abstracts of final year projects for chemical processes...

0

Abstracts of Final Year Projects for Chemical Processes Engineering

مشاريعالتخرج للمرحلة الرابعة

2014-2015

1

وزارة التعليم العالي والبحث العلمي الجامعة التكنولوجية

قسم الهندسة الكيمياوية

فرع هندسة العمليات الكيمياوية

Supervisors:Prof. Dr. SafaAldeen Abdullah Branch: Chemical Processes Engineering

Academic Year:2014-2015 Groups No. :P1

Students Name: Amina Mohammed SiroorMageed

Project Title:Production of acetic acid

Specific objective: Acetic acid (systematically named ethanoicacid) is an organic compound with the chemical formula CHR3RCOOH. It is a colorless liquid that when undiluted is also called glacial acetic acid. Vinegar is roughly 3%-5% acetic acid by volume, making acetic acid the main component of vinegar apart from water. Acetic acid has a distinctive sour taste and pungent smell. Besides its production as household vinegar, it is mainly produced as a precursor to polyvinylacetate and cellulose acetate. Although it is classified as a weak acid, concentrated acetic acid is corrosive and can attack the skin. Acetic acid is the second simplest carboxylic acid (the simplest is formic acid) and is an important chemical reagent and industrial chemical, mainly used in the production of cellulose acetate for photographic film and polyvinyl acetate for wood glue as well as synthetic fibers and fabrics. The global demand of acetic acid is around 6.5 million tons per year (Mt/a), of which approximately 1.5 Mt/a is met by recyclingthe remainder is manufactured from petrochemical feedstock.As a chemical reagent, biological sources of acetic acid are of interest but generally uncompetitive. Vinegar is dilute acetic acid, often produced by fermentation and subsequent oxidation of ethanol.


2014-2015

2




Supervisors: Asst. Prof. Dr. Nidhal M. Al-Azzawi Branch: Chemical Processes Engineering

Academic Year:2014-2015 Groups No. :P2 Students Name:RamyFikrat

YaserHayder

Project Title:Production of Ethylene and Propylene from NG and LPG Specific objective:The Petrochemical Industry is one of the most important industries and is of critical importance to the petroleum refining and chemical industries. It has, and always will be, driven by the availability of competitive raw materials first Coal then Oil and now Natural and Petroleum Gases. In terms of future industry development, the Middle East is at the center of strong global growth. The feed stocks ranges from Ethane, Propane, NG, LPG, Butane, and virgin Naphtha toHeavy Gas oil. The goal for this project is to construct a plant to produce Ethylene and Propylene from the pyrolysis of Ethane and Propane. These feed stocks are extracted from NG and LPG through different purification processes. The plant is divided into two sections: 1- Ethane and Propane Recovery Section: They recovered from NG and LPG through

Amine washing, drying, chilling, demethanization, deethanization and depropanization.

2- 1TEthylene and Propylene Section: This section will be considered, in details and will be in this project. The process plant will be designed to produce 75000 ton/ year Ethylene and 25000 ton/year Propylene.

3- 1TThe process starts with Ethane and Propane from the recovery section and sent to cracking heaters at 852 °C, the heater effluents cooled to 315 °C in a transfer line exchangers to generate high pressure steam. Then the effluent passed to a quench tower with direct contact with boiler feed water (BFW), the diluted steam with the heavier hydrocarbons are condensed. The overhead effluents sent to a compression with chilling and then dried and then passed to the separation towers to separate Hydrogen, Methane, Ethylene, Ethane, Propylene and propane with the rest of butanes. Material and energy balance will be carried out and then design of some equipment and complete the other requirements for this project .


2014-2015

3




Supervisors: Asst. Prof. Dr. OroobaNafaa Branch: Chemical Processes Engineering

Academic Year:2014-2015 Groups No. :P3 Students Name:RashaHaitham HanineSaadi Project Title:Production of calcium carbide

Specific objective:An old way in producingCaCR2R using CaO with Carbon as a main substance in producing Acetylene.Calcium Carbide is transparent and colorless with specific gravity 2.2 at 180 °C. Industrial Calcium Carbide is about 80% pure remaining is Calcium oxide and 2-5% impurities. It's out standing property is that of reactingwith water to produce acetylene gas. The Calcium Carbide goes directly after purification to the synthesis Of organic chemicals such as acetaldehyde , acetic acid,and butanol. The goal of this project is to construct a plant to produce calcium carbide with capacity of 10000 ton/ year, the plant contain crushers for the coke, dryer to remove humidity in cake, and a main equipment (Furnace) where the reaction take place:

CaO + 3C → CaCR2R +CO

and other complimentary equipments.


2014-2015

4




Supervisors:Asst. Prof.Dr. Shatha Ahmed Sameh Branch: Chemical Processes Engineering


Students Name:Bara Latif EssaIhsan

Project Title:Production of sulfonic acid Specific objective: Sulfonic acid (or sulphonic acid) refers to a member of the class of organ sulfur compounds with the general formula RS ( P

=P0)R2R-OH, where R is an organic

alkyl or aryl group and the S (=0)R2R-OH group a sulfonyl hydroxide.Sulfonic acid is produced by the process of sulfonation. Usually the sulfonating agent is sulfur trioxide. A particularly large scaleapplication of this method is the production of alkylbenzenesulfonic.acids:

RCR6RHR5R + SOR3R RCR6RHR4RSOR3RH

In this reaction, sulfur trioxide is an electrophile and the arctic undergoes electrophilic aromatic substitution.

• Thiols can be oxidized to sulfonic acids:

RSH+3/2 OR2R RSOR3RH

• Certain sulfonic acids, such as perfluoroctanesulfonic acid are prepared by electrophilic fluorination of performed sulfonic acids. The net conversion can berepresented simplistically:

CR8RHR17RSOR3RH+17 FR2R CR8RFR17RSOR3RH+17HF


2014-2015

5




Supervisors:Asst Prof. Dr. Mohammad Fadill Branch: Chemical Processes Engineering


Students Name:Nada Najim Sara Muthher Project Title:Production of Boric acid

Specific objective:Boric acid has a surprising variety of applications in both industrial

and consumerproducts. It serves as a source ofBR2ROR3R in many fused products, including textilefiber glass, optical and sealing glasses, heat-resistant borosilicate glass, and orcelain enamels. It also serves as a component of fluxes for weldingand brazing. A number of boron chemicals are prepared directly from boric acid.These include synthetic inorganic borate salts, boron phosphate, borate esters, boron carbide, and metal alloys such as ferro-boron.Because boron compounds are good absorbers of thermal neutrons, owing toisotope 10B, the nuclear industry has developed many applications. High purityboric acid is added to the cooling water used in high pressure waterreactors.It is also used in the manufacture of otherindustrial, medical, pharmaceutical, and cosmetical uses. The aim of the present project is to carry out a preliminary process design (process selection, material balance, energy balance, equipment sizing, cost estimation, and plant environmental issue) of a technical gradeboric acid production plant of a capacity equal to 58,000 tpa Boric Acid.


2014-2015

6




Supervisors: Asst. Prof. Dr. NahidhKasser Branch: Chemical Processes Engineering


Students Name:HasninHadeer, Zahraa Abdul-Monim, MohammedJassib

Project Title:Production of formaldehyde by methanol oxidation Specific objective:Formaldehyde is considered one of the most widely demanded and manufactured materials in the world. It is used in making of: Chemical resins, wrinkle-proof fabrics/ rubber products, latex paints, dyes, plastics, paper products, cosmetics. It is produced from methanol by the following methods: 1- Complete conversion of methanol with silver catalyst. 2- Incomplete conversion and distillative recovery of methanol. 3- Complete conversion of methanol with metal- oxide catalyst.


2014-2015

7




Supervisors: Prof.Dr. QusaiF.Al-Salhy Branch: Chemical Processes Engineering


Students Name:RiadhNafaa SalehAbd AI-Ameer Abdullah Ali Asaeed

Project Title:Production of ethanol Specific objective: Ethanol is commonly referred to simply as alcohol or spirits , ethanol is also called ethyl alcohol, and drinking alcohol . It is the principle type of alcohol found in alcoholic beverages, produced by the fermentation of sugars by yeasts. It is a neurotoxic psychoactive drug and one of the oldest recreational drugs used by humans. It can cause alcohol intoxication when consumed in sufficient quantity. Ethanol is used as a solvent, an antiseptic, a fuel and the active fluid in modern (post-mercury) thermometers. It is a volatile, flammable, colorless liquid with the structural.


2014-2015

8




Supervisors: Asst. Prof. Jamal M. Ali Co-Advisor: Bashar Juade Branch: Chemical Processes Engineering


Students Name:RosolSalih& AmasiMuhanad

Project Title:Production of Formic acid Specific objective:Formic acid is a commonly occurring intermediate in cellular metabolism and is excreted in urine as a normal physiological product. Formic acid is produced as a degradation product of certain amino acids, e.g. methionine, serine and glycine, as well as of several organic substances such as methanol and acetone.Formic acid is a weak, colorless, volatile organic acid (HR2RCOR2R). It occurs naturally in ants and in the fruit of the soap tree, and is also formed as a by-product in the atmospheric oxidation of turpentine. The principal commercial product is sodium formate, which is prepared by the reaction of carbon monoxide and sodium hydroxide under pressure and heat. There are four ways of producing formic acid commercially: 1- Methyl formate hydrolysis. 2- Oxidation of hydrocarbons. 3- Hydrolysis of formamide. 4- Preparation of free formic acid from formats.


2014-2015

9




Supervisors: Dr. Amer Aziz Co- Advisor:Omer Sabah Branch: Chemical Processes Engineering

Academic Year:2014-2015 Groups No. :P9 Students Name:Sara Mudher ShahadUdai Project Title:Production of sodium hypochlorite Specific objective: Hypochlorit Sodium, a compound formula (NaOCl), a crystalline solid shape with aromatic odor and is known as bleaching powder or minor often used in cleaneing and disinfection. Used in the treatment and disinfection of water in the oil industry and in dental fillings and many others, a strong oxidizing agent and was first discovered in 1789 by French scientist (Glaude Louis) and produces a variety of ways, including the electrolysis of sodium chloride and chlorinated sodium hydroxide solution and conduct manufacturing process at a temperature less (40 °C) by cooling to prevent disintegration All hypochlorit and not be chlorine sodium unwanted. Sodium Hypochlorit solid has a melting point of up to 27 °C and temperature is low, making thermally unstable and be fair break in solid form.The best way to be manufactured is decomposition electrolysis of sodium chloride to provide (table salt) plentifully and take advantage of chlorine in the water treatment and sterilization.


2014-2015

10




Supervisors: Dr. saharAbdAlhadi Branch: Chemical Processes Engineering

Academic Year:2014-2015 Groups No. :P10 Students Name:Zaki Saber MartadhaAbdAlmier Hamedsheal Project Title:Production of carbon tetra chloride Specific objective: Carbon tetra chloride (CC14)is halo methane that exists at room temp. As a clear, colorless,heavy liquid with a sweetish, aromatic, moderately strong ethereal odor.


2014-2015

11




Supervisors: Dr. Farah TalibJasim Branch: Chemical Processes Engineering

Academic Year:2014-2015 Groups No. :P11 Students Name:Yasser Kahlil Omer Abdulgader Project Title:Production of fatty acid and soap Specific objective:The term "soap" refers to a particular type of detergent in which the water-solubilized group is carboxylate and the positive ion is usually sodium or potassium. The largest soap market is barsoap used for personal bathing. Synthetic detergents replaced soap powders for home laundering in the late 1940s, because the carboxylate ions of the soap react with the calcium and magnesiumions in the natural hard water to form insoluble materials called lime soap. Some commercial laundries that have soft water continue to use soap powders. Metallic soaps are alkali-earth or heavy-metal long-chain carboxylates that are insoluble in water but soluble in nonaqueoussolvents. They are used as additives in lubricating oils, greases, rust inhibitors, and jellied fuels. From American colonial days to the early 1940s, soap was manufactured by an alkaline hydrolysis reaction called saponification. Soap was made in huge kettles into which fats, oils, and caustic soda were piped and heated to a brisk boil. After cooling for several days, salt was added, causingthe mixture to separate into two layers with the "neat" soap on top and spent lye and water on the bottom.The soap was pumped to a closed mixing tank called a crutcher where builders, perfumes, and other ingredients were added. Builders are alkaline compounds that improve the cleaning performance of the soap. Finally, the soap was rolled into flakes, castor milled into bars, or spray-dried into soap powder. An important modern process (post 1940s) for making soap is the direct hydrolysis of fats by water at high temperatures. This permits fractionation of the fatty acids, which are neutralized to soap in a continuous process.


2014-2015

12




Supervisors: Dr. ShurooqTalibRemedhan Branch: Chemical Processes Engineering

Academic Year:2014-2015 Groups No. :P12 Students Name:Asaad Mohammed Abu SofianEssa Project Title:Production of sodium stearate Specific objective:Sodium stearate are carboxylate saltswith very longhydrocarbon chains. Soap can be madefrom the base hydrolysis of a fat or oil. This hydrolysis is called saponification, andthe reaction has been known for centuries. Traditionally, soaps were made from animalfat and lye (NaOH). Soaps are the sodium or potassium salts of certain fatty acids obtained from the hydrolysis of triglycerides. Soap comprises the sodium or potassium salts of various fatty acids, but chiefly of oleic. stearic, palmitic, lauric, and myristic acids. Manufacturing processes are both batch (in which the triglyceride is steam-hydrolyzed to the fatty acid without strong caustic, and then in a separate step it is converted into the sodium salt) or continuous.In everyday language, soaps are sodium and potassium salts of fatty acids: saturated or unsaturated aliphatic carboxylic acids, most of which occur in . The acids almost always have unbranched carbon chains (>C8), exhibit surface-active properties in the form of their alkali salts in aqueous solution, and constitute classical anionic surfactants. Salts of the same acids with other metals are called metallic soaps. These possess considerably different physicochemical and industrial properties and. for this reason, are discussed separately.


2014-2015

13




Supervisors: Dr.Jenan A. Al-Najar Branch: Chemical Processes Engineering


Students Name:EmanKadhm ZaynapJalel

Project Title:Production of phosphoric acid Specific objective:Phosphoric acid (also known as orthophosphoric acid or phosphoric(V) acid) is a mineral (inorganic) acid having the chemical formula HR3RPOR4R.Phosphoric acid is an important intermediate chemical product. It is generally used for manufacturing of fertilizers. It is also used in dental cements, in the preparation of albumin derivatives, and in the sugar and textile industries. It serves as an acidic, fruitlike flavoring in food products.Phosphoric acid (HR3RPOR4R) can be produced by three main commercial methods: wet process, thermal process and dry kiln process. Wet process is by far the most common route and the acid can be used in phosphate fertilizers production (DAP, MAP, SPA). Thermal process phosphoric acid is of a much higher purity and is used in the manufacture of high grade chemicals, pharmaceuticals, detergents, food products, and other non-fertilizer products. The last method, using a rotary kiln, is a promising alternative because of its reduced environmental footprint and potential cost saving.The concentration of phosphoric acid is normally expressed as % PR2ROR5R (percent phosphoric anhydride) rather than % HR3RPOR4R (percent phosphoric acid). In a wet process facility, phosphoric acid is produced by reacting sulfuric acid (HR2RSOR4R) with naturally occurring phosphate rock. The reaction also forms calcium sulfate (CaSOR4R), commonly referred to as gypsum. The insoluble gypsum is separated from the reaction solution by filtration.The operating conditions are generally selected so that the calcium sulfate will be precipitated in either the dehydrate or the hemihydrate form, thus producing 26-32% PR2ROR5R at 70-80°C for dehydrate precipitation and 40-52% PR2ROR5R at 90-110°C for hemihydrates precipitation.


2014-2015

14




Supervisors: Dr.Wallaa A. Noori Co-Advisor:AfraaHilalKamel

Branch: Chemical Processes Engineering Academic Year:2014-2015 Groups No. :P14

Students Name:Abd-AlkaderAbdAlmeer MuslemJasim

Project Title:Production of vinyl acetate from ethylene and acetic acid Specific objective:Vinyl acetate is an organic compound with the formula CHR3RCOR2RCHCHR2R . A colorless liquid with a pungent odor , it is the precursor to polyvinyl acetate , an important polymer in industry It is used mainly for the production of polymers and copolymers , e.g., for paints (mainly dispersion) , adhesives , textile and paper processingchewing gum , and for the production of poly(vinyl alcohol) andpolyvinylbutyral.


2014-2015

15




Supervisors: Dr. Bashir Yousifsherahan

Branch: Chemical Processes Engineering Academic Year:2014-2015 Groups No. :P15

Students Name:Mohammed Abd-Alkarim Bashir Saba

Project Title:Production of Bromo-chloro Di-floromethan Specific objective:Bromochlorodifluoromethane, also known by the trade name

Halon 1211, or BCF, or Halon 1211 BCF, or Freon 12B1, is a haloalkane with the

chemical formula CF2ClBr. Halon 1211 is a colorless, liquefied gas, with a sweet odor,

shipped under pressure. The main acute health hazard associated with releases of this gas

is asphyxiation by displacement of oxygen. Its efficiency as a fire extinguishing agent

has also led it to be the predominant choice of fire extinguishing agent on commercial

aircraft. Its advantages as a fire extinguishing agent are that it has lower toxicity than

chemicals such as carbon tetrachloride and that since it is a covalently bonded

compound, it does not form conductive ions, therefore being usable on electrical

equipment. Bromochlorodifluoromethane has a high ozone-depleting potential (ODP);

thus, it is identified as an ozone-depleting substance (ODS).

Bromochlorodifluoromethane was introduced as an effective gaseous fire suppression

agent in the mid 1960s for use around highly valuable materials in places such as

museums, mainframe rooms and telecommunication switching centers. They were also

widely used in the maritime industries in the engine rooms of ships and also in the

transport industry in vehicles.


2014-2015

16




Supervisors: Dr. SaadRaheem Branch: Chemical Processes Engineering


Students Name:LaithSaleh Muntadhar AbedAlkareem

Project Title:Production of ethyl acrylate Specific objective: It is an organic compound with the formula CHR2RCHCOR2RCHR2RCHR3R.It is the ethyl aster of acrylic acid. It is an important raw material and a starting material for many chemical syntheses.Ethyl acrylateis a colorless liquid with characteristic acrid odor, and mainly produced for paints, textiles and non- woven fibers. Production Methods: 1- Acrylonitrile hydrolysis process. 2- Acetylene-Based Routes. 3- Esterification process.


2014-2015

17




Supervisors: Ebtisam Hussein Branch: Chemical Processes Engineering


Students Name:Ali Mohammed MustafaDawood

Project Title:Production of amyl alcohol Specific objective:amyl alcoholis any of eight alcohols with the formula CR5RHR11ROH It is

used as a solvent and in esterification. It is a colorless liquid with density 0.825 gm/cmP

3P

and boiling point 131.6 °C. It can be produced by many methods such as: 1- Chlorination of Pentane. 2- Oxo process of Butene. 3- From fusel oil by shaking with strong brine solution. 4- Hydration of amylenes.

abstracts of final year projects for chemical processes...

Documents