the Croatian and English languages, while the book on Spačva was also written in the German language. The other publications have been prepared in such a way as to be easily under-stood also by those who do not speak English.

The scientific monograph Floodplain Forests in Cro-atia is the result of work by 32 authors. Apart from the preface, the introduction and the bibliography, the aut-hors have written, independently or in co-authorship, seven chapters covering seven scientific forestry fields. Each chapter contains a total of 27 articles related to the site and biocoenosis; in other words, the chapters relate to ali the forest ecosystems in the area of floodplain forests in Croatia.

The monograph is intended not only for forestry sci-entists, practical foresters and students in Croatia and abroad, but also for experts and students of natural sci-ences, as well as for ali lovers of nature, in vvhich forests play a dominant and irreplaceable role.

We are particularly pleased that the scientific mono-graph Floodplain Forests in Croatia, also written in English like the monographs published so far, Peduncu-late Oak (Quercus robur L.) in Croatia, Silver Fir (Abies alba Mili.) in Croatia, and Common Beech (Fagus syl-vatica L.) in Croatia, will provide usefiil material for ali foreign students studying full time or part time at the Faculty of Forestry in Zagreb within the Higher Edu-cation Reform prompted by the Bologna Declaration.

As of this academic year, education at the Faculty of Forestry has been organised according to the postulates of this Declaration. In view of the fact that Croatian nat-ural forests are renowned worldwide for their beauty, natural character and management method, we are con-vinced that this, as well as other reasons, will induce young people to come and study forestry in Croatia.

I have the pleasant duty to thank ali the authors from ali professional and scientific forestry institutions for their effort and dedicated work, which has resulted in the publication of this very important book for Croatian forestry.

My special thanks go to the co-publishers of this mo-nograph, the company Hrvatske Sume and the City of Zagreb - the City Office of Agriculture and Forestry, which have as always before, more than correctly carried their part of the burden and fulfilled obligations, with a view to enriching the forestry profession with this valu-able work.

I am convinced that the publication of this mono-graph will yet again highlight the unity of the Croatian forestry profession in their activities aimed at improving Croatian forests and providing the entire Croatian fo-restry profession with an incentive to issue a new mono-graph, vvhich is currently being prepared.

President of the Academy of Forestry Sciences and President of the Editorial Board

Professor Emeritus Slavko Matić, DSc, Dr. h.c. Full member of the Croatian Academy

of Sciences and Arts

UVOD INTRODUCTION

Monografija Poplavne šume u Hrvatskoj objavljuje se nakon monografija o hrastu lužnjaku (1996), običnoj jeli (2001) i običnoj bukvi (2003), sve u izdanju Akade-mije šumarskih znanosti u Zagrebu. Ponešto se temati-kom, sadržajem, formom i formatom razlikuje od prijaš-njih, ponajprije zato što ne obraduje jednu vrstu drveća, već kompleksne šumske ekosustave karakteristične za poplavna područja naše zemlje.

Koja su to područja i što su temeljne značajke poplav-nih šumskih ekosustava?

Poplavne šume rastu uz obale rijeka, u njihovoj nepo-srednoj blizini, na riječnim otocima, sprudovima, u ma-njim ili većim depresijama, koritima bivših vodotoka i periodično se poplavljuju. Veoma su izražajnih razvoj-nih procesa koji se očituju u stalnim promjenama u tlu, ali i na vegetaciji. Jednu šumsku zajednicu nakon odre-đenoga vremena i kulminacije njezina razvoja zamjenju-je druga, u načelu složenija i zahtjevnija prema uvjetima staništa. Položaji i obale rijeka također se često mijenja-ju. Voda, u prvom redu poplavna, određuje život šume: vrstu drveća, njezin izgled i raspored, vrijeme životnih manifestacija, veoma često određuje čitav prirodni sli-jed. Dogodi se, primjerice, da za suših godina u riječnim koritima nastaju sprudovi i na njima malati vrba i topola, pa nakon visokih voda bivaju premješteni na drugo mje-sto ili potpuno razoreni. Obala se stalno erodira, sedi-menti se nanose u šumske sastojine i sve uvjetuje veoma bogatu floru i faunu. Po svome bogatstvu, fizionomiji, teškoj prohodnosti, brojnim isprepletenim penjačicama i gustim grmovima te šume pripadaju najraznovrsnijim šumama na europskom kopnu.

Poplavne šume Republike Hrvatske ubrajaju se među najočuvanije i najznačajnije u Europi. Zauzimaju približ-no 170 000 ha, no jasno se razlikuju dva tipa sastojina: jedno su prave poplavne šume pretežito uz Dravu i Du-nav, na njihovim obalama, riječnim otocima i prostorima do nasipa koji se gotovo redovito godišnje poplavljuju. Temeljne su vrste u tim zajednicama vrbe, topole, vez, siva joha, rjeđe crna joha, poljski jasen, nizinski brijest i hrast lužnjak. U drugom tipu zajednica s težištem pri-dolaska u Posavini i dijelu Podravine kod Đurđevca pre-vladavaju poljski jasen, crna joha i hrast lužnjak. Poplav-na voda u njima samo djelomice dolazi iz rijeka, uglav-nom neizravno preko pritoka, no češći je slučaj da šume rastu u depresijama s glejnim tlima u koja se slijeva obo-

rinska voda s okolnoga terena i tu dulje zadržava do spo-roga otjecanja ili isparivanja. Vlažne i poplavne sastojine hrasta lužnjaka na površini od približno 100 000 ha pri-kazane su u monografiji Hrast lužnjak u Hrvatskoj 1996. godine pa u ovoj knjizi nisu opisane.

Odluku o tiskanju monografije Poplavne šume u Hr-vatskoj donijela je Akademija šumarskih znanosti na sjednici Predsjedništva održanoj 29. travnja 2003. godi-ne. Za glavnoga urednika izabran je prof. dr. sc. Joso Vu-kelić, za tehničkoga urednika Hranislav Jakovac, dipl. ing. šum., a u uredništvo akademik Slavko Matić, prof. dr. sc. dr. h. c. Branimir Prpić, dr. sc. Joso Gračan, doc. dr. sc. Igor Anić, doc. dr. sc. Davorin Kajba, mr. sc. Pavle Vratarić, mr. sc. Josip Dundović. Oni su odredili osam poglavlja, predložili članke i autore. Hrvatske je tekstove lektorirala i korigirala prof. dr. sc. Branka Tafra, prijevod na engleski jezik i korekturu obavile su Ljerka Vajagić, prof., i Renata Barac-Peršin, prof., dok je engleske tek-stove lektorirao Mark Davies, prof. Recenzenti su ugled-ni šumarski stručnjaci, specijalisti za pojedina područja iz Hrvatske i iz inozemstva. Autori su fotografija osim auto-ra tekstova šumarski i drugi stručnjaci koji su dio radnoga vijeka proveli u područjima koja se opisuju u monografi-ji. Tekstove i slikovne priloge za tisak priredio je Zupan-čić HR d.o.o., a tvrtka Denona d.o.o. tiskala je knjigu.

Izdavač je monografije Akademija šumarskih znanos-ti, a suizdavači su Hrvatske šume d.o.o i Grad Zagreb, Gradski ured za poljoprivredu i šumarstvo. Suizdavači su razumijevanjem Željka Ledinskoga, dipl. ing. šum., mr. sc. Darka Beuka i Darka Vuletića, dipl. ing. šum., osigu-rali financijska sredstva i omogućili tiskanje ovoga djela.

Monografija Poplavne šume u Hrvatskoj namijenjena je ponajprije šumarskim stručnjacima i studentima, ali i drugima koji se u bilo kojem dijelu svoga rada dotiču poplavnih područja. Tu mislimo uglavnom na stručnjake iz vodoprivrede, elektroprivrede, poljoprivrede, ribar-stva, a posebno na ekologe i biologe u širem smislu, od-nosno djelatnike u zaštićenim prirodnim područjima u nizinskom dijelu Hrvatske. Sigurni smo da će monogra-fija pobuditi njihovo zanimanje i olakšati im shvaćanje postanka, razvoja i poglavito gospodarenja poplavnim, ali i drugim šumama.

Monografija o poplavnim šumama sadrži 27 radova koje su napisala 32 autora i suautora. Podijeljena j e u

osam tematskih poglavlja uz proslov i uvod. Ovdje na-vodimo samo urednike i naslove poglavlja, a imena osta-lih autora i suautora i naslovi članaka nalaze se u sadrža-ju i uz tekstove pojedinih poglavlja: 1. prof. dr. sc. Joso Vukelić,

Općenito o šumama poplavnih područja 2. prof. dr. sc. Joso Vukelić,

Stanište, flora i vegetacija 3. prof. dr. sc. dr. h. c. Branimir Prpić,

Ekološka konstitucija glavnih vrsta drveća 4. doc. dr. sc. Davorin Kajba,

Oplemenjivanje i očuvanje genetskih izvora vrsta poplavnih šuma

5. akademik Slavko Matić, Uzgajanje poplavnih šuma

6. mr. sc. Pavle Vratarić, Poplavne šume i životinjski svijet

7. prof. dr. sc. Milan Glavaš, Štetni biotski čimbenici u poplavnim šumama

8. Hranislav Jakovac, dipl. ing., Bibliografija

U prvom poglavlju predstavljena su tri članka o ras-prostranjenosti, dinamičnim promjenama staništa i šum-

skoga pokrova te općekorisnom i gospodarskom znače-nju šuma poplavnoga područja. Površina poplavnih šuma koje se obrađuju u monografiji iznosi oko 68 000 ha, premda je nekad bila mnogo veća. Smanjenju šumovitosti pridonijelo je krčenje šuma, prirodna i antropogeno uvje-tovana sukcesija prema vegetaciji suših staništa, pro-mjene u riječnim tokovima i općim ekološkim prilikama. Od 68 000 ha poplavnih šuma približno 30 000 su šume poljskoga jasena, 13 700 euroameričke topole, 10 500 bi-jele vrbe, 8100 ha crne johe i 5700 ha crne i bijele topole i ostalih vrsta. Detaljniji prikaz rasprostranjenosti šuma vlažnih staništa daje se na sedam karata. Dinamične pro-mjene biljnoga pokrivača i staništa prikazane su na veo-ma zanimljivom primjeru erozivnoga djelovanja Dunava u Poriću kod Erduta, gdje je u trideset godina 103 ha oba-le i šuma otplavljeno i u jednom dijelu nataloženo na dru-gu stranu obale. Uz objašnjenje geneze tala opisuju se sukcesivne promjene biljnih zajednica sa shemom sedam zajednica iz vukovarskoga područja. Posljednji članak iz prvoga poglavlja raspravlja o ekološkoj, društvenoj ili so-cijalnoj i socijalno-ekofiziološkoj ulozi šume, objašnjava se svaka od njih s obzirom na poplavne šume u Hrvatskoj. Na kraju se tzv. općekorisna vrijednost poplavnih šuma procjenjuje na 5 435 067 850 €, što s vrijednošću drva od

Šuma bijele vrbe za visokoga vodostaja Forest of white willow at high water level

940 914 235 € ukupno iznosi 6 375 982 085 €. U obzir su uzete i poplavne šume hrasta lužnjaka jer ovi parametri nisu obrađeni u monografiji o hrastu lužnjaku, odnosno uzeto je u razmatranje svih 167 000 ha poplavnih šuma u Hrvatskoj.

U drugom poglavlju u pet se članaka opisuju tla, kli-matske prilike, flora, vegetacija i zaštićeni objekti u po-plavnim šumama. Za pedogenetske odnose u poplavnim šumama navodi se presudan utjecaj reljefa i vodotoka, objašnjavaju dva osnovna tipa vlaženja - aluvijalni i glejni u kompleksnom prikazu fiziografskih značajki tala s posebnim naglaskom na pojedina slivna područja u Hrvatskoj. Detaljno se opisuju osnovni tipovi tala, po-vezuju s biljnim zajednicama, proizvodnošću i ističe se uloga tla u gospodarenju poplavnim šumama. Klimatske prilike poplavnih šuma prikazane su na temelju tempera-ture zraka, količine oborina i zračne vlage za osam mete-oroloških postaja na nadmorskim visinama od 88 (Osi-jek) do 167 m (Varaždin) za razdoblje od 1981. do 2000. godine. Uz tablice su prikazani i Walterovi klimatski di-jagrami i razmatra se utjecaj klime na razvoj poplavnih šuma s prognozom porasta temperature i oborina u ni-zinskom području Hrvatske u sljedećih sto godina. U prikazu flore poplavnih šuma navedeno j e 437 vrsta vas-kularnih biljaka koje su pripadnici 90 porodica. Popis vrsta temelji se na fitocenološkim snimcima iz sedam-naest znanstvenih radova bez obzira na njihovu siste-matsku pripadnost ili ekološku karakterizaciju. Šumska vegetacija poplavnih šuma predstavljena je s jedanaest šumskih zajednica svrstanih u četiri sveze, tri reda i tri razreda. Za svaku zajednicu navodi se sistematska pri-padnost, područje rasprostranjenosti, sinekološki uvjeti, florni sastav i sindinamički odnosi. U članku se ističe raznolikost šumske vegetacije i presudan utjecaj vodno-ga režima. Na kraju poglavlja prikazani su zaštićeni pri-rodni objekti šumske vegetacije u poplavnim područji-ma Hrvatske. Detaljnije se opisuju Park prirode Kopački rit, posebni rezervati — botanički (Đon močvar), šumske vegetacije (Crni jarci), ornitološki (Veliki Pažut i Raki-ta), značajan krajobraz (Sovsko jezero, Jelkuš, Širinski otok, Križnica, Spačva, Virovi, Vuka) i ističu vrlo vrijed-ni, ali još službeno nezaštićeni lokaliteti delta Neretve, Donjomiholjačke podravske šume, Slatinske podravske šume i Đundek u Zagrebu.

Treće poglavlje urednika B. Prpića u tri članka obra-đuje ekološku konstituciju glavnih vrsta drveća poplav-nih šuma, presudan utjecaj vode na njihov postanak i razvoj te ključne antropogene utjecaje na biotope i biljni pokrov poplavnih područja. Ekološka konstitucija vrste sadrži genotip, fenotip, stanište i konkurentsku sposob-nost svojte. Od vrsta drveća mekih listača obrađivane su bijela vrba, bijela topola, crna topola, crna joha i siva

joha. Od tvrdih listača opisani su poljski jasen i brijest vez. Posebno je s obzirom na uvjete pridolaska zanimljiv opis korijenskoga sustava pojedine vrste, a osim nave-denih obilježja za svaku se vrstu donosi karta rasprostra-njenosti i ekogrami s visinom stabla i trajanjem života vrste. U članku o utjecaju snage rijeke na postanak i op-stanak poplavnih šuma razmatraju se vode rijeka Du-nava, Drave i Save na razvoj i i raznolikost šumskih eko-sustava, posebice se pridolazak glavnih vrsta drveća raz-matra uz razinu vodostaja rijeka. Veoma je instruktivan kartografsko-slikovni prilog četiriju različitih vodostaja Dunava u predjelu Zlatna greda u Baranji. Na kraju se re-zimiraju iskustva o posljedicama i koristima izgradnje brana i velikih hidrosustava u kojima u prvim godinama djelovanja prevladavaju pozitivne socijalne i ekonomske posljedice, no poslije ih nadmašuju negativne ekološke i druge posljedice. U obrazloženju takva stava napisan je treći članak u kojem se detaljnije razmatraju različiti antropogeni utjecaji i vodotehnički zahvati koji najčešće negativno utječu na šumske ekosustave. Zanimljiv je

Crna joha u Posavini Black alder in Posavina

stav autora posebice o zadržavanju velikih voda u šumo-vitim nizinskim prostorima, jer su upravo retencije is-hodište i alibi za velike zahvate u nizinskim područjima kojima se utječe na šume.

U uvodu četvrtoga poglavlja opisuje se taksonom-ska problematika drvenastih vrsta poplavnih i močvarnih šuma. U prvom dijelu članka obrađuje se nadstojni sloj drveća, i to vrste Salix alba, S. fragilis, Populus alba, P. nigra, Alnus glutinosa, A. incana, Ulmus laevis, U. car-pinifolia i Fraxinus angustifolia, u drugom dijelu vrste podstojnoga sloja drveća Prunus padus, Acer tataricum, Viburnum opulus, Rubus caesius, Frangula alnus i na kraju elementi progresijskih stadija u razvitku šuma poplavnih staništa iz rodova Myricaria, &z/ix i Tamarix. Autori opisuju dostignuća u oplemenjivanju vrsta po-plavnih šuma, različite namjene oplemenjivanja te poku-se na oplemenjivanju. U Hrvatskoj su dosad u tom po-dručju postignuti izvrsni rezultati, poglavito u opleme-njivanju stablastih vrba. Posebno je važna preporuka za upotrebu pojedinih klonova na različitim tlima i lokalite-tima nizinskoga područja. U oplemenjivanju topola za-bilježeno je u nas više od stotinu klonova, te se upozora-

va na rizike kod višekratnoga osnivanja plantaža istih klonova na istoj površini. Osim opisa tih vrsta donosi se pregled rezultata u oplemenjivanju crne johe i poljskoga jasena, te poseban osvrt na oplemenjivanje nekih vrsta mekih listača poplavnih šuma za potrebe biomase u krat-kim ophodnjama, što se u Hrvatskoj nedovoljno koristi. Veoma važno područje suvremenoga šumarstva jest oču-vanje genetskih izvora pojedinih vrsta. Posebice je to važno kod vrsta poplavnih šuma jer su promjenom hidro-loških uvjeta nastupile teškoće u obnovi poplavnih šuma i gubitka genetske varijabilnosti nekih vrsta na njihovim staništima. U članku o toj problematici analizira se oču-vanje genetskih izvora crne topole, koja je među najugro-ženijim vrstama i zbog nestanka svojih prirodnih staništa i zbog masovnoga unošenja superiornijih križanaca euro-američkih topola i klonova američke crne topole. Opisuje se selekcioniranje, nabrajaju lokaliteti i klonski arhivi, jednako tako i za vrbe i crnu johu. U drugom dijelu članka obrađuju se sjemenske jedinice vrsta poplavnih šuma temeljenih na razdiobi šuma na područja, zone i sjemenske jedinice. Donose se opis i karte za poljski ja-sen, crnu johu, bijelu vrbu, crnu i bijelu topolu.

Tipična proljetna struktura poplavnoga krajolika u Baranji Typical springtime structure offlood landscape in Baranja

U petom poglavlju o uzgajanju poplavnih šuma u uvodnom se članku raspravlja o morfologiji i strukturi poplavnih šuma. Opisuju se pojavni oblici i prostorni raspored Šuma vrba i topola, zatim sastojina crne johe i na kraju poljskoga jasena. Za većinu opisanih stadija do-nose se tablični podaci o broju stabala, temeljnici i obuj-mu po etažama sastojina. Članak je posebno zanimljiv zbog terminoloških objašnjenja za pojedine razvojne faze i oblike sastojina. Po istom načelu obrađeno je po-mlađivanje i njega šuma poplavnih područja. Za sasto-jine vrba i topola, zasebice crne johe i poljskoga jasena, raspravlja se o ekološkim i šumskouzgojnim svojstvima u fazi obnove sastojina, opisuju šumskouzgojni zahvati i preporuke u rastu i razvoju, pa članak ima izuzetnu prak-tičnu vrijednost. U članku o sjemenarstvu i rasadničar-stvu autori prikazuju cvatnju i fruktifikaciju, skupljanje i doradu sjemena, klijavost i čuvanje sjemena za osam glavnih vrsta drveća u poplavnim šumama, a u drugom dijelu članka rasadničku proizvodnju. Posebno je iscrp-no prikazana rasadnička proizvodnja topolovih sadnica. Poglavlje završava člankom o osnivanju šumskih kultura i plantaža za vrste koje se obrađuju u monografiji. Kro-

nološkim redom opisuju se postupci pri odabiru tla za podizanje kultura i plantaža vrba i topola, izbor vrsta s obzirom na stanište, sadnica, metoda i gustoće sadnje, izbor ophodnje, zatim načini njege s posebnim osvrtom na današnje ekološke uvjete u kojima se kulture i planta-že razvijaju. Na isti način, uz uvažavanje njihovih po-sebnosti, obrađene su vrste crna joha i poljski jasen.

U šestom poglavlju, koje je uredio P. Vratarić, tri članka obrađuju životinjski svijet poplavnih šuma s izra-zitim naglaskom na lovstvo i lovno gospodarenje kao neodvojiv dio šumarske djelatnosti. U prvom članku opisuju se životinje - vrste i skupine koje stalno ili po-vremeno žive u poplavnim šumama. Nakon opisa naj-značajnijih lokaliteta poplavnih šuma u Hrvatskoj slijedi u skupini beskralježnjaka prikaz praživotinja (.Protozoa) i višestaničnih životinja (.Metazoe), u skupini kraljež-njaka riba (Pisces), vodozemaca (Amphibia), gmazova (Reptilia), ptica (Aves) i sisavaca (Mammalia). U okviru pojedine podskupine popisuju se vrste, navode osnovne značajke i upozorava na ugroženost. Članak je popraćen veoma lijepim fotografijama uz konstataciju da mnoge od spomenutih vrsta žive u šumama ili im je dio životno-

Podunavske šume za visokoga vodostaja Danube forests in the time of high water level

ga ciklusa barem vezan uz šume ili drveće. U drugom se članku opisuje divljač poplavnih šuma kao njihova važna atraktivna sastavnica. To se posebice odnosi na obični jelen (Cervus elaphus)', čije je optimalno obitavalište upravo u poplavnim područjima. U članku o divljači au-tori opisuju u okviru krupne divljači običnoga jelena, običnu smu, divlju svinju, od sitne dabra, jazavca, čaglja, divlju mačku i kunu zlaticu, a od pernate divljači ptice močvarice. Naglašava se specifičan odnos poplavne šu-me i divljači, rijetko izražen u takvoj vezi na kontinental-nom području. Poglavlje završava prikazom lovnoga gospodarenja, i to od povijesnih podataka za Slavoniju i Baranju preko ekoloških uvjeta i utjecaja vodostaja rijeka na lovno gospodarenje, prehranu i prihranu divljači. Razmatraju se gospodarski i socijalni uvjeti za razvoj lovstva kao gospodarske djelatnosti i sve veći pritisak za kompletnom konzervacijom pojedinih poplavnih podru-čja, što isključuje lovnu djelatnost. Na kraju je članka po-pis lovišta u poplavnom području Hrvatske s temeljnim podacima i važnim kartografskim i slikovnim prilozima.

U sedmom poglavlju urednika M. Glavaša obrađeni su biotski čimbenici koji uz nepovoljne abiotske uvjete u poplavnim šumama mogu znatno utjecati na stabilnost šumskih vrsta drveća s posebnim naglaskom na topole i vrbe u rasadnicima i kulturama. Prikazan je entomološki kompleks poplavnih šuma te posljedice defolijacije od kukaca koji se hrane lišćem. Opisano je petnaest kukaca, većinom specijaliziranih na topole i vrbe, a neki su i poli-fagni. Sedam kukaca je ksilofaga, za sve je dan kratak opis njihove morfologije, biologije i značenja kao štetni-ka. Tako na topolama i vrbama dolaze 183 vrste štetnika različita značenja. Dalje su prikazane gljivične bolesti vrba i topola, i to bolesti lišća i kore, te uzročnici truleži drva. Među mikozama lišća značajne su rđe i smeđa pje-gavost topolova lišća, a među bolestima kore na prvom se mjestu ističe upala i rak kore topola. Opisano je još pet mikoza kore. Topole i vrbe napadaju gljive iz sedam po-rodica iz reda Aphylloporales, u koje je uključeno preko

30 rodova i osamdeset vrsta. Od uzročnika truleži topola i vrba opisano je više od dvadeset gljiva. Također su pri-kazane dvije gljive (Ophiostoma ulmi i O. novo-ulmi) na brijestu. Od sitnih glodavaca na topolama i vrbama veli-ku štetu čini nekoliko vrsta voluharica, a šteta se sastoji u glodanju kore korijena i nadzemnih dijelova. Također su opisane štete od divljači i u novije vrijeme od dabra. Na kraju je općeniti prikaz zaštite u poplavnim šumama i ra-sadnicima u kojima se proizvode topola i vrba.

U osmom poglavlju obuhvaćen je pregled literature, domaće i strane, koja je citirana ili je upotrijebljena u širem smislu u istraživanjima poplavnih šuma, u pripre-mi i pisanju tekstova. Riječ je o vrlo vrijednim djelima i spoznajama o poplavnim staništima, šumama i vrstama. Nema sumnje da je ovo u Hrvatskoj jedinstven popis literature za ovu problematiku koji će uvelike olakšati rad istraživačima, šumarskim i drugim stručnjacima pri stjecanju znanja i iskustava o gospodarenju poplavnim šumama.

Na kraju se koristim prilikom u ime uredništva i uređivačkoga vijeća da zahvalim autorima tekstova, au-torima fotografija, recenzentima, lektorima, prevodite-ljima i svima ostalima koji su sudjelovali u izradi ove monografije na izvrsnoj suradnji i uloženu trudu. Poseb-no zahvaljujem Hrvatskim šumama d.o.o. i Gradu Za-grebu, Gradskomu uredu za poljoprivredu i Šumarstvo na organizacijskoj i financijskoj potpori.

Objavljivanjem monografije Poplavne šume u Hr-vatskoj otklonjena je uočljiva praznina u našoj stručnoj i znanstvenoj literaturi, ali i u praksi kojoj nedostaje jedno ovakvo djelo. Uz to treba istaknuti da su hrvatski šu-marski stručnjaci među prvima u Europi u cjelovitom monografskom obliku obradili poplavne šume svoje zemlje. Siguran sam da će tekstovi u monografiji s pre-krasnim motivima poplavnih šuma biti istinski poticaj da ih bolje upoznamo, njima upravljamo i gospodarimo na način koji će im osigurati stabilnost i koji će promicati njihovu ljepotu.

Glavni urednik prof. dr. sc. Joso Vukelić

INTRODUCTION The monograph Floodplain Forests in Croatia folIows

the monographs on pedunculate oak (1996), silver fir (2001) and common beech (2003), ali published by the Academy of Forestry Sciences in Zagreb. This monograph differs somewhat from the former monographs in terms of topics, content, form and format, primarily in the sense that it does not treat one tree species, but complex forest eco-systems characteristic of the floodplain areas of Croatia.

What are these areas and what are the basic features of floodplain forest ecosystems?

Floodplain forests occur on riverbanks or the areas in their immediate proximity, river islands, shoals, smaller or bigger depressions, and channels of former watercourses. They are periodically flooded. They manifest distinct developmental processes reflected in permanent changes in the soil and vegetation. After a certain period of time, when a forest community attains the culmination in its development, it is replaced by another community vvhich is, as a rule, more complex and demanding with regard to site conditions. The positions of the forests and the river-banks themselves also change frequently. The life of a for-est is for the most part determined by floodwater: it often affects the tree species, its appearance and distribution, periods of life forms and the whole natural sequence. For example, shoals are formed in river channels during dry years and are inhabited by carrs of willow and poplar. During the periods of high waters, these shoals are relocat-ed to other places or are completely destroyed. The banks are constantly eroded and forest stands are filled with sedi-ments brought by the water. A combination of these factors is responsible for the exceptional richness of the flora and fauna. The wealth, physiognomy and inaccessibility of these forests, the numerous intertwined climber plants and the dense shrubs rank them among the most diverse forests on the European continent.

Floodplain forests in the Republic of Croatia are among the best preserved and most important in Europe. They cover approximately 170,000 ha, but two štand types are clearly differentiated. One type is made up of proper flood-plain forests, mainly along the rivers Drava and Danube, covering their banks, river islands and the areas stretching to the embankments, which are almost regularly inundated on an annual basis. The basic species of these communities are willows, poplars, spreading elm, grey alder, and, less frequently, black alder, narrow-leaved ash, lowland elm and pedunculate oak. The other type, which occurs pre-dominantly in Posavina and in a part of Podravina near Đurdevec, is made up of communities dominated by nar-row-leaved ash, black alder and pedunculate oak. Flood-

water in these communities is only partly due to the rivers, usually indirectly via their tributaries. More commonly, forests grow in depressions with gleyic soils that are inun-dated with precipitation runoffs from the surrounding ter-rain, which remain there until the water slowly retreats or evaporates. Wet and floodplain stands of pedunculate oak over an area of approximately 100,000 ha were presented in the 1996 monograph Pedunculate Oak in Croatia and will not be treated here.

The decision to publish the monograph Floodplain Forests in Croatia was made by the Academy of Forestry Sciences at the session of their Presidency held in 2003. Professor Joso Vukelić, PhD, was elected Editor-in-Chief, Hranislav Jakovac, BSc, was appointed Technical Editor, vvhile the Editorial Board included Academician Slavko Matić, Professor Branimir Prpić, DSc, Dr. h.c., Joso Gra-čan, PhD, Asst. Prof. Igor Anić, PhD, Asst. Prof. Davorin Kajba, PhD, Pavle Vratarić, MSc, and Josip Dundović, MSc. A decision was made on eight chapters and the arti-cles and the authors were proposed. The Croatian texts were language edited by Professor Branka Tafra, PhD, translated into English by Ljerka Vajagić, BA, and Renata Barac, BA, and language edited by Mark Davies, MA. The reviewers were prominent forestry experts in different flelds from Croatia and abroad. Apart from the authors of the texts, the authors of the photographs were forestry and other experts who have spent part of their working life in the areas described in the monograph. The texts and the pictorial contributions were prepared by Župančić H R and printed by the company "Denona".

The publisher of the monograph is the Academy of Forestry Sciences, while the co-publishers are the compa-ny Hrvatske Sume and the City of Zagreb - the City Office of Agriculture and Forestry. The co-publishers have ensured the financial resources for the publication of this monograph thanks to the understanding of Zeljko Ledin-ski, BSc, Darko Benko, MSc, and Darko Vuletić, BSc.

The monograph Floodplain Forests in Croatia is inten-ded primarily for forestry experts and students, but also for other specialists whose work is connected with floodplain areas. These are, above ali, experts from the flelds of water management, electricity management, agriculture, fish management, and particularly ecologists and biologists in the wider sense; in other vvords, ali those working in pro-tected natural areas in the lowland part of Croatia. We are confident that the monograph will raise interest among them and enable better understanding of the origin, devel-opment and management of floodplain and other forests.

The monograph on floodplain forests contains 27 arti-cles written by 32 authors and co-authors. It is divided into eight thematic chapters, and also includes a preface and an introduction. Only the editors and chapter titles will be list-ed here, while the names of other authors and co-authors, as well as the titles of the articles, will be listed in the index and in the texts of individual chapters:

1. Professor Joso Vukelić, PhD Forests in General in Floodplain Areas

2. Professor Joso Vukelić, PhD Site, Flora and Vegetation

3. Professor Branimir Prpić DSc, Dr h.c. Ecological Constitution of Principal Tree Species

4. Asst. Professor Davorin Kajba, PhD Improvement and Conservation of Genetic Sources of Species in Floodplain Forests

5. Academician Slavko Matić Silviculture in Floodplain Forests

6. Pavle Vratarić, MSc Floodplain Forests and the Animal JVorld

7. Professor Milan Glavaš, PhD Harmful Biotic Factors in Floodplain Forests

8. Hranislav Jakovac, BSc Bibliography

Chapter 1 contains three articles dealing with the dis-tribution, the dynamic ehanges in the site and forest cover, and the non-commercial and commercial importance of forests in floodplain areas. The area of floodplain forests treated in the monograph amounts to about 68,000 ha, although this was much larger in the past. The depletion of forested areas was caused by a number of factors, includ-ing the cutting down of forests, the natural and anthro-pogenic-induced succession towards the vegetation of drier sites, and ehanges in river channels and in general ecological conditions. Of the total of 68,000 ha of flood-plain forests, forests of narrow-leaved ash account for about 30,000 ha, Euro-American poplars for about 13,700 ha, white willows for about 10,500 ha, black alder for about 8,100 ha and black and white poplar and other species for about 5,700 ha. A more detailed survey of the distribution of forests of humid sites is presented in seven maps. Dynamic ehanges in the plant cover and site are illustrated vvith a very interesting example of the erosive action of the Danube in Porić near Erdut, vvhere 103 ha of the bank and forests vvere eroded and partially deposited on the other side of the river vvithin a period of thirty years. Successive ehanges in the plant communities are des-cribed, accompanied by an explanation of the soil genesis and a seheme of seven communities from the Vukovar area. The last article in the first chapter deals vvith ecologi-cal, social or social and socio-ecophysiological forest functions. Each of these functions is explained in relation

to the floodplain forests in Croatia. The non-commercial value of floodplain forests, or the value of their generally beneficial functions, is assessed at € 5,435,067,850, vvhich, together vvith the value of the vvood mass in an amount of € 940,914,235, totals € 6,375,982,085. Floodplain forests of pedunculate oak have also been ineluded, because these parameters vvere not treated in the monograph on peduncu-late oak. In other vvords, ali 167,000 ha of floodplain forests in Croatia have been considered in this monograph.

Chapter 2 consists of five articles that describe the soils, climatic features, flora, vegetation and protected sites in floodplain forests. Pedogenetic relationships in floodplain forests are crucially determined by the relief and vvatercourses. Tvvo basic types of vvetting - alluvial and gleyic - are explained in a complex presentation of physiographic soil properties vvith special emphasis on individual catchment areas in Croatia. The meticulously described basic soil types are linked vvith plant communi-ties and productivity. The role of the soil in floodplain for-est management is highlighted. Climatic conditions in floodplain forests are based on air temperature and quanti-ties of precipitation and air humidity in eight meteorologi-cal stations at altitudes ranging from 88 m (Osijek) to 176 m (Varaždin) for the period from 1981 to 2000. The tables are supplemented vvith Walter's climatic diagrams. The impact of elimate on the development of floodplain forests is discussed, vvhile inereases in the temperature and in pre-cipitation in the lovvland area of Croatia are forecast for the next hundred years. A presentation of the flora of flood-plain forests contains 437 vascular plant species that belong to 90 families. The list of species is based on phyt-coenological releves from seventeen scientific vvorks irre-speetive of their systematic affiliation or ecological ehar-acterisation. The forest vegetation of floodplain forests is represented vvith eleven forest communities classified in four alliances, three orders and three classes. Systematic affiliation, distribution range, synecological conditions, floral composition and syndynamic relationships are given for each community. The article highlights the diversity of forest vegetation and the decisive impact of the vvater regime. The chapter ends vvith a survey of the protected natural sites of forest vegetation in the floodplain areas of Croatia. Detailed descriptions are provided for the Ko-pački Rit Nature Park and for botanical (Đon Močvar), for-est vegetation (Crni Jarci) and ornithological (Veliki Pažut and Rakita) special reserves, and for important landscapes (Sovsko Lake, Jelkuš, Širinski Island, Križnica, Spačva, Virovi, Vuka). Attention is also dravvn to the highly valu-able but still officially unprotected localities of the Neretva Delta, Donjomiholjačke Podravske Šume, Slatinske Po-dravske Šume and Bundek in Zagreb.

Chapter 3, edited by B. Prpić, contains three articles related to the ecological constitution of principal tree species in floodplain forests, the decisive impact of vvater

on their origin and development, and the crucial anthro-pogenic impacts of water on the biotopes and plant cover of floodplain areas. The ecological constitution of a spe-cies includes the genotype, phenotype, site and competi-tive ability of a species. The softvvood broadleaved tree species treated in the chapter include white willow, white poplar, black poplar, black alder and grey alder, while the hardwood broadleaves include narrow-leaved ash and spreading elm. Especially interesting are the descriptions of a species root system with regard to the conditions of its occurrence. Apart from the listed characteristics, a distri-bution map and ecograms containing tree heights and life expectancy are given for each species. The article on the impact of the power of the river on the origin and survival of floodplain forests discusses the waters of the rivers Danube, Drava and Sava and their influence on the devel-opment and diversity of forest ecosystems. The correlation between the occurrence of the principal tree species and the river water levels is also discussed. A cartographic-pic-torial presentation of four different water levels of the Da-nube in the Zlatna Greda area of Baranja is particularly instructive. The chapter ends with a summary of the conse-quences and benefits of building dams and large hydro-systems. The initial years of their activity are dominatedby positive social and economic consequences; however, these effects are later overshadowed by negative ecologi-cal and other consequences. The third article gives a detailed explanation of different anthropogenic impacts and of water-technical operations that usually negatively affect forest ecosystems. The attitude of the author con-cerning the retention of large bodies of water in forested lowland areas is particularly interesting, since these reten-tions are often used as a starting point and an alibi for large-scale operations in lowland areas with profound effects on the forests.

The introduction to Chapter 4 describes the problem of the taxonomy of woody species in floodplain and swampy forests. The first part of the article deals with the tree over-storey consisting of the species Salix alba, S. fragilis, Po-pulus alba, P. nigra, Alnus glutinosa, A. incana, Ulmus laevis, U. carpinifolia and Fraxinus angustifolia. The sec-ond part deals with the species in the tree understorey: Prunus padus, Acer tataricum, Viburnum opulus, Rubus caesius and Frangula alnus. The elements of the progres-sive stages in the development of the forests of floodplain sites from the genera Myricaria, Salix and Tamarix are described in the final part. In the article related to achieve-ments in the improvement of floodplain forest species, the authors describe the different purposes of improvement, illustrate experiments and point out the achievement so far in Croatia in this field, especially in the improvement of tree-like willows. The recommendation to use particular clones in different soils and localities of lowland areas is particularly important. Related to the improvement of poplars, over one hundred clones have been registered in

Croatia. A warning is given on the risks of multiple estab-lishments of plantations vvith the same clones in the same area. Apart from these species, a survey of results is pro-vided on the improvement of black alder and narrovv-leaved ash, with special reference to the improvement of some soft broadleaves of floodplain forests for the purpose of obtaining biomass in short rotations, vvhich is insuffi-ciently used in Croatia. A very important field of modern forestry is concerned vvith the conservation of the genetic sources of individual species. This is particularly impor-tant vvith regard to the species of floodplain forests, because the changed hydrological conditions have high-lighted difficulties encountered in the regeneration of floodplain forests and the loss of genetic variability of some species in their sites. The article on this topic deals separately vvith the conservation of the genetic sources of black poplar. This tree species is among the most endan-gered, not only because of the disappearance of its natural sites but also because of the mass introduction of superior hybrids ofEuro-American poplars and clones of American black poplar. Selection processes are described and locali-ties and clonal archives listed both for the vvillovv and the black alder. The second part of the article deals vvith the seed units of species of floodplain forests based on the division of forests into regions, zones and seed units. Descriptions and maps for narrovv-leaved ash, black alder, vvhite vvillovv and black and vvhite poplar are provided.

The introductory article of Chapter 5 is devoted to the morphology and structure of floodplain forests. The mor-phological forms and the spatial distribution of forests of vvillovvs and poplars are described, follovved by descrip-tions of stands of black alder and fmally narrovv-leaved ash. Tabular data on the number of trees, basal area and volume per individual štand storey are given for the majority of the described stages. The article is particularly interesting because it provides terminological explanations for differ-ent developmental stages and štand forms. This is follovved by accounts of the regeneration and tending of the forests of floodplain areas. Ecological and silvicultural properties in the stage of štand regeneration are given for stands of vvil-lovvs and poplars, and separately for black alder and nar-rovv-leaved ash. Silvicultural treatments are described and recommendations given for grovvth and development, giv-ing the article high practical value. In the article on seed production and nursery production for the most important tree species in floodplain forests, the authors discuss flovv-ering and fructification, seed collection and processing, germinability and seed storage for eight principal tree species. The second part of the article focuses on nursery production, vvhere the production of poplar seedlings is described in detail. The chapter ends vvith an article related to the establishment of forest cultures and plantations for the species treated in the monograph. Described in chrono-logical order are procedures in the selection of soils for the establishment of vvillovv and poplar cultures and planta-

tions, the choice of species with regard to the site, seed-lings. planting methods and planting density, the choice of rotation, the methods and needs of tending, with special emphasis on the current ecological conditions in which cul-tures and plantations grow. The species of black alder and narrow-leaved ash are also treated in the same way, but account is taken of their specific features.

Chapter 6, edited by P. Vratarić, consists of three arti-cles dealing with the animal vvorld of floodplain forests, with special focus on hunting and game management as an indelible part of forestry activity. The first article is related to animals-species and groups that live permanently or temporarily in floodplain forests. A description of the most important localities of floodplain forests in Croatia is fol-lowed by a survey of protozoa (Protozoa) and multicellu-lar animals (Metazoa) in the invertebrate group, and fishes (Pisces), amphibians (Amphibia), reptiles (.Reptilia), birds (Aves) and mammals (.Mammalia) in the vertebrate group. Within a given subgroup, the species are inventoried, their basic features listed, and their endangered status indicated. The article is accompanied by attractive photographs and by the comment that many of the mentioned species either live in forests or are linked to forests or trees for at least part of their life cycle. The second article deals with the game of floodplain forests as an important segment and attractive feature of these forests. This refers particularly to red deer (Cervus elaphus), whose optimal habitat is found precisely in floodplain areas. In the article on game, con-sideration is given to red deer, roe deer and boar in the group of big game, beaver, badger, jackal, wild cat and pine marten in the group of small game, and waterfowl in the group of feathered game. Special emphasis is given to the specific relationship between floodplain forests and game, rarely seen in the continental area. The end of the chapter is devoted to game management. It gives historical data for Slavonia and Baranja and discusses ecological conditions, the impact of river water levels on hunting management, game nutrition and supplementary feeding. Economic and social conditions for the development of hunting as an economic activity are discussed, as well as mounting pressures for the total conservation of some floodplain areas, which excludes hunting activities. The article ends with an inventory of hunting grounds in the floodplain area of Croatia. Basic data and important carto-graphic and pictorial are provided.

Chapter 7, edited by M. Glavaš, is related to biotic fac-tors which, in combination vvith adverse abiotic conditions in floodplain forests, considerably affect the stability of forest tree species and particularly poplars and vvillovvs in nurseries and cultures. The entomological complex of flo-odplain forests is given. The significance is indicated of defoliation caused by leaf-feeding insects and their pri-m a j importance. Fifteen insects, mostly attracted to pop-lars and vvillovvs, are described, some of vvhich are poli-phagous, vvhile seven insects are xylophages. A short des-

cription of the morphology, biology and importance as pests is given for ali the insects. Poplars and vvillovvs are hosts to 183 pest species of varying degrees of importance. This is follovved by an account of the ungal diseases of vvil-lovvs and poplars, leaf and bark diseases, and the causes of heartrot. Among leaf mycoses, rusts and poplar leaf blotch take up a prominent position. Bark diseases include in the first place poplar bark necrosis and canker, follovved by five bark mycoses. Poplars and vvillovvs are colonised by fungi from seven families of the order Aphylloporales, vvhich contains over 30 genera and eighty species. More than twenty fungi, the cause of poplar and vvillovv decay, are described. Tvvo fungi (Ophiostoma ulmi and O. novo-ulmi) on elm are also dealt vvith. In relation to small rodents, extensive damage is inflicted on poplars and vvil-lovvs by several vole species, vvith damage consisting of gnavving on the bark of roots and on the aboveground parts. Damage from game and more recently from beavers is also described. The chapter ends vvith a general over-vievv of protection in floodplain forests and in poplar and vvillovv nurseries.

Chapter 8 comprises a bibliography of Croatian and for-eign vvorks cited and used in a vvider sense in research into floodplain forests and in the preparation and vvriting of the texts. These texts provide valuable insights into floodplain sites, forests or species, and are widely used in Croatia. Un-doubtedly, this bibliography, unique in Croatia for this top-ic, vvill greatly facilitate the vvork of researchers, forestry and other experts in their quest for knovvledge of, and expe-rience in, the problems of floodplain forest management.

On behalf of the editors and the Editorial Board, I vvould like to take this opportunity to thank the authors of the texts, the photographers, the revievvers, the language editors, the translators and ali others vvho have participated in the production of this monograph for their vvholehearted cooperation and for their invested effort. My special thanks go to the company "Hrvatske Šume" and the City of Zagreb - the City Office of Agriculture and Forestry for their organisational and financial support.

The publication of the monograph "Floodplain Forests in Croatia" has filled a void in the Croatian specialist and scientific literature and vvill be of great practical value. Croatian forestry experts are among the first in Europe to treat the floodplain forests of their country in the form of a monograph. I am sure that the texts in the monograph, accompanied by some exceptionally beautiful images of floodplain areas, vvill stimulate us to gain in-depth knovvl-edge of them, manage them, and treat them in a way vvhich vvill ensure their stability and promote their beauty.

Editor- in-Chief Joso Vukelić

OPĆENITO O SUMAMA POPLAVNIH PODRUČJA

GENERALLY ON FORESTS IN FLOODPLAIN AREAS

UREDNIK POGLAVLJA EDITOR:

Joso Vukelić

AUTORI AUTHORS:

Branimir Prpić, Ivica Milković, Joso Vukelić, Nikola Pernar, Pavle Vratarić,

Slavko Matić, Petar Jurjević, Hranislav Jakovac

SADRŽAJ CONTENTS

Slavko Matić PROSL( PREFACE . . . . . . . S PROSLOV 5

Joso Vukelić UVOD n INTRODUCTION 17

OPĆENITO O ŠUMAMA POPLAVNIH PODRUČJA 21 GENERALLY ON FORESTS IN FLOODPLAIN AREAS

Branimir Prpić, Ivica Milković RASPROSTRANJENOST POPLAVNIH ŠUMA U PROŠLOSTI I DANAS 23 THE RANGE OF FLOODPLAIN FORESTS TODAY AND IN THE PAST 37

Joso Vukelić, Nikola Pernar, Pavle Vratarić DINAMIČNE PROMJENE STANIŠTA I ŠUMSKOGA POKROVA U POPLAVNOM PODRUČJU PODUNAVLJA 40 DYNAMIC CHANGES IN THE SITE AND FOREST COVER OF THE FLOODPLAIN REGIONOF PODUNAVLJE 47

Branimir Prpić, Slavko Matić, Petar Jurjević, Hranislav Jakovac, Ivica Milković OPĆEKORISNO I GOSPODARSKO ZNAČENJE POPLAVNIH ŠUMA 50 THE COMMERCIAL AND NON-COMMERCLAL SIGNIFICANCE OF FLOODPLAIN FORESTS 61

STANIŠTE, FLORA I VEGETACIJA 69 SITE, FLORA AND VEGETATION

Nikola Pernar, Darko Bakšić TLO POPLAVNIH ŠUMA 7 1

THE SOIL OF FLOODPLAIN FORESTS 8 0

Zvonko Seletković, Ivica Tikvić KLIMATSKE PRILIKE 8 6

CLIMATIC CIRCUMSTANCES 9 1

Ivo Trinajstić, Josip Franjić, Željko Škvorc FLORA POPLAVNIH I MOČVARNIH ŠUMA j § | THE FLORA OF FLOODPLAIN AND MARSHY FORESTS 1 0 0

Joso Vukelić, Dario Baričević ŠUMSKA VEGETACIJA POPLAVNIH PODRUČJA FOREST VEGETATION OF THE FLOODPLAIN REGIONS 1 1 4

Željko Španjol, Joso Vukelić ZAŠTIĆENI PRIRODNI OBJEKTI ŠUMSKE VEGETACIJE U POPLAVNIM PODRUČJIMA HRVATSKE THE PROTECTED NATURAL SITES OF FOREST VEGETATION IN THE RIPARIAN REGIONS OF CROATIA

EKOLOŠKA KONSTITUCIJA GLAVNIH VRSTA DRVEĆA 145 ECOLOGICAL CONSTITUTION OF PRINCIPAL TREE SPECIES

Branimir Prpić, Zvonko Seletković, Ivica Tikvić EKOLOŠKA KONSTITUCIJA VRSTA DRVEĆA IZ POPLAVNIH ŠUMA 147 ECOLOGICAL CONSTITUTION OF THE TREE SPECIES IN FLOODPLAIN FORESTS 161

Branimir Prpić, Pavle Vratarić, Zvonko Seletković UTJECAJ SNAGE RIJEKE NA POSTANAK I OPSTANAK POPLAVNIH ŠUMA 168 THE POWER OF THE RIVER AS A CRUCIAL FACTOR IN THE GENESIS AND SURVIVAL OF FLOODPLAIN FORESTS 174

Branimir Prpić ANTROPOGENI UTJECAJ NAVODNE PRILIKE RIJEČNE NIZINE I ODRAZ PROMJENA NA POPLAVNE ŠUME 177 ANTHROPOGENETIC IMPACTS ON THE WATER CONDITIONS OF RIVER VALLEYS. THE RESULTING CHANGES IN FLOODPLAIN FORESTS 186

OPLEMENJIVANJE I OČUVANJE GENETSKIH IZVORA VRSTA POPLAVNIH ŠUMA 191 IMPROVEMENT AND CONSERVATION OF GENETIC SOURCES OF SPECIES IN FLOODPLAIN FORESTS

Ivo Trinajstić TAKSONOMSKA PROBLEMATIKA DRVENASTIH VRSTA POPLAVNIH I MOČVARNIH ŠUMA 193 TAXONOMIC ISSUES OF THE WOODY SPECIES OF FLOODPLAIN AND MARSHY FORESTS 201

Davorin Kajba, Saša Bogdan DOSTIGNUĆA NA OPLEMENJIVANJU VRSTA POPLAVNIH ŠUMA 206 ACHIEVEMENTS IN BREEDING FLOODPLAIN FOREST TREE SPECIES 218

Davorin Kajba, Joso Gračan, Mladen Ivanković OČUVANJE GENETSKIH IZVORA VRSTA POPLAVNIH ŠUMA 225 CONSERVATION OF THE GENETIC RESOURCES OF FLOODPLAIN FOREST SPECIES 236

UZGAJANJE POPLAVNIH ŠUMA 243 SILVICULTURE IN FLOODPLAIN FORESTS

Igor Anić, Slavko Matić, Milan Oršanić, Branko Belčić MORFOLOGIJA I STRUKTURA ŠUMA POPLAVNIH PODRUČJA 245 THE MORPHOLOGY AND STRUCTURE OF FORESTS OF FLOODPLAIN AREAS 257

Igor Anić, Slavko Matić, Milan Oršanić, Zeljko Majer POMLAĐIVANJE I NJEGA ŠUMA POPLAVNIH PODRUČJA 263 REGENERATION AND TENDING OF FORESTS IN FLOODPLAIN AREAS 272

Slavko Matić, Milan Oršanić, Igor Anić SJEMENARSTVO I RASADNIČARSTVO NAJVAŽNIJIH VRSTA DRVEĆA POPLAVNIH ŠUMA 277 SEED AND NURSERY PRODUCTION OF THE MOST IMPORTANT FOREST TREE SPECIES OF FLOODPLAIN FORESTS 288

Slavko Matić, Milan Oršanić, Igor Anić OSNIVANJE ŠUMSKIH KULTURA I PLANTAŽA GLAVNIH VRSTA DRVEĆA POPLAVNIH ŠUMA 297 ESTABLISHING FOREST CULTURES AND PLANTATIONS OF PRINCIPAL TREE SPECIES IN FLOODPLAIN FORESTS 303

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POPLAVNE ŠUME I ŽIVOTINJSKI SVIJET FLOODPLAIN FORESTS AND THE ANIMAL WORLD

Darko Getz OSVRT NA NEKE SKUPINE ŽIVOTINJSKOGA SVIJETA POPLAVNIH ŠUMA U DIJELU PODRAVINE, POSAVINE I PODUNAVLJA S POSEBNIM NAGLASKOM NA KOPAČKI RIT 11, A SURVEY OF SOME ANIMAL GROUPS IN FLOODPLAIN FORESTS IN A PART OF PODRAVINA POSAVINA AND PODUNAVLJE WITH SPECIAL EMPHASIS ON KOPAČKI RIT ' 3 2 4

Marijan Grubešić, Krešimir Krapinec DIVLJAČ POPLAVNIH ŠUMA GAME OF FLOODPLAIN FOREST ^ ' " * ^ 346

Pavle Vratarić, Marijan Grubešić, Krešimir Krapinec, Darko Getz LOVNO GOSPODARENJE U POPLAVNIM ŠUMAMA 3 5 2 HUNTING MANAGEMENT IN FLOODPLAIN FORESTS . . . . . .

ŠTETNI BIOTSKI ČIMBENICI U POPLAVNIM ŠUMAMA 3 7 7 HARMFUL BIOTIC FACTORS IN FLOODPLAIN FORESTS

Miroslav Harapin, Boris Hrašovec ENTOMOFAUNA POPLAVNIH ŠUMA 3 7 9 ENTOMOFAUNA OF FLOODPLAIN FORESTS ! ! . ! 388

Danko Diminić MIKOZE KORE I LIŠĆA TOPOLA I VRBA 3 9 0

MYCOSES OF POPLAR AND WILLOW BARK AND LEAVES 397

Milan Glavaš UZROČNICI TRULEŽI TOPOLA I VRBA 398 CAUSESOF POPLAR AND WILLOWROT 405

Milan Glavaš UZROČNICI V E N U Ć A I SUŠENJA BRIJESTA 408 CAUSES OF ELM WILTING AND DIEBACK 412

Josip Margaletić GLODAVCII DIVLJAČ KAO UZROČNICI ŠTETA U POPLAVNIM ŠUMAMA 412 RODENTS AND GAME AS CAUSES OF DAMAGE IN RIPARIAN FORESTS 421

Miroslav Harapin ZAŠTITA POPLAVNIH ŠUMA 423 PROTECTION OF FLOODPLAIN FORESTS 427

Hranislav Jakovac BIBLIOGRAFIJA 428 BIBLIOGRAPHY

KAZALO IMENA LIST OF NAMES

ADRESAR SURADNIKA 4 5 0

COLLABORATORS' ADDRESSES

AUTORI FOTOFRAFIJA PHOTOGRAPHERS

#CC CIP - Katalogizacija u publikaciji Nacionalna i sveučilišna knjižnica - Zagreb

UDK 630*11(497.5)(082)

POPLAVNE šume u Hrvatskoj / < glavni urednik Joso Vukelić ; engleski prijevod Renata Barac-Peršin, Ljerka Vajagić>. -Zagreb : Akademija šumarskih znanosti: Hrvatske šume, 2005.

ISBN 953-98571-2-0 (Akademija)

I. Šumski ekosustavi — Riječna područja —

451128096 #

Grafička priprema Grafical \ayout by

ŽUPANČIĆ d.o.o., ZAGREB

Tisak Printed by

DENONA d.o.o., ZAGREB

Naklada 2000 primjeraka Edition 2,000 copies

ISBN 1 S 3 - 1 F I S 7 1 - a - Q