a green water technology: groundwater quality … · 1422 1461.10 δ(ch2) in ch2oh group 1382...
TRANSCRIPT
International Journal of Applied Environmental Sciences
ISSN 0973-6077 Volume 12, Number 5 (2017), pp. 755-772
© Research India Publications
http://www.ripublication.com
A Green Water Technology: Groundwater Quality
Investigation - Treatment with Natural
Polyelectrolyte
Hemangi Desai1 and Hitesh Desai2
1Shree Ram Krishna Institute of Computer Education & Applied Sci., Surat,
Gujarat,India.
2Sarvajanik College of Engineering & Technology, Surat., Gujarat, India.
Abstract
The Freshly harvested Moringa Oleiferra seeds were collected from Ishwar
Farm, Surat to carry out this study. The seeds were then sun dried and grinded
mechanically. Then it was sieved with the molecular sieve of the particle size
250 µm. The Moringa Oleiferra seed powder was then used for treatment of
groundwater which was collected from Haria village, Valsad. The bore well is
situated in agriculture land and located in nearby Atul Industry, Par River and
Arabian Sea. Salt water intrusion may have been occurred .Therefore water
quality was not found suitable for drinking purpose and needed treatment for
purification. The water therefore was treated with freshly prepared Moringa
Oleiferra seed powder . 6 gm MOSP and two housr of time was found
reasonable contact period to accomplish the removal of excess constituent
present in bore well water(1 L). The treated raw bore well water was then
filtered through muslin cloth and was used for drinking purpose.
After treatment with MOSP the water pH came into alkaline range, which is
favorable for the human health as it has been proved as an anti carcinogenic and
anti acidic. The treated water quality was found suitable according to drinking
water standards prescribed by Indian Standard Specifications for Drinking
Water (IS: 10500-2012). All the tested water quality parameters i.e. Hardness,
Alkalinity, Chloride, TDS, TSS, TS, COD, EC, pH, Turbidity, Nitrite, Nitrate,
Phosphate, Iron, MPN, etc. were found reduced between 40-100%. All the
parameters were examined according to Standard Methods, APHA.
The seed is an organic natural polymer. The active ingredients are dimeric
proteins. Proteins are the amino acids and the MOSP contain the amino acids
756 Hemangi Desai and Hitesh Desai
like metheonine, cystene and the moringyne. The amino acids may contain
different functional groups. From the FTIR analysis of MOSP, functional
groups like carboxylic, hydroxyl, amines, alkane and alkene stretch, aromatic
stretch, ester, primary and secondary amide and amine, cyanide, -C-O have been
identified. Moringa oleifera is act as water purifier natural coagulant. The seed
have several water molecules and soluble proteins in aqueous solution carry a
positive charge, act in a same manner of positively charged polyelectrolytes.
When reacts with raw water bind with negatively charged particles (silt, clay,
bacteria, etc.).
Under adequate agitation these particles then grow in size to form flocs, which
can be solved by gravity or be removed by filtration. It has been described as an
adsorption and charge neutralization and inter particle bridging. The mechanism
that brings about the adsorption of positive ions forms a bridge among the
anionic polyelectrolyte. MOSP may also act directly upon microorganisms and
result in growth inhibition by disrupting the cell membrane or by inhibiting
essential enzymes. Coliform bacteria can be removed by settling in the same
manner as the removal of colloids in water. Flocculation by inter-particle
bridging is main characteristic of high molecular weight polyelectrolyte.
Moringa oleifera is green, cost-effective and energy saving water technology
for water treatment for people living in rural area and polluted area where water
quality is not up to the expectation from health point of view..
Keywords: MOSP , Poly Electrolyte, Natural Coagulant, Water Quality.
1. INTRODUCTION :
1.1 NEED OF THE STUDY:
Today the water pollution becomes a major problem in the whole world. There are very
few sources of drinking water one of them is ground water. The water which is stored
under the ground and below land surface and can be used as a safe drinking purpose.
But today the ground water become polluted which creates the drinking water crisis.
The main sources of pollution is leached percolation to the ground water table, there
are so many ghost connection of various industrial giving proper treatment directly in
to underground which was deteriorating the ground water quality. In many area, people
do not have proper sources of drinking water. If this water is used as drinking water
without any treatment it causes hazardous effect on the heath of people.
Now a day surface water resources are also become polluted by several way. All
industries discharged there effluent directly in to surfaces water resources without
giving any treatment this effluent contains large amount of hazardous material. People
also contaminate surfaces resource by discharging their domestic waste water in to
river. It contains some harmful microbial and other contaminant. These all materials of
A Green Water Technology: Groundwater Quality Investigation – Treatment… 757
contaminated water produces the darkness of water and gives badly smell in to surfaces
water which makes the surfaces water unfit for drinking purpose. Source waters
(surface water and groundwater) have become increasingly contaminated due to
increased urbanization, industrial and agricultural activity. The public has more
exacting in its demand. As populations, increases, the demand for water grows
accordingly and at a much more rapid rate so that there is need of alternative source of
the water. Due to above problems, there is need to find some new sources of drinking
water.
1.2 SODIUM ABSORPTION RATIO
High concentration of Sodium is undesirable in water because sodium adsorbs on the
soil cation exchange sites, causing soil aggregates to break down by the sealing pores
of soil and make it impermeable to water flow. The tendency for sodium to increase its
proportion on the cation exchange site at the expense of other type of cations is
estimated by the ratio of sodium content to the content of calcium plus magnesium in
the irrigation water, this is referred as SAR.
SAR = Na+
√ Ca+ + Mg2+/2
According to the classification given by Ayers and Wetcott, low Sodium water (S1)
presents the little danger of exchangeable Sodium, medium Sodium water (S2) can
present appreciable hazard, whereas high (S3) and very high (S4) Sodium water are
considered un satisfactory as they can cause harmful levels of exchangeable Sodium in
soils. 1
Table: 1.2 SAR Values of Ground Water Samples
Water class SAR value Remarks
S1 low hazard 0-10 Good
S2 medium hazard 10-18 Medium
S3 high hazard 18-26 Appreciable hazard
S4 very high hazard Greater than
26 High hazard
758 Hemangi Desai and Hitesh Desai
1.3: Moringa oleifera (LEAVES AND SEED)
Figure:1.3 Morphology of M.O and MOLP , MOSP
1.4: AIM OF THE STUDY
To analyze the quality of ground water sample of Haria at VALSAD by treatment
with freshly harvested Moringa oleifera seed powder (MOSP).
1.5: OBEJECTIVE OF THE STUDY:
Quality analysis of ground water sample.
To find the eco friendly and cost beneficial alternative for ground water treatment
than that of costly chemical treatment.
To collect ground water sample i.e. collected from Haria, Valsad , Moringa
oleifera adsorbent was collected from Ishwar Farm, Surat.
To prepare the adsorbent from freshly harvested Moringa oleifera. The adsorbent
used in the powder form prepared form Moringa oleifera seed powder.
A Green Water Technology: Groundwater Quality Investigation – Treatment… 759
To analyze the quality (initial concentration of present parameter) ground water,
by standard methods before treatment.
To give the adsorbent dosage of 1000mg/l and 6000mg/L MOSP to Ground
water sample at pH 8 with 1 hour and 2 hours contact time
To analyze the water quality of sample ground water by standard method after
treatment.
To analyze and discuss the result obtained from analysis of ground water.
To compare the % removal of ground water.
To conclude the study i.e. .potential use of natural adsorbents MOSP for
treatment of ground water quality.
2. MATERIALS & METHODS
2.1 COLLECTION OF GROUND WATER SAMPLE:
Ground water sample was collected from bore well of Haria Farm at Valsad , near
Atul industrial area (2 Km), on the bank of River Par (100 m) and also located nearby
the Arabian Sea (4 Km).
2.2 NATURAL ADSORBENT PREPARATION
Good quality dried drumstick were harvested from Ishwar Farm, Surat. Moringa
oleifera seeds (MOS) were removed from Moringa oleifera sticks. Seed coats were
removed from seeds. Seeds were dried in an oven at 100o C till complete dryness. Fine
powder was prepared by using mortar pestle and Seed powder was sieved by molecular
sieve. The particle size is 250 µm, this Moringa oleifera seed powder (MOSP) was
directly used for water treatment. The water quality parameters were checked before
and after treatment. 2
Figure: 2.2 Dried Drum Sticks and Their Seeds and Their Fine Seed Powder
760 Hemangi Desai and Hitesh Desai
2.3 EXPERIMENTAL
GROUND WATER SAMPLE ANALYSIS
The water quality parameters were analyzed before and after treatment with MOSP as
per the Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Waste water, 21st Edition,
(2005) 3 .
PARAMETERS ANALYSIS TECHNIQUES PARAMETERS ANALYSIS TECHNIQUES
Total Hardness Ca
and Mg Hardness
EDTA complexometric
Titration
Sodium and
Potassium
Flame photometric
method
Chloride Argentometric
Precipitation Titration
130Spectrophotometric Method
(Spectrophotometer: Systronics, 104)
COD Open reflux Redox
Titration
Nitrite Diazotization
Iron Redox Titration Nitrate Cromotropic Acid
pH pH metry(pH Meter:
Systronics, 335)
Ammonia Phenate
EC EC meter Chromium Diphenyl carbazide
Turbidity Turbiditimeter Phosphate Vanado-molybdo
TSS and TDS Solvent Extraction;
Gravimetric (Drying)
method
Phenol Chloroform extraction
Silica Heteropoly blue
Fluoride SPAND
All chemicals were Analytical Grade Reagents and double distilled water was obtained
by Double Distillation Assembly.
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
3.1 FTIR ANALYSIS OF MOSP
The results of FTIR analysis which shows different peaks of different functional groups
are given in following table 5.6.1.
A Green Water Technology: Groundwater Quality Investigation – Treatment… 761
Table 3.1: Results of FTIR Analysis of MOSP
Wave number. v cm-1 Vibration modes
Standard Experimental
3425 3320 V(NH2 ) assoc. in primary amines
V (OH) assoc. in pyranose ring
2923 2925.85 νas(CH2) in CH2OH group
1655-1627 1659.47 ν (C=O) in NHCOCH3 group, (Amide I band)
1559 1543.77 (Amide II band)
1422 1461.10 δ(CH2) in CH2OH group
1382 1378.20 δs(CH3) in NHCOCH3 group
1262-1205 1236.40 complex vibrations of NHCO group (Amide III
band)
1077 1057.91 νs(C-O-C) (glycosidic linkage)
897 878.36 pyranose ring skeletal vibrations
665 645.21 δ (NH) out of plane
605 591.40 δ (OH) out of plane
3150-3050 3004.85 Aromatic stretch
2850-2990 2854.46 -CH alkane stretch ( -CH3, -CH2, CH)
1740 1746.46 Ester
1000-1300 1161.83,
1117.60
OH, COOH, -O-, COOR
1000-690 721.72, 796.75 Alkane stretch
Figure: 3.1 FTIR Analysis of Moringa oleifera Seed Powder
762 Hemangi Desai and Hitesh Desai
3.2 PHYTOCHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS OF MOSP
Moringa Oleifea seed contains many proteins (amino acids). Some important
compounds are shown here in fig.3.2
Figure 3.2. Structures of selected phytochemicals from Moringa Oleifera Seed.:
(1) 4-(4'-O-acetyl-a-L-rhamnopyranosyloxy)benzyl isothiocyanate,|
(2) 4-(-L-rhamnopyranosyloxy)benzyl isothiocyanate, (3) niazimicin,
(4)pterygospermin, (5)benzyl isothiocyanate and
(6) 4-(a-L-rhamnopyranosyloxy)benzyl glucosinolate .
A Green Water Technology: Groundwater Quality Investigation – Treatment… 763
3.3 GROUND WATER QUALITY ANALYSIS BEFORE AND AFTER
TREATMENT WITH MOSP
The ground water quality analysis before and after treatment with MOSP (1 gm/L- 1
Hour , 6 gm/L- 2 Hours) contact time is shown in Table 3.2.
No
Parameter
(mg/L)
Raw
GroundWater
Treated
Ground
Water
MOSP
(1gm/L)
% Removal
Treated
Ground
Water
MOSP
(6gm/L)
% Removal
IS 10500
Drinking
Water
Desirable
Limit
Undesirable Effect outside
the Desirable Limit
IS 10500
Drinking
Water
Permissible
Limit in the
Absence of
Alternate
source
Essential Characteristics:
1 pH 8.0 9.0
12.5 >
9.0
12.5 > 6.5 to 8.5
Beyond this range the
water will effect the
mucous membrane and /
or water supply system
No relaxation
2 D.O. 5.2 4.7
9.61
3.0
42.30 8
Below this value is not
good for drinking
Purpose.
3-4
2 Total
Hardness 840
750
10.71
160
80 300
Encrustation in water
supply structure and
adverse effects on
domestic use
600
3 Iron 0 0
-
0
-
0.30
Beyond this limit
taste/appearance are
affected, has adverse
effect on domestic uses
and water supply
structures, and promotes
iron bacteria.
1.0
4 Chloride 1000 150
85
100
90 250
Beyond this limit
taste/appearance are
affected, has adverse
effect on domestic uses
and water supply
structures, and promotes
iron bacteria.
1000
5 Turbidity
(NTU) 1
0.5
50
0.1
90 5
Above 5 consumer
Acceptance decreases 10
Desirable Characteristics:
6 TDS 5000 4000
20
618
87.64 500
Beyond this palatability
decreases and may cause
gastro intentional
irritation
2000
7 TSS 4100 3200
21.95
615
85 100 - -
8 Ca +2 430 360
16.27
258
40 75
Encrustation in water
supply structure and
adverse effects on
domestic use
200
9 Mg +2 410 390
4.87
8.2
98 30 - 100
764 Hemangi Desai and Hitesh Desai
10 Mn +2 270 240
11.11
0.27
99.9 0.1
Beyond this limit
taste/appearance are
affected, has adverse
effect on domestic uses
and water supply
structures
0.3
11 PO4 -3 50
20
60
2.5
95 5 -
12 SO4 -2 1500 1200
20
225
85 200
Beyond this causes
gastro intentional
irritation when
magnesium or sodium
are present
400
13 NO3 - 125 75
40
50
60 45
Beyond this
methanemoglobinemia
takes place
100
14 NO2 - 32 13
59.38
6.4
80 50
15 F- 68.3 29
57.54
0.683
99 1.0
Fluoride may be kept as
low as possible. High
fluoride may cause
fluorosis
1.5
16 Phenol 16 13
18.75
0.003
99.98 0.001
Beyond this, it may
cause objectionable taste
and odour
0.002
17 COD 3,84,000 3,20,000
16.66
38.4
99.99 10 - 10
18 Cr +6 8 2
75
0.07
99.12 0.05
May be carcinogenic
above this limit
No relaxation
19 Alkalinity 0 0
-
0
- 200
Beyond this limit taste
becomes unpleasant 600
20 EC (mS/cm) 1.451 1.451
-
0.29
85 0.75
Beyond this limit it may
cause metabolic
disorders
21 Na + 187 187
-
187
- 200
Beyond this limit it may
cause increase in Blood
Pressure
22 K + 6 19
216 >
19
216 > 12
Beyond this limit it may
cause increase in Blood
Pressure
23 NH 4 + 15.5 4
74.19
0.31
98 < 0.2
Blood pH may increase
above 7.4 0.3
24 Silica 81.4 38.3
52.94
8.14
90 14
Adverse effect on
digestion system
25 MPN 120 20
83.33
0
100 0
May cause Pathogenic
effect
26 SAR 9.13 9.65
5.69>
15.73
72.28 10 S1 - Low Hazards, Good 10
A Green Water Technology: Groundwater Quality Investigation – Treatment… 765
3.4 % REMOVAL FOR WATER QUALITY PARAMETERS BY
TREATMENT WITH MOSP
% Removal for Water Quality Parameters after treatment with MOSP(1gm/L) dosage,
1 Hour contact time is shown here in Fig.3.3.1
Fig: 3.4.1 % Removal for Water Quality Parameters after treatment with
MOSP(1gm/L) dosage, 1 Hour contact time.
From the Fig. 3.3.1 , it is concluded that MOSP is sufficient capable to remove pollution
from groundwater. % Removal observed here is 4.8 for Magnesium , 10.71 for Total
Hardness, 11.11 for Manganese, 16.27 for Calcium, 16.66 for COD, 18.75 for Phenol,
20 for TDS and Sulfate, 40 for Nitrate, 50 for Turbidity, 52.94 for Silica, 57.54 for
Flouride, 59.38 for Nitrite, 60 for Phosphate, 74.19 for Ammoniacal – Nitrogen, 75 for
Hexavalent Chromium, 83.33 for MPN and 85 for Chloride.
% REMOVAL FOR WATER QUALITY PARAMETERS BY TREATMENT
WITH MOSP
% Removal for Water Quality Parameters after treatment with MOSP(6 gm/L) dosage,
2 Hour contact time is shown here in Fig.3.3.2. % Removal for most of the parameters
are obtained between 80-100. All the parameters are meeting the IS standards’
Desirable Limit for Drinking Water.
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
4.87 5.69
9.61 10.71 11.11
16.27 16.6618.75 20 20
40
5052.94
57.5459.38 60
74.19 75
83.3385
766 Hemangi Desai and Hitesh Desai
Fig: 3.4.2 % Removal for Water Quality Parameters after treatment with MOSP(6
gm/L) dosage, 2 Hour contact time.
3.5.WORKING MECHANISM OF Moringa oleifera:
It is believed that the MOSP is an organic natural polymer. From the FTIR analysis of
MOSP, functional groups like Carboxylic, Hydroxyl, Amines and Alkane, Alkene
stretch, Aromatic stretch, Ester, Primary and Secondary Amide and Amine, -C-O was
identified.
Mainly MOSP may contain major constituents namely 4-alpha -l rhamnoxyl butyl
isothiocyanate, 4-alpha-l rhamnoxyl butyl glucosinolate, mono-palmitic and di-oleic
triglyceride, niazimicin, 4(L-rhamnosyloxy)-benzyl isothiocyanate, 3-O-(6′-O-oleoyl--
D-glucopyranosyl)-sitosterol, sitosterol-3-O-D-glucopyranoside, niazirin, -sitosterol
and glycerol-1-(9-octadecanoate), Roridin E, Veridiflorol, 9-octadecinoic acid, 4-
hydroxyphenylacetamide, glycerol 1-(9-octadecanoate), methionine, cysteine and
moringyne (all three are amino acids).
4042.3
60
80 8085 85
87.6490 90 90
9598 98 99 99.1299.999.9899.99100
A Green Water Technology: Groundwater Quality Investigation – Treatment… 767
The seed contain significant quantities of several water molecules and soluble protein
in solution carry a positive charge. Protein is considered to act in manner similar to
synthesis of positively charged polymer (primary amine, secondary amines , alcoholic
groups , glycosidic bond (protein) groups ) coagulants. When seed powder added to
raw water, positively charged protein predominantly bind with negatively charged
particles (anions). The seed contain several negatively charged functional group i.e.
Hydroxyl (–OH), Carbonyl group (CO) ,Sulphide group (C=S=C=S) , which will bind
with positively charged metal ion present in raw water. Under adequate agitation these
particles then grow in size to form flocks, which can be settled by gravity or be removed
by filtration. If any matter present in the suspended form , negatively charged colloidal
particles than they can adsorb on the surface of adsorbent. 4,5,6
The pH increased with increasing dosage of MOSP from 8 to 9. High dosages of MOSP(
1 gm/L) make water alkaline. It was reported that the action of MOSP as a coagulant
lies in the presence of water soluble cationic proteins in the seeds. This suggests that in
water, the basic amino acids present in the protein of MOSP would accept a proton from
water resulting in the release of a hydroxyl group making the solution basic. 7,8
After treatment with MOSP, the TSS and TDS showed decrease. MOSP is known to be
a natural cationic polyelectrolyte and flocculant with a chemical composition of basic
polypeptides with molecular weights ranging from 6000 to 16,000 daltons, containing
amino acids of mainly cysteine, methionine. 7
As a polyelectrolyte, MOSP removes Hardness from water through adsorption and
inter-particle bridging. Secondly, slow-settling solids/flocks were formed, precipitation
reaction lead to the conversion of soluble Hardness-causing ions to insoluble
compounds would also be a good prediction of the reaction mechanism. 8
The MOSP contain Sodium (86.2 ± 4.9 ppm) and Potassium (732 ± 164ppm). 9This
may be the reason for increase in concentration of Potassium in ground water sample.
Treatment showed decrease in Phenol concentration of ground water with increased
dose of MOSP. As the concentration of MOSP increases, the adsorption rate of phenol
also increases. This can be explained by a greater availability of the exchangeable sites
or surface area at higher amount of adsorbents.10
The cationic polyelectrolyte or the Moringa oleifera cationic protein (MOCP) may be
responsible for removing anions Chloride, Flouride, Sulphate and Phosphate by
precipitation mechanism from ground water sample. 11
It has been shown that water clarification by Moringa seeds is due to primarily action
of seed proteins. The Moringa seed kernel contains about 37 % of proteins. The isolated
Moringa flocculants show that the basic polypeptides with molecular weights ranging
from 6000 to 16000 Daltons are the main causes of clarifiers. The functional groups in
the side chain amino acids of the Moringa seed proteins contribute to the water
clarification. The mechanism of coagulation with the seeds of Moringa oleifera consists
of adsorption and neutralization of the positive charges that attract the negatively
charged impurities ( colloidal Turbidity, COD- Organics)in water. At a pH below 10,
768 Hemangi Desai and Hitesh Desai
the Moringa oleifera seed proteins are positively charged and thus the seeds when
added to water samples bind to the negatively charged particles in the samples. 11
The antimicrobial agents in the MOSP are 4 alpha rhamnosyloxy-benzyl
isothiocyanate, at present it is known as glucosidic mustard oil and 4 alpha
rhamnosyloxy-benzyl glucosynolate. 8
3.6. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF USING MORINGA
COAGULANT 12
Advantages:
1. Cheap and easy method for developing countries ( especially at household
level).
2. The efficiency is independent of raw water pH.
3. The processing doesn’t modify the pH of the water.
4. It doesn’t alter the water taste (unless a very high doses is added ).
5. The low volume of sludge precipitated is biodegradable and hence an
environmentally sound technology.
6. Due to highly nutrition values of M.O. it becomes beneficial to treat the ground
water.
7. Directly apply. No primary treatment is required before applying adsorbent to
the sample.
8. M.O can act both as coagulant and anti microbial agent, it removes the
pathogens up to 99%.used for ground water purification.
9. Ground water treated with MOSP can safe for drinking and also nutritive.
Disadvantages:
1. The treatment makes the water clear and drinkable but the purified water might
still carry some (very few ) pathogenic germs or micro organisms.
2. A secondary increase of the bacterial after the water coagulation could be
possible.
3. Coagulant is not available in pure form (should be prepared fresh ).
4. SCOPE OF THE STUDY
This study will give the alternative approach to ground sample were treated with
Moringa oleifera seed powder as low cost adsorbent. MOSP treatment will becomes
eco friendly and natural treatment will alternative to save the chemical cost and use of
high cost instrument. This is non hazardous to human health , environment and whole
eco systems. As Moringa oleifera seed powder is biodegradable in nature it will not
give harmful effect to the environment.
A Green Water Technology: Groundwater Quality Investigation – Treatment… 769
5. RECOMMANDATION
Preventive measures should be taken to minimize ground water pollution by bring to
an end the ghost connection which are in industrialized zone. Every industry must treat
its effluents at ETP level before discharge into water resources. The groundwater should
be recharged regularly in every monsoon season by rain water harvesting in industrial
area to improve water quality.
The main barrier to using Moringa oleifera seeds for producing potable water is that
the seeds may release other water-soluble proteins and organic matter, which increase
the concentration of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in the water. The presence of this
DOM supports the regrowth of pathogens in treated water, preventing its storage and
later use. A new strategy has been established for retaining the Moringa oleifera
cationic protein MOCP protein and its ability to clarify and disinfect water while
removing the excess organic matter. 15The MOCP is first adsorbed and immobilized
onto sand granules, followed by a rinsing step wherein the excess organic matter is
removed, thereby preventing later growth of bacteria in the purified water. This
treatment is applicable for the storage drinking water treatment.
However, freshly treated water by MOSP is recommended for drinking purpose.
6. CONCLUSION
It is believed that the MOSP is an organic natural polymer. From the FTIR analysis of
MOSP, functional groups like Carboxylic, Hydroxyl, Amines and Alkane, Alkene
stretch, Aromatic stretch, Ester, Primary and Secondary Amide and Amine, -C-O was
identified. 13Mainly MOSP may contain major constituents namely 4-alpha -l
rhamnoxyl butyl isothiocyanate, 4-alpha-l rhamnoxyl butyl glucosinolate, mono-
palmitic and di-oleic triglyceride, niazimicin, 4(L-rhamnosyloxy)-benzyl
isothiocyanate, 3-O-(6′-O-oleoyl--D-glucopyranosyl)-sitosterol, sitosterol-3-O-D-
glucopyranoside, niazirin, -sitosterol and glycerol-1-(9-octadecanoate), Roridin E,
Veridiflorol, 9-octadecinoic acid, 4-hydroxyphenylacetamide, glycerol 1-(9-
octadecanoate), methionine, cysteine and moringyne (all three are amino acids). 14From all the experiments carried out in the study it is concluded that Moringa oleifera
is found natural phytoremedy for Ground Water Treatment. Ground Water Treatment
by Moringa oleifera seed powder as an adsorbent is ecofriendly, economic and energy
efficient water technology best suitable for people living in rural area and polluted area
where water quality is not up to the expectation from health point of view..
770 Hemangi Desai and Hitesh Desai
6.1 TREATMENT LAYOUT
Fig. 6.1 Treatment layout for the ground water by MOSP.
REFERENCES
[1] Desai H., Aanandwala T. and Desai H. H., Evaluation of Underground Water
Quality Of Surat City (India), Journal of Environmental Research and
Development, Volume 3 (1), 169-174, (2008).
[2] Patel Niyati., Desai Hemangi., Potential of Moringa oleifera Seeds,Leaves and
Bark for Removal of Hexavalent Chromium from Aqueous Solution with
Optimum Dosage
Moringa oleifera seed
powder (1 gm/l)
Optimum Dosage
Moringa oleifera seed
powder (6 gm/l)
Normal quality of ground
water (Residential area) keep
it for 1 hour contact time.
Worst quality ground water
(Industrial zone/Coastal belt)
at 50 rpm for 2.5 hours
contact time.
Filtration Filtration
Treated
water for
drinking
purpose
Recyclable
and
biodegradab
le adsorbent
A Green Water Technology: Groundwater Quality Investigation – Treatment… 771
Reference to the Adsorption Isotherm, International Journal of Water
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Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Waste water, 21st Edition,
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oleifera seed coagulant: technical brief No 60. Waterlines, 17(4), 15-8. . (1999)
[5] Ghebremichael, K. A., Gunaratna, K. R., Henriksson, H., Brumer, H., and
Dalhammar, G. A simple purification and activity assay of the coagulant protein
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