国際政治基礎a 2014 lect 7 class 8
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Fundamental Concepts of International Politics
Spring 2013
Prof. H. Steven GreenToyo UniversityFaculty of Law
Lecture 7 Class 8May 30th 2013
I More Key ConceptsII Power
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Vietnam vs. China in South China Sea
• China places oil rig in South China Sea• Vietnam says it controls the area, not China• China sends ships and aircraft • Vietnam sends ships• Vietnam claims Chinese ships used water
cannons and rammed Vietnamese ships
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Vietnam vs. China in South China Sea
• In Vietnam people attack Chinese-owned businesses
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Vietnam vs. China
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Communist Party vs. Communist Party• The governments of both Vietnam and China
are controlled by Communist Parties ( 共産党 )
• They share the same belief about how the economy and the state should be organized
• They both believe capitalism causes war, not communism…(But they fought a war in 1979)
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“States have no permanent friends or permanent enemies, only permanent interests.”
Henry John Temple, Lord Palmerston, Great Britain(1784-1865)
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Words are our friends
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PART I
STATE, NATION, COUNTRYTHREE WORDS THAT HAVE THE SAME
BUT ALSO DIFFERENT MEANINGS!
英語の「 Country 」「 State 」「 Nation 」は日本語だと同じ「国」
の意味でも。。。
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United Kingdom of Great Britain
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Is Japan a state, nation or country?
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China• 56 different ethnic groups• Different languages• Hong Kong
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Is Taiwan a state, nation or country?
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Malaysia
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Are the members of the EU sovereign (i.e., independent) states?
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KEY CONCEPTS
STATE, COUNTRY, NATION国家、国、ネーション*
*文脈によって、国民ないし民族などと訳される
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KEY CONCEPTS
The field of IP does NOT have a specialized vocabulary ( 極端に専門的な用語はあまりない )
Advantage: Anyone can talk about world politics
Disadvantage: High risk of confusion
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A state has territoriality and sovereignty.
1. Territoriality (領土権 ): • Control* of specific part of Earth (Remember: control = laws supported
by force)
What is a sovereign state (主権国家)?
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2. Sovereignty: The right to govern a specific territory (with no higher authority above it)
What is a sovereign state (主権国家)?
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Where is sovereignty located?
• Monarchy 君主国 : In the king or queen • Communist state 共産主義国 : In the
Communist party• Democracy: People (vote in free, competitive
elections for representatives ( 代表者 )
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One Nation 300+ German states in 1789
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Japan 1564-73: One nation, many states
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In IP, state usually means country
• Alaska, California (USA), Chihuahua (Mexico) and New South Wales (Australia) are all states but they are NOT sovereign states
• Kanagawa, Chiba, Iwate are also kinds of states (but called “prefectures”)
• Japan, India, France, Algeria, etc. are all states AND we also call them countries
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Another word for state is nation
This meaning is confusing because:• Nation also means a group of people with a
common language, culture, religion, history and identity
• Kurds, Navajo (Native Americans), Ainu, etc.
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A Nation in different countries? Kurds
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Nation-stateWhen almost all of the people of one state are
also part of the same nation• Japan and South Korea are nation-states• Many Kurds WANT their own nation-state• The United States is often called a nation, or a
nation-state but, actually, it is a state or country
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REVIEW
In international politics:
• A state is a political unit with territoriality and sovereignty (i.e. a government that controls territory with no government above it.)
• A state is also called a country.
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REVIEW
In international politics:• A nation is a group of people with common
language, culture, etc.
• A nation-state is a state where almost all people are from the same nation
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REVIEW
LISTEN CAREFULLY when people talk about a state, a nation or a nation-state!
Often these words are used to mean the same thing.
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The UNITED NATIONS…?
The United Nations should be called The United States or The United Countries!
International politics is really politics among different states!
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PART II
POWER
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Power
States are the most important actors in the international system because they have
the most power.
What are 4 reasons for the unique power of states?
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The Power of States1. States control the flow of people,
money and goods* across borders.
* 人・金・物の国境を越えての移動 (人・金・物の流れ = flow of people, etc.)
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The Power of States
2. States have armies.
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The Power of States
3. States can tax and spend.*
* 税制と歳出
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The Power of States4. States have no authority above them.
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The Power of States
States are the most powerful actors in the international system, but:
• How do states use power?
• Is there one kind or many kinds of power? How do states use different kinds of power?
Let’s begin with the most basic, but also the most important, question…
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WHAT IS POWER?
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What is Power?
This question is harder to answer than it seems.
• Nye says power is like love-
• We know it when we experience it, but…
• It is difficult to explain.
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POWER
POWER IS NOT AN END IN ITSELF
Power is a resource used to get others to do what you
want them to do.
Power はそれ自体が目的なのではありません。。
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What is Power?We can use “sticks” (threats) or “carrots”
(rewards) to get others to do things we want.
We use both carrots and sticks, depending on the situation.
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Power and University Life
In this class, is Mr. Green powerful?
Why or why not?
Write at least 2 reasons why Mr. Green is powerful and 2 reasons why Mr. Green
is NOT powerful in this class.
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Three Kinds of Power
Next, we will talk about 3 “dimensions of power”
• Think of each dimension of power as a “face of power”
• We may say, “Power has 3 faces”• Three faces of the same thing: power
Dimension = face = kind
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John Gaventa, Power and Powerlessness (Not in the textbook)
Forms of Power:
First Dimension:
Coercive Power
強制力
A has power over B if A can get B to do something B would not otherwise do. • Resource-based power: B does
not have resources to stop A
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Power resources (Nye)
What are power resources?
States’ power
depends on how many
or how much of
these resources they have
• population
• territory
• natural resources
• size of economy
• military (size and technology)
• political stability ( 政治的安定 )
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John Gaventa, Power and Powerlessness
Forms of Power:
First Dimension:
Coercive Power
Examples: A points a gun at B and says, “Give me your money or I’ll shoot you.”
Gulf War, 1990: US and UK push Iraq army out of Kuwait. (Military power)
Oil embargo* of 130 countries against South Africa, 1987. (Economic power)
*embargo = 禁輸措置
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John Gaventa, Power and Powerlessness
Forms of Power:
Second Dimension
Agenda-Setting Power
政治日程を組む力
A has power over B if A can can decide what issues are on the agenda.* • Institution-design based power
* 議題に予定されている
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John Gaventa, Power and Powerlessness
Forms of Power:
Second Dimension:
Agenda-Setting Power
Examples: I make the syllabus for this class; I decide what we will learn and how we will learn it.
Foreigners cannot vote, so what foreigners want is not part of domestic politics.
UNSC ( 国連安全保障理事会 ) has only 5 permanent members.
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John Gaventa, Power and Powerlessness
Forms of Power:
Third Dimension:
Situated Social Power
A has power over B if A can influence or create what B wants indirectly. • Idea- or culture-based power:
What B thinks it wants is created by A.
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John Gaventa, Power and Powerlessness
Forms of Power:
Third Dimension
:Situated
Social Power
Examples:
You were raised in a family and society that cares about education. Also, education is necessary for many jobs.
In this class, you care about the things I talk about and you give me authority. ( 私に権限を与える)Europe and Japan admired American values after World War II.
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Power and university life
Look at what you wrote about Mr. Green’s power in this class.
What dimensions of power can you find in each?
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What is power?
As we have seen so far:• There are different kinds of power• Coercion is the most direct kind• Agenda-setting and Social-based power
are less direct
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POWER RESOURCES (Nye)
To influence other states or other actors, states use different resources, including:• Population• Territory• Natural resources• Economic size• Military strength
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POWER POTENTIAL (Nye)
How many power resources a state has is its power potential.
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POWER CONVERSION (Nye)
Power conversion ( パワー変換 ) • When a state uses its power to change
others’ actions it has converted its power.
• Power potential is measured by power resources
• Power conversion is measured by a state making others change their actions.
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SEE YOU NEXT WEEK
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TEST 1 BONUS POINT CHANCE
• Answer the questions in Part B again• You may talk to your classmates• You may look at your textbook• Each correct answer = 0.5pt.• Total possible bonus points = 5 points• 15 minutes
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TEST 1Common Mistake 2
“I don’t want the Japanese to use realism because I don’t like war.”
• Realism is NOT war.• Realism does NOT support war.• Realism says the most important fact of IP is
the THREAT of war.