ab c abcdefg - kenanaonline.comkenanaonline.com/files/0045/45575/النظرية... · abcdefg 244...

Download ab c ABCDEFG - kenanaonline.comkenanaonline.com/files/0045/45575/النظرية... · abcdefg 244 ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﻹا ﺔﻳﺮﻈﻨﻟا سﺎﻣﺮﺑﺎﻫ ﻰﻟإ ﺰﻧﻮﺳرﺎﺑ

If you can't read please download the document

Upload: trinhngoc

Post on 06-Feb-2018

256 views

Category:

Documents


15 download

TRANSCRIPT

  • ABCDEFG 244

    : . :

    . :

    XuJ

    uMH

    WU

    IK wM

    u f

    K: U

    bB W

    dN WO

    UI V

    WKK

    acb

  • ABCDEFG

    acb

    XuJ uMH WUIK wMu fK: UbB WdN WOUI V WKK

    244

    qd

    1999

    : . :

    . :

  • ( (

  • MMMM

    (

    : ( ?

    :

    : :

    : ( )

    : ( )

    :

    :

    : R

    :(

    :

  • MMMM

    : :

    :

  • 7

    H G H H (G _ H \ ] H .

    H G () ( q H H

    H H () H

    . H ( (

    ( ( ( )

  • 8

    H ( .

    .Sociology ( ( ) H : H ; H H H . (H . ( H ( H

    . H() H ( H . H

  • 9

    H H q H_ H H

  • 10

    _H H . ()

    ( ( ) H (H H H H q

    . ( . () ( )H H

    . . ( :()

    ( ( H ( )H ( ( ). G H ( G ( ) q

    .()H H( G ( . ( )H

    . () H H H G G ( (. ( .

  • 11

    ( (

  • 12

    H . ()

    H . (G .G H H

  • 13

    H H H (H ( ) : :

    . (() ] H G )

    ] ( ) (( )H : (

    . ()H ( ( . ] H

    ( )H H

    H ( )H H H . H G G: H G H

    H H G H . ( G HG

    . () HG (G (

    . ( H

  • 14

    H H H(

    . (.

    H H H

    . H G G : . ( _ ( ). HG H . H q

    . ( (

    . H . G H H q . ( H

    H fragmentation

    H . ( ( .

  • 15

    ( H ( H

    .H \ ]

  • 16

    () H H H H (: H ) .

    ( .() H ( (: (

    H ) . . H (*) (

    (H (().() H H H

    (: H ) .() (H .

    () H (: H ) .

    () (H H .() H . H H H .

    (8) Immanuel Wallerstein, The Modern World - System, vol. 1. (New York: Academic Press, 1974) p.

    145.

    () H H (: H ) . ( (.

    () H H H (: H ) .

    () . H : (: H ) .

    () . H H H H H .

    (13) Irving Zeitlin, Ideology and the development of Sociology (New Jersey:Englewood Cliffs, 1981)

    p. 5.

    () H (: (H ) .()

  • 17

    (. H H H .in T. Bottomor and R. Nisbet, A History of Sociological Robert Nisbet, conservatism) (

    Analysis (New York: Basic Books, 1978) pp .-.() H (H (H )

    .() H H (:

    H ) .() H H

    .( H (: (() : (.

    .( H: )(21) Anthony Giddens, Capitalism and Modern Social Theory (Cambridge: Cambridge University

    Press, 1978).

    () (H .(23) Alvin W. Gouldner, The Two Marxisms (New York, Oxford University Press, 1980) p. 32.

  • 18

  • 19

  • 20

  • 21

    ?

    H . . . (. (G

    .

    . H .

    . (H

    _ H

    1

  • 22

    . H ; H

    .H H . G ( ( H H . .

  • 23

    ?

    G H H .

    H . H (

    H H H

    G . H

    H H G . H . G H G ( (. G H ( H ( ; () ( H H

    H G G . . H ( H . \ ? (

    H .

  • 24

    (. ( H (

    . _ ( H . ( _ G ( H . H . H

    .\ H . \ H H q H H H .

    H (*) H H . . ( . . H

    ( .H ( ? H H H

  • 25

    ?

    H H ( H G ( H . H H H .

  • 26

    . H H H H (H . H (

    .

    _ . . H (H . H ( H ( ( : ; _

    ; H (

    .H H . (H ( . . H . \

    ( . H

  • 27

    ?

    _. :

    . : . H \ G G . . _ . . ( H ( (

    H . H H H \ H H ( H. H H :G(. ( ( \ (

    H . .

    H Second Order H . \ H

  • 28

    H ? . \ H G H . H (H G . _ H

    . . H ( H H ( ( . H G H . G (. ( H q ( . H G . : H H _ H _

  • 29

    ?

    .

  • 30

    \ ? H . ( .

  • 31

    ?

    H ( G Thomas Kuhn HThe H

    Structure of Scientific Revolutions() ( *)G . ( ( . ( (. \ H (H . ( )

    . paradigm H H . ( H H _

    . (

  • 32

    Brain - teaser Trap H .

    . _ . (H . ( H _ H H (H ( . ( H G G G (

    . ( H (

    . H H ( . H

    H .H (. H ( G . ( ( . H ( . G H (H H H

  • 33

    ?

    . (H (

    .. G Description TrapH

    . _. G . H H H . : _ . H

    Postmodernists H .

    H G ( \ . : . H

    .

  • 34

    (*) ( H H (H _ H

    G ( (().(*) (().

    (*) ( ( ( ( (().

    H Ethnomethodology(*) ( ( (

    H : .

    _ (().(*) ( (

    ( (().(*) (

    (().

  • 35

    H G H . :

    .

  • 36

    ( H H . H

    H (.

    H (*) ( H H ( . ( H

    ( . H H ( . .

    H Alan Dawe H . Alvin Gouldner

    : ( . H

    ( ( H \G G (.

    (: ( .

    . H : . (H _ (H ( ) . H H ( ( (

  • 37

    )H . H . ( (H H

    . ( . .

    . Domain Assumptions H H

    ( (. ( H (. ; H \H . : . H . ( . ( H (. .G H H H (H

    .

  • 38

    H H . H .

    ? ( . _ H

    H H ( .

    . H ( H ( ( . H

    . _G: H : ( . (H ? H ? \ ( )H H H H .H _ : ( ? ( ? G (? ( ()

    .

    H ( . (

  • 39

    : .

    G. : H

    . H ( H

    H Roy Bhaskar . H G _ H H ( : ( (

    . .H

    .(*)Individualistic Holistic G H G ( H

    . . G : . G ( H

    ) H Agents \ . G . . . : \

    Sui Generis (G . H ]. ]

  • 40

    . H G . . H . . . H . ( . G H

    . . G G H G ( . H G G G G. H \ (H

  • 41

    G G. H ( H . (G ( H . H . H H

    . G H

    G . G.

    : ( TransformativeH (H . ( _ . . H : ( )H

    H . H .

    ( G H

    \ . ( H .

    . H

  • 42

    H . H (

    H Single- Parent Family . H . H ( H G ( H ( \ H (

    ( . G G (: HG . .

    H _

    . H . H \ H . H H . H . .

    : ; (

  • 43

    ; H . ( ( H . G ( H . ( H G H

    . H q ( : ( H H . H G ( )H . H G H (

    ). H H

    H G . (_ \

    . ) H

    . . H H (. G H

    .

  • 44

    ( (. _ H ( ( H ( () \ . ( (. \ ( . (

  • 45

    (H (. ( H \ . G : G H ( . H . H (H G G

    . : \ ( () . H G . H ; . H

    . ( . H ( . ( (

    ). G . . \ H

    .

  • 46

    \ . ( H ( ( . (H H .

    _ . H ; H H

  • 47

    . H ( .

    H . H G G . : \ HG . : H G H . H .

    Totalising Theory H . H

    H ( H (

    . H H ( . .

    . \H H H H . H . (H . H (H : . H \

  • 48

    : H . ( G. \ H . H . .G \ HG ( ( H H H H .

    (. ( H . : . . (

  • 49

    H H . H

    . . H H H

    Structuration Theory . H Giddens

    H Postmodernist Theory Neofunctionalism (

    . H ( H (*) \ )

    G ( H H

  • 50

    H _ H (

    .H \

    ). H ,Kilminster ( ( (

    C.Wright-MillsH H HG H H . . ( H G

    . (

  • 51

    . . _ H

    . ( ( ( ( H

    ( _ . H H . ( H (

    .Jurgen Habermas

    H Hermeneutics (H .

    H ( . (H (H G H _ . (H G H . H . H H ( H

    .H H

    . ] . .

  • 52

    . \ . H

    rational choice (*) H theory H H

    : .

    . H H H H . H _ H G :

    .

  • 53

    (1) Marx, K. (1966) Capital, vol. 3, Lawrence & Wishart, London, p. 817.

    H \ Benton Dawe .

    Marshall (H Kilminster. .Alexander

    Albrow M. (1974) Dialectical and categorical paradigms of a science of society Sociological Review,

    vol. 22, no. 2, pp. 183-201.

    Alexander, J. (1987) Sociological Theory Since 1945, Huchinson, London.

    Benton, E. (1978) How many Sociologies??, Sociological Review, vol. 26, no. 2, pp. 217 - 36.

    Corrigan, p. (1975) Dichotomy vs. contradiction: On society as construct and construction, Remarks

    on the doctrine of the two sociologies, Sociological Review, vol. 23, no. 2, pp. 211 - 43.

    Dawe, A. (1970) The two sociologies, British Journal of Sociology, vol. 21, pp. 207 - 18.

    Friedrichs, R. W. (1972) A Sociology of Sociology, The Free Press, New York.

    Kilminster, R. (1991), Structuration theory as a world - view, in C. G. A. Bryant and D. Jary (eds),

    Giddens Theory of Structuration: A critical appreciation, Routledge, London, pp. 74 - 115.

    Marshal, G. (1990) In Praise of Sociology, Unwin Hyman, London.

    H Anthony Giddens . :

    Giddens, A. (1977) Four myths in the history of social thought, in Studies in Social and Political

    Theory, Hutchinson, London. pp. 208 - 34.

    Giddens, A. (1982) Classical social theory and the origins of modern sociology, in Profiles and

    Critiques in Modern Social Theory, Polity Press, Oxford, pp. 40 - 67.

    Giddens, A. (1987) Social Theory and Modern Sociology, Polity Press, Oxford.

    H H

    \ (

  • 54

    Gouldner, A. W. (1971) The Coming Crisis of Western Sociology, Heinemann, London.

    Oakley, A. (1974) The Sociology of Housework, Martin Robertson, London (ch. 1).

    Wallace, R. (1989) Feminisn and Sociological Theory, Sage, London.

    : Keat Social Theory as Science .

    Urry . Bhaskar ( The Possibility of Natrualism H

    .

  • 55

    (*) ( ( . (: ( . ( H ( G ( . ( H _ .

    (().(*) ( H H H

    H Action Structural . ( Micro Macro

    (().(*) ( .

    (().H (().exchange theory(*)

  • 56

  • 57

  • 58

  • 59

    G. \ H . H ( . H ( . _q H H \ H

    H .

    G . H H H H

    H H . H

    1

  • 60

    . ( .

    H H H . \ H G ( H . H

    . ( H : ( ] ] . (H (

    .

  • 61

    :

    :

    ( H ( .

    ( . . ()H (: ( H

    )H ( ( . H H ( .

    3

  • 62

    ( H . H \ . H

    . . _ H (

    (H G .

    ( ( ( H \ .

    ( G H . H G . ( H G H ( ] G (G . ( ( ). \ H . ( . ] ( ( .

  • 63

    :

    . (G ( G . H

    .H ( . H . ( ( ; H H. ( (. H H

    . :

    ( G H ( : H . H H ( (; G H . ( . ( . H \ H ( ( (H )H . H H.

  • 64

    ( G H (

    ). . : ?

    . (*) H H

  • 65

    :

    G . : H . \

    H ( (.

    :

    The Structure of Social Action \ H

    H ( G . \ (

    H ( q H . : H H H H ( H . ( (: H \ H H

    .H ( . H

    . ( (*)H ( ( ( )

    . (

  • 66

    H ] H H H

    . H

    ( . q H \ . _ . H . . G H G G. ( H _

    H . .

    G . H G. H . G G H; .

  • 67

    :

    (H .

    .status rolesH . (

    ( _ .

    H institutionalisation ( HG ( (. \ H

    H H .

    ( . (

    . ( )H

    H ( _ ( ( ).H (G). ( ( H (

    .

    :

    ( )H Guy Rocher H H H . H H .

  • 68

    (H H H H . H () H H H ( ). ( ). \ ( ( ( (

    H H ). (

    H . (

    ( ( . \ ( :

    ( : .

    ( )H . ( : H

    . ( :

    . ( : . H

    H . . ( : . ( : H

    H H .\ H ( H

  • 69

    :

    G . ( : ( ?

    H qH . H . (

    :functional prerequisites ( .:

    : .

    G :H H

  • 70

    )

    !

    "# $

    %& "

    $'

    (

    *+

    ,

    - .

    /,

    0&

    1 2

    +

    34

    (

    ,

    5 6

    7

    8

    & 6

    9:

    ;$

    ?

    @5

    . A

    B

    C

    +

    3

    4

    D,

    +

    EB

    - >F$

    5 !$

    G

    -

    7-&

    H 3

    &0

    7I 0

    J

    . (

    MN.

    (O

    P H A

    Q H E

    B) R

    -&

    J

    7

    A S

    ,

    < AB

    =- T

    J 1

    U

    H !

    5 A

    &

    .

    ?

    +

    ,

    < U

    V5&

    H

    W

    EB

    -&.

    G&

    EB

    6

    7I

    X

    Y< U

    81X

    ./

    ,

    Z

    =.B

    6

    5,

    - 2+

    34

    9J

    %X !

    [

    .

    ./

    ,

    . \

    >F$

    5

    2+

    34

    @5

    5 $

    %& 1

    .Q4

    ]^

    ('

    - 2F

    6

    7

  • 71

    :

    : H \ ( . H .

    .

    : ( H

    pattern ( _ variables H .

    H ( H ( ( H (!! ( H :

    H . \ G . H

    . :: universalism-particularism

    H G .

    : \ affective-affectively neutral

    ( )H \ ( ).

    : \ quality-performance \ H ( )

  • 72

    ( ).: diffuseness-specificity

    ( )H ( H q

    ). ( : \ . .

    .

    (*) ( ( . ( . _ \ . H : ( . ( : H H . H H . G ( G G G H

    H . H ( .

  • 73

    :

    H (. H ( ( (H () ( . H H ( ( . ;

    .

    H

    . ((H :

    H homeostatic loop H .

    H feed back ( ( . H

    !"

    #$ %& '

    () %& (*#%

    3 2

    !

  • 74

    H . H

    .

    :

    H ( . H ( (

    . H H G .

    . \ H H . :

    H _ H \. H (

    . . . G H (. H H H

  • 75

    :

    H . G G G ( G )H H . G G H _ :

    H (H . H

    . H . ( . _ :

    G. ( H H q . H

    . . . H

    . H G

    . H

  • 76

    H G .

    . \

    ( . \

    H . H

    HG .

    . :

    H

  • 77

    :

    . H H

    (.H H (( . ()

    () .

    :(*)

    q \ H ( .

    H Dahrendorf H . . ( ( ) H H ( H

    . H H

    . H . ( H .

  • 78

    G . H

    ( (H Lewis . H

    Coser \ H( ( H

    .

    . ( G H H \

    G H .

    H ( ( H G : . H H H

    . ( H H . H H q H . . H .

  • 79

    :

    . H

    H G . H H H . ( H ( H . ( \ H

    .H H . (H . H H . \ H H H H . G H \ . H H ( H . H

    . .

    G. H

  • 80

    H H H H ( H .

    . _ H . ( G _

    . (*)Peanuts H G G .

    . H

    H David LookwoodG G

    ( . H G H

    \ . (

    : ( ( .

    material H ( substratum H

    ( )H ( \

    ). H : Lookwood, 1964 ( (

  • 81

    :

    ( H (. (H \ ( (_ () (H . (

    H \ (. (

    H . : ( ?

    ()H G G HG G . (H . H \

    H H \ \

    .\ ( ( H ( \ . ( ( H H ( ( _ \

    (H H .

    _ H .

  • 82

    H . H G

    G G .

    q H . ( H . H ( ( H

    C.Wright Mills. .

  • 83

    :

    ( ) G: ( H \ ( . H

    ( ( ). .

    ( G .

    H : H HG q H

    G. H

    . . G ( )H

  • 84

    :

    H . (G

    H (). Peter HamiltonH H

    ( )H

    neofunctionalism .Jeffrey Alexander H( ( H ( . H

  • 85

    :

    (: H G ( ( ); H G ;

    H G ( . \ H \ ( ( .

    H .

    ) Colomey , ( Gould .

    (H ( \ ( \ )H G

    Sciulli (, Alexander \ H( .

    H ( .

    H H .

    . () ()H

    .) G : (Precy Cohen

    H q GG

    G ..

  • 86

    (. (G G \ ( ( ). ( ( _ .

    H . ( .

    \ .

    1

    . .

    2 ! "#. $% ! "#

    . & &'

    3. (") *+ !. (") ,+ -/

    40( ! 567 ! 8#

    . 98 :+!;+"

    5 ! 568= 7 ! $>#

    . >). : ?@) ?+

    65B CD ! "E#! FG > HIJ

    . >KL +.

    7 N %O P %. Q R*) S/ T

    . >

    8+,+ ' V*W. +,+ VQWG V*W

    . -"= (>#

    9Y CD V*W >#. -Z@ CD V*W >#

    3 3

  • 87

    :

    . . G (. (

    dysfunction . ; ( H .

    G) *). . \ ] . . H H . ( H ( ( q ; G

    (. .

    ( imperatively co-ordinatedH (

    system ( ( . . G : . H ( H ( ) ( ) . : H .

  • 88

    G ( . H H H H ( . \ ; H . ( H H ( .

    -quasi groups.

    ( . (H _ ; q ; H H.

    ( : :

    . ( .

    H H

    \ .

    H (G H

    H . . (

  • 89

    :

    H : .

    H .

    () H H . _ : H H H . H G . ( ( H .

    . . ( H ( \ H . H H (. (.

    : .

  • 90

    ( ? G: H H H . _

    ( . \ H ( H H \ .

    H . ( H

  • 91

    :

    () (H H . . H ()

    H

    H H .

    \ H ; ( H H (

    .

    H .

    . H (. : .

    ( H ;

    ] H

    .

  • 92

    . ( . H

  • 93

    :

    H .H ( H G ( . . H H H :

    H homelessness .

    q H .(*)

    H H

    ; ;H

    H H

    G . . ( (; H ( . ( H ( . ( ( H G (H \ .

    .

  • 94

    H .()

    H

    H :Parsons, T. (1961) An outline of the social system, in Parsons, T., Shils, E., Naegele, A. and Pitts, J.

    (eds), Theories of Society: Foundations of modern sociological theory, The Free Press, New York, pp.

    30-79.

    Parsons, T. (1964) Social Structure and Personality, The Free Press, Glencoe, NJ.

    Parsons, T. (1966) Societies: Evolutionary and comparative perspectives, Prentice Hall, Englewood

    Cliffs, NJ.

    Parsons, T. (1970) Some Problems of General Theory in sociology, in McKinney, J.C. and Tyriakian,

    E. A. (eds), Theoretical Sociology: Perspectives and developments, Appleton-Century- Crofts, New

    York, pp. 27-68.

    Parsons, T. (1971) The System of Modern Societies, Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ.

    :Parsons, T. (1949) The Structure of Social Action, The Free Press, New York.

    Parsons, T. (1951) The Social System, The Free Press, New York.

    Parsons, T. and Shils, E. (1951) Toward a General Theory of Action, Harvard University Press,

    Cambridge, MA.

    Rocher Adriaansens, H. P. M. (1980) Talcott Parsons and the Conceptual Dilemma, Routledge & Kegan Paul,London.

    Bourricaud, F. (1981) The Sociology of Talcott Parsons, University of Chicago Press, Chicago.

    Colomy, P. (ed.) (1990) Functionalist Sociology, Edward Elgar, Aldershot, Hants.

    Devereux, E. C. (1961) Parsons sociological theory, in Black , M. (ed.), The Social Theories of

    Talcott Parsons, Prentice Hall, Englewood, Cliffs, NJ, pp. 1-63.Hamilton, P. (1983) Talcott Parsons, Ellis Horwood, Chichester/ Tavistock, London.

    Holton, R. J. and Turner, B. S. (1986) Talcott Parsons on Economy and Society, Routledge & Kegan

    Paul, London.

    Merton, R. K. (1968) Social Theory and Social Structure, The Free Press, Glencoe, NJ.

  • 95

    :

    Mills,C. Wright (1980) The Sociological Imagination, Penguin, Harmondsworth.

    Moore, W. E. (1978) Functionalism, in Bottomore, T. and Nisbet, R. (eds), History of Sociological

    Analysis, Heinemann, London, pp. 321-61.

    Robertson, R. and Turner, B. S. (1991) Talcott Parsons, Theorist of Modernity, Sage, London.

    Rocher, G. (1974) Talcott Parsons and American Sociology, Nelson, London.

    : Burger, T. (1977) Talcott Parsons, the problem of order in society, and the program of analytic

    sociology, American Journal of Sociology, vol. 81, pp . ,- : ParsonsComment, ibid., pp . ;- H Burger vol. 83, no. 2, (1978), pp .-.

    Coser, L. (1956) The Functions of Social Conflict, The Free Press, Glencoe, NJ.

    Dahrendorf, R. (1964) Out of Utopia: Toward a reconstruction of sociological analysis, in Coser, L.

    and Rosenberg, B. (eds), Sociological Theory, Macmillian, New York, pp. 209-27.

    Demereth, N. J. and Peterson, R. A. (eds), (1967) System, Change and Conflict: A reader on contemporary

    sociological theory and the debate over functionalism, The Free Press, New York.

    Giddens, A. (1977) Functionalism : Aprs la lutte, in Studies in Social and Political Theory, Heinemann,

    London, pp. 96-134.

    Gouldner, A. W. (1970), The Coming Crisis of Western Sociology, Heinemann, London.

    Heydebrand, W. and Toby, J. (1972) Review symposium on Parsons The System of Modern Societies,

    Contemporary Sociology, vol. 1, pp. 387-401.

    Homans, G. C. (1964), Bringing men back in, American Sociological Review, vol. 29, pp. 809-18.

    Lockwood, D. (1964), Social intergration and system integration, in Zollschan, G. K. and Hirsch, W.

    (eds), Explanations in Social Change, Routledge & Kegan Paul, London, pp. 244-57.

    Lockwood, D. (1964) Some remarks on The Social System, in Demereth, N.J. and Peterson, R. A.

    (eds), pp. 281-92.

    Schwanenberg, E. (1970/71) The two problems of order in Parsons theory: An analysis from within,

    Social Forces, vol. 49,pp. 569-81.

    Turner, J. H (1978) The Structure of Sociological Theory, Dorsey Press, Homewood, IL.

    :Alexander,J. (1984) Theoretical Logic in Sociology: The modern reconstruction of classical thought:

    Talcott Parsons, Routledge & Kegan Paul, London.

    Alexander, J. (1985) Neofunctionalism, Sage, London.

    Alexander, J. (1987) Sociological Theory since 1930, University of Columbia Press, New York.

    Colomy, P. (ed.) (1990) Neofunctionalist Sociology, Edward Elgar, Aldershot, Hants.

  • 96

    :

    Dahrendorf, R. (1958) Toward a theory of social conflict, Journal of Conflict Resolution, vol. 2,pp.

    209-27.

    Dahrendorf, R. (1959) Class and Class Conflict in an Industrial Society, Routledge & Kegan Paul,

    London.

    Rex, J. (1961) Key Problems in Sociological Theory, Routledge & Kegan Paul, London.

    :Binns, D. (1977) Beyond the Sociology of Conflict, Macmillan, Basingstoke.

    Cohen, p. (1968) Modern Social Theory, Heinemann, London.

    Tuner, J. H. (1978) The Structure of Sociological Theory, Dorsey Press, Homewood, II.

  • 97

    :

    (*) ( ) (. ).(*) (().

    (*)cybernetics (.). (*)utopia .

    . (().

    ((). H ( (().(*)

    (*) ((). _ (().H G) *)

    G ((). (*)Titanic

    (().

  • 98

  • 99

    :

    : ...

    : H (

    H G G G H ( . H (H . H

    q G G .H \

    . ( H \ . H( ( >

    4

  • 100

    ( ). G . ( ) \ H ( ) . ( H . (H G :

    H (

  • 101

    :

    .

    H (exchange theoryH George Homans

    . Peter Blau (*) H H ( .

    H \ ( (. H ( (H . H q

    H . ( H

    (*)_ H H ( )

    . H . G H H H

    H G ( .

  • 102

    G .

    .H ( q ( G. H H ( . ( . : (H ( . ( H _ H

    . H H ( (

    ): (Jon Elster G G.

    .

    (Gary Becker H . Lydia Morris) H (

    G (H H

    G .

  • 103

    :

    ( H (. H ( H ( (H ( \ . ( H ( . G : H ( G . H H H _ .

    . H . ( .

    .

    (

    ( ) H ( . ( ( H H (H ( _ . (

  • 104

    H ( ( ). ( (

    ()H \Alan Carling () .

    H : H

    . H .

    . . (. ( (

    ( ). H \

    Erik Olin Wright. ( ( . H G

    G . ( (

    ? ( _ : ( ? G H ( ( ( )H ? H .

  • 105

    :

    H H H H

    .() (*) ( \ .

    H . ( G H . H \ .

    H H ; ? H H _

    H _ . (

    assurance game conditional altruism. . ( H _ H (\ H H

    (). ( : . ( H ( H

    ( ( ( ( . ( H (

  • 106

    .(.

    .

    () H \ H ( (( )H H . H . G . H H ()

    . ( G ( ) Peter Abell H

    \ a priori() H \ . \ H \ .

    . . : G . . ()

  • 107

    :

    ( . ( H ( ( .

    ( H ( ( .

    Sen (\ H) () )

    H . H H q ( . () \

    ) . ( H

    .H H . ( ( H H _ H . H

    _: .

    H (H

    (

  • 108

    H _ .

    Barry Hindess

    ()H Choice, Rationality and Social Theory H ( H (. ( H H \ . H H . ( H (

  • 109

    :

    ( ). H ( (H ( q q (. ( ( q H ( ( H _ . (H ( H ( .

    H . . H

    (. ( \

    H : H . H

    . H : G . ( q : G : ( H ( ( .

  • 110

    H ( q ( G

    . ). Hindess, 1988 :39HG (

    H H : H

    ( . H .

    G

    ( _ . (b H (

  • 111

    :

    H q . portfolio type

    : ( ) (H

    . ( _G H . H

    ).Hindess, 1988:48( ( G H :

    (H (H H ( _ H ). G . H ( G

    G H .

    G H _ H

    . _ .

    (*) \ .

    ( H

  • 112

    . ( H ( . q H H ( ( ( )H ( ( )H G

    ( .

    ( H

    . H H H (H H

    H . . H . H H

    ( . _ H (

    . ( H q H . H H . G

  • 113

    :

    . H H ( )H

    . H H \ H .

    ( H (

    H H . H

    .

  • 114

    Olson()

    . .

    .

    :Becker, G. S. (1976) The Economic Approach to Human Behaviour, University of Chicago Press,

    Chicago.

    Becker, G. S. (1981) A Treatise on the Family, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA.

    Downs A. (1957) An Economic Theory of Democracy, Harper, New York.

    Fishburn, P. C. (1973) The Theory of Social Choice, Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ.

    Hardin, R. (1982) Collective Action, Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, MD.

    Margolis, H. (1982) Selfishness, Altruism and Rationality, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

    Olson, M. (1965) The Logic of Collective Action, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA.

    Olson, M. (1982) The Rise and Decline of Nations, Yale University Press New Haven, CT.

    Sen, A. (1977) Rational fools : A critique of the behavioural foundations of economic theory,

    Philosophy and Public Affairs, vol. 6, pp. 317-44.

    Sen, A. (1983) Choice, Welfare and Measurement, Basil Blackwell, Oxford.

    ( H ( H :Rational Choice

    Abell, P. (ed.) (1991) Rational Choice Theory, Edward Elgar, Aldershot, Hants.

    Elster, J. (ed.) (1986a) Foundations of Social Choice Theory, Cambridg University Press, Cambridge.

    Elster, J. (1986b) Rational Choice, Basil Blackwell, Oxford.

    ( ( ( :Becker, G. (1981) A Treatise on the Family, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA.

    ( :Morris, L. (1990) The Workings of the Household, Polity Press, Cambridge.

    :Elster, J. (1985) Making Sense of Marx, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

    Przeworski, A. (1985) Capitalism and Social Democracy, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

    Roemer, J. (1982) A General Theory of Exploitation and Class, Harvard University Press, Cambridge,

    MA.

    Roemer, J. (ed.) (1986) Analytical Marxism, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

  • 115

    :

    Ware, R. and Neilson, K. (eds) (1989) Analysing Marxism, University of Calgary Press, Calgery, AB.

    Wood, A. (1981) Karl Marx, Routledge & Kegan Paul, London.

    Wright, E. O. (1985) Classes, Verso, London.

    ( :Carling, A. (1986) Rational choice Marxism, New Left Review, no. 186, pp. 24-62.

    :

    Hindess, B. (1988) Choice, Rationality and Social Theory, Unwin Hyman, London.

    (:Levine, A., Sober, E. and Wright, E. O. (1987) Marxism and methodological individualism, New

    Left Review, no. 162, pp. 67-84.

    Wood, E. M. (1989)Rational choice Marxism : Is the game worth the candle?, New Left Review, no.

    177, pp. 41-88.

    :New Left Review, no. 184, (1990), pp. 97-128.

    ( H :Elster, J. (1989a) Solomonic Judgements, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

    Elster, J. (1989b) The Cement of Society, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

    G Ryan, A. (1991) When its rational to be irrational, New York Review of Books, vol. 38, no. 15, pp.

    19-22.

  • 116

    (*)methodological individualism (

    (G H _

    (().(*) ( ) (().

    (*) ( ) ( ) .(().

    (*) ((). H collective action(*)

    action H ( ((). ( (

    H (. ).(*)

    (().(*) H . (

    .(()

  • 117

    :

    :

    Paul Rock . () (H H ( . ( (

    )H Plummer ( . H G

    Robert Park W.I.Thomas(*) ( .

    H (*) ( G )H

    5

  • 118

    G _ ( (. H H H . \

    .George Herbert Mead (*) ( (. (

    ()H Mind, Self and Society ( .

    H . ( : G . ( (H H

    . \ q ( ( ( ). ( \ . G H ( )H .

    H H . . H .

  • 119

    :

    H . H

    ( G ( . (H

    H H ( H (. ( : (H ( ( ). H H H (H \H q . ( . ( H .

    () :(*)

    .

    ( . (

    . : . . ( G G q H

  • 120

    H G . \H . H H . _ H ( ) H . H \ H

    H H H .

  • 121

    :

    . ( (. H G G

    ). ( G H \

    . : ; (

    H .(*))

  • 122

    H H ] .

    .Ralf Turner Erving Goffman (*)

    H G . ( (H . ( ) _ H H G

    H (*) ; ( H ]

    HThe Presentation of Self in Everday life () (

    . H . ( H _ .

    impression management H . ( G H

    ( ).. Me I \

    I . Me H I

    .

  • 123

    :

    : ] .

    : (.

    . \ _ ; H

    G ( I Me H ( (.

    H H (. G ( ; _ . H \ . H H .

    GG H .

    ()H Outsiders (*) . (*)G (

    ( . ( .G ( H ()H H (

    .

    (

  • 124

    H (*) H H

    H . :

    H H

    . G H

    G . H H

  • 125

    :

    . H H H H . H .

    ).Rock 1979 :227-8 ( (

    H . \ ( :

    . ? \

    . ()H \

    H H . \ H . H H H . H .

    H H .

    (H ( G H ( ?

    ( .: H .

  • 126

    _ ( . \ . G H

    Meltzer ). Stryker ,1980; Stryker and Serpe,1982( () ( _ H Reynolds1990 ( Herman

    ( . H H . \

    H (H (. \ H ( \ (. \ \ H

    Strauss Glaser The Discovery of Grounded Theory.()

    () (H Hosticka ( H G ( \

    H G _ . \ G H ( ) . H H . G

    H \ H

  • 127

    :

    H ( ) H . ( ( H

    H _ Stryker H .Micro - Study

    H ( Ken Plummer

    : H _

    . \ H ( . (

    ()Managed HeartH ( Hochschild G .

    H ; H G G H . (H

    H Social Constructionism (*)H Semiotics

    .H : H . H H ( ( H . \

  • 128

    H G . ( H ( H G .G H \ H ( . ( \ H H ( q . H H H ( _. H H H G . H (H ] H . H \ H \ ( (H \

    .

    H .

    H \ H ( H. (

    .

  • 129

    :

    . .

    Blumer, H. (1969) Symbolic Interactionism: Perspectives and method, Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs,

    NJ.

    Denzin, N. (1971) The Research Act in Sociology: A theoretical introduction to sociological methods,

    Butterworth, London.

    Glaser, B. G. and Strauss, A. L. (1967) The Discovery of Grounded Theory: Strategies for qualitative

    research, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, London.

    Kuhn, M. H. (1964) Major trends in symbolic interaction theory in the past 25 years, Sociological

    Quarterly, vol.5 pp. 61-84.

    Manis, J. G. and Meltzer, B. N. (1972) Symbolic Interaction: A reader in social psychology, Allen &

    Bacon, Boston, MA.

    Mead, G. H. (1934) Mind, Self and Society, University of Chicago Press, Chicago.

    Rose, A. M. (1962) Human Behaviour and Social Process: An interactionist approach, Routledge &

    Kegan Paul, London.

    (:)R.H.Tunner :Role taking: Process vs conformity(

    Rock; Reynolds Petras Meltzer

    . Plummer ; Fisher, B. M. and Strauss, A. L. (1978) Interactionism, in Bottomore, T. B. and Nisbet, R. (eds), A

    History of Sociological Analysis, Heinmann, London, pp. 475-97.

    Meltzer, B. W. and Petras, J. W. et al (1975) Symbolic Interactionism: Genesis, varieties and criticisms,

    Routledge & kegan Paul, London.

    Plummer, K. (ed.) (1991) Symbolic Interactionism, Edward Elgar, Aldershot, Hants.

    Reynolds, L. T. (1990) Interactionism: Exposition and critique (2nd edn), General Hall Inc., New

    York.

    Rock, p. (1979) The Making of Symbolic Interactionism, Macmillan, Basingstoke.

    Turner, J. H. (1974) Parsons as a symbolic interactionist: A comparison of action and interaction

    theory, Sociological Inquiry, vol. 44, pp. 28-94.

    Manis Meltzer Plummer HPetras Meltzer Roynolds .Goffman:

  • 130

    Ditton, J. (ed.) (1980) The View from Goffman, Macmillan, Basingstoke.

  • 131

    :

    (*) ( ) ( )

    G ((). (*)Pragmatism H

    ( H H (().

    (*) ( ) (().(*) ( ) (().

    G)

  • 132

  • 133

    :

    :

    ( . H \ . H . H H

    phenomenological Sociology H H

    H

    .

    6

  • 134

    H H

    (G H ( : \ ( . ( ( \ (H ( . H

    H .

    .

    H . (

    . : ( H ( ( H H . H H . H H . H H

  • 135

    :

    . H G ( ( . _

    ( . H G

    H ( bracketing .(*)poch

    G. H G

    ( G . ( ( (H H H . H . H ( H .

    .H H Alfred Schutz

    ( . (*)

    H ()H _ The Phenomenlogy of the Social World

    . G ( . H . H .

  • 136

    ; H ( G

    ; . H G : H . H

  • 137

    :

    H . H H H . (H G H H H

    . H

    H ] . ( H H H

    Peter Berger (*) . H

    The Thomas Luckman Social Construction of RealityG H()

    G . ( H ( (

    ( ( ( . \ ( (; H q

    H ( H H . ( ( H

    .H ( .

    ( . H

  • 138

    G (. (H G (

  • 139

    :

    ; people can play; (*)sociology game

    games with me ). ) game bird \ H

    : ] [ ( . _

    H H .

    .(*) game shave \ : H H (

    H . H

    H H \

    . (*)( G H q

    (.

    : H

    H . ( H ( (H . H

  • 140

    H . (

    H . H G (( H

    ( H H q . H . (. H

    H

    doing . H . H ( )H . :

    ethno Hmethod ology )ethnomethodolgoy.(

    H G ( . H H ( H

  • 141

    :

    H .G _ HG H ( . H \ (

    . (

    topic(*)H H (H H ( ( H H H (

  • 142

    . .

    ( reflexivity (*)( .

    q H . G (H ( H . : H q H H G. H . H H H

    H ( ( background expectancies .

  • 143

    :

    . .H glossing(

    ( . ( (H

    H . (

    H :Aaron Cicourel .

    (H ). G:Cicourel, 1973 (

    et . (cetera H

    (. H () : . H ( H H ( .

    . H ( . . : ( ( ( )H H ( .

  • 144

    . H Harvey Sacks H

    ( .

    H

    : (H H H . : _ H . . _ ( ( ( ; . ( H . H : . ( (

    .

    ( H H . . H .

  • 145

    :

    ( H ( ). (. H

    H \ . H H H . _ H H . : H H H H .

  • 146

    H ( . H ( ; ( ( . ( H ( . ( H .H ( H H ( .

    . . H G

    (G. H (. ( ( (. . H . _ H ( ( \ H

  • 147

    :

    ( H ( (. H H . () H . HG . . ( H H

    . .

    H ( H q

    H H . H

    .

  • 148

    Schutz H Peter Barger ( (. (

    Psathas ( H ( ).

    Berger, P. and Kellner, H. (1974) The Homeless Mind, Penguin, Harmondsworth.

    Berger, P. and Luckman, T. (1967) The Social Construction of Reality, Allen Lane, London.

    Filmer, P. et al. (1972) New Directions in Sociological Theory, Collier Macmillan, London.

    Lassman, p. (1974) Phenomenological perspectives in sociology, in Rex, J. (ed.) Approaches in

    Sociology, Routledge & Kegan Paul, London, pp. 125 - 44.

    Psathas, G. (1973) Phenomenological Sociology: Issues and applications, John Wiley, New York.

    Schutz, A. (1962 - 6) Collected Papers (2 vols), Martinus Nijhoff, The Hague.

    Schutz, A. (1972) The Phenomenology of the Social World, Heinemann, London.

    Winch, p. (1985) The Idea of a Social Science, Routledge & Kegan Paul, London.

    Wolff, K. H. (1978) Phenomenology and sociology, in Bottomore, T. B. and Nisbet, R. (eds), A

    History of Sociology Analysis, Heinemann, London, pp. 499-556.

    ( :

    Sharrock Anderson Livingston: ( HAttewell, P. (1974) Ethnomethodology since Garfinkel, Theory and Society, vol. I, pp. 179 - 210.

    Benson, D. and Hughes, J. H. (1983) The Perspective of Ethnomethodology, Longman, London.

    Heritage, J. (1984) Garfinkel and Ethnomethodology, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

    Leiter, K. (1980) A Primer on Ethnomethodology, Oxford University Press, Oxford.

    Livingston ,E. (1987) Making Sense of Ethnomethodology, Routledge & Kegan Paul, London.

    Sharrock, W. and Anderson, B. (1986) The Ethnomethodologists, Ellis Horwood, Chichester/ Tavistock,

    London.

    ( (:Atkinson, M. and Heritage, J. (1984) Structures of Social Action, Cambridge University Press,

    Cambridge.

    Cicourel, A. V. (1964) Method and Measurement in Sociology, The Free Press, New York.

    Cicourel, A. V. (1973) Congitive Sociology, Penguin, Harmondsworth,

    Douglas, J. D. (1971) Understanding Everyday Life, Routledge & Kegan Paul, London.

  • 149

    :

    Garfinkel, H. (1967) Studies in Ethnomethodology, Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ.

    Psathas, G. (ed.) (1979) Everyday Language, Irvington Press, New York.

    Schenkein, J. (ed.) (1978) Studies in the Organization of Conversational Interaction, Academic Press,

    New York.

    Sudnow, D. (ed.) (1972) Studies in Social Interaction. The Free Press, Glencoe, NJ.

    Turner, R. (1974) Ethnomethodology, Penguin, Harmondsworth.

    ( :Garfinkel, H. (1986) Ethnomethodological Studies of Work, Routledge & Kegan Paul, London.

    Lieberman, K. (1985) Understanding Interaction in Central Australia, Routledge & Kegan Paul, London.

    Livingston, E. (1986) The Ethnomethodological Foundations of Mathematics, Routledge & Kegan

    Paul, London.

    Lynch, M. (1985) Art and Artefact in Laboratory Science, Routledge & Kegan Paul, London.

    : Atkinson, P. (1988) Ethnomethodology : A critical review, Annual Review of Sociology, Annual

    Reviews Inc., Palo Alto, CA, pp. 441-65.

    :Giddens, A. (1976) New Rules of Sociological Method, Hutchinson, London (Chapter 1).

    Goldthorpe, J. H. (1973) A revolution in sociology, Sociology, vol. 7, pp. 449 - 62.

  • 150

    (*) ( ) q (().) ( ( (*)

    ( ( (

  • 151

    :

    Penguin, 1994, p. 349.( (( . . (

    H . ( (insight\ _ ( H ( (().

  • 152

  • 153

    :

    H . H H

    . H

    H structuration theory .

    H H H ; H H

    7

  • 154

    . H

    . H _ H _

    . ( . H H

    .- \ H H H H \ .

    H (*) . (

    H ( H (H

    . H H ( (H ( H H .

    H H _ H ( . H

    .

  • 155

  • 156

    H \ H . H \ ( . H ( . G (G \ G ( ( .

    G ( ( . H H . ( ( H

    . (*)( (H (

    . ? H ( . ( H H . ( H G ( )H ( .

    H G. H H ( (

    ).Giddens, 1984:2( ( ( HG H \

  • 157

    : \ H H H

    ( H H . G H _ H H . H

    \ .

    H ( ?

    ( . ( () (. ( _ (H H ( H ( (. ( H ]

    ] . ( ( . ( H .( q

    .H H H H \

    H

  • 158

    ( (H . H H . H .

  • 159

    (. . (

    ( H )H ,Craib,1992 (.

    G HG G ( _HG . ( G ( ( (H . .

    ( H ( .

    ( ( (H . H : HG G . ( ( H H ( . (. ( H .

    : H W,C.Fields .

    ( . H . G ] . H _

  • 160

    (. \ . H \ . H _ .

    (). Frame Analysis

    H . H (

    ). H \ . H q (H . H

    Stinchcombe H H : \

    . co-presence ( H ( G

    . H ( H H ( .( ( H H H H

    ). :Clark et al., 1990 ( _ ( ( H

    .

  • 161

    H G H

  • 162

    H ( (.

    \ ( H . q . (H (. q

    : H .

    H class-dividedG ( H

    symbioticH relationship(( . (* G

    H G ( ( ; (

    H class societies. G H .

  • 163

    H ( . ( H .

    H .

    . H H H

    The Consequences of Modernity H() . H

    . H H(*) . H H H

    ( H H

    disembedding (. H( G H

    ( . qH H H G ( H . H H

  • 164

    H H \

    . (

    . .

    H H _

    H : .

    .

    ( H ( H (G . H H . .

    . ( H

    . H H H H . H

  • 165

    . H GIra cohen) . H(

    _ : (; ( ( \ ; ( H . H \ H

    ( . . . H H : (

    (. (). (_ H

    .

    (H . H H

    Thompson ) Held and Thompson, \ H( (H (H G H ( . ( H (

    ()H _Urry . H ( G

  • 166

    . H ( . q H H ( H

    _ . H H ( H H

  • 167

    :

    Giddens, A. (1976) New Rules of Sociological Method, Hutchinson, London.

    Giddens, A. (1977) Studies in Social and Political Theory, Hutchinson, London.

    Giddens, A. (1979) Central Problems in Social Theory, Macmillan, Basingstoke.

    Giddens, A. (1984) The Constitution of Society, Polity Press, Oxford.

    Giddens, A. (1987) Social Theory and Modern Society, Polity Press, Oxford.

    H :Giddens, A. (1981) A Contemporary Critique of Historical Materialism Vol. 1: Power, Property and

    the state, Macmillan, Basingstoke.

    Giddens, A. (1985) A Contemporary Critique of Historical Materialism Vol.2 : The nation state and

    violence, Polity Press, Oxford.

    Giddens, A. (1990) The Consequences of Modernity, Polity Press, Oxford.

    Held and ( H Cohen

    Thompson Bryant and Jary H .Clark;

    Bryant, C. G. A. and Jary, D. (eds) (1991) Giddens Theory of Structuration, Routledge, London.

    Clark, J., Modgil, C. and Modgil, F. (eds) (1990) Anthony Giddens: Consensus and controversy, Falmer

    Press, Sussex.

    Cohen, I. (1989) Structuration Theory: Anthony Giddens and the constitution of social life, Macmillan,

    Basingstoke.

    Craib, I. (1992) Anthony Giddens, Routledge, London.

    Held, D. and Thompson, J. B. (eds) (1990) Social Theory of Modern Societies: Anthony Giddens and

    his critics, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

    :Archer, M. (1982) .Morphogenesis vs. structuration, British Journal of Sociology, vol. 33. pp. 455 -

    83.

    Smith, J. W. and Turner, B. S. (1986) Constructing social theory & constituting society Theory,

    Culture, & Society, Vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 125-33.

    Urry, J. (1982) Duality of structure: Some critical issues, Theory, Culture & Society, vol. 1, no. 2,

    pp.100 - 6.

    :G G Anderson, p. (1990) A culture in counterflow - 1", New Left Review, no. 180, pp. 41-78.

    Goffman, E. (1974) Frame Analyiss, Harper & Row, New York.

  • 168

    (*) ( H

    .

  • 169

  • 170

  • 171

    ( H H ( H ( . ( H

    . \ ( H \ . :

    H H . H G . H H .

    1

  • 172

    H \ ; ( _ G . H

  • 173

    H H . ( (G (

    . Nicos Poulantzas Louis Althusser : ( . H H H . H H

    . . ( .

    G: H \ ( ( . H

    . ( ( H (. ( H G ( H

    : H .

  • 174

    H q . (

    . H H ( ( H . .

  • 175

    L :

    :

    (:H H H H H H H H H . H ( . H ( H . G \G H ( . H ( ) (;

  • 176

    . :

    H H ( .

    .H \ : \ H ( . H ] H H H

    . ( H ( (

    . H H

    ( Ferdinand de Saussure . H H . : ()H ( )H

    . ( )H Roland Barthes Christian Metz H( ) Jaques Lacan)

    Jaques ( ) Michel Foucault)H Derrida.()

    ( ( H H _

    _ H . _ . H ( . H

  • 177

    L :

    ( H .

    ( q . H . H _ H H . ( \ . . H H H H . : q . \ ( H ( H \ G( G (

    . . G (. ( H

    H . . (H ( H H H H H H . H .

  • 178

    \ H( H ( H

    H . G ( .

    ( ( \ G H

    .:

    H . \ H . H H (H H H

    H . : H . H ( G . ( (: (

    ( . H (

  • 179

    L :

    ? . ( ) H

    .: R

    ( ( .

    H H H ( H H H

  • 180

    H . (H H

    H

  • 181

    L :

  • 182

    H H H

    H . ( .

    H H . H .

    ; signified ( signifer : H . ( G H ( . (H ( . : ( \

    . ( ( (. _

    ( H G H ( . \ : . (H . H H H q

    .

    G \ . ( H

    ( H H .

  • 183

    L :

    G H. . H

    Gdog god H H > G G G. (H H

    _ . ( (

    concomitant variationH H H H G H

    dog . (H H hog d h

    . H(h binary opposition G (

    /d( . (* . G H ( \ . \

    syntagm HG H ( (*)paradigm

    ( . H \ \ . H

    ( '. H dh G ( 'hd( i ( :

    . ( c e . \ ( H ( . H (

  • 184

    . (*) (...Hgolden retriever Hbitch cur bog hog \ dog

    . H ( ).

    . \ ( ( . H H (. ( H H H . H

    : ( .

    ( ) \ .(*) ( / H / H )

    cur

    bitch

    dog

    sat on the matThe

    hog

    cog

    bog

    . (*)( / / )

    ! "# $%& ' +, (8-1) 02 34

  • 185

    L :

    : ( ( ) semiotics

    . G

    Will WrightH

    .

    H H (G (. H . \ G . H

    . H H

    . . H (H . . H H. ( ( ( ( . H : ( . ( ( . H .

    (.(

  • 186

    : ()

    (H \ .

    (H HH

    . H ( .

    . H (

    H ( H

    . ( G) .

    .H\ ( (

    q ) ( ( ).

  • 187

    L :

    H G H

    ) (.(

    ;(*)meta-language H ( . (

    . \

    G G. \ .

    : G

    \ .

    \ _ ( : ) G ( ).

  • 188

    (*) () . q G

    .: H H(*) ( )

    ( )H\

    (82)

  • 189

    L :

    ( H ( )H ( ).

    q q H G . \ . _ ((H H . H G G

    .H \ : . H

    . : H (H \ G . . H q H

    H . H

    (

  • 190

    ? (

    q )H .

    H G . G HG ] q

    q . q H H H _ Code

    . .

    ( \ . ( H

  • 191

    L :

    . H .

    (*)

    (**

    )

    . !" #$ %1. & ' () +, -/ 023, 4, 5 #$ %1

    . -/ 6 728 #$ %2. #$ :;, (? %2

    @AB =C 6 DEFG #$ %3. =2>? C 6 I -/ %3

    &J+ KIL+ #$ MFG 2 -/ %4. O ? UG VE 2P %6. PQ X=C 6 DEF #$ %6

    . & :C, =2>?+ Y -/ %7 &J+ KIL+ #$ MFG [ -/ %7

    . PQ J

    UG \0 24 +, C CP %8 #$ 6 7$ -/ 'A^ 4, %8

    . =2>? 4,+ #$. 6 '_

    . -/ 0` 22a %9. 6 #$ _ %9

    . 2E c \Q #$ 7d %10. =2>? f=g #$ %10

    . #$ P 2$_ h2 22a %11. Pi & 6 _ #$ %11

    . 22a f=g #$ %12. -d !" #$ %12

    . 22a I` #$ %13

    . (jG -/ %14

    . #$ # -/ %15

    . ` _ +, Pi & F #$ %16

    Shane (1953); and Cat Ballou (1965).

    : O3? KT5 A, 6 (**)

    Red River (1949); Apache (1954); The Man from Laramie (1955).

    (8 1)

    : O3? T5 A, 6 (*)

    Cimarron (1931); Destry Rides Again (1941); Duel in the Sun (1047);

  • 192

    .

  • 193

    L :

    ( H _ .

    H ( ( H G . \ \ . H (H G ( ; \ q q H _ G q. H . . ( . \ H :

    .

    ( .

    H H. ( G H

    G ( H H H ( . H H H H

    \ HG H G \

  • 194

    H .

    Hq _

    H ( .

    ( ; H \

    . . ; H q . (

    . H

  • 195

    L :

    HawkesH ( ( H H Jameson

    H Kurzwell ( (. . (

    Blonsky, M. (ed) (1979) The Essential Semiotics Reader, Basil

    Blackwell, Oxford.

    Clarke, S. (1981) The foundations of Structuralism, Harvester, Sussex.

    Culler, J. (1976) Saussure, Fontana, London.

    Ehrmann, J. (ed) (1970) Structuralism, Doubleday Anchor, New York.

    Gardner, H. (1982) The Quest for Mind, Quartet, London.

    Hawkes, T. (1977) Structuralism and Semiotics, Methuen, London.

    Jameson, F. (1972) The Prison House of Language, Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ.

    Kurzwell, E. (1980) The Age of Structuralism, Columbia University Press, New York.

    Lane, M. (ed) (1970) Structuralism : A reader, Jonathan Cape, London.

    Robey, D. (ed) (1973) Structuralism : An introduction, Oxford University Press, Oxford.

    Barthes ( _ H ( . Mythologie( Wright.

    Barthes, R. (1967) Elements of Semiology, Jonathan Cape, London.

    Barthes, R. (1972) Mythologies, Jonathan Cape, London.

    Barthes, R. (1975) S / Z, Jonathan Cape, Londo.n

    Barthes, R. (1977) Image - Music - Text, Fontana, London.

    Wright, W. (1975) Six Guns and Society : A structural study of

    the Western, University of California Press, Berkeley.

    :Lodge, D. (1981), Working with Structuralism, Routledge & kegan Paul, London.

    H G ( H _ Badcock

    .Badcock, C. (1973) Levi - Strauss: Structuralism and sociological theory, Hutchinson, London.

    Bottomre, T. B. and Nisbet, R. (1987) Structuralism in Bottomore, T. B. and Nisbet, R. (eds), A

    History of Sociological Theory, Heinemann, London, pp. 557 - 98.

    Goddard, A. (1976) On structuralism and sociology, American Sociologist, vol. 11. pp. 133 - 9.

    Runciman, W. G. (1979) What is structuralism, British Journal of Sociology, vol. 20. pp. 253 - 65.

  • 196

    H Linguistics (*) H ( .( : H H : (H H

    (().(*) ( ) (().

    (*) ( . )H

    dichronic synchronic ( (().

    H H _ H( G) : *) ( H G ; (H

    H (. H H H ((). G G ( ( G H

    hog dog G G G G. (().

    q paradigm(*) . (().

    (*) H ( ( ( ( ) ( (

    () G G _ (().

  • 197

    L :

    H meta-language (*) H . H ( (H q :

    H . ( .

    (: H : (H H (()

    . ( . : ( ( ( . .

    ( Logs.( (( (*)The Western (

    ( H ( (().

    (**) (().

  • 198

  • 199

    :

    :

    H \ H \ . (H ( . H H

    . (*)

    . H; . > H

    9

  • 200

    . H (

    ( H _ ( H .

    ( H q (H ( . H

    (. H H H ; .

    ( . H ( H

    .

    ( ; H ; H H

    H . H

    .

  • 201

    :

    ( H ( . : _ ? . : H H ( ( H ( H . ( ( ( H G ()H H . ( H

    G (. ( G G. (

    H \ H

    ( ). ( H H H . \ H H H ( H \ . H ( . ( ( )

  • 202

    ( )H ( ( . H (H . H : . (

    . ( ( G .

    H ( economism ( : H H H . H .

    Volunatarism H H H q G q . ( . ( G( G HG ( . (

    . G ( .

    (*) H

  • 203

    :

    H . H

    Essays in Self - CriticismH H

    H q .

    ( .

    H

    _ H ( (.

    H G ( H . G : G ( ). H : H H . H

    . G G G : G \ _ H

    H G \ .

  • 204

    G . ( H

    . (*))Problematic ( ( ( H ( ( (

    H . (

    ; H . G : ( H . ( _ .

    (. ? H

    . ( ( H ( ( . :

    . H H : H

    ? ( (*) : H

    . H ? H ( _

  • 205

    :

    G ? H \ _ H H . H H H G . ( H H ( . (

    H ( (*)( ( .

    H

  • 206

    ( H ( ( H . ( H . ( (. ( H ( ( . ( ( H (

  • 207

    :

    . H (.

    H H H

    H .

    (.

    :( (

    (

    . ( ( H H . ( H

    q H H H . ( H H \ G

    . ( H ( . ( H q ( H H H. ( (. ( H _ H (.

  • 208

    : H

    . G H ( G .

    H G .

    H ( \

  • 209

    :

    H ( ( . ( (

    (*))instancesH (( . \

    ( : H . . H H G . H ( H . \ H ( . H

    .

    ( G G G . . ( )H H G . H H

    G . HG

    : ( H .

    . ( ( H (G

  • 210

    H ( G .

    H ( H H ( . G (G ( . (G (

    ). H H . G ( ( H H H H _ . H H . H H . ( H ( ( (G . (( H G ( H \ (H . ( H H H H .

    .

  • 211

    :

    ( : (G ( . ( (H ( H (H (. (H ( G HG G G ( . (. H

    . ( ( . H H q; q . H H : ; . ( . H ( ( \ .

    H OverdeterminationH (*) (

    H ( . ;

    ( G .

  • 212

    (G . .

    H \H (*)G (

    ( (*) (). : : H H G (G. H H H G G . G G G :G H (G

    G G : G ( H G H G . \

    . H G (G ] H H G \ . ( H . G \ ; . H G H G

  • 213

    :

    . H H H . ( ( H H H (. \ .

    H H \ ( ( .

    H . (H ( H

    (

  • 214

    (.H ( H : . ( . ( . ( ( ( ; ( ( (. H ( ( ( H _ ( . G ( \ (H . ( H

    ( ( ( H .

    ()

    H Etienne BalibarG ()H Reading Capital (

    ( . ( : H _ ( . ( H

    Labourer : . ( H

    H non - labourer .

  • 215

    :

    . H ( . H H

    H . H ( )H G . G : (: . H H . H G H G q . \

  • 216

    . H \

    ). \ . ( ( ( ( . . (

    ( . \ :

    \ (. H ( . :

  • 217

    :

    q H H . H

  • 218

    ( H ). H

    H . H

    .\ H . . _

    . : H . G H H . H . H ( (G

    . H \ . H ( ) H . _

    ( H H . ( G. H ( ( . (H ( ( (H

  • 219

    :

    ( ( . .

    G q (H . G H H H H.

    .

    :

    (G H ( H ( .

    .H ( ( H ( (G H ( ( . H (HG ( . G ( H H ( H ( . ( H ( . ( (G

  • 220

    H H . H

    . H . H

    H ( H ( q .

    H . . ( H (

    ( (.

    H .

    . . HG ( (

    (G (HG H H (HG . ( H q . q . \ q .

    \ H H q

  • 221

    :

    . H . q G G ( ( (G . G ( H ( . G H G (

    . ( (H (

    H ( G HG . ( (H H G . H G G H H(

    H (Blackburn.( : q . H H . H (G H G ( H H G. \H G ( ( . \ (H G

  • 222

    G G HG . ( ( ( H (G HG ( \ :

    H ( (*) H . . . ( H H ( H . H ( H \ H . (G

    .

    H H ( H

    G H _ . G H (H .

  • 223

    :

    ( ( q H H

    . . . (H () . \ . ( H

    . . G

    . G . H

    . ( H

  • 224

    ( : ] ([ H (

    . ( G ( H H . ( H ; H : . G

    H . ( ( . H \

    ( ( . H ( G H (. H H ? H H _ ; \ H ( . H H . G:

    H ( ( ;

    H .

  • 225

    :

    : (H ( ( _ . . H _ H q . H (

    : ( H ( .

    ( : .

    . (*) H ( (

    ( . H . (H . . H . . H ( _

    . ME : I

    H . (

  • 226

    . H ;H H

    ( .

    \ ( . H

    ( . ( (

    . H ( H q . . H ( . _ (. (() H . H (

    H . _

    H .

    : (H ;

  • 227

    :

    H ( . . q H (H

    q H . \ q

    q ( H (

    .

  • 228

    H H ( .

    H (*) H . ( H (

    G . . (H H

    . ( H _ . H H H

    . . H (.G. . : H H

    H H _ . ( G ( H H H .

  • 229

    :

    H ( .

    ( H ( ( H H ( . H ( . H

  • 230

    () ( (q ) (

    ( ( ( ). q .

    .

    ( H ( .For Marx On the materialist dialectic Contradiction and overdetermination

    . Lenin and Philosophy .New left Review ( (

    Althusser, L. (1969) For Marx, Allen Lane, The Penguin Press,

    London.

    Althusser, L. (1971) Lenin and Philosophy, New Left Books, London.

    Althusser, L. (1976) Essays in Self-Criticism, New Left Books, London.

    Althusser, L. And Balibar, E. (1970) Reading Capital, New Left Books, London.

    Poulantzas, N. (1973a) On social classes, New Left Review, no. 78, pp. 27-54.

    Poulantzas, N. (1973b) Political Power and Social Classes, New Left Books, London.

    Poulantzas, N. (1974) Fascism and Dictatorship, New Left Books, London.

    Poulantzas, N. (1975) Classes in Contemporary Capitalism, New Left Books, London.

    Poulantzas, N. (1976) The Crisis of the Dictatorships, New Left Books, London.

    Poulantzas, N. (1978) State, Power, Socialism, New Left Books, London.

    Ralph G G (G G Miliband:

    Blackburn, R. (ed) (1972) Ideology in Social Science, Fontana, London.

    Poulantzas, N. (1976) The capitalist state: A reply to Miliband and Laclau New Left Review, no. 95.

    pp. 63 - 83.

    ( Balibar, E. (1977) On the Dictatorship of the Proletariat, New Left Books, London.

    Bois, G. (1984) The Crisis of Feudalsim, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

    Castell, M. (1977) The Urban Question: A Marxist approach, Edward Arnold, London.

    Godelier, M. (1977) Perspectives in Marxist Anthropology, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

    Jossop, B. (1982) The Capitalist State: Marxist theories and methods, Martin Roberston, Oxford.

    Jessop, B. (1985) Nicos Poulantzas : Marxist theory and political strategy, Macmillan, Basingstoke.

  • 231

    :

    Macherey, P. (1978) The Theory of Literary Production, Routledge & Kegan Paul, London.

    Terray, E. (1972) Marxism and Primitive Societies, Monthly Review Press, New York.

    Wright, E. O. (1978) Class Crisis and State, New Left Books, London.

    Elliott H Benton

    .Benton, T. (1984) The Rise and Fall of Structural Marxsim, Macmillan, Basingstoke.

    Callinicos, A. (1976) Althussers Marxism, Pluto Press, London.

    Elliott, G. (1986) Althusser: The detour of theory, Verso, London.

    Geras, N. (1977) Althussers Marxsim : An assessment, in Western Marxsim : A critical reader, New

    Left Books, London, pp. 232-72.

    Smith, S. B. (1984) Reading Althusser, Cornell University Press, Ithaca, NY.

    :Appignanesi, L. (ed) (1989) Ideas from France : The legacy of French theory, Free Association Books,

    London.

    (:Marx, K. (1964) The Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts of 1844, International Publishers, New

    York.

    Marx, K. (1967) Capital, Lawrence & Wishart, London.

    Trotsky, L. (1967) History of the Russian Revolution, 3 vols, Sphere Books, London.

  • 232

    (*) (().

    ( ( : ( ideology(*) H ( ( ( H (

    ( ((). . problematuc(*)

    H ( _ . (().

    . appropriated(*) ( H ( Incorporation

    by being incorporated ( (H .

    H

    ; \ approprition . :

    . H H

  • 233

    :

    (*) ( ) G. G ( H HG

    (().(*) ( ) ( H

    ( (().(*) ( () .

    (().(*) (H

    q ((). Minerva(*) ( )H (.

    (().

  • 234

  • 235

    :

    ( H ( .G ( G H H q ( . H . G ( H .

    _

    10

  • 236

    H G _ .

    . ( H H ( . H H H H . . .

    ( _ . ( H . G . H H H . H .

    H ( . ( (

    (*) H H

    . Daniel Bell H

    . _ . H _ H (

    . (H (*) ( .

  • 237

    H ( H H H_

    H G G : H H (

    . _ (*). q . H

    . ( H ( ( ;

    .

    ( ( G . H H \H

    .