acid - tapchuc.ppt

7/24/2019 Acid - Tapchuc.ppt

1/32

11

GV: Nguyn Th Nguyt

B mn Ha hc - HYHN


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1. Aci ca!"#$y%ic

1.1. nh ngh&a ' (h)n %#*i

Th+# g,c

Th+# n

aci "#

aci th/m

aci m#n#ca!"#$y%ic

aci 0#%yca!"#$y%ic

nh ngh&a: 233H4n

(h)n %#*i:

22


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H-233H

acid formicaci m+than#ic

2H5-233H

acid aceticaci +than#ic

H332-233H

acid oxalic

aci +thani#ic2H672H-233H

acid acrylic

aci 0!#0+n#ic

2H5-2H-2H6-233H

2H5aci 5-m+thy% "utan#ic

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2H672-2H6-233H

2H5aci 5-m+thy% "ut-5-+n-1-#ic

233H

233H aci "+n8+nca!"#$y%ic

acid benzoic

aci cyc%#h+$anca!"#$y%ic

H332-2H72H-233H aci "ut+ni#ic

44


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Cng thc Tn IUPAC Tn thng

Ngun gc

H-233H a.m+than#ic a.9#!mic #!mica: c#n ;i0i#n: >?a

2H5-2H646- 233H a."utan#ic a."uty!ic Buty!um: "/

2H5-2H645- 233H a.0+ntan#ic a.@a%+!ic Va%+!: c)y n? %ang

2H5-2H64- 233H a.h+$an#ic a.ca0!#ic 2a0+!: c#n

2H5-2H64C- 233H a.h+0tan#ic a.+nantic 3+nanth+: h#a nh#

H332-233H a.+thani#ic a.#$a%ic H c)y #$a%icH332-2H6-233H a.0!#0ani#ic a.ma%#nic Da%#n: tE#

H332-2H646-233H a."utani#ic a.>ucinic Fucinium: h 0hEch

H332-2H645-233H a.0+ntani#ic a.g%uta!ic G%ut+n:0!#t+in "t

H332-2H64-233H a.h+$ani#ic a.ai0ic A+0>: ch=t "# 55


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anh 0hE0 IJ(A2:

anh 0hE0 thng thKLng: th+# nguMng,c

1.6. anh 0hE0

Aci tn hy!#ca!"#n oic

Aci tn hy!#ca!"#n ca!"#$ylic

Aci "#

Aci @Ong

66


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1.5. TPnh ch=t h#E hc

1.3.1. Tnh acid

2%52-233HQ 2H5-233HQ 2H5452-233HQ H6235

0Ra: SQ QU CQSU UQC

233H H63 233 H53

6- 233H Dg - 23346Dg H6

62H5233HNa6235 62H5233Na 236 H63

H6263 2a2%6 2a263 6H2%

77


8/32

2 thW t*# !a +>t+ @Ong ni 0h)n tX

2H6 3

2H6 2H6

2 3

2H6 3H

2H6 2H6

233H

%act#n

1.3.2. Phn ng este ho

233H3H 233 H3H

2H5-2332H6-2H6-2H-2H5H63

2H5i>#amy% ac+tat

2H5-233H H3-2H6-2H6-2H-2H5

2H5H

88


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1.3.3. Phn ng to halogenid acid

233H F32%6 232% F36 H2%233H (2%C 232% (32%5 H2%

2hZ [:

232% H63 233H H2%

232% NH5 23NH6 H2%

232% 3H 233 H2%

232% 2UHU 232UHC H2%99


10/32

1.3.. Phn ng to anhydrid acid

232% Na332 32323 Na2%

6233H 23463 H63

2

2

3 33

2346 H63 6233H

23463 NH5 23NH6 233H

23463 3H 233 233H

23463 2UHU 232UHC 233H

1010


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233H

H 3H

H 3H

233H

3]

aci ma%+ic aci m+># ta!t!ic

H332-2H64n-233H

233H 236

2H64n

22

3 33

H63

n76Q5

tS2

n7SQ1

1USS2-1\S

S

2

2

2

233H

233H

H

H

1.3.!. "cid dicarboxylic

1111


12/32

233H H 3H

H3 H

233H

233HH3 H

H 3H

233H

H

H

233H

H332

2 2aci 9uma!ic

3]

aci ] ta!t!ic aci ta!t!ic1212


13/32

anhy!i 0hta%icaci 0hta%ic

tS

233H

233H 2

23

3

3

H6

3

H 233H2

H 233H2

aci ma%+ic

tS

H2

H 2

3

3

3

2

2

H63

anhy!i ma%+ic 1313


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H233H^ng t!#ng cng nghi0 tQ thuc a.

2H5233H_6US4%`m =m n. ^ng t!#ng

cng nghi0 %`m ung miQ tng hb0 ch=t th/mQ0hm nhum...

1.. dng eng cfa mt >, aci

2UHC233H_61S4 ^ng ch,ng ;hun t!#ng

;+m Enh !ngQ nKc >Zc mingQ m 0hmQ t!#ng

cng nghi0 M h0. 2UHC233Na %`m thu,c h#.

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aci "uty!icc tEc eng n nh g%uc#>+ mEuQ

jc ch< tng hb0 ch#%+>t+!#% k ganQ gilm 0H *it!`ngQ "l# @ @` %`m tng h=0 the ch=t ;h#Eng

t!#ng thjc nQ ;Pch thPch >inh >ln t< "`# T h t!bQ

;hEng thWQ "*ch cuo tng cKLng min chQtng @i ;hun c Pch k *i t!`ngQo

aci #$a%icQ aci >ucinic>inh !a t!#ng puE t!qnhchuyWn ha ch=t t!#ng c/ thW.

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aci t!an> ' "ut+ni#icaci 9uma!icQ _6r4%` tEc nh)n aci haQ ch=t ch,ng #$y haQ ch=t

t*# hK/ngQ %`m thu,c...

aci #%+ic%` tEc nh)n nhs ha t!#ng thu,c

^ng t*i ch @` t!#ng thc 0hmQ ch=t npua a. Aci #%+ic i# ha Kbc ^ng t!#ngchn #En hqnh lnh.

aci >t+a!ic_CS4^ng t!#ng Kbc 0hm.

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6. _>t+6.1. nh ngh&a ' (h)n %#*i

nh ngh&a: 233

(h)n %#*i:

_>t+_>t+ AciAci A%c#%A%c#%

_>t+_>t+h#a pulh#a pul

"# th=0Q"# th=0Qt!ung "qnht!ung "qnh

"# th=0Q"# th=0Qt!ung "qnht!ung "qnh

G%yc+!iG%yc+!i

%i0i4%i0i4

"# ca#Q >, 2"# ca#Q >, 2

chvnQ thwngchvnQ thwng

g%yc+!#%g%yc+!#%

F+!i >E04F+!i >E04 "# ca#Q thwng"# ca#Q thwng "# ca#"# ca#

Ft+!iFt+!i "# ca#"# ca# @Ong ch#%+>t+!#%4@Ong ch#%+>t+!#%41717


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3

3 2

H3-

3-

3 2

3H

3 2

3H 3-

233- 3H

6.6. anh 0hE06.5. TPnh ch=t h#E hc2.3.1. Phn ng x# $h%ng ho

2.3.2. Phn ng to amid

23NH6 3H

3

3 2NH5

3-

3 2NH5

3 2

NH5 3-

1818


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2.3.3. Phn ng &'i th()c th* +rignard

1. 6Dgx+th+!4

6. H-3H

3

3 2 ' 2 '

3H

2H52332H5 NH5

1. 62H5Dgx+th+!4

6. H-3H3

32H5

2H5 2 2H5' 2 ' 2H53H

2H5

2H523NH6 2H53H

1919


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2.3.. Phn ng ,h* este

1. ]iA%H+th+!4

6. H-3H

233 2H63H 3H

2H52H63H 2H53H2H52332H51.]iA%H

+th+!4

6. H-3H

2020


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2.3.. Phn ng ng-ng t /laisen

1. 3-6. H-3H

3

3

6 2H6 2

3

32H 2

3

2H6 2

3H

2H5232H62332H52H53H62H

5

2332H5

1.2H53Na

6. H-3H

m+thy% ac+t#ac+tat

2121


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6.. dng eng cfa mt >, +>t+_>t+ h#a pul^ng t!#ng ch< "i#Eto 2222


23/32

5. Hy!#$y aci

5.1. A%c#% aci

3.1.1. 0nh ngha Ph4n loi 5anh $h$

aci %actic

2H5-2H-233H

3H

aci ma%ic

H332-2H-2H6-233H

3H

aci ta!t!icaci cit!ic

HOOC-CH-CH-

COOH3H 3H H3-2-233H2H6-233H

CH2-

COOH

2323


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3.1.2. Tnh ch6t ho h7c

TPnh aci:

Aci R a A%c#% aci R a2H5-233H 1QU.1S

-C H3-2H6-233H 1C6.1S-

2H5-2H6-233H 1Q5C.1S-C

2H5-2H3H-233H 1Q.1S-

TPnh ch=t !ing:

- a%c#% aci

- G~y m*ch ;hi un nng @i H6F3%#~ng

-2H3H-233H 2H3 H233H2424


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- TEch nKc t*# +>t+ @Ong %acti4

3

3

2H 2

3

2 H2

3

6 -2H-233H

3H

tS

0

%acti

6H63

aci 9#!mica%+hy ac+ticaci %actic

2H5- 2H3 H233H2H5- 2H - 233HtS

3H

2525


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- T*# 0hjc m`u @`ng @i +2%5

- a%c#% acit*# aci chKa n# ;hi un nng-2H-2H6-233H 3H

tS -2H72H-233H H63

- a%c#% acit*# %act#n

-

-2H-2H6-2H6-233H

3H2H6 3 H

6

323

' 2H ' 2H6

2626


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5.6. (h+n#% aci

233H Na3H

3H

233Na H63

3

"cid salicylic233H3H

Aci 6-hy!#$y "+n8#ic

(hln jng @i ung ch ;i{m

6

Tnh ch6t ho h7c

NaH6

2727


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236

233Na

H633H

Na6235

233Na

3H

(hln jng @i ung ch mu,i ca!"#nat

Na6235

233H

3H

NaH235

233Na

3Na(hln jng +>t+ ha

H632332H5

3H

m+thy% >a%icy%at

2H53H233H

3H

H6F3

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2H5233H233H

3-2-2H53

2H523463233H

3H

aci ac+ty%>a%icy%ic

a>0i!in4(hln jng t*# 0hjc

6H 52%- +2%5233H

3H

0H 233

3H+

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6.. dng eng cfa mt >, hb0 ch=tAci cit!icc t!#ng chanhQ camQ pu[tQ "KkiQ )uQ

mn...2h?a ng c ;i{mQ >ln $u=t nKc gili ;hEt.Aci ma%icc t!#ng tE#Q nh#Q thanh t!` chKachPn. ^ng W t*# @ chuaQ ch+ m^i ;h chu cfa

thu,cQ ^ng t!#ng "t >fi "tQ nKc >Zc mingQ@in %`m >*ch !ng. ]`m ch=t ch,ng #$y ha ch#u thc @t. ^ng thay th< aci cit!icQ aci ta!t!ic

t!#ng cng nghi0 nKc gili ;hEtQ nKc h#a pul...

H3-2H6-233Haci g%yc#%ic4 c t!#ng cf cli

KLng...^ng t!#ng cng nghi0 nKc gili ;hEt.3030

A i ] 4 % ti t E tiW


31/32

Aci ] 4 %acticc t!#ng c/Q mEuQ nKc tiWu.

Aci %actic^ng t!#ng thc 0hmQ M u,ngQ Kbc

0hm @` m& 0hmQ %`m tEc nh)n aci ha @` t*# @chua. Bl# puln thu,c tim @`thc 0hm. i{u t!

chuyWn ha aciotng cKLng;hl nng tiu h#E

cfa 0!#t+in >?aQ ;Pch thPch >tiln 0hm Kbc "`i ti


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n $u=t cfaaci0-amin# >a%icy%ic (.A.F4

%` thu,c ;hEng%a#.

Aci ac+ty% >a%icy%ic a>0i!in4%`m thu,c h* nhitQ

gilm auQ c tEc eng gilm Pnh cfa cEc tiWucu gilm nguy c/ hqnh th`nh cEc cec mEu ng.

233Na

NH6

3H

(.A.F >#ic

Aci >a%icy%ic>Et ;hun ^ng ch?a "nh ng#`i D+thy% >a%icy%at^ng t!#ng thu,c $#a "0Q ch?a

th=0 ;h0.

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