action research on the gender dimension of skills development in … · 2014. 6. 9. ·...

rkSasiT§i © GgÁkarBlkmµGnþrCati 2004 e)aHBum<elIkTI1 qñaM2004 kare)aHBum<pSayrbs;kariyal½yBlkmµGnþrCatiTTYlc,ab;rkSasiT§ieRkamBiFIkar 2 énGnusBaØa énc,ab;rkSasiT§iCXaskl. eTaHCaya:gNak¾edaykardkRsg;xøI²BIkare)aHBum<pSayTaMgenHGac eFVIeTA)anmin)ac;mankarGnuBaØati kñúglkçxNÐNaEdlRbPB RtUv)anbgðaj. cMeBaHsiT§iénkare)aHBum<CafµI b¤karbkERbKYreFVIsMeNIreTAkan;kariyal½ye)aHBum<pSay ¬siT§i nig karGnuBaØati¦ rbs;GgÁkarBlkmµGnþrCatiGas½ydæan CH-1211 Geneva 22, Swilzerland . kariyal½yBlkmµGnþrCatiTTYlsVaKmn¾ sMeNITaMgenH. bNÑal½y sßab½nnigGñkeRbIR)as;TaMgLayEdlcuHbBa¢IenAkñúg United Kingdom cRkPB¬Gg;eKøs¦ CamYyTIPñak;garpþl; GaCJabNÑ½rkSasiT§i Gas½ydæan 90 Tottenham Court Road, London W 1T 4LP (Fax +44 20 7631 5500, email:

[email protected]) enAkñúgshrdæGaemrik CamYymCÄmNÐlrkSasiT§i Gas½ydæan 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923

(Fax: +1 978 750 4470, email: [email protected]) b¤enAkñúgRbeTsÉeTot CamYyGgÁkarsiT§ie)aHBum<CafµIEdlBak;Bn§½ BYkeKGaceFVIkarftcMlg)an edayGnuelamtamGaCJabNÑ½Edl)anecj[BYkeKsMrab;eKalbMNgenH.

Kyoko Kusakabe, Yim Pich Malika nig RkumRsavRCavénnaykdæanGb;rM bNþúHbNþalbec©keTs nig viC¢aCIv³ RksYgGb;rM yuvCn nig kILa RbeTskm<úCa nig kariyal½yénGgÁkarBlkmµGnþrCati (ILO) enATIRkug)agkk nig TIRkughSWENv karRsavRCavsþIGMBIvisalPaB éneynD½rsMrab;karGPivDÆn_CMnajenAkm<úCa

epþatsMxan;elIEpñkeRkARbB½n§ RkumRbCaBlrdærs;enAkñúgPaBRkIRk nigRbCaBlrdæEdlsgÁm minsUvKitKUr e)aHBum<CaPasa³ ISBN 92-2-115796-2 ¬PasaGg;eKøs¦ / ISBN 92-2-815796-8 ¬PasaExµr¦ Web version: ISBN 92-2-115797-0 ¬PasaGg;eKøs¦/ ISBN 92-2-815797-6 ¬PasaExµr¦ karTTYlxusRtUvcMeBaHmtiEdl)ansMEdgkñúgGtßbTEdlcuHhtßelxaehIykarsikSa nigkarrYmviPaKTand¾éTeTotsßitenAEtCamYy GñkniBn§GtßbT b¤karrYmviPaKTanTaMgenaH cMENkÉkare)aHBum<pSayminbegáItnUvcMNarNamYyedaykariyal½yBlkmµGnþrCati GMBImtiEdl)ansEmþgkñúgenaHeT. eyagdl;eQµaHRkumh‘un nig plitplBaNiC¢kmµnigdMeNIrkar minbgðajfaeQµaHTaMgenaH RtUv)anKaMRTedaykariyal½yBlkmµGnþrCatieT ehIykarGak;xanmin)anerobrab;dMeNIrkareQµaHRkumh‘un b¤plitplBaNiC¢kmµ BiessNamYyminEmnCasBaØaénkaryl;RBmTTYlsÁal;enaH eT. cMeBaHBt’manGMBIrebobTTYlkare)aHBum<pSayenH sUmsresrsMeNIeTAkan;kariyal½ytMbn;sMrab; GasuIbUBa’ nig )a:suIhVik Gas½ydæan 11th floor, United Nation Building, Rajdamnern Nok Avenue, Bangkok, 10200 Thailand, Fax +662288

3062, e-mail: [email protected]. sMrab; Web version, visit our website wwwilo.org/asia/libraly/pub4.htm . kUnesovePA (catalogues) nig bBa¢Iénkare)aHBum<pSayEdlnwgecjrbs; ILO k¾Gacrk)aneday\tKitéfø BIGas½ydæandEdlenHEdr. Visit our website: www.ilo.org/publns e)aHBum<enAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa

II

buBVkfa

BiPBelakTaMgmUlcab;epþImTTYlsÁal;CabeNþIr² nUvtYnaTIviC¢manrbs;ekµgRsInigRsþI nig \T§iBld¾ FMeFgénRsTab;RbCaBlrdænarIEdl)anTTYlkarGb;rM kñúgkarcUlrYmcMENkGPivDÆsgÁm nig RbeTs Cati. cMNat;karviC¢manénkarpþl;siT§iesµIKñakñúgkarGb;rMRKb;kMrit nigkarpþl;»kaskargaresµIKñadl; RsþI CaPsþútagénkareFVI[)ansMercnUvplRbeyaCn_eRcInEbbya:gBIkarGb;rM nigkarbNþúHbNþal RbCaBlrdænarI. enAxN³eBlEdltYnaTIrbs;narIkMBugEtmankarpøas;bþÚrya:gFMsem,ImkñúgRbeTs GPivDÆn_ eyIgEdlenAkñúgRbeTskMBugGPivDÆRtUvkarBuHBar]bsKÁeRcIneTotedIm,IedaHRsaybBaða. enAkñúgRbeTskMBugGPivDÆmYYycMnYnFM enAEtmaneKcat;TuknarICaePTTn;exSay ehIykMnt;RBMEdn muxrbrsMrab;narI. BitEmnEtmankrNIelIkElgmYycMnYnKYreGaykt;sMKal; bu:EnþkarxMRbwgERbg eRcIneTotKb,IbnþeFVIedIm,IedaHRsayvismPaBeynDr½enAkñúgeKalneya)aynigkmµviFI pþl;»kas esµIKñadl;ekµgRsI nigRsþI edIm,IeGayRsþImansiT§iesµIPaBnwgburskñúgsgÁmd¾BitR)akdmYy. RBMEdnkMnt;énsiT§iTTYlyk)annUvTIpSarkargarrbs;RsþI KWCaktþaBi)akCak;EsþgmYYysMrab;RbeTs PaKeRcIn. elIsBIenHeTAeTot BYkeKRbQmmuxnwgPaBlM)akya:geRcInénkarerIseGIgkñúgkEnøg kargar. ekµgRsI nig RsþImkBIRkumCngay)at;bg;»kas CaerOy²RtUv)aneKekgRbv½Ba© CaBiess RbsinebIBYkeKBuM)anTTYlkarGb;rM. CalT§pl eKTaMgenaHFøak;eTACaGñkmanmuxrbrEdlmanzan³ TabnigR)ak;cMNUltictYc. karpþl;vKÁbNþúHbNþalviC¢aCIv³RbkbedayKuNPaBGacpþl;eGayekµg RsI nig RsþITaMgenaHman»kaseRcInedIm,IeQagcab;kargar nig plitPaBkan;EtRbesIr. karsikSa RsavRCavedayBwgelIkarsegátmYy)anbBa¢ak;fa karGb;rM nigkarbNþúHbNþalviC¢aCIv³dl;RsþIman plRbeyaCn_eRcInEbbya:g )ann½yfavaminRKan;EteFVIeGaysuxPaBRKYsar nig plitPaBRbesIr b:ueNÑaHeT vaEfmTaMgeFVIeGaysgÁmTaMgmUlmanPaBkan;EtRbesIrEfmeTot. enHCaehtuplRbkb edayfamBlkñúgkarpþl;karGb;rM nigkarbNþúHbNþalviC¢aCIv³dl;RsþI. eTaHbImankarxMRbwgERbg pþl;karsikSadl;RsþIEdlcat;TukxøÜnCamnusSminsMxan; k¾RsþICaeRcInminGaceTAeron)anedaysar karrkR)ak;edIm,IciBa©wmCIvit. sgÁmTaMgmUlRtUvEtCYyGñkTaMgenaHedIm,IeGayeKrkR)ak;cMNUl)an kan;EteRcIn. bBaðaenHGacedaHRsay)antamry³karbNþúHbNþalviC¢aCIv³ dUecñHehIyGñkTaMgenaH Gacmanmuxrbrkan;EtRbesIr ehIynwgGacrkR)ak;cMNUl)ankan;EteRcIn.

II

RsþIRtUvEtRbQmmuxnwgkarerIseGIgTaMgBIrya:gKW siT§iTTYlykmuxrbr nigsiT§ienAkEnøgkargar. karerIseGIgminGacrlt;)at;eTAedayÉkÉg)aneLIy. dUecñHvaTamTareGaymankarxMRbwgERbg RKb;EpñkTaMgGs;enAkñúgsgÁmedIm,Its‘URbqaMgnwgkarerIseGIg ehIynigelIkkMBs;smPaBenAkEnøg kargar. qnÞ³neya)ayk¾CameFüa)aymYyCYyCMrujnieyaCkedIm,IelIkkMBs;smPaBenAkEnøg kargar EdlbBaðaenaHvanwgCH\T§iBldl;karkat;bnßyPaBRkIRk nigCYyelIkkMBs;smPaBkñúg karGPivDÆn_yUrGEgVg. cMeBaHbBaðaxagelI raCrdæaPi)alkm<úCanigGgÁkarBlkmµGnþrCatishkarCamYyviTüasßanbec©kviTüa GasuI (AIT) )anGnuvtþskmµPaBRsavRCavmYyelIkmµviFIbNþúHbNþalviC¢aCIv³sMxan;²cMnYnBIr sßiteRkamnaykdæanGb;rMbNþúHbNþal bec©keTs nigviC¢aCIv³ edaymaneKaledACak;lak;kñúgkar kMnt;BIkarGnuvtþn_l¥²EdlminRKan;EtelIkkMBs;siT§iRsþIkñúgkarTTYlykkarbNþúHbNþal viC¢aCIv³ b:ueNÑaHeT vaEfmTaMgCYyelIkkMBs;smPaBenAkEnøgkargareTot. RbeTskm<úCa)aneRtomxøÜn rYceRsckñúgkarcUlCasmaCiksPaBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak (WTO) karGPivDÆn_CMnaj nigsmtßPaB smRsb vaCaktþacaM)ac;sMrab;RbeTsedIm,IedIrtYRbkbedayRbsiT§PaBminRtwmEtkñúgtMbn;b:ueNÑaHeT EfmTaMgelIsklelakTaMgmUl. kñúgnamnaykdæanGb;rMbNþúHbNþal bec©keTs nigviC¢aCIv³ ´sUmcUlrYmGbGrsaTrcMeBaHsmiT§pl dUcmankñúgr)aykarN_enHEdlRtUv)ane)aHBum<CaPasaExµr nigPasaGg;eKøs . rIÉPasaGg;eKøs RtUv)aneRbIR)as;enAkñúgr)aykarN_rbs;GgÁkarBlkmµGnþrCatiEdlmancMNgeCIg }eBlevlasMrab; smPaBenAkEnøgkargar} raCrdæaPi)alkm<úCasgÇwmfar)aykarN_enHnwgCYypþl;CaBt’mandl;Gñk EdleFVIkarenAkñúgvis½yGb;rMbNþúHbNþalviC¢aCIv³enAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa ehIynwgGacCYydl;GñkEdl mancMNab;GarmµN_kñúgkarelIkkMBs;smPaBeynD½r.

Ék]tþm eBC esaP½n GKÁnayk

énGKÁnaykdæan]tþmsikSa bec©keTs nig viC¢aCIv³ raCrdæaPi)alkm<úCa

III

GarmÖkfa

karekIneLIgnUvkarGb;rM nig karbNþúHbNþalcMeBaHRsþI mantYnaTIya:gsMxan;elIBiPBelakkñúgkar pþl;eGayRsþInUvkargard¾RbesIr . Cak;Esþg enAkñúgTIVbGasIu karGb;rM nig karbNþúHbNþal cMeBaHRsþI sMrab;TIpSarkargar )anpþl;eGayRsþInUvkargard¾l¥. EteTaHCaya:gNa RsIþv½yekµg nigRsþIEdlmk BIRkumRbCaCnEdlmanR)ak;cMNUlTab b¤mkBIRkumRbCaCnEdlmanR)ak;cMNUlmankMnt; enABMusUv manCMerIskargareRcInkñúgTIpSarkargareLIy . BYkeKEtgEtrk {kargarsMrab;®sIþ} enHminEmneday sarCMenO nig TMenomTMlab; EdleFVIeGayeKyl;fa xøÜneKCaePTTn;exSayenaHeT b:uEnþedaysar EtBYkeKTTYl)annUv»kasbNþúHbNþalviC¢aCIv³tictYcelIkargarEdlsmrmüsMrab;eK . ktþaTaMgBIrenHeFVIeGayRsþImankarlM)akkñúgkarcUlrYm nig karTTYl)annUvPaBesµIKñaelITIpSarkargar ehIyktþaenHpgEdreFVIeGayekIneLIgnUvkarerIseGIgenAkEnøgkargar . karbNþúHbNþalviC¢aCIv³ EdlmanKuNPaBl¥ GacCamUldæanya:grwgmaMmYyedIm,IykCMnHelIkargarEdlmanzan³Tab kargar Edl)anR)ak;kMérTab kargarKµanlMnwg nigkargarEdlBMumankarlUtlas; EdlkargarTaMgenaH CaerOy²RtUv)aneKRbmUlpþúMecjBIRkumRbCaBlrdænarIEdlBuM)anTTYlplRbeyaCn_BIkargar. r)aykarN_CasaklRbcaMqñaM2003énGgÁkarBlkmµGnþrCati EdlmancMNgeCIgfa {eBlevla sMrab;smPaBenAkEnøgkargar} )anEcgfa karkat;bnßykarerIseGIgTaMgenHmanRbeyaCn_min RKan;EtcMeBaHbuKÁlb:ueNÑaHeT b:uEnþEfmTaMgmanRbeyaCn_cMeBaHsgÁm nigesdækic©)anya:geRcIn nwgeFVIeGayGRtakMenInesdækic©kan;Etx<s; eFVIeGaymanesßrPaBxagneya)ay nig begáIteGayman sgÁmmYyyutþiFm’sMrab;eyIgTaMgGs;Kña. edIm,IeGaysgÁmmYymankarRbkYtRbECgedayesrI manRbsiT§PaB nigPaBCaTIKab;citþ lÁwkNaEt mankarlubbM)at;PaBerIseGIgenAkñúgmuxrbr nigkarbNþúHbNþalviC¢aCIv³ eRBaHfabBaðaenHmin Gac)at;rlt;sUnüeTAedayÉkÉg)aneLIy ebIeyIgminykcitþTukdak;eFVIkarlb;bM)at;va.

IV

karkat;bnßyPaBRkIRk nigkarGPivDÆn_RbkbedaynirnþPaB nig karEkERbCIvPaBGacdMeNIrkar eTA)an luHRtaEtsßab½nnitiRbtibtþieq<aHeTArkkarelIkkMBs;eGayTUlMTUlay nigCak;EsþgelIPaBesµI KñaxageynD½r . edayyl;eXIjGMBItMrUvkarelIkarpøas;bþÚrTaMgenH RksYgGb;rMyuvCn nig kILa énraCrdæaPi)alkm<úCa rYmCamYyGgÁkarBlkmµGnþrCati )aneFVIkarRsavRCavelIkmµviFIbNþúHbNþalviC¢aCIv³sMxan;²cMnYnBIr EdlsßiteRkamnaykdæanGb;rMbNþúHbNþal bec©keTs nigviC¢aCIv³ kñúgkic©shkarCamYyviTüasßan bec©kviTüaGasIu (AIT) edaymanbMNgTajykbTBiesaFn_EdlmanRsab; nigedIm,Ibgðaj BIkarGnuvtþn_l¥² EdlGacCMrujeGayRsþIcUleronvKÁbNþúHbNþalviC¢aCIv³eGay)ankan;EteRcIn. karGPivDÆn_CMnajedayRbKYtRbECg KWedIrtYnaTIya:gsMxan;sMrab;RbeTskm<úCaenAkñúgtMrUvkarén esdækic©BiPBelakCak;Esþg ehIykareFVIvinieyaKelIFnFanmnusSTaMgGs;enHnwgmansar³sMxan; ya:gxøaMgNas;edIm,IsMercbMngxagelI. r)aykarN_enHRtUv)ane)aHBum<CaBIrPasaKW PasaExµr nig PasaGg;eKøs . rIÉPasaGg;eKøsRtUv)an eRbIR)as;enAkñúgr)aykarN_rbs;GgÁkarBlkmµGnþrCatiEdlmancMNgeCIgfa }eBlevlasMrab;smPaBenAkEnøgkargar} EdlRbFanbTenHRtUv)anykeTABiPakSaenAÉsnñisITBlkmµGnþrCatiqñaM 2003 . kariyal½yénGgÁkarBlkmµGnþrCati enATIRkug)agkkmanesckþIsgÇwmya:gmutmaMfa r)aykarN_enHnwgCYypþl;Bt’mandl;GñkbegáIteKalneya)ay c,ab;enAkñúgvis½ybNþúHbNþaviC¢aCIv³ enAkm<úCa ehIynwgGacCYydl;GñksikSaRsavRCavCnCatikm<úCaEdlcab;GarmµN_kñúgkarelIkkMBs; smPaBeynD½r.

RKIsÞIn GuIva:n køk nayika

énkariyal½yGnutMbn;sMrab;GasuIbUBa’ GgÁkarBlkmµGnþrCati TIRkug)agkk

V

esckþIEføgGMNrKuN

eyIg´CaGñkniBn§sUmEføgGMNrKuNcMeBaH buKÁlik m®nþIraCkar elakRKU GñkRKU saRsþacarü sisS nisSit nig sikçakaménmCÄmNÐlbNþúHbNþalviC¢aCIv³tamextþ Rkug nigmCÄmNÐlbNþúHbNþal viC¢aCIv³CaeRcIn Edl)anshkarcUlrYmkñúgkarRbmUlTinñn½yenH . sUmEføgGMNrKuNcMeBaHÉk]tþm eBC esaP½n GKÁnaykénGKÁnaykdæan]tþmsikSa bec©keTsnigviC¢aCIv³ énRksYgGb;rM yuvCn nig kILaEdlÉk]tþmEtg)anCYyeRCamERCg pþl;esckþIENnaM nigyuT§saRsþnanarhUteFVIeGaykar RsavRCavTaMgmUlsMerclT§plCasßaBr nigsUmEføgGMNrKuNcMeBaHelak eLA hIum GnuRbFannaykdæanGb;rMbNþúHbNþal bec©keTsnigviC¢aCIv³ énRksYgGb;rM yuvCn nig kILa Edl)anCYyeRCamERCgkñúgkMLúgeBlRbmUlTinñn½y k¾dUcCakarviPaKénkarRsavRCavTaMgmUl. sUmEføgGMNrKuNya:gRCaleRCAcMeBaH elakRsI Amelita King-Dejardin GñkÉkeTseynD½r énGgÁkarBlkmµGnþrCati Edl)anpþl;nUvesckþIENnaMdMbUg nigyuT§saRsþl¥²sMrab;karsikSaenH RBmTaMgsUmEføgGMNrKuNcMeBaHelakRsI Nelien Haspels cMeBaHmtiriHKn;sßabna ENnaM nig KaMRT CabnþbnÞab; . karsikSaRsavRCavenHsMerclT§pl)anedaysarmankarKaMRT nig RbwgERbgGs;BI kMlaMgkaycitþrbs;GñkRsI. ehIyeyIg´k¾sUmEføgGMNrKuNpgEdr cMeBaHelakRsI Sam Ian

Cummings, Elizabeth Morris nig Irene Kyoung-Hee Yu RkumRbwkSapþl;eyabl;cMruHelIviC¢aCIv³ énGgÁkarBlkmµGnþrCatisMrab;GasuIbUBa’ ILO/EASMAT Edl)anpþl;Epñkbec©keTs. ehIyCacug eRkaysUmEføgGMNrKuNcMeBaHelakRsI Sugunya Voradilokkul Edl)anCYyxagEpñkkargar rdæ)al.

VI

matikaerOg TMB½r

buBVkfa >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>I GarmÖkfa >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>III esckþIEføgGMNrKuN >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>V

taragmatika>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>VI bBa¢Itarag>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>X

bBa¢IRkahVik>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>XIII bBa¢IBakükat;>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>XV esckþIsegçbrYm>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>XVII

CMBUk

1> esckþIepþIm>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>1 1>1> Bt’mansavta>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>1 1>2> eKaledAénkarsikSa >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>3

1>3> viFIsaRsþ>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>3 1>3>1> karviPaKRTg;RTayFM >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>4 1>3>2> karRsavRCavdl;mUldæanCak;Esþg >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>4 1>3>3> kareRCIserIsRkummuxsBaØaeqøIytbsMrab;karRsavRCav >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>5 1>3>4> viFIsaRsþRbmUlTinñn½ysMrab;karRsavRCav >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>7 1>3>5> karviPaKTinñn½y>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>8 1>4> karerobcMcgRkgr)aykarN _ >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>9

2> TIpSarkargar karpøas;bþÚrénesdækic© nigkarGPivDÆn_enARbeTskm<úCa ³ ckçúvis½yéneynD½reTAGnaKt >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>10

VII

2>1> sNæanénPaBRkIRkrbs;RsþI nigburskñúgRbeTskm<úCa >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>10 2>1>1>lkçN³TUeTAénRbCaraRsþ>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>10 2>1>2> karrIklUtlas;énesdækic© nig PaBRkIRkkñúgRbeTskm<úCa >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>12 2>1>3> emRKYsarRsþI >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>17

2>2> buKÁliklkçN³kargarrbs;®sþI >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>19 2>2>1> kargar nig karcUlrYmkMlaMgBlkmµ >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>19 2>2>2> kargartamRbePT]sShkmµ >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>23 2>2>3> kargartammuxCMnaj¼rbr>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>34 2>2>4> PaBesµIKñaénR)ak;QñÜl>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>37 2>2>5> zan³kñúgkargar >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>38 2>2>6> kargarrbs;ekµgRsI >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>43

2>3> siT§iTTYl)annUvkarGb;rM nig FnFanepSg² >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>44 2>3>1> karGb;rMkñúg nigeRkARbB½n§ >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>44

2>3>2> siT§iTTYl)annUv\NTan>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>46 2>3>3> siT§iTTYl)annUvdIFøI >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>47 2>3>4> siT§iTTYl)anGMNackñúgkarsMerccitþkñúgRKYsar >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>47

2>3>5> siT§iTTYl)anmUlniFisgÁm nig bNþajTMnak;TMng >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>50 2>4> PaBgay)at;bg;»kasrbs;RsþIkñúgTIpSarkargar >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>51 2>4>1> Rkumgay)at;bg;»kas >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>51

2>4>2> ktþaEdleFVIeGayRsþI)at;bg;»kas kñúgTIpSarkargar>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>53

3> karbNþúHbNþalviC¢aCIv³enARbeTskm<úCa>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>57 3>1> vKÁbNþúHbNþalviC¢aCIv³EdlkMBugdMeNIrkarenARbeTskm<úCa >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>57 3>1>1> karGb;rMkñúgRbB½n§>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>57 3>1>2> karGb;rMeRkARbB½n§ >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>58

VIII

3>1>3> karcuHeQµaHcUleronrbs;sisS¼sikçakam nigkarrkkargareFVI >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>61 3>1>4> karhVwkhVWnCakUnCag nig eroneFVIenAkEnøgkargarFmµta>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>67 3>2> karbNþúHbNþalenAtamRKwHsßanEdl)ancuHGegát >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>68 3>2>1> sNæanénRKwHsßanbNþúHbNþal >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>68 3>2>2> RbePTénvKÁbNþúHbNþalCMnaj >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>69 3>2>3> karTTYlyk)ankarbNþúHbNþalenAmCÄmNÐl >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>74 3>2>4> sMPar³sikSa nig kmµviFIbeRgon >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>74 3>2>5> kareRCIserIssisS¼sikçakam>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>75 3>2>6> esvarkkargareGaysisS¼nisSit>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>77 3>2>7> karcUlrYmrbs;RsþIkñúgvKÁbec©keTs nig viC¢aCIv³ >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>79 3>2>8> karcUlrYmBIRkumgay)at;bg;»kasepSg²>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>87 3>2>9> bBaðaRbQmmux >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>89

4> karvaytMélelIlT§plkargar nigkmµviFIbNþúHbNþalviC¢aCIv³ >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>90 4>1>sisS¼sikçakambBa©b;vKÁbNþúHbNþal³ >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>90

4>1>1> TMrg;TUeTArbs;Gñkpþl;cMelIy >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>90 4>1>2> lT§plkargarCaKnøwH>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>91 4>1>3> sisS¼sikçakambBa©b;karsikSa RbkbmuxrbredayxøÜnÉg>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>95 4>1>4> GñkeFVIkarykR)ak;kMér>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>99 4>1>5> sisS¼sikçakameroncb;KµankargareFVI>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>100 4>1>6> sar³RbeyaCn_énvKÁbNþúHbNþal>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>101 4>1>7> karRKb;RKgelIR)ak;cMNUl >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>106 4>1>8> RbePTénCMnYyEdlRtUvkar >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>107

4>2> sisS¼sikçakamkMBugsikSa >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>108

IX

4>2>1> TMrg;EbbbTénsisS¼sikçakamkMBugsikSa >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>108 4>2>2> karTTYlyk)ankarbNþúHbNþal >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>112 4>2>3> sar³RbeyaCn_ nig PaBsmrmüénCMnaj >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>114 4>2>4> karvaytMélelImCÄmNÐlbNþúHbNþal >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>117

4>3> RKUbgðat;enAkñúgmCÄmNÐl>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>119 4>3>1> TRmg;EbbbTénRKUbgðat; >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>119

4>3>2> sNæanKMrUénfñak;eron >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>120 4>3>3> TsSn³rbs;RKUbgðat;cMeBaHskmµPaBsikSarbs;sisS¼sikçakam >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>122 4>3>4> esþerGUEfbn_ nigtMélGMBItYnaTIeynD½r >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>124 4>3>5> karBüayamedIm,IelIkTwkcitþRsþIkñúgkarcUlrYmskmµPaB>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>126 4>3>6> karbMBarbMBanxagpøÚvePT >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>129

5> esckþIsnñidæan nigGnusasn_>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>131 5>1> esckþIsnñidæan >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>131

5>1>1> siT§iTTYl)annUvesvakmµ nig karbNþúHbNþalviC¢aCIv³ >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>132 5>1>2> karbegáItkargar nig karbegáInR)ak;cMNUl >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>134 5>1>3> mUlniFi nig\NTan >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>137 5>1>4> RsþIEdleFVIkarkñúgCMnajburs >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>137

5>2> Gnusasn_>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>138 5>2>1> vKÁbNþúHbNþalGkSrsaRsþ >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>139 5>2>2> karRtYtBinitüelIRkumeKaledAsMrab;karbNþúHbNþalviC¢aCIv³ >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>139 5>2>3> karsMrYldl;RsþIRkIRkeGay)ancUleronkñúgvKÁbNþúHbNþalCMnaj>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>140 5>2>4>viFIsaRsþedIm,ICMrujRsþIeGaycab;ykmuxCMnajfµI>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>141 5>2>5>karelIkkMBs;R)ak;cMNUl lkçx½NÐkargar nigtYnaTIrbs;RsþIkñúgkargarRsþI>>>>>>>>>144 5>2>6>begáIn»kaskargarrkR)ak;QñÜl>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>145

X

5>2>7>begáIn»kaskargaredayxøÜnÉg>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>146 5>2>8>karsRmbsRmYlCamYyRksYgnana>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>148

5>2>9>karRbmUlsßitielIRbePTkargar>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>148 bBa¢IeQµaHesovePAeyagEdlBak;Bn§½karsikSaRsavRCav>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>149

bBa¢Itarag

tarag 1>1³ cMnYnRKUbgðat;EdlRtUvsMPasn_kñúgmCÄmNÐlbNþúHbNþalnimYy²>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>6 tarag1>2³ cMnYnGñkeqøIytbCasisS¼sikçakamkMBugeronkñúgmCÄmNÐlbNþúHbNþalnimYy²>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>7 tarag1>3³ cMnYnGñkeqøIytbCasisS¼sikçakambBa©b;karsikSakñúgmCÄmNÐlbNþúHbNþalnimYy²>>>>>>>>>7 tarag2>1³ PaKryénCnbMlas;lMenAkñúgRsukedIm,IrkkargareFVIEdltaMglMenAticCagmYyqñaM>>>>>>>>>>>>>>10 tarag2>2³ kMenInplitplkñúgRsuksrubCak;Esþg ¬KitCaPaKry¦>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>13 tarag2>3³ GRtacUlrYmkMlaMgBlkmµ nig GRtaGñkGt;kargareFVI tamGayu tamqñaM TUTaMgRbeTs

¬sMrab;RbCaCnGayu10qñaMeLIg¦>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>20 tarag2>4³ RbCaCnEdlmanesdækic©RKYsarTn;exSay Gayucab;BI10qñaMeLIgeTA KNnatamePT

nigmUlehtuEdleFVIeGayeKBuMmanvtþmankñúgkargarnig¼b¤BuMEsVgrkkargareFVI qñaM1998 PñMeBj>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>21 tarag2>5³ GRtacUlrYmkMlaMgBlkmµ nig GRtaGñkGt;kargareFVIKittamePT Gayu

¬sMrab;GñkEdlmanGayucab;BI 7qñaMeLIgeTA¦>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>22 tarag2>6³ karEbgEckplitplsrubkñúgRsuk kñúgtMélefrenAqñaM 1993 sMrab;plitplksikmµ

rukçaRbma:j; nig ensaT>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>25 tarag2>7³ plitplKitCaPaKryénTMnijplitkñúgRsuksrubkñúgGnuvis½y]sSahkmµtamtMélefr

qñaM1993>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>29 tarag2>8³ cMnYnshRKas]sSahkmµxñattUcnigmFümtamRbePT]sSahkmµ qñaM1998>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>31

XI

tarag2>9³ plitplCaPaKryénTMnijplitkñúgRsuksrubkñúgvis½yesvakmµtamtMélefr qñaM1993>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>32 tarag2>10³ RbCaCnmankargareFVI ¬Gayu10qñaMeLIgeTA¦ tamRbePTkargar ¬edayEp¥kelIkargar

sMxan;²¦KittamGayu ePT nig CMnaj qñaM1999>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>36 tarag2>11³ R)ak;QñÜlRbcaMExrbs;kmµkr ¬Ep¥kelIkargarsMxan;²rbs;BYkeK¦ tamRbePTkargarsMxan;²

nig zan³ qñaM1999>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>37 tarag2>12³ RbCaCnmankargareFVI ¬Gayu10qñaMeLIg¦ tamtYnaTIkargar ¬Ep¥kelIkargarsMxan;²¦

KittamePT nig zan³ qñaM1999>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>39 tarag2>13³ karcUlrYmrbs;kumarkñúgkargarrksuI kargarkñúgpÞH nigkarcUlrYmkñúgsalaEdlmanGayu

cenøaH BI5-17qñaM kñúgqñaM1999>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>43 tarag2>14³ RbePTbIya:génGñkecHGkSr KittamePT enAkm<úCa qñaM1999>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>45 tarag2>15³ PaKryénRsþIEdlniyayfaBYkeKeFVIkarsMerccitþcugeRkayEtmñak;Ég b¤ rYmKña>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>48 tarag2>16³ PaKryénRsþIEdlRKb;RKgRTBüsm,tþi manTMnak;TMngCamYysßab½nhirBaØvtßúTMenIb² nig

RKb;RKgelIR)ak;cMNUlCakmµsiT§irYm b¤ kmµsiT§iedayELk>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>49 tarag3>1³ GRtakargarrbs;sisS¼sikçakamsMrab;CMnajnimYy²énCMnan;³ TI1-TI7 ¬qñaM1999 dl; qñaM2001¦>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>64 tarag3>2³ cMnYnsisS¼sikçakamEdlrkkargareFVI)anBICMhanTI1 dl; TI7 ¬qñaM1999 dl;qñaM2001¦

¬tamextþ¼Rkug nig tamePT¦>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>66 tarag3>3³ cMnYnbuKÁlikEcktamePTkñúgmCÄmNÐlbNþúHbNþalnimYy²>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>69 tarag3>4³ bBa¢IeQµaHvKÁbNþúHbNþalCMnajkñúgRKwHsßanbNþúHbNþalTaMgR)aMmYy>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>70 tarag3>5³ cMnYnvKÁEdl)anebIkkñúgRKwHsßanbNþúHbNþaltamqñaMsikSa>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>72 tarag3>6³ cMnYnsisS¼sikçakambBa©b;karsikSaTTYl)an\NTanxñattUcBImCÄmNÐl

Edl)ancuHGegátsMrab;qñaM2001>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>79 tarag3>7³ GRtasisS¼sikçakamcUlerontammCÄmNÐlTaMg6 kñúgqñaMsikSa 1996/ 1999 nig 2001>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>80

XII

tarag3>8³ cMnYnsisS¼sikçakamcUlerontamePT nig tamvKÁenAkñúgmCÄmNÐlbNþúHbNþal TaMgR)aMmYy>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>83 tarag4>1³ sßanPaBRKYsarrbs;sisS¼sikçakameroncb;>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>91 tarag4>2³ muxrbrsMxan;²EdlGñkeqøIytbCasisS¼sikçakameroncb;)aneFVI ¬skmµPaBbegáItR)ak;cMNUl

EdlsisSeyIgcUlRbLÚkesÞIrEtRKb;eBl¦>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>93 tarag4>3³ sßanPaBRKYsarénGñkeqøIytbCasisS¼sikçakameroncb;tamzan³ muxrbrrbs;eK>>>>>>>>>>>>>>94 tarag4>4³ RbPBedImTunkñúgkarRbkbmuxrbredayxøÜnÉgrbs;sisS¼sikçakameroncb; ¬cMelIycMruH¦>>>96 tarag4>5³ bBaðaEdlGñkeqøIytbCYbRbTHkñúgkarRbkbmuxrbredayxøÜnÉg ¬cMelIycMruH¦>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>98 tarag4>6³ skmµPaBrkR)ak;kMérrbs;GñkeqøIytberoncb;>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>99 tarag4>7³ cMnYnema:geFVIkarEdlGñkeqøIytberoncb;cUlcitþeFVICageKkñúgmuxrbrykR)ak;QñÜl>>>>>>>>>>100 tarag4>8³ mUlehtuénkarmineRbIR)as;CMnajEdlsisS¼sikçakameroncb; ¬cMnYnGñkeqøIytb¦>>>>>>>>102 tarag4>9³ etIkarbNþúHbNþalCYysisS¼sikçakamkñúgkarrk)ankargareFVItamviFINa ¬cMelIycMruH¦>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>105 tarag4>10³ tMrUvkarCMnYybEnßmrbs;GñkeqøIytberoncb; ¬cMelIyeRcIn¦>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>108 tarag4>11³ cMnYnGñkeqøIytbCasisS¼sikçakamkMBugsikSaenAmCÄmNÐlEdl)ancuHGegát>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>109 tarag4>12³ vKÁbNþúHbNþalEdlGñkeqøIytbCaCnBikar)ancUleron>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>109 tarag4>13 mnusSEdlpþl;eyabl;¼bBa©úHbBa©Úldl;GñkeqøIytbeGaycUleronCMnaj ¬cMelIyeRcIn¦>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>114 tarag4>14³ KMeragEpnkarbnÞab;eroncb;rbs;sisS¼sikçakamkMBugsikSa ¬cMelIyeRcIn¦>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>115 tarag4>15³ bBaðaEdlGñkeqøIytbdwgTukCamunkñúgkarsMercnUvEpnkarrbs;eK ¬cMelIyeRcIn¦>>>>>>>>>>>116 tarag4>16³ karvaytMélrbs;GñkeqøIytbelIsMPar³rUbv½nþénmCÄmNÐlbNþúHbNþal ¬cMnYnGñkeqøIytb¦>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>117 tarag4>17³ vKÁbeRgonedayRKUbgðat;Edl)ansMPasCamYy>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>121 tarag4>18³ RbePTfñak;eronbeRgonedayRKUbgðat;Edl)ansMPasCamYytammCÄmNÐl nimYy²>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>122

XIII

tarag4>19³ karBüayamrbs;RKUbgðat;edIm,IbMRBYjKMlaténskmµPaBsikSa ¬cMelIyeRcIn¦>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>124 tarag4>20³ TsSn³yl;dwgrbs;RKUbgðat;sþIGMBIPaBsmrmücMeBaHmuxrbrR)akdRbCa KittamRbePTfñak; >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>125 tarag4>21³ TsSn³yl;dwgrbs;RKUbgðat;cMeBaHPaBsmrmürbs;RsþIsMrab;kargarR)akdRbCa

KittamePTRKUbgðat; >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>125 tarag4>22³ karelIkTwkcitþRsþIeGaycUlrYmskmµPaBKittamRbePTfñak; ¬kareqøIytbrbs; RKUbgðat;¦ >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>127 tarag4>23³ karelIkTwkcitþRsþIeGaycUlrYmskmµPaBKittamRbePTRKUbgðat; ¬kareqøIytb rbs;RKUbgðat;¦ >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>127 tarag4>24³ karpþl;dMbUnµandl;sisS¼sikçakamKittamRbePTfñak;eron ¬cMnYnRKUbgðat; Edl)aneqøIytb¦>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>128 tarag4>25³ karpþl;dMbUnµandl;sisS¼sikçakamKittamePTRKUbgðat; ¬cMnYnRKUbgðat; Edl)aneqøIytb¦>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>128 tarag4>26³ karyl;dwgBIkarbMBarbMBanxagpøÚvePTEdlGacekItmanEdlRKUbgðat;eqøIytbKittam

RbePTfñak;eron>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>129 tarag4>27³ RbePTénkarbMBarbMBanxagpøÚvePTEdlRKUbgðat;)andwg>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>130

bBa¢IRkahVik

RkahVik2>1³ plitplkñúgRsuksrubKittamvis½ynimYy² ¬tamtMélefrqñaM1993¦>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>14 RkahVik2>2³ GRtacUlrYmkMlaMgkargar KNnatamGayu ePT nig CMnaj ¬Exvicäika qñaM2000¦>>>>>>>>>>>>>>20 RkahVik2>3³ GñkEdl)ankargareFVIkñúgvis½yksikmµ rukçaRbma:j; nig ensaT Gayucab;BI10qñaMeLIg>>>>>>>24 RkahVik2>4³ plitkmµénplRtIEdl)anEkécñ>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>27 RkahVik2>5³ GñkmankargareFVI ¬cab;BIGayu10qñaMeLIgeTA¦ kñúgvis½y]sSahkmµ>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>29

XIV

RkahVik2>6³ GñkmankargareFVI ¬cab;BIGayu10qñaMeLIgeTA¦ kñúgEpñkesvakmµ >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>32 RkhVik2>7³ RsþImankargareFVI ¬Gayu10qñaMeLIgeTA¦ Kittamzan³énkargar ¬Ep¥ktam kargarsMxan;²¦ >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>40 RkahVik2>8³ bursmankargareFVI ¬Gayu10qñaMeLIgeTA¦ Kittamzan³kargar ¬Ep¥ktam kargarsMxan;²¦ >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>40

XV

bBa¢IeQµaHBakükat;

ACLEDA Pñak;garénsmaKmkm<úCasMrab;karGPivDÆn_esdækic©kñúgRsuk ADB FnaKarGPivDÆn_GasuI AIT viTüasaßnbec©kviC¢aGasuI CDC RkumRbwkSaGPivDÆn_km<úCa CDHS karcuHGegátGMBIsuxPaB nig RbCasaRsþkm<úCa CDRI viTüasßanRsavRCavedIm,IGPivDÆn_km<úCa CHDR r)aykarN_GPivDÆn_RbCaCnkm<úCa CSES karsÞg;mti esdækic© -sgÁmkm<úCa DoF naykdæanClpl DTVET naykdæanGb;rMbNþúHbNþal bec©keTsnigviC¢aCIv³ EIU GgÁPaBRsavRCavesdækic© GDN bNþajénkarGPivDÆn_eynD½r GEO »kasesµIPaBrvagbursnigRsþI GRET Group de Recherches et dÉchanges Technologiques

HDI ÉksarlMdab;GkSrénkarGPivDÆn_mnusS HPI ÉksarlMdab;GkSrénPaBRkIRkrbs;mnusS ILO GgÁkarBlkmµGnþrCati JICA Pñak;garshRbtibtþikarGnþrCati Cb:un MAFF RksYgksikmµ rukçaRbma:j; nig ensaT MFI RKwHsßanhirBaØvtßúxñatmFüm MFN RbCaCatiEdl)ankarGnueRKaHFMbMputEpñkBaNiC¢kmµ MoEYS RksYgGb;rM yuvCnnigkILa MoP RksYgEpnkar MoSALVY RksYgsgÁmkic© kargar bNþúHbNþalviC¢aCIv³ nig yuvnitism,Ta

XVI

MoWVA RksYgkic©karnarI nig GtItyuT§Cn NEEW smahrNkmµ skþanuBlPaB shRKinPaB nig rbrsMrab;RsþIenAkm<úCa NTB KN³kmµaFikarCatibNþúHbNþal NTF mUlniFiCatibNþúHbNþal PTC mCÄmNÐlbNþúHbNþalviC¢aCIv³tamextþ RGC raCrdæaPi)alkm<úCa SME shRKasxñattUcnigmFüm TENA RkumsÞabsÞg;)a:n;RbmaN tMrUvkarbNþúHbNþalnigkargar TVET karGb;rMbNþúHbNþal bec©keTsnigviC¢aCIv³ VTC mCÄmNÐlbNþúHbNþalviC¢aCIv³ WID RsþIkñúgkarGPivDÆn_

XVII

r)aykarN_segçbrYm viFIsaRsþ nig karvaytMélelIkarRsavRCav kñúgqñaM 2001 kmµviFIRtYtBinitü (InFocus Program) sþIGMBIviC¢aCIv³ cMeNHdwg nig lT§PaBkargar rbs;GgÁkarBlkmµGnþrCati ¬ILO¦ CamYynigmnÞIrEdlBak;B½n§)anbegáItnUvkarRtYtBinitüCasklmYy elIRbsiTi§PaBénkmµviFIbNþúHbNþalvIC¢aCIv³edIm,IeFVIeGaymanPaBesµIKñaénkargarsMrab;burs nigRsþI . kñúgTVIbGasuI RbeTskm<úCa KWCaRbeTsmYykñúgcMeNamRbeTscMnYn3 eRkABIRbeTséf nigRbeTs eN)a:l; Edl)ancUlrYmkñúgkarsikSaRtYtBinitüCasklenH . karsikSaRsavRCavenH KWedIm,IRsay sMNYrfa ³ etIRbB½n§GPivDÆn_CMnaj)annwgkMBugpþl;nUvCMnajsmRsbnigpþl;siT§iesµIKña dl;yuvCn nig yuvnarI kñúgkarTTYlykkarbNþúHbNþal nigmuxrbrEdrb¤eT? karsikSaRsavRCavmaneKalbMNgedIm,II³

• viPaKma:RkUesdækic© nigninñakarTIpSarkargar RBmTaMgrbrKMrUsMrab;burs nigRsI enAkm<úCa . • vaytMél faetIkmµviFIbNþúHbNþalviC¢aCIv³ )anbegáIneGaymanPaBesµIKñasMrab;burs nig

RsþIRkIRk edIm,ITTYl)annUvkarbNþúHbNþalviC¢aCIv³eGaymanKuNPaBsMrab;kargar nig GacrkR)ak;cMNUlsmrmüb¤eT.

• bgðajkarGnuvtþn_KMrU nigemeronsikSa ehIynigeFVIGnusasn_elIkarTTYlnUv»kasesµIKña énesvakmµbNþúHbNþalviC¢aCIv³ RBmTaMgbgðajBIPaBesµIKñaénlT§plBIkarbNþúHbNþal viC¢aCIv³ sMrab;kareRbIR)as; nig karBRgIkeKalneya)aybNþúHbNþalviC¢aCIv³énkmµviFI nig kar Gnuvtþn_EdlbgðajBItMrUvkarrbs;burs nigRsþIRkIRk .

• BRgwgkarxMRbwgERbgrbs;CatikñúgkarelIkkMBs;kmµviFIbNþúHbNþalviC¢aCIv³dl;burs nigRsþI nig pþl;Tinñn½y (inputs) sMrab;kmµviFICMnYybec©keTs nig esvaRbwkSaBIneya)aydl;GgÁkar BlkmµGnþrCati ¬ILO¦ kñúgvis½yeynD½r nig GPivDÆn_viC¢aCIv³ .

karsikSarRsavRCavepþatelIbBaðasMxan;BIrKW ³ karviPaKBt’manCaRTg;RTayFMtamry³Tinñn½yEdlman Rsab; (macro analysis) nig karRsavRCavdl;mUldæanCak;Esþg . karviPaKCaRTg;RTayFM RtUvEp¥keTAelITinñn½yEdlmanRsab; mankarBinitüvaytMélelIninñakarTIpSarkargar nigsiT§irbs;burs nigRsþIedIm,ITTYl)annUvkarGb;rM nigbNþúHbNþalviC¢aCIv³. karRsavRCavdl;mUldæanCak;Esþg KWviPaKelI yuT§saRsþsMxan;² nigkarviPaKelIviFankarnanaénbNþúHbNþalviC¢aCIv³ RtYtBinitü nigvaytMélelIlT§pl

XVIII

nig plb:HBal;énkarbNþúHbNþal ehIynwgkarsnñidæanCaemeron nigkarGnuvtþn_KMrUedIm,IelIkkMBs; smPaBeynD½r. eRkamKN³kmµaFikarCatibNþúHbNþal mansßab½nrdæaPi)alcMnYn20 sßab½n bNþúHbNþalviC¢aCIv³rbs;GgÁkareRkArdæaPi)alcMnYn14 nigsßab½nbNþúHbNþalviC¢aCIv³ÉkCncMnYn54 Edlsßab½nTaMgenaH)anpþl;nUvkarbNþúHbNþalviC¢aCIv³ry³eBlxøI . eRkABIsßab½nTaMgenHenAman mCÄmNÐlbNþúHbNþalviC¢aCIv³cMnYn6eTot EdlsßitenAeRkamkarRKb;RKgénnaykdæanGb;rM bNþúHbNþal bec©keTsnigviC¢aCIv³ (DTVET) rbs;RksYgGb;rM yuvCn nigkILa EdlRtUv)aneK eRCIserIseLIgsMrab;karsikSaRsavRCavenH. mCÄmNÐlTaMgenaHman³ mCÄmNÐlbNþúHbNþal viC¢aCIv³ (PTCs) tamextþ Rkug cMnYn4 -KwextþkMBt esomrab )at;dMbg nig kMBg;cam nig 2eTot KW (VTC) RBHkusm³enATIRkugPñMeBj nig(VTC)enAextþ)at;dMbg. karsMPasn_CaRbBn§½RtUv)aneRbIR)as;sMrab; sMPasn_CamYynayk RKUbgðat; ¬Edlmanburs 31nak; nigRsþI 8nak;¦ sisS¼sikçakamkMBugeron ¬burscMnYn 162nak; nigRsþI 65nak;¦ nigGñkEdl)anbBa©b;karsikSa ¬burs 52nak; nigRsþI 49nak; ¦. bEnßmelIenHeTot karsMPasn_CaRkumBiPakSarYmRtUv)aneRbIR)as;sMrab;sMPasn_CamYysisS¼sikçakam kMBugeron. karRsavRCavenH RtUv)aneKeFVIeLIgenAExkBaØarhUtdl;ExFñÚqñaM 2001 . r)aykarN_énkarsikSaRsavRCavenHRtUv)aneKEbgEckCaR)aMCMBUk . CMBUk1 bkRsayGMBIkarvaytMél/ viFIsaRsþ nigkarsrublT§plénkarRsavRCav . CMBUk 2 pþl;nUvkarviPaKCaRTg;RTayFMelIkarpøas;bþÚr nig viPaKelIninñakarénTIpSarkargar/ karpøas;bþÚresdækic© nigkarGPivDÆn_CMnajenAkm<úCa . CMBUk3 bgðaj [eXIjTidæPaBrYménsßab½nbNþúHbNþalviC¢aCIv³enAkm<úCa sMedAsMxan;elIkarcuHGegátdl;mCÄmNÐl bNþúHbNþalviC¢aCIv³EdlsßitenAeRkamkarRKb;RKgrbs;RksYgGb;rM yuvCn nig kILa . bBaðakarcUleronrbs;RsþIenAmCÄmNÐlbNþúHbNþalviC¢aCIv³TaMgenH ]bsKÁrbs;®sþIkñúgkarcUlrYm nigkareRbICaRbeyaCn_énRbB½n§bNþúHbNþalviC¢aCIv³RtUv)anelIkykmkBiPakSakñúgCMBUkenHpgEdr. CMBUk 4 viPaKelIkarvaytMélénbrimaN nigKuNPaBrbs;vKÁbNþúHbNþal niglT§plkargar EdlTTYl)anBI vKÁbNþúHbNþalenH edayEp¥kelIkarcuHGegátdl;mCÄmNÐlbNþúHbNþalviC¢aCIv³cMnYn6 EdleK)an eRCIserIsyksMrab;karsikSaenH . nigCMBUkcugeRkay pþl;nUvesckþIsnñidæan nigGnusasn_edayEp¥k elIkarsikSa .

XIX

segçblT§plénkarRsavRCav enAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa vismPaBeynD½rEtgekItmanCaRTg;RTayepSg²enAkñúgsgÁm . r)aykarN_ énkarGPivDÆn_RbCaCnkm<úCa ¬CHDR¦ )anrkeXIjfa PaBminesµIKñaxageynD½r kñúgkarGPivDÆn_ mnusSCati minRKan;EtekIteLIgenAkñúgRkuménGñkesdækic©enaHeT EfmTaMgekIteLIgya:geRcIn kñúgcMnYnRbCaCncMnYn 20° EdlmanCageK EdlCacMnYneRcInCagkñúgcMenamBYkGñkRk . karRsavRCav GMBIPaBRkIRkénRsþI bgðajfa RsþIcMnYn29° RkIRkeRcInCagburs. kñúgcMenam20° énRbCaCnEdlman CageKlMdab;TIBIr eyIgeXIjfaPaBRkIRkrbs;®sþImancMnYndl;eTA37°. r)aykarN_GPivDÆn_ RbCaCnkm<úCa ¬CHDR¦ )ansnñidæanfa PaBxusKñaxageynD½rEdlBak;Bn§½nwgPaBRkIRk rbs;mnusSkñúgRbeTskm<úCaminGaRs½yelIkMenInesdækic© nigsþg;daénkareRbIR)as;;EdlekIneLIg . karviPaKCaRTg;RTayFM)anbgðajfa karcUlrUmkMlaMgBlkmµrbs;RsþI nigbursenAkm<úCa KWmancMnYnx<s; dUcKña ¬65.9% CaRsþI nig 66.3% Caburs kñúgqñaM 1999¦. GRtaenHbBa¢ak;fa RsþIkm<úCa caM)ac;RtUvEtrkR)ak;edIm,IpÁt;pÁg;CIvPaBRKYsar . CaBiess GIVEdlKYreGaykt;sMKal;CageKKWfa GRtacUlrYmkMlaMg kargarrbs; RsþIEdlmanv½yekµgKWmancMnYnx<s; kñúgcMenamRsþIEdlmanGayucab;BI 14-19qñaM ebIeFob eTAnwgbursv½yekµgEdlmanGayudUcKña ehIyGRtaenH)anpøas;bþÚreRkaymkeTot edaybgðajfaRsþIv½yekµgCaeRcIn)ane)aHbg;ecalsala ehIycUlrYmkMlaMgkargarmunburs . RsþICaeRcInBMusUv)anTTYlplRbeyaCn_enAkñúgTIpSarkargareLIy edaysarEtkareFVIvieyaKkmµkargar ehIykargarrbs;RsþIEtgEt)anTTYlkMérticCagkargarrbs;burs . kareFVImenaKmviC¢axageynD½r nig TMlab;rbs;sgÁm )anpþl;GaTiPaBtictYceGayRsþI nig eFVIeGayRsþITTYl)anR)ak;kMérTab . CamFüm bursGacrkR)ak;cMNUl)an 23° eRcInCagRsþI . kMritR)ak;QñÜlenAkñúgTIRkugPñMeBj)anéfø CagtMbn;epSg² ehIykargarrkR)ak;QñÜlEdl)ankMérx<s;CageKmandUcCa Cagma:sIun CageGLicRtUnic EdlCakargarrbs;burs . eTaHbICaGRtacUlrYmkargarrbs;RsþImankMritx<s; nigGRtaénGñkKµan kargareFVImankMritTabk¾eday k¾RsþIPaKeRcInRtUv)aneKbBa©ÚlkñúgRbePTkargarCaGñkeFVIkarkñúgRKYsar EdlBMu)anTTYlR)ak;kMér b¤ mindUecñaHeKcat;TukkñúgRbePTkargarEdl)anR)ak;kMérTabCagburs .

XX

tYnaTIEdlBMumanplRbeyaCn_rbs;RsþIkñúgTIpSarkargar )aneGayRsþIkan;EtmankarGb;rMTab nig kan;Et manbnÞúkkargareRcInenAkñúgpÞH . ebIniyayBIPaBxusKñaéneynDr½ eKBuMeXIjmanPaBxusKñacaM)ac; eRcIneLIycMeBaHGRtacuHeQµaHcUleronénsisSrhUtdl;fñak;TI4. EteTaHCaya:gNasisSRsI)an e)aHbg;ecalkarsikSakan;EteRcIneLIg² . karGb;rMkan;Etx<s; GRtaénkarcuHeQµaHrbs;sisSRsI kan;EtmankMritTab. enAkMritmFümsikSa GRtacuHeQµaHénsisSRbusmancMnYn68° eRcInCagGRta sisSRsI . enAkMrit]tþmsikSa GRtacuHeQµaHrbs;sisSRbusmancMnYn85° eRcInCagsisSRsI . ktþasMxan;²EdleFVIeGayGRtacuHeQµaHrbs;sisSRsIenAfñak;x<s;mankMritTab KW ³ ÉkCnPavUbnIykmµ énkarGb;rM salaenAq¶ayBIPUmi karsikSarbs;sisSRsIminsMxan; karsÞak;esÞIrkñúgcitþrbs;«Bukmþay kñúgkarbBa¢ÚnkUnRsIeGayeTAq¶ayBIpÞH nigTsSn³rbs;«Bukmþay RBmTaMgTsSn³sgÁm Edlyl;fa RsþIRtUvCYyeFVIkarkñúgpÞH ehIyRtUvCYyrkR)ak;kMérdl;RKYsar . eTaHbIRsþIkm<úCahak;dUcCamanGMNacxøaMgkñúgkarsMerccitþenAkñúgkic©karRbcaMéf¶rbs;RKYsark¾eday k¾BYk eKenAEtBMusUvmanGMNaceRcInkñúgkarsMercelIRTBüsm,tþiFM². RsþIk¾BMusUvmantYnaTIpgEdrkñúgkarsMerc citþenAtamTIsaFarN³ dUecñHehIyRsþIBMusUvmanGMNac man\T§iBlelIeKalneya)ay nigc,ab;eLIy . vaCakarcaM)ac;Nas;Edlfa smtßPaBrbs;RsIþ nigtYnaTIrbs;RsþI kñúgTIpSarkargarRtUv)aneKelIkkMBs; edIm,Ikat;bnßyPaBRkIRkenAkm<úCa . kareFVIvieyaKkmµxageynD½rdUcEdl)aneXIjkñúgTIpSarkargar enAkm<úCa)anbBa¢ak;eGayya:gc,as; kñúgGRtacuHeQµaHcUleronviC¢aCIv³rbs;RsþI nigburs . cMnYnPaKeRcIn énsikçakamRsþIEdl)ancUlrYm kñúgvKÁbNþúHbNþalCMnajsMrab; :CMnajRsþI : dUcCa CMnajkat;edr EkécñmðÚbGahar ehIyeK)ancgRkg sisS¼sikçakamRbEhlcMnYnBak;kNþalénGñkTaMgenaHeronCMnaj erobcMsYnenApÞH Home Garden . Cagkat;sk; nig CMnajcmøak;eQI nigfµEkv )anTak;TajRsþIticCag15° eGaycUleron . vKÁCYsCulsMPar³eRbIR)as;kñúgpÞHCYsCulrfynþ nigmU:tUmanRsþIcUleronticCag5° . eKBMueXIjman RsþIcuHeQµaHcUleroneRcIneLIyEpñkCageQI eRKOgma:sIunksikmµ CagRkLwg CMnajpSarEdk sMNg;CagkMe)ar karplitRsUvGgár kargareFVIngÁ½l eTaHbICaeKdwgfamanCagkMe)arRsþI nigCaBiess ksikrRsþIk¾eday . mCÄmNÐlbNþúHbNþal tamextþRkug (PTC) )anpþl; nUvvKÁbNþúHbNþalCMnaj burs nigRsIþbBa©ÚlKña cMEnkÉmCÄmNÐlbNþúHbNþalviC¢aCIv³ (VTC) vij pþl;vKÁbNþúHbNþal CMnajbursesÞIrEtTaMgGs; . enAkñúgmCÄmNÐlbNþúHbNþalviC¢aCIv³ (PTCs) sikçakamcMnYn71°

XXI

CaRsþIEdl)ansikSakñúgqñaM 1996/ 1999 nig 2001 EdlCaqñaMsikSasMrab;CaFnFankñúgkar RsavRCavenH . mCÄmNÐlbNþúHbNþaltamextþRkugcMnYn2 mansikçakamCaRsþIRbEhlmYyPaKbI nigmCÄmNÐlbNþúHbNþalviC¢aCIv³mYyeTot mansikçakamcMnYnBak;kNþalCaburs nig Bak;kNþaleTot CaRsIþ ehIyenAkñúgmCÄmNÐltamextþRkug 1eTot manRsþIsrubCag86° . enAkñúgmCÄmNÐl bNþúHbNþal (VTC) vijmansikçakamCaRsþI ticCag7° kñúgqñaMbEg¥kénkarsikSaRsavRCav . vKÁbNþúHbNþalviC¢aCIv³ man\T§iBlsMxan;mYyelIkarTTYl)annUvkargarCalT§plrbs;sisS¼sikçakamRsþI . manburscMnYnesÞIrEt 2PaK3 Edl)anbBa©b;karsikSa nig RsþIcMnYn7nak;kñúgcMeNam10nak;EdlbBa©b; karsikSa)anRbkbmuxrbredayxøÜnÉg ehIy)anbegáItCMnYjpÞal;xøÜnbnÞab;BIbBa©b;vKÁbNþúHbNþal . GñkEdlbBa©b;karsikSacMnYn30° EdleRbIR)as;cMeNHdwg)ankøayCakmµkreFVIkarTTYlR)ak;kMér . eKBMueXIjmanPaBxusKñaxageynD½reRcIneLIykñúgtYnaTIkargar bnÞab;BIbBa©b;karsikSa b:uEnþlT§PaB kargarrbs;burs nigRsþI EdlesÞIrEtRbhak;RbEhlKñaenaHeFVIeGayeKsMKal;eXIjfa manRsþICaeRcIn Edl)aneRbIcMeNHdwgrbs;xøÜnBMusUv)anTTYlkargareFVI . enHKWCacMnYnmYydac;edayELk BIeRBaH RsþICaeRcIneFVIkarenAkñúgpÞHEdlgayRsYlkñúgkarbBa©ÚlkargarcUlKña b:uEnþk¾edaysarEtkargarEtmYy muxKWminRKb;RKan;kñúgkarciBa©wmCIvit eTIbRsþIRtUveFVIkareRcIn . enAkñúgmCÄmNÐlbNþúHbNþalEdl)ancuHsikSaRsavRCavfµI²enH manvKÁsikSacl½tEtBIrbIb:ueNÑaHebI eRbobeFobnwgvKÁcltEdlmanenABak;kNþalTsvtSr_qñaM90 ehIyvKÁcl½tPaKeRcInkñúgeBlbc©úb,nñenH BuMsUvTak;Tgnwgvis½yksikmµ . eKk¾sMKal;eXIjpgEdrfa GayuCamFümrbs;sisS¼sikçakamEdldak; BakücUleronkan;Etmanv½yekµgeTA² . GRtaenHGacbgðajfa vakMBugEtmankarlM)aksMrab;kmµkrv½y kNþaledIm,IcUlrYmkñúgvKÁbNþúHbNþalviC¢aCIv³ cab;taMgBImanvKÁbNþúHbNþalCaeRcInEdlbeRgonenA mCÄmNÐl. eKyl;eXIjfa RsþImankarlM)akeRcInkñúgkareFVIdMeNIreTAmCÄmNÐl . sikçakamRsþIkMBugeron esÞIrEtTaMgGs;manTIlMenA enATIrYmextþEdlCaTIkEnøgmCÄmNÐltaMgenA. karsikSa)anbgðajeGay eXIjfa kMritGb;rMmFüménsikçakam KWx<s;CagkMritGb;rMCamFümrbs;Cati ehIyk¾x<s;CagkMritGb;rMrbs; sikçakamkMBugsikSabc©úb,nñpgEdr ebIeFobnwgGñkEdl)anbBa©b;karsikSa . cMnYnenHGaceFVIeGay RsþICakmµkrRkIRkEdlmankarGb;rMTab BMumanlT§PaBcUleronkñúgvKÁbNþúHbNþal)aneLIy.

XXII

bursPaKeRcInEdlbBa©b;karsikSa )aneRbIR)as;CMnajEdleK)aneronenAkñúgvKÁbNþúHbNþal. EteTaHCa ya:gNa RsþIEdleroncb;1PaK3 BMu)aneRbIR)as;edaypÞal;nUvCMnajEdleK)anTTYlenAeBlsikSaeLIy BIeRBaHmanehtupldUcxageRkam ³ R)ak;cMNUlBIkargarEdlRsþIeRbIR)as;CMnajEdleK)aneron BMuRKb;RKan;edIm,IpÁt;pÁg;RKYsar. CYnkalsmaCikenAkñúgRKYsarBMuGnuBaØateGayRsþIeTAeFVIkareLIy. cMeBaHRsþITaMgLayNaEdl)ancab;ykGaCIB CMnajEdlRsþIminTMlab;eFVI vaBitCaBi)akkñúgkarEsVg rkkargareFVIkñúgCMnajEdleK)aneronsURt edaysarEtmankarerIseGIgxageynD½rkñúgTIpSarkargar. karerIseGIgxageynD½renHeFVIeGayRsþImankarlM)akya:gxøaMgkñúgkarcab;ykkargarrbs;mnusSRbus eTaHbI®sþITaMgenaH)anbgðajeGayeKeXIjBIsñaédKMrUrbs;eKenAkñúgvKÁsikSak¾eday. muxrbrrbs; {burs} EtgEt)anTTYlR)ak;kMéreRcIn ehIynigmantMENgx<s; . eKEtgEtyl;eXIjfa RsþITTYl)ankargarEdlmanR)ak;kMérTab dUecñHehIyvaBitCasMxan;Nas; ebIRsþIRtUv)aneKpþl;»kaseRcIn edIm,IelIkkMBs;GaCIB nigbegáInR)ak;cMNUlrbs;eKkñúgkargarrbs;mnusSRbus . mankaryl;eXIj CaTUeTArbs;GñkRKb;RKg nigRKUbgðat;;CaeRcInenAtammCÄmNÐlbNþúHbNþalfa vaBitCaman sar³sMxan;Nas;kñúgkarCYyelIkkMBs;RsþIkñúgkargarEdlBMumanlkçN³buraN. eTaHCaya:gNak¾enAEt manbBaða3 KW ³ • karelIkkMBs;RsþIkñúgkargarEdlRsþIminTMlab;eFVI BMumanEcgc,as;enAkñúgeKalneya)ay b¤

esckþIENnaMrbs;mCÄmNÐlbNþúHbNþalviC¢aCIv³ CaBiess VTC . • BMumanyuT§saRsþc,as;las;GMBIrebobkñúgkarelIkkMBs;kargarEdlRsþIminTMlab;eFVI. • enAEtmankaryl;eXIjedayELkBIKñakñúgcMeNamelakRKUbgðat; . RKUbgðat;cMnYn70° EtgEt

yl;eXIjedayELkfa RsþICaeRcInGaceFVIkargar)anEtrbrR)akdRbCab:ueNÑaH . mCÄmNÐlbNþúHbNþalvIC¢aCIv³mYycMnYn )anBüayamCMnHkareFVIvieyaKkmµxageynD½rkñúgvKÁbNþúH bNþalviC¢aCIv³ . ]TahrN¾³ mCÄNÐlbNþúHbNþalviC¢aCIv³extþ)at;dMbg )anpþl;nUvvKÁsikSae)aHBum<Gav cMeBaHEtRsþI . vKÁe)aHBum<GavyWt eBlenHKWCakargarmYyEdlGacTTYl)anR)ak;kMéreRcIndUckargar epSg²eTotEdr ehIyEdleKEtgEtKitfa CMnajenHsMrab;EtmnusSRbus enaHvaR)akdCaGacpøas;bþÚrnUv TsSn³CaTUeTAenH)anedaysarCMnajenHCaviC¢aCIv³eTIbekItmanfµI²enAeLIy .

XXIII

RsþImankarlM)akeRcInkñúgkarTTYl)annUvkargar nig Bt’manTIpSar BIeRBaHBYkeKmancl½tPaBtictYc ebI eFobnigburs dUecñHehIykarTTYl)annUvBt’manGMBIkarRbkasrkkargarKWenAmankMritsMrab;mCÄmNÐl bNþúHbNþalviC¢aCIv³tamextþRkug nigbgb¥Ún «Bukmþay . RsþIEdl)anbBa©b;karsikSa yl;eXIjfa sBaØab½Rtmansar³sMxan;Nas; cMEnkbursvijyl;eXIjfa karmanbNþajkargar nigkarCYy eRCamERCgBImCÄmNÐlbNþúHbNþal KWmanplRbeyaCn_Cag . mCÄmNÐmbNþúHbNþalviC¢aCIv³tamextþRkug )anpþl;nUv\NTancMeBaHGñkEdl)anbBa©b;karsikSafµI cab;taMg BIqñaM 2000 mkemø:H . EteTaHCaya:gNa karpþl;\NTanenHRKan;EtCakareFVIeLIgsMrab;GñkbBa©b; karsikSafµI² ehIyeKpþl;\NTanenHdl;GñkTaMgenaHEtmYydgb:ueNÑaH . sMrab;GñkTaMgLayNaEdlrs; enAtamPUmiRsukq¶ay² vaBitCamankarlM)akkñúgkarTTYl)annUv\NTanenH edayrab;TaMgkarx©I nigkarsg. GñkbBa©b;karsikSarcMnYn53° )anRbkbmuxrbredayxøÜnÉg ¬burs48° nigRsþI 59°¦ )aneqøIyfa BYkeKRtUvkarCMnYykñúgkarTTYl)annUv\NTanFM². sikçakamkMBugsikSacMnYn70° ¬burs60° RsIþ83°¦ )anniyayfa BYkeKmanbBaðahirBaØvtßúkñúgkareQagcab;Epnkarrbs;xøÜnbnÞab;BI bBa©b;karsikSa . BMumanRbPB\NTaneRcInEdlbMerI[RtUvnwgeKaledAkargarksikmµeLIy . kar TTYl)annUv\NTanBitCamansar³sMxan;Nas;sMrab;RsþI . RsþImansiT§itictYckñúgkarsMercesckþIelI RTBüsm,tþi dUecñHehIyeTIbBYkeKBMusUvmanGMNackñúgkarpøas;bþÚrnUvFnFanhirBaØvtßúpÞal;xøÜnrbs;BYkeK . Gnusasn_ 1- karbNþúHbNþalGkSrsaRsþ mCÄmNÐlbNþúHbNþalviC¢aCIv³tamextþRkug )ansMrYlnUvl½kçx½NÐTTYlsisS edIm,IeGayRsþIminecH GkSr nigecHGkSrtictYcGaccUleronkñúgvKÁbNþúHbNþal)an . vaBitCamansar³sMxan;Nas; ebI mCÄmNÐlbNþúHbNþalviC¢aCIv³tamextþRkugGacbEnßmvKÁbNþúHbNþalGkSrsaRsþdl;RsþIminecHGkSr nig ecHGantictYcenAkñúgvKÁbNþúHbNþalviC¢aCIv³rbs;xøÜn . 2- karRtYtBinitünigvaytMélelIRkumeKaledA sMrab;bNþúHbNþalviC¢aCIv³enAeBlGnaKt naeBlbc©úb,nñenH CaBiessRkumeKaledAsMrab;;mCÄmNÐlbNþúHbNþalviC¢aCIv³PTCman ³ RsþIemRKYsar CnBikar TahanrMsay GñkeFVImatuPUminivtþn_ kUnRsIc,gkñúgRKYsar kumarkMRBa GñkEdle)aHbg;

XXIV

ecalkarsikSa nigRKYsarEdlmankUneRcInCag4nak; . ninñakarfµI²enH)anbgðajfa kñúgcMeNamRkum eKaledABiesssMrab;bNþúHbNþalviC¢aCIv³enAeBlGnaKt GRtaénGñkEdle)aHbg;ecalkarsikSarvag burs nigRsþIkMBugmankarekIneLIg EdlpÞúyBIGRtaénRkumeKaledAepSg²mankarfycuH . CMnaj nig viFIsaRsþbeRgonsMrab;GñkEdle)aHbg;ecalsala nigsMrab;RkumeKaledAepSg²eTotEdlman bTBiesaFn_eRcInkñúgkargar nigkñúgCIvitGacnwgxusKña . PTC RtUvEtpþl;GaTiPaBkñúgcMenamRkum eKaledA edaykMNt;faetIRkummYyNaRtUvepþatkarykTukdak; ehIyRtUvRtYtBinitünigvaytMélelI kmµviFIsikSa RsbCamYynwgTItaMg nigry³eBlbNþúHbNþal. 3- elIkkMBs;dl;Rkumgay)at;bg;»kasedIm,IeGay)anTTYlnUvvKÁbNþúHbNþal edIm,IelIkkMBs;dl;GñkTaMgLayEdlrs;enAtamPUmiRsukdac;Rsyal nigGñkEdlmanbnÞúkF¶n;kñúgkarCYy RKYsarrkR)ak;kMéreGayTTYl)annUvvKÁbNþúHbNþalCMnaj CaBiessvKÁbNþúHbNþalry³eBlxøI b¤vKÁcl½t RtUvEtpþl;dl;PUmiRsukTaMgenaHedaykMnt;eBlevlabNþúHbNþaleGaysuIKñanwgeBlevlaEdlsikçakamman. edIm,IelIkkMBs;dl;Gñke)aHbg;ecalsala Edlrs;enAtamPUmiRsukdac;Rsyal eGayTTYl)annUvvKÁ bNþúHbNþalviC¢aCIv³enAmCÄmNÐl vaCakarcaM)ac;Nas;Edlfa karerobcMmeFüa)ayeFVIdMeNIr nig TIsñak;GaRs½yeGay)anRKb;RKan; edIm,IeGaysikçakamRsþI nig«Bukmþayrbs;eKyl;famansuvtßiPaBl¥ . RsþIemma:yEdlmankUn nigRsþIcMNas;Edlrs;enAmñak;ÉgkñúgTIRkugPñMeBj rs;enAya:gRklM)ak KWCa RkumRbCaCnEdlgay)at;bg;»kasnigCaCnRkIRkCageKbg¥s;enAkñúgTIRkug . RksYgGb;rMyuvCn nigkILa RtUvEtBicarNafaetIKYrBRgIkkarbNþúHbNþalviC¢aCIv³eGaydl;RkumTaMgenaHtamviFINa. 4- viFIsaRsþCaRbB½n§edIm,IelIkkMBs;RsþIkñúgkargarCMnajfµIEdlRsþIminFøab;eFVI eKalneya)ayrbs; PTC nig VTC RtUveFVIeLIgeGay)anc,as; GMBIkarelIkkMBs;RsþIkñúgCMnaj nigviC¢a CIv³fµIEdlRsþIBuMFøab;eFVI. yuT§saRsþCaeRcInRtUv)aneKeFVIeLIgedIm,IbBa¢ak;eGayc,as;GMBIeKalbMNgenH. (i) kareRCIserIs ³ enAeBlEdlRKUbgðat;)ancuHeTARtYtBinitüdl;PUmiRsukedIm,IeRCIserIssikçakam

eKKb,Ipþl;nUvkarCMrujelIkTwkcitþCaeRcIndl;RsþI edIm,IeRCIserIsRsþIcUleronkñúgvKÁbNþúHbNþal viC¢aCIv³fµIEdlRsþIminFøab;eFVI . eTaHbIGRtacUlrYmkMlaMgBlkmµrbs;RsIþmankMritx<s; ehIyRsþI)an

XXV

CYydl;esdækic©RKYsarya:gsMxan;k¾eday k¾RKYsarCaeRcInBMu)anerobcMRsþIEdlmanv½yekµgeGaybMerI kñúgTIpSarkargareRcIndUcburseLIy . yuT§nakarenHGacRtUv)aneKeFVIeLIgtamry³RbB½n§pSBVpSay/ tamesovePA kataLúk ExSvIedGU nigtamry³karTMnak;TMngpÞal;CamYynigRKUbgðat; nigbuKÁlik epSg²eTotenAkñúgmCÄmNÐlbNþúHbNþal .

(ii) begáInRKUbgðat;RsþIkñúgCMnajfµIEdlRsþIminFøab;eFVI ³ kñúgcMeNamGñkeqøIytbCaRKUbgðat;narITaMgGs;

manEtRKUbgðat;narImñak;b:ueNÑaHEdlbeRgonCMnajfµIEdlRsþIminFøab;eFVII . BMumanRKUbgðat;fµIv½yekµg Namñak; beRgonCMnajfµIEdlRsþIminFøab;eFVIIdl;RsþIeLIy . vaBitCamansar³sMxan;Nas;Edlman RKUbeRgoneRcInkñúgEpñkCMnajfµIEdlRsþIminFøab;eFVII ehIyvaBitCamansar³sMxan;Nas;EdlRbB½n§ bNþúHbNþalviC¢aCIv³KaMRTedayrdæaPi)al eRCIserIsykRsþIEdlmanKuNsm,tþiRKb;RKan;eFVICa RKUbeRgonkñúgCMnajfµIEdlRsþIminTMlab;eFVI EdlvaminRKan;EtCaKMrUbgðajBItYnaTId¾sMxan;rbs;RsþI sMrab;sikçakamRsþIEtb:ueNÑaHeT b:uEnþEfmTaMgbgðajBItYnaTIkñúgsgÁmeTotpg .

(iii) begáItbriyakassikSarIkraydl;RsþI kñúgvKÁbNþúHbNþalCMnajfµIEdlRsþIminTMlab;eFVI ³

karsikSa)anrkeXIjfa sikçakamRsþIBMusUvmanPaBgayRsYlkñúgbriyakassikSaCamYymnusSRbus eTehIyenAkñúgbriyakasEbbenH EtgEtmankareføaHeFøayekIteLIgnUvkarbMBanxagePT . cMnYnekIneLIgénsikçakamRsþIenAkñúgvKÁbNþúHbNþalCMnajfµIEdlRsþIminTMlab;eFVII BitCamansar³ sMxan;Nas; . TaMgRKUbgðat;burs nigRsIþKYrEtRtUv)anbNþúHbNþaledIm,ICMrujRsþIeGaybnþGaCIB rbs;BYkeKkñúgCMnajfµIEdlRsþIminTMlab;eFVI nigbegáIteGaymanbriyakasrak;Tak;sMrab;RsþIkñúg eBlsikSaBitCamansar³RbeyaCn_Nas;dl;RsþI .

(iv) »kaskargarsMrab;RsþIkñúgCMnajfµIEdlRsþIminTMlab;eFVI ³ yuT§saRsþ4ya:g edIm,ICMnHTsSn³ esþerGUEfbelIkargarRtUv)anelIkeLIg ³

¬k¦ pþl;»kasbNþúHbNþalCMnajdl;RsþIkñúgkargarfµI² ³ karGnuvtþn_d¾l¥mYyRtUv)anbgðajeLIg

XXVI

kñúgmCÄmNÐlbNþúHbNþalviC¢aCIv³enAextþ)at;dMbg EdleK)anerobcMeLIgsMrab;EtRsþIelICMnaj e)aHBum<GavyWt. kargarenHvahak;dUcCakargarrbs;burs bu:EnþedayvaCaCMnajfµI rUbPaBenHGacRtUv pøas;bþÚr.

¬x¦ begáItRkumbec©keTsEdlmanEtRsþI ³ RsþIEdl)anbBa©b;karsikSaelICMnajfµIEdlRsþIminTMlab;eFVI GacbegáIteGaymanCaRkummYy)an ehIymCÄmNÐlbNþúHbNþalviC¢aCIv³ PTC nig VTC CYy]btßmÖKaMRTBYkeK edaypþl;kic©snüakargarCalkçN³em:Akar. karerobcMrebobenHmanrYc ehIysMrab;Cagma:sIun burs nigGñktm,ajRsþI. karerobcMenH minRKan;EtbMerIkñúgeKalbMNgbgðaj BItYnaTIb:ueNÑaHeT EfmTaMgGacpþl;nUvbTBiesaFn_elIkargardl;RsþIEdlbBa©b;karsikSaedIm,I eGayBYkeKGacTTYl)annUvTMnukcitþkñúgkarbnþkargarrbs;eKeTotpg.

¬K¦ karbgðajBItYnaTIKMrUrbs;RsþIEdl)anTTYleCaKC½ykñúgkargarEdleKyl;faminsmrmüsMrab;®sþI tamry³RbB½n§pSBVpSay³RbB½n§pSBVpSayGacKaMRTkarpøas;bþÚrlkçN³rbs;sgÁmedaybgðajBIskmµPaBkargarrbs;RsþIkñúgmuxrbrfµIEdlRsþIminTMlab;eFVI .

¬X¦ EsVgyl;GMBIqnÞ³rbs;nieyaCkedIm,ICMrujeGayeKCYlRsIþkñúgCMnajfµIEdlRsþIminTMlab;eFVI³

mankarcM)ac;edIm,IEsVgyl;GMBIkarTTYlxusRtUvkñúgsgÁmrbs;nieyaCkburs nig®sþI EdlnieyaCk TaMgenHkMBugmanbMNgcg;eRCIserIssikçakambBa©b;karsikSamansmßPaBkñúgmuxCMnajEdl®sþIminFøab;eFVI ehIykñúgn½yenHnieyaCkEpñksaFarN³GacelIkykeFVICa]TahrN_KMrU)an.

5- karbegáInR)ak;cMNUl l½kçx½NÐkargar nigzan³rbs;RsþIkñúgkargar Edlkan;kab;edaynarI ³ ebIeFVIkareRbobeFobkarelIkTwkcitþRsþI[cUleronCMnajEdl®sþIminTMlab;eFVI eKsegáteXIjfaenA tammCÄmNÐlbNþúHbNþalviC¢aCIv³ karykcitþTukdak;dl;®sþITaMgenaHenAmankMritenAeLIy. edaysar Etsßab½nbNþúHbNþalviC¢aCIv³BMuEmnCasßab½nEtmYyKt;cUlrYmkñúgkarelIkMBs;kargarsMrab;RsþIeGaykan; EtRbesIr sßab½nepSg²eTotGacGnuvtþviFankarCak;EsþgmYycMnYn edIm,IelIkkMBs;zan³RsþIenAkñúgkargar rbs;RsþIdUcxageRkam ³ ¬i¦ esckþIRbkaseKalneya)ay nig karBRgIkkmµviFIsikSa ³ mCÄmNÐlKYrEtmaneKalneya)ay c,as;las; edIm,IelIkkMBs;sßanPaBd¾ya:b;yWnrbs;RsþIkñúgkargarRsþI. bEnßmelIenHeTot vaRtUv)aneK sMNUmBreGayBRgIkkmµviFIbNþúHbNþal . eRkABIvKÁbNþúHbNþalGkSrsaRsþdl;RsþIEdlminecHGkSr sikçakamRsþIkñúgvKÁbNþúHbNþalCMnajrbs;RsþI RtUvkarbeRgónBIviFIsa®sþksagTMnukcitþ EbbbTénkar

XXVII

crcar nigkarGnuvtþn_kargareGaymansuvtßiPaB edIm,I[BYkeKGacecHEfTaMsuxPaBmUldæan nigecHeRbIR)as;siT§ikñúgnameKCakmµkrnarI. ¬ii¦ kartamdanvKÁbNþúHbNþal ³ kartamdanvKÁbNþúHbNþalGacFana)anfa sikçakamTaMgGs; nwgmanlT§PaBelIkkMBs;CMnajepSg²EdlTak;TgeTAnwgmuxrbrrbs;eK . vKÁbNþúHbNþalenH minRKan;EtelIkkMBs;CMnajrbs;RsþIkñúgmuxrbrEtb:ueNÑaHeT EfmTaMgCYyeGayBYkeKecHCYyxøÜnÉg eTotpg . ¬iii¦ karbegáItRkum nig shKmn_ ³ mCÄmNÐlbNþúHbNþal PTC nig VTC GacelIkTwkcitþ b¤CMrujsikçakameGaybegáItsmaKmviC¢aCIv³ b¤begáItRkum]sSahkmµCak;lak;epSg² . smaKmenHGac CYykñúgkarEfrkSa nigelIkkMBs;viC¢aCIv³énsmaCikeK begáIteGaymankarCYyeRCamERCgKñaeTAvij eTAmk begáInlT§PaByl;dwg nigEbgEckGMNac kat;bnßykarplit nig¼b¤ kat;bnßyéføpSBVpSay rbs;RsþIEdlRbkbmuxrbredayxøÜnÉg nigkarCMrujsmaCikrbs;Rkum eGayecHCYyxøÜnÉg . 6- begáIn»kaskargarTTYlR)ak;kMér 70° énsikçakamCaBiess RsþI nigbursEdlenAlIvv½yekµgniymkargarykR)ak;kMér . bc©úb,nñenH kargarykR)ak;kMérCakargarman»kastictYcsMrab;RbeTskm<úCa ehIyvatMrUveGaymankarxMRbwgERbg ya:gxøaMgBIRksYg nigvis½yÉkCnCaeRcIn . ¬i¦ bNþajTMnak;TMng ³ eTaHbICamCÄmNÐl PTC nig VTC manTMnak;TMngeRcInCamYyRkumh‘unCMnYj epSg²k¾eday k¾dMeNIrkarBt’manBMu)anl¥dUckarKitTukeLIy . vaBitCamansar³sMxan;Nas;kñúgkar begáIteGaymankarTMnak;TMngl¥CamYyRkumh‘unCMnYj edIm,IeGayEpñk]sSahkmµGacyl;eXIjfa mCÄmNÐl PTC nig VTC BitCaTIkEnøgEdlGacpþl;eGayBYkeKenAbuKÁlikRbkbedaysmßPaBCMnaj nigviC¢aCIv³ . ¬ii¦ siT§TTYlBt’manGMBIkargar ³ Bt’mansþIGMBI»kaskargarTTYlR)ak;kMér esÞIrEtBMu)anRCYtRCab dl;RbCaBlrdæEdlrs;enAtamPUmiRsuk . bNþajTMnak;TMngrbs;GñkEdl)anbBa©b;karsikSa Ca BiessRsþI EdlenAtamPUmiRsukGacRtUv)aneKbegáIteLIgedIm,Ipþl;eGayBYkeKnUvBt’manTIpSar . ¬iii¦ esvaBieRKaHeyabl;BIkargarGaCIB ³ esvaBieRKaHeyabl;BIkargarRtUv)aneFVIeLIgfµI²enHtamkMrit mYyeRkApøÚvkar . karmanviFIsaRsþl¥eRcIncMeBaHesvaBitCamansar³sMxan; . ¬iv¦ eKalkarN_CYyRTRTg;shRKasxñattUcnigmFüm SME ³ kargarTTYlR)ak;kMérsMrab;GñkbBa©b; karsikSaRtUv)aneKbegáIteLIgtameKalkarN_CYyRTRTg;shRKasxñattUc nigmFüm. bc©úb,nñenH Rkumh‘unvinieyaKbreTs RtUv)aneKpþl;eGaynUvGaTiPaBx<s; ehIykarrkSaeKalkarN_RTRTg;shRKas

XXVIII

xñattUc nigmFümkñúgRsukBMuRtUv)aneKKitfasMxan;eLIy . dUecñHehIyedIm,IRTRTg; nigelIkkMBs; shRKasxñattUc nigmFüm SME eyIgKb,IbegáIteGaymaneKalneya)ayCatitamry³karBinitü eGay)anl¥itl¥n;. 7- karbegáIn»kaskargaredayxñÜnÉg ³ edIm,IbegáIn»kasrbs;GñkbBa©b;karsikSakñúgkarcab;epþImeFVICMnYj eK)anpþl;nUvGnusasn_dUcxageRkam ³ ¬i¦ vKÁbNþúHbNþalbMb:nbEnßm nig kartamdanvKÁbNþúHbNþal ³ GñkbBa©b;karsikSa CaeRcInyl;fa karmanvKÁsikSaEtmYyvaBMuGacRKb;RKan;eTehIyBYkeKBMusUvmankareCOCak; kñúgkarcab;epþImeFVICMnYjrbs; eKeLIy. kartamdanvKÁsikSaKWmansar³sMxan;kñúgkareFVIeGay GñkEdlbBa©b;karsikSamankareCOCak; kñúgkarcab;epþImeFVICMnYjedayxøÜneKpÞal; ehIyvKÁbMb:nbEnßmk¾mansar³sMxan;kñúgkarelIkkMBs;kareFVI CMnYjrbs;BYkeKkñúgeBlbc©úb,nñenHEdr . ¬ii¦ vKÁbNþúHbNþalelIkarbegáItshRKas ³ bc©úb,nñenH enAeBlbBa©b;vKÁsikSa RKUbgðat;beRgon nUvmUldæanRKwHénkarRKb;RKgBaNiC¢kmµ . vKÁbNþúHbNþalbnþelICMnajRKb;RKgTIpSar nigTMnak;TMng GacCYyeGayGñkbBa©b;karsikSaGaccab;epþIm nigrkSakareFVICMnYjeGayeTAmux)an . ¬iii¦ \NTan ³ karbegáIteGaymanRbPB\NTanGacbt;Ebn)an CaynþkarcaM)ac;mYyedIm,ITak;Taj karvinieyaKTunRKb;RbePT. ¬iv¦ karpþl;eyabl;tampøÚvc,ab; ³ shRKasxñattUcGacnwgTTYlkarrukKYnrMxanBIb:UlIs nig\T§iBl epSg² CaBiessenAkñúgtMbn;TIRbCMuCn b¤TIRkug . vaBitCamansar³RbeyaCn_ ebImCÄmNÐlbNþúHbNþal viC¢aCIv³Gacpþl;nUvvKÁbNþúHbNþalelIsiT§iRsbc,ab;mUldæan nigkarpþl;eyabl;dl;sikçakamedIm,IeGay sikçakamTaMgenaHGacedaHRsaybBaðaenaH)an. 8- karsRmbsRmYlCamYyRksYgepSg² manGgÁkarCaeRcInpþl;vKÁbNþúHbNþalviC¢aCIv³enAkm<úCa. vaBitCasMxan;Nas;Edlfa mCÄmNÐl bNþúHbNþalviC¢aCIv³ nigRksYgGb;rM yuvCn nigkILa sRmbsRmYlCamYyRksYgepSg² nigGgÁPaBBak;B½n§epSg²eToteGay)ansmrmüenAfñak;Cati nigfñak;extþ . ]TahrN_ ³ karbNþúHbNþalCMnajGaceFVIeGaymanRbsiT§iPaB edIm,IdMeNIrkarsMPar³ksikmµ rukçaRbmaj; nigensaT EdlRtUv)anelIkkMBs;edayRksYgksikmµ rukçaRbmaj; nigensaT. bc©úb,nñenHmCÄmNÐl PTC

kMBugEtGnuvtþvKÁbNþúHbNþalksikmµ EdlRtUv)anpþl;edayRksYgksikmµ rukçaRbmaj; nig ensaT

XXIX

pgEdr . karsRmbsRmYl GacCYybnßy)anya:geRcInkñúgkarbegáItkmµviFI nig sMPar³sikSa RBmTaMgCYykat;bnßykñúgvKÁbNþúHbNþalTak;TgnigPUmisaRsþ. 9- karRbmUlBt’manénTIpSarkargarEdl)anTTYlR)ak;QñÜl nigKµanR)ak;QñÜl mankarERbRbYlya:gxøaMgkñúgTinñn½yGMBIkargarkñúgRKYsarEdlBMu)anTTYlR)ak;QñÜlenAkm<úCa kñúgcenøaH qñaMEdl)ansikSa . karbgðajkñúgsßitifa kargarRsþIEdlmanlkçN³RbesIrGacCYyeFVIeGaymankar pøas;bþÚrTsSn³yl;faRsþICaGñkrkR)ak;cMNUlkñúgRKYsarbnÞab;bnSM b:uEnþedIm,IeGayyl;fa RsþICaGñkrk R)ak;cMNUl)aneRcIntamsiT§irbs;eK .

1

CMBUkTI1

esckþIepþIm

1>1> Bt’mansavta ³ sRgÁamsuIvil nigPaBTukçevTnaCag20qñaM)anbnSl;Tukdl;RbeTskm<úCanUvRkumgay)at;bg;»kaseRcIn Genk. RbCaCn85PaKryrs;enAtamtMbn;CnbTnigGñkCnbT 3/400/000 ¬bIlanbYnEsnnak;¦ ¬35>9 PaKryénRbCaCn¦rs;enAkñúgExSbnÞat;PaBRkIRk. manRbCaCnRbmaN15PaKry énRbCaraRsþ srubrs;enAtMbn;TIRkug ehIyRbCaCnRbmaN 360/000nak; ¬bIEsnR)aMmYymuWnnak;¦esµI24PaKry rs;enAeRkamExSbnÞat;PaBRkIRk. RbsinebImñak;²KitBIlkçN³vinicä½yénPaBRkIRkeXIjfa38PaKry énRbCaCnTUeTARtUv)aneKcat;faCaRkumCngay)at;bg;»kas. RbeTskm<úCa)ancab;GnuvtþeKalneya)ayTIpSaresrItaMgBIqñaM1989. cab;taMgBIeBlenaHmk edaysar GesßrPaBénneya)ay esdækic©k¾)annwgkMBugBRgIkedaysnSwm². »kaskargary:ageRcInrab;minGs; RtUv)anbegáIt b:uEnþTnÞwmeBlCamYyKñaenHkarKµankargareFVInigkareFVIkarmincMCMnajk¾)anekIneLIgEdr. karedaHRsayTMnas;enAéf¶TI3 ExkumÖ³qñaM1999 GnusBaØaCatisþIBIkarpSBVpSayeKalneya)ayrbs; raCrdæaPi)alEdlsgát;F¶n;CasMxan; elIkarGPivDÆn_esdækic©TIpSarnigsiT§iRbCaFibetyüedIm,IbegáItsgÁm d¾RbesIrmYysMrab;RbeTskm<úCa. EpñkÉkCn RtUv)aneKeXIjfaCakMlaMgclkrmYysMrab;karGPivDÆn_ RbeTs. karelIkkMBs; karGPivDÆn_vis½yÉkCn KwCaeKalneya)ayd¾cMbgmYyrbs;raCrdæaPi)alkñúg karkat;bnßyPaBRkIRkenAtamCnbT (RGC, 2000) .

RsþIenAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa)anedIrtYya:gsMxan;kñúgkareFVIeGayesdækic©RKYsarmannirnþrPaB nigrYmcMENk BRgwgesdækic©km<úCa Edlcab;epþImBI)atédTeTeRkayBIrbbkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü. fVIebIRsþIenAkñúgRbeTs km<úCamantYnaTIya:gsMxan;nigmankarTTYlxusRtUvFMeFgya:gNak¾eday CaTUeTARsþIenAEtTTYl )anzan³tictYcenAkñúgmuxrbr ebIeRbobnwgburs ehIymüa:geTotRsþIenAEtRtUv)aneKcat;TukCaBlrdæsßit kñúglMdab;fñak;bnÞab;bnSM. karmancMeNHdwgnigCMnajbnþicbnþÜcKYbpSMnwgkarTTYlxusRtUvkic©karpÞH sMEbg EtgEteFVIeGayRsþImankarBi)aknwgelIkkMBs;zan³rbs;eKenAkñúgTIpSarkargar. dUecñHehIy

2

karbegáInCMnajnigkarpþl;»kaseRcIndl;RsþItamry³karbNþúHbNþalviC¢aCIv³ KWCaktþacaM)ac;naMRsþIeGay eq<aHeTAmux. RbBn§½Gb;rMbNþúHbNþal bec©keTsnigviC©aCIv³ (DTVET) manlkçN³TMenIbdMbUgeKrbs;RbeTskm<úCa RtUv)anbegáIteLIgedayRksYgGb;rM yuvCnnigkILa (MoEYS) eRkamCMnYy]btßmÖrbs;GgÁkar BlkmµGnþrCati cenøaHqñaM1992nig1997. RbBn§½enHRtUv)anbnþdMeNIrkarrbs;xøÜneRkamkar]btßmÖKaMRT BIKMeragCMnajmUldæanrbs;FnaKarGPivDÆGasuI (ADB) edayrYmTaMgkarbegáIteGaymanmUlniFiCati bNþúHbNþal (NTF) pgEdr. mCÄmNÐlbNþúHbNþalviC¢aCIv³extþ (PTCs) EdlmanTItaMgenAesÞIr RKb;extþRkugénRksYgGb;rM yuvCnnigkILa vaKWCamUldæanrwgmaMmYyedIm,IKaMRT kmµviFIbNþúHbNþalCati. mUlniFiCatibNþúHbNþal (NTF) CaGgÁPaBpÁt;pÁg;eRKagkarN_\NTanxñattUc ehIyeRKagkarN_enH nwgpþl;\NTandl;RkumsikçakamEdlbBa©b;karsikSaedIm,Icab;epþImmuxCMnYjxñattUc k¾dUcCasac;jati rbs;eKenAtMbn;CnbTEdr. karpþl;lT§PaBeGayCnRkIRknigRsþIenAtamtMbn;CnbTcUleronCMnaj viC¢aCIv³RtUv)aneKedAbBa¢ak;enAkñúgkmµviFItaMgBIedImdMbUgmkemø:H. edaysarGRtaénkarekIt kan;EtekIneRcIneLIg²kñúgeBlbc©úb,nñnigTsvtSr_eRkayenH GRtaenHnaMeGay mankMenInsisS EdlnwgbBa©b;karsikSaBIviTüal½ykan;EtekIneLIgEdr ehIyBYkeKTaMgenaHGacman siT§inwgcUleronenAkmµviFIGb;rMbNþúHbNþal bec©keTsnigviC¢aCIv³ (TVET) . kñúgn½yenHehIykarekIn eLIgnUvcMnYnsisSbBa©b;karsikSa CalT§plsMxan; énkarEkTMrg;RbBn§½Gb;rM. EteTaHya:genHkþIesckþI RtUvkarTIpSarkargarenAmankMrit sMrab;sisSeroncb;EpñkGb;rMbNþúHbNþal bec©keTsnigviC¢aCIv³. dUcenH vaCakarcaM)ac;tRmUveGaymankarbegáInsmtßPaBrbs;sisSeroncb;edIm,IedIreGayTan;esckþIRtUvkarén TIpSar. RsþIminRtwmEtman»kastictYckñúgkarTTYlykmuxrbrmanR)ak;cMnUlx<s;enATIpSarb:ueNÑaHeT BYkeKEfmTaMg BuMsUvman»kasTUlMTUlayTTYlykkarbNþúHbNþalviC¢aCIv³ ehIyktþaTaMgenHGacCMruj eGayCMnajrbs;eKkan;EtRbesIrnigbegáIn»kasmuxrbrrbs;eK. bc©úb,nñkalvis½yGb;rMbNþúHbNþal bec©keTs nigviC¢aCIv³sMrab;RsþIkm<úCaeRcInEtpþl;eGaytamry³kmµviFIGb;rMeRkARbBn§½. vKÁbNþúHbNþal nanaEdlRsþI)ancUleronenAmankMrit ehIyvieyaKkmµeynD½r (gender) kñúgkareronCMnajEtgEtbg¥ak; RsþIkñúgkarTTYlyk)anmuxrbrepSg².

3

karRsavRCavenHedAeTAelIsMnYrfa³ etIkmµviFIGPivDÆn_CMnaj)anpþl;nUvviC¢aCIv³smRsbmYy nig smPaB karTTYlykkarbNþúHbNþal ehIynigmuxrbrsMrab;yuvv½y nigRsþIeBjv½y ehIynigbursEdrb¤eT? edIm,IRsaynUvcMeNaTenH karRsavRCavtMrUveGaykarviPaKRKbdNþb;elIcMnucsMxan;²dUcteTA³

• vismPaBkñúgkarTTYlyk)ankarbNþúHbNþalCMnaj niglT§plCak;EsþgTak;TinñkarGPivDÆn_ CMnajviC¢aCIv³kñúgcMeNamkmµkrEpñkeRkARbBn§½ RBmTaMgRbCaCnrs;enAkñúgPaBRkIRk nigRkumCn EdlsgÁmminsUvykcitþTukdak;.

• viPaKelIbBaða TMnas; nig]bsKÁTaMgLayEdleFVIeGayERbRbYldl;siT§iTTYlyk)an karbNþúHbNþalviC¢aCIv³ nigkarekItmaneLIgCafµInUvvismPaBkñúgGMLúgTsvtSr_fµI²enH.

• GtþsBaØaNkmµeKalneya)ay nigKMnitpþÜcepþImcMbg²kñúgeKalbMNgedIm,Ikat;bnßy b¤lb; bM)at;ecalnUvvismPaB.

• emeronsMeyaK 1>2> eKaledAénkarsikSaRsavRCav ³ karsikSaRsavRCavmaneKaledAedIm,I ³

• viPaKBIninñakarTIpSarkargar nigma:RkU-esdækic© (macro-econimic) RBmTaMgKMrUmuxrbrmYycMnYn sMrab;RsþInigburskñúgRbeTskm<úCa.

• vaytMélfaetIkmµviFIbNþúHbNþal)anbegáInsmPaBsMrab;burs nigRsþIRkIRkedIm,ITTYlyk )ankarbNþúHbNþalCMnajRbkbedayKuNPaBsMrab;muxrbr nigR)ak;cMNUlsmrmüEdrb¤eT.

• bgðajkarGnuvtþn_KMrU nigemeronsikSaedIm,ICakardkbTBiesaFn_ ehIynwgkarpþl;Gnusasn_ elIsmPaB»kasnigkarRbRBwtþeTAénesvakmµbNþúHbNþalviC¢aCIv³ k¾dUcCasmPaBkñúgkarTTYl )anlT§plBICMnajedIm,IykeTAeRbIR)as; nwgedIm,IBRgIkeKalneya)aybNþúHbNþalviC¢aCIv³ kmµviFI nigkarGnuvtþn_Edl)anbgðajBItMrUvkarrbs;burs nigRsþIRkIRk.

• BRgwgkarxMRbwgERbgrbs;CatikñúgkarelIkkMBs;kmµviFIbNþúHbNþalviC¢aCIv³sMrab;bursnigRsþI ehIynigkñúgkarpþl;Tinñn½y (inputs) sMrab;esvaTIRbwkSaBIeKalneya)ay nigkmµviFICMnYy bec©keTsdl;GgÁkarBlkmµGnþrCatikñúgvis½yeynD½r (gender) nigkarGPivDÆn_CMnaj.

1>3> viFIsaRsþ ³ karsikSaRsavRCavenH)aneFVIeLIgkñúgrvagExkBaØadl;ExFñÚqñaM2001. karsikSaRsavRCavTMagmUlrYmman BIrsmasPaKKW ³ karviPaKBt’manCalkçN³RTg;RTayFM (macro analysis) nig karcuHsikSaRsavRCav

4

dl;mUldæanCak;Esþg (action research). GgÁkarBlkmµGnþrCatiRbcaMenATIRkughSWENv nig TIRkug)agkk)anpþl;nUvesckþIBisþarBIl½kçxNÐ½énÉksareyag nigbBa¢IsMnYrRBagsMrab;karsikSaRsavRCav dl;mUldæanCak;Esþg ehIyÉksarTaMgenaHRtUv)anEksMrYltamry³karBieRKaHeyabl;rvagRkumGñk sikSaRsavRCavCamYyGgÁkarBlkmµGnþrCatiedIm,ItRmUveTAtamsßanPaBkñúgRbeTskm<úCa. 1>3>1> karviPaKRTg;RTayFM (Macro analysis) karviPaKRTg;RTayFMrYmmankarBinitüya:glMGiteLIgvijnUvTinñn½yEdlmanRsab;tamsßabn½Bak;Bn§½ mYycMnYn nig karsikSaBIGVIkMBugekItman. karsikSa)anRKbdNþb;elIRbFanbTdUcxageRkam ³

• ninñakarénTIpSarkargarnigKMrUmuxrbr nigR)ak;cMNUlsMrab;RsþI nigburs »kaseTAGnaKtsMrab; karGPivDÆn_CMnajclPaBviC¢aCIv³ nigPaBGacmankargareFVIrbs;eK.

• siT§iTTYlyk)ankarGb;rMbNþúHbNþalviC¢aCIv³. • bBaða TMnas; nig]bsKÁnanaEdlbegáIteGaymanvismPaB. • eKalneya)aybNþúHbNþalfµI karpøas;bþÚrénRKwHsßansikSaGb;rM nigKMnitpþÜcepþIm.

karviPaKCaRTg;RTayFMTTYlra:b;rgeFVIedayGñkRsI yUkU kUsaekb Kyoko Kusakabe CMnajkarmk BIviTüasßanbec©kviTüaGasIu (AIT) énTIRkug)agkk. 1>3>2> karRsavRCavdl;mUldæanCak;Esþg (Action reseach)

karsikSaRsavRCavpÞal;eFVIeLIgedaynaykdæanGb;rMbNþúHbNþal bec©keTsnigviC¢aCIv³ (DTVET) énRksYgGb;rM yuvCn nig kILa énRBHraCaNacRkkm<úCa. karRsavRCavenHepþatelIcMNucdUcteTA ³

• karviPaKnigeFVIsMeyaKelIyuT§saRsþsMxan;²nigviFankarN_TaMgLayEdl)ancab;eRbIR)as; nig GPivDÆkñúgqñaMfµI²knøgmkenHedIm,Its‘URbyuT§nwgvismPaB ehIynigelIkkMBs;smPaBén karGPivDÆn_CMnaj.

• karviPaKBIlT§plnigkarCH\T§iBlénkarbNþúHbNþal. • kardkRsg;eFVICaemeronnigkarGnuvtþn_KMrUsMrab;karelIkkMBs;smPaBbursnigRsþI nigRkumgay

)at;bg;»kas.

kareFVIEpnkar karcat;EcgerobcMkarRsavRCaveFVIeTA)anedaymankarRBmeRBogBInaykdæanGb;rM bNþúHbNþal bec©keTsnigviC¢aCIv³ (DTVET) nigGgÁkarBlkmµGnþrCati (ILO) RbcaMTIRkug)agkk.

5

karcuHRsavRCavenAmUldæanenHra:b;rgeFVIedayRkumsÞabsÞg;)a:n;RbmaNtMrUvkarbNþúHbNþal nigkargar (TENA) nigRkum»kasesµIPaBKñarvagbursnigRsþI (GEO) énnaykdæanGb;rMbNþúHbNþal bec©keTs nigviC¢aCIv³ eRkamkarBieRKaHeyabl;CamYyGñkRsI yUkU kUsaekb Kyoko Kusakabe énviTüasßan bec©kviTüaGasuI (AIT) énTIRkug)agkk. extþbYnkñúgcMeNamextþTaMgLayEdlmanmCÄmNÐl bNþúHbNþlviC¢aCIv³ manmCÄmNÐlbNþúHbNþalviC¢aCIv³RbcaMextþ)at;dMbg extþkMBg;cam extþkMBt nig extþesomrab (PTCs Battambang, Kampong Cham, Kampot and Siem Reap) ehIynig RKwHsßanbNþúHbNþalviC¢aCIv³BIreTotKW mCÄmNÐlbNþúHbNþalviC¢aCIv³sßitkñúgextþ)at;dMbg (VTC

Battambang) nigmCÄmNÐlbNþúHbNþalviC¢aCIv³RBHkusm³sßitkñúgTIRkugPñMeBj (VTC Preah

Kosomak1) RtUv)aneKeRCIserIsCatMNagsMrab;karcuHRsavRCavenAmUldæan. mUlehtunaMeGayRkumGñk RsavRCaveRCIserIsRKwHsßanbNþúHbNþalTaMgenHCatMNag KWedaysarvaCaRKwHsßanmanv½ycMNas;kñúg karpþl;CMnaj nigvatMNageGaytMbn;PUmisaRsþxus²KñakñúgRbeTs. 1>3>3> kareRCIserIsRkummuxsBaØaeqøIytbsMrab;karRsavRCav ³ kñúgmCÄmNÐlnImYy² RkummuxsBaØaeqøIytbEdlRtUv)aneRCIserIssMrab;sMPasn_man ³

¬k¦ KN³RKb;RKgenAtamRKwHsßansikSanImYy² ¬RKwHsßan1 yk1nak; srubTaMg6RKwHsßan 6nak;¦

¬x¦ RKUbgðat;enAtamRKwHsaßnsikSa srubTaMgGs; 39nak; ¬31nak;Caburs nig 8nak;CanarI¦ EdlRtUv)aneKsMPasn_enAtamRKwHsßansikSaTaMgR)aMmYy. GñkeqøIytbTaMgenaHKWsuT§Et RKUbgðat; EdlmanvtþmantammCÄmNÐlenAkñúgGMLúgeBlcuHRsavRCavtammUldæan. sUmemIltarag 1>1 cMeBaHcMnYnRKUbgðat;EdlRtUv)aneKsMPasn_kñúgmCÄmNÐlnImYy².

¬K¦ sisS¼sikçakamkMBugsikSaenAtamRKwHsßan ¬TaMgbursnigRsþI¦ ehIymanvtþmankñúgeBlRkum RsavRCavcuHeFVIkar RtUv)aneKeRCIserIsykmksMPasn_. tarag1>2 bgðajBIcMnYnGñk eqøIytbCasisS¼ sikçakamkMBugsikSaenAtammCÄmNÐlbNþúHbNþal.

¬X¦ sisS¼sikçakambBa©b;karsikSa ¬TaMgbursnigRsþI¦. RKwHsßansikSacMnYnR)aMedayminrab;bBa©Úl mCÄmNÐlbNþúHbNþalviC¢aCIv³RBHkusm³ RtUv)anRkumRsavRCavcuHRbmUlTinñn½yedaysar RKwHsßanTaMgenaHmanrkSaTuknUvbBa¢IeQµaH nigGas½ydæansñak;enArbs;sisS¼sikçakam.

1 mCÄmNÐlbNþúHbNþalviC¢aCIv³RBHkusm³ bc©úb,nñdUreQµaHCaviTüasßanBhubec©keTsRBHkusm³. edaysareBl eFVIkarRsavRCavRKwHsßanenHBuMTan;dUreQµaHdUecñHehIykñúgr)aykarN_RsavRCavenHsUmrkSaeRbIeQµaHcas;dEdl.

6

sisS¼sikçakambBa©b;karsikSaRtUv)aneKeRCIserIsecjBIbBa¢IeQµaHsisS¼sikçakamkñúgqñaM sikSa1996 1999 nig2001 edIm,IsaksYrBt’man. kareRCIserIsqñaMsikSaTaMgbIenH mkeFVIkarsikSaRsavRCavedayehtufa qñaM1996KWCaqñaMEdlGgÁkarBlkmµGnþrCaticab;epþIm CYy]btßmÖdl;mCÄmNÐlbNþúHbNþalviC¢aCIv³tamextþ cMENkqñaM1999KWCaqñaMEdlGgÁkar BlkmµGnþrCaticb;GaNtþirbs;xøÜn ehIyedayELkqñaM2001 KWcg;EsVgyl;BIsßankarN_fµI² nanaeRkayKMeragrbs;GgÁkarBlkmµGnþrCati)anbBa©b;. tamkareRKagTuk tRmUveGay eRCIserIssisS¼sikçakamRbusdb;nak;nigRsIdb;nak;enAtamRKwHsßannImYy². cMnYnénGñk eqøIytbRtUvkarCak;Esþg)anbgðajkñúgtarag1>3 edayELkmCÄmNÐlbNþúHbNþal RBHkusm³min)aneFVIkartamdanemIlsisSeroncb; ehIymüa:geTotbBa¢IeQµaHsisSmYycMnYn Edlsala)anrkSaTukenaH bBa¢ak;fasisSeroncb;TaMgenaH)anRtlb;eTARsukkMenItrbs;eK erog²xøÜn. dUecñHehIy RkumGñkRsavRCavminGaceFVIkarRsavRCavtamdanemIlsisSbBa©b; karsikSaenAmCÄmNÐlbNþúHbNþalRBHkusm³)aneT.

tarag 1>1 cMnYnRKUbgðat;EdlRtUvsMPasn_kñúgmCÄmNÐlbNþúHbNþalnImYy²

mCÄmNÐlbNþúHbNþal Rbus RsI srub VTC )at;dMbg 11 2 13 PTC )at;dMbg 4 1 5 PTC esomrab 6 2 8 PTC kMBg;cam 4 1 5 PTC kMBt 3 2 5 VTC RBHkusm³ 3 0 3 srub 31 8 39

7

tarag 1>2 cMnYnGñkeqøIytbCasisS¼sikçakamkMBugeron kñúgmCÄmNÐlbNþúHbNþalnImYy²

mCÄmNÐlbNþúHbNþal Rbus RsI srub VTC )at;dMbg 51 10 61 PTC )at;dMbg 19 12 31 PTC esomrab 9 10 19 PTC kMBg;cam 30 20 50 PTC kMBt 22 10 32 VTC RBHkusm³ 31 3 34 srub 162 65 227

tarag 1>3 cMnYnGñkeqøIytbCasisS¼sikçakambBa©b;karsikSa kñúgmCÄmNÐlbNþúHbNþalnImYy ²

mCÄmNÐlbNþúHbNþal Rbus RsI srub VTC )at;dMbg 11 9 20 PTC )at;dMbg 10 10 20 PTC esomrab 10 10 20 PTC kMBg;cam 11 10 21 PTC kMBt 10 10 20 srub 52 49 101

1>3>4> viFIsaRsþRbmUlTinñn½ysMrab;karRsavRCav ³ karerobcMbBa¢IsMnYr b¤esckþIENnaMsMrab;RkumGñkeqøIytbRtUv)antak;EtgcgRkgedaymRnþIGgÁkarBlkmµ GnþrCatiRbcaMTIRkug)agkk GñkRsI yUkU kUsaekb Kyoko Kusakabe énviTüasßanbec©kviTüaGasuI (AIT) énTIRkug)agkk nigRkumsÞabsÞg;)a:n;RbmaNtMrUvkarbNþúHbNþalnigkargar (TENA unit) nigRkum»kasesµIPaBKñarvagbursnigRsþI (GEO unit) énnaykdæanGb;rMbNþúHbNþalbec©keTs nigviC¢aCIv³. bBa¢IsMnYrsMrab;RbmUlTinñn½y manR)aMmYyRbePTxusKña ¬manP¢ab;kñúg]bsm<n§½ 1 énbBa¢I sMnYrnigesckþIENnaM ³ bBa¢IsMnYr 1³ Tinñn½yrdæ)alrbs;RKwHsßansikSasMrab;qñaMsikSa1996 1999 nig 2001 bBa¢IsMnYr 2³ karsMPasn_CamYyKN³RKb;RKgRKwHsßansikSa

8

bBa¢IsMnYr 3³ karsMPasn_CamYYyRKUbgðat; bBa¢IsMnYr 4³ Tinñn½ymUldæanBIsisS¼sikçakamkMBugsikSa nigkarENnaMkarBiPakSaRkumRbmUlpþúM bBa¢IsMnYr 5³ kartamdanemIlsisS¼sikçakambBa¢b;karsikSa ¬karsMPasn_CamYysisS¼sikçakam bBa©b;karsikSa¦ bBa¢IsMnYr 6³ karsegátemIlsMPar³rUbvnþ½kñúgRKwHsßansikSa bBa¢IsMnYr1 RtUv)anmRnþITTYlbnÞúkenAtamRKwHsßansikSaCaGñkbMeBjTinñn½y. bBa¢IsMnYr2 RtUv)an eRbIR)as;sMrab;sMPasn_pÞal;Tl;muxKñaCamYyKN³RKb;RKgtamRKwHsßansikSa. bBa¢IsMnYr3 Carebob ENnaMsMPasn_Tl;muxKñamñak;nigmñak; CamYyRKUbgðat;EdlkMBugbeRgonkñúgeBlcuHRbmUlTinñn½yenA mUldæan. bBa¢IsMnYr4 karRbmUlTinñn½yCaRbB½n§ kñúgcMeNamsisS¼sikçakamkMBugsikSa kñúgeBlcuH eTARsavRCavenAmUldæan. karRbmUlTinñn½ytamEbbBiPakSaCaRkumRbmUlpþúM KWRtUv)ancat;EcgRkumtam RbePTvKÁbNþúHbNþal nigtamePT. )ann½yfa RkumBiPakSamYyRkummansisS¼sikçakameronCMnaj dUcKñafñak;CamYyKñab:uEnþRkumbursnigRkumnarIcgRkgdac;edayELkBIKñasMrab;karBiPakSasaksYrBt’man.]bmafaebIvKÁNamYymansisS¼sikçakamnarIticeBkminRKb;cMnYnkñúgkarcgRkgCaRkum eKGacyk sisS¼sikçakamBIvKÁepSg²mkbBa©ÚleGayRKb;cMnYn. Tinñn½ymUldæanBak;B½n§sisS¼sikçakamkMBugeron RtUv)aneKsaksYrcMeBaHRkumEtmYyEdl)ancUlrYmkñúgeBlBiPakSaCaRkum. muneBlsaksYrBt’manCa Rkum GñkRsavRCav)anEckbBa¢IsMnYreTAeGayRkum ehIyeGayGñkeqøIytbbMeBjcMelIyEdlmanenA kñúgbBa¢IsMnYr. bBa¢IsMnYr5 RtUv)ansMPasn_pÞal;mñak;nigmñak;CamYysisS¼sikçakameroncb;. bBa¢IsMnYr6 RtUv)anbMeBjedayGñkRsavRCavtamry³karsegátemIlsMPar³rUbvnþ½ EdlmanenAtamRKwHsßansikSa. 1>3>5> karviPaKTinñn½y ³ Bt’manEdl)anmkBIbBa¢IsMnYr 3 4 nig 5 RtUv)aneKbBa©ÚlCaelxkUdenAkñúgkuMBüÚTr½tamkmµviFI eGsPIeGseGs (SPSSx) edIm,IviPaKBiBN’naxagsßitielxedaymRnþIénnaykdæanGb;rMbNþúHbNþal bec©keTsnigviC¢aCIv³CMnYykareday GñkRsI yUkU kUsaekb Kyoko Kusakabe . Bt’mandéTepSg eToteK)aneFVIsMeyaKtamEbbBiBN’nasMrab;viPaKlkçN³énKuNPaB. eRkayBIkarviPaKeFVIrYcehIy RkumGñkRsavRCavnigGñkniBn§xagviPaKRTg;RTayFM (macro analysis) )anBiPakSabþÚreyabl; edIm,ITaj ykGnusasn_rYmsMrab;karGnuvtþn_bnþeTAGnaKt.

9

1>4> karerobcMcgRkgr)aykaN_ ³ CMBUkTI 2 nwgpþl;Bt’manBITidæPaBrYménkarviPaKsßanPaBTIpSarkargarnigRbBn§½ma:RkUesdækic© (macro-

economic) tamTsSn³eynD½r (gender) . karviPaKenaHKWBinitülMGiteLIgvij nigvaytMélBIsßan PaBrs;enArbs;bursnigRsþICamYyPaBRkIRk nigsiT§iTTYlyk)ankargar karbNþúHbNþalviC¢aCIv³ nigFnFanepSg²rbs;eK. CMBUkTI3 BiPakSaelIkarbNþúHbNþalviC¢aCIv³EdlmankñúgRbeTskm<úCa nigsmiTi§plnanaEdlsMerc)anrhUtmkdl;sBVéf¶¶¶. CMBUkTI4 KWykTinñn½ybzmCaeKalEdlRkumGñk RsavRCavcuHRbmUlBt’manenAmUldæantamkarsMPasn_CamYysisS¼sikçakambBa©b;karsikSa sisS¼ sikçakamkMBugeron nigRKUbgðat;. CadMbUg karviPaKerobrab;BI»kas nig]bsKÁnanaEdlsisS¼ sikçakamRbQmmux eRkayeK)anbBa©b;karsikSarbs;eK. karviPaKk¾bgðajBIkarvaytMélrbs;RKU bgðat;cMeBaHkarRbRBwtþeTArbs;sisS¼sikçakam nigBIsßanPaBTIpSarkargarrbs;eK. CMBUkTI5 karsnñidæan rYmtamry³karrkeXIjnigkarpþl;Gnusasn_rYmedIm,IcUlrYmcMENkkñúgkarEklMGkmµviFIbNþúHbNþal viC¢aCIv³sMrab;burs nignarIkñúgRbeTskm<úCa.

10

CMBUkTI2 TIpSarkargar karpøas;;bþÚrénesdækic© nig

karGPivDÆn_CMnajkñúgRbeTskm<úCa³ ckçúvis½yéneynD½r (gender) eTAéf¶GnaKt

2>1> sNñanénPaBRkIRkrbs;bursnigRsþIkñúgRbeTskm<úCa ³ 2>1>1> lkçN³TUeTAénRbCasaRsþ cMnYnRbCaraRsþExµrsrubkñúgRbeTskm<úCatamkarsÞg;emIlGacQandl; 13>1 lannak;enABak;kNþal qñaM2000 EdlbgðajeGayeXIjfaRsþImancMnYnelIsBI51° éncMnYnRbCaraRsþsrubTaMgGs;. GtulüPaBénePT EdleKeXIjmantaMgBITsvtSr_qñaM1980 )anRtUvEklMGCabeNþIr²BImYyqñaMeTA mYyqñaM. kMeNInRbCaraRsþkMBugekIneLIgRbEhl2>5° kñúgmYyqñaM ehIydl;qñaM2010 GRtaénkMenIn mansnÞúH2>4° ebItamkar)a:n;TukmuneBlenaH kMenInRbCaCnRbEhlGacekIndl;15>5 lan ¬RksYgEpnkar qñaM2000b¦. kñúgqñaM1998 RbCaCnRbmaN16° éncMnYnRbCaCnsrubrs;enAtam tMbn;;Rkug. kMeNInRbCaCnkñúgTIRkugPñMeBj ekInBI812Ban;nak;eTA1lannak; kñúgGMLúgqñaM1994 nigqñaM1998 enHbgðajfakMenInRbCaCnkñúgmYyqñaMekIneLIg5>8°. cMnYnenH mankarekIneLIgx<s; ebIeRbobeFobnwgkMenInRbCaraRsþsrubTUTaMgRbeTs. CncMNakRsuk hUrcUlkñúgRkugkMBugEtekIneLIg ¬tarag 2>1¦ edaymanmnusSkan;EteRcIneLIgkMBugEsVgrkkargarEdlmanl½kçx½NÐkargarkan;EtRbesIr (Godfrey et al. ,2001) .

tarag 2>1 PaKryénCncMNakRsukedIm,IrkkargareFVIkñúgRsukEdltaMgTIlMenAticCagmYyqñaM

CMnan; ¼qñaM 1993-94 1996 1998 TUTaMgRbeTskm<úCa 1>1° 6>7° 10>7° enAtamtMbn;RkugepSg² 1>3° 7>6° 12>6° enAtamtMbn;CnbT 1>2° 5>9° 9>9°

∗ sßitiCnbMlas;TIenAraCFanIPñMeBjmin)anbBa©ÚlkñúgtarageT edaysarBuMGacrkBt’mansMrab;qñaM1996 nig 1998)an.

RbPB³ RksYgEpnkar qñaM2000b ³ 17

11

CncMNakRsukdIm,IrkkargareFVItamrdUvkalBICnbTcUlkúñugraCFanIPñMeBj mankarekIneLIgKYr[kt; sMKal;. tamkarRsavRCav Sophal et al )anrkeXIjfaenAkñúgRkugmanGñkrksuIFak;suIkøÚcMnYn89° GñklIEsg80° nig RsþIlk;dUrbEnø27° EdlGñkTaMgenaHmanTIlMenAtamtMbn;CnbT. RsþImYycMnYn FM)anmkPñMeBjEtÉkÉg eKdac;citþcakecalRkumRKYsarrbs;eKenAÉRsukeTAvij. RsþITaMgenaH manxøHeFVICakmµkreragcRkkat;edrsMelokbMBak; nigxøHeTotCaGñklk;dUr\va:n;kMbuikkMbu:k. krNIsikSa TIpSarkñúgRkugPñMeBjbBa¢ak;fa RsþIlk;dUr\va:n;kMbuikkMb:ukTaMgenaHCaGñkeTIbmkdl;PñMeBjfµI² ehIyBYk eK)ancakecalBIRkumRKYsarEdlenACnbT Kusakabe 1999 . tamÉksar Godfrey et al. ¬2001³22¦ )anKUsbBa¢ak;fasmamaRténcMNakRsukBIextþmYyeTAextþmYyeTotmankarekInBI 37° kñúgqñaM1996 dl; 44° kñúgqñaM1998. kñúgcMeNamenH RsþIrYmKñaTaMgGs;man50>3° ¬RksYgEpnkar 2000C)tamÉksarCMerOnRbCasaRsþTUeTAqñaM1998 ¬RksYgEpnkar 1999 C¦ CncMNakRsuk37° niyayfaeK)anpøas;bþÚrlMenA BIeRBaHeKeTAtamRkumRKYsarrbs;eK. enHCaehtuplEdlRsþIPaKeRcIn ¬47>>5°¦)anelIkenAeBlbursmanEt¬26>3°¦. cMENkÉcMNakRsuk14>5°epSgeTotniyayfa BYkeKpøas;lMenAedIm,IEsVgrkkargareFVI. burscMnYn ¬17>8°¦eRcInCagRsþI¬11>5°¦)anpþl;ehtupl enH. munmanvibtþiesdækic©GasuIkñúgqñaM1997 mankar)a:n;TukfaRbCaCnkm<úCaRbmaN82/000nak;)aneTA eFVIkarenARbeTséf EdlkñúgenaHPaKeRcInCakmµkrxusc,ab; ehIyBYkeKeRcInmkBIextþenACab;tam RBMEdn. eRkayqñaM1997 cMnYnGñkeTAeFVIkarRbeTséfmankarfycuHedaysarsßanPaBesdækic©én RbeTsenaHminGMeNaypl. BuMmanÉksarpøÚvkarNamYy kt;RtanUvTinñn½yBIcMnYnCncMNakRsuk ePTRbus nigRsICak;lak;eT b:uEnþtamkarsMPasn_pÞal;enAextþesomrabbgðajfa bursnigRsþIRkIRkTaMgBIr ePT eTARbeTséfedIm,IrkkargareFVItamrdUvkal. CYnkalRsþITaMgenaHeTARbeTséfEtmñak;Ég edIm,IeFVI CakmµkrsMNg; nigeFVIkargar1epSgdéTeTot. GRta2yuvCnenAkñúgbnÞúkGaNaBüa)alkñúgRbeTskm<úCa BitCaeLIgx<s;KWmancMnYn 70>1° srubTUTaMg RbeTskñúgqñaM1999. RbCaBlrdæCit40° ¬39>7¦manGayueRkam15qñaM ehIyekµgRbusRsI 1 GñkPUmierobrab;famanEtGñkRkIRkxøaMgEmnETnEdleTAeFVIkarenARbeTséf. ehIyeK)anerobrab;bnþeTotfa ebIsinNaeK eTAeFVIkarEtmñak;ÉgenARbeTséf eKCaerOy²nwgCYbbBaðaenAkñúgRkumRKYsarBIeRBaHfabþIrbs;eKcab;epþImsgSy½BIRbBn§. pÞúyeTA vijebIburseTAeFVIkarmñak;ÉgBYkeKBuMsUvmanbBaðaecaTb:unµaneT. enHCakarqøúHbgðajBIKMnityl;dwgrYmmYyEdleFVIeGayRsþImin GaceTANaq¶ayBIpÞH)an ¬ Kusakabe,2001b¦. 2 GRtayuvCnkñúgbnÞúkGaNaBüa)alKWCacMnYnRbCaBlrdæEdlmanGayueRkam15qñaM nigRbCaBlrdæGayucab;BI15-64qñaM

12

TaMgenHPaKeRcInnwgcUlRbLÚkkñúgTIpSarkargar EdlGñkxøHmanGayueTIbEt)an10qñaM dUecñHehIy karbegáIn»kasmuxrbr¼kargarKWCatMrUvkarbnÞan;nigcaM)ac; ¬RksYgEpnkar qñaM1999 b¦. eyagtamkareFVIGegátesdækic©-sgÁmRbeTskm<úCa CSES qñaM1999 RbCaCnRbmaN169/000 b¤ 1>51° éncMnYnRbCaCnsrub KWCaCnBikar. kñúgcMeNamCnBikarTaMgenaH manCnBikarcMnYnsamsib bIBan;nak; ¬33/000nak;¦kMBugrs;enAtamtMbn;Rkug nig136/000nak; eTotrs;enAtamtMbn;CnbT. CnBikarbursmancMnYneRcInCagCnBikarnarI. cMnYnelIslb;enHKWfa ¬kñúgRbCaCn100/000¦ manCn Bikarburs1/840nak; nigCnBikarnarI1/204nak;. ebIniyayBIRbePTBikarPaB GñkBikarGvyv³ édeCIg b¤ GñkEdlminGaceRbIR)as;Gvyv³EtmYy)anmancMnYneRcInelIslb;CageK ¬kñúgRbePTBikar nimYy²man214nak; nig 274nak; ¦ bnÞab;mkKW CnBikarEPñk nigBikarraMér ¬174nak; nig165nak;¦. CnBikarEPñkCaRsþImancMnYneRcInelIslb;Cagburs ¬RsþI185nak; nigburs162nak;¦. BuMmansßitielx EdlbgðajfaetICnBikarTaMgenaHRbkbrbrGVIedIm,IciBa©wmCIvit. 2>1>2> karrIklUtlas;énesdækic©nigPaBRkIRkkñúgRbeTskm<úCa ³ cab;taMgBIedImTsvtSr_qñaM1990 eRkaymankarpøas;bþÚreKalneya)ayesdækic©TIpSar esdækic©RbeTs km<úCa EdlCabTBiesaFn_)anekIneLIgx<s;kñúgkMrit7°énGRtakMenInRbcaMqñaM cenøaHqñaM1994-95 ¬tarag2>2¦. vibtþiesdækic©GasuIkñúgqñaM1997 KYbpSMnwgvibtþiCemøaHneya)aykñúgRbeTs rvagbkS neya)ayBIrenAraCFanIPñMeBjkñúgExkkádaqñaM1997 )aneFVIeGayvis½ynaMecj vinieyaKTunbreTs nig ]sSahkmµeTscrN_Føak;cuHeRkamya:gxøaMg. fvikacMNUlKy nigCMnYybreTsFøak;cuH ehIycMENk rUbbIyb½NÑR)ak;erolkm<úCa)ancuHéføsMebImEdr. vibtþienH)anbNþaleGayGRtakMenInénplitplkñúg Rsuksrub GDP sMrab;mnusSmñak;KitCaluyduløashrdæGaemrik Føak;cuHdl; 11>8° enAqñaM1997 nig - 22>2°kñúgqñaM1998 ¬tamtémøefrqñaM 1993¦. kñúgqñaM1999 kMenInénplitplkñúgRsuksrub GDP sMrab;mnusSmñak;kñúgmYyqñaMman 256>3 duløaGaemrik KitCacrnþtémøknøgmkfµI²enH Godfrey et

al.,2000 .

13

tarag 2>2 kMenInplitplkñúgRsuksrub GDP Cak;Esþg ¬KitCaPaKry¦

qñaM KitCamFüm 1991-95 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 GRtakMenIn ¬°¦ 6>1 7>6 7>0 3>7 1>8 5>0 5>0

RbPB³ EIU (2001) and EIU (1996)

tamÉksarGodfrey et al., 2001. bgðajfa fVIebImuxrbr¼kargarTaMgmUlTTYlrg\T§iBlminl¥tictYc BIvibtþik¾eday R)ak;kMérnigcMNUlCak;EsþgCasnÞsSn_rMejacmYyénesckþIlM)akevTnarbs;RbCaBlrdæ RkIRkCageK eRkayBIvibtþiqñaM1997 R)ak;kMérCak;EsþgCamFümFøak;cuHPøammYyrMeBc. RsþIeBlenaH TMngCaTTYlkarb:HTgÁicxøaMgCagburs b:uEnþeRkaycugqñaM1998R)ak;cMNUlrbs;RsþIrk)anmkvijesÞIrEt TaMgGs; enAxN³EdlR)ak;cMNUlrbs;burs CaBiesskñúgcMeNamGñkRbkbmuxrbrxøÜnÉgEdl)anFøak; cuHenAry³eBlénvibtþicugeRkaybg¥s;eyagtamÉksar Godfrey et al., 2001:39. tamkareFVIGegát rbs;viTüasßanRsavRCavedIm,IGPivDÆn_km<úCa CDRI bgðajfaRsþIrksuIlk;;dUr\va;n;kMbiukkMb:ukTTYlrgkar Føak;cuHénR)ak;cMNUlya:gqab;rh½s b:uEnþR)ak;cMNUlrbs;eKEdl)an)at;k¾)ansþareLIgvijya:gqab; Edr ]TahrN_Cak;Esþg manGñkFak;suIkøÚ nigGñklIEsg. cMeBaHGñkFak;suIkøÚ nigGñklIEsg EdlCa muxrbrbursCaTUeTA BYkKat;rkR)ak;cMNUl)aneRcInelIslubCagGaCIvkrRsþI;. pÞúyeTAvijenAcug qñaM1998 nig1999 edaysarR)ak;cMNUlrbs;GñkFak;suIkøÚnigGñklIEsgkan;EtcuHeTA² eBlcugbBa©b; énvibtþieFVIeGayGaCIvkrnarIIrkR)ak;cMNUl)aneRcInCagGñkTaMgenaH)an. enABak;kNþalqñaM2000 KmøatR)ak;cMNUlrvagGaCIvkrnarI nigGñkFak;suIkøÚnigGñklIEsg)anFøak;cuHCafµImþgeTot ebIeRbobeFob eTAnwgkMritR)ak;cMNUlmunmanvibtþieyagtamÉksar Godfrey et al.,2001

3. Tak;TinñnwgtémøcMeBaHvis½yksikmµ ClplensaT nigrukçaRbm:aj;rk)anR)ak;cMNUleRcInCageKbMput KWesµI 4/539/423erol kñúgqñaM1999. bnÞab;mkmanvis½yesvakmµ)an 4/278/948erol nig vis½y]sSahkmµ)an 2/156/015erol ¬KittamcrnþtMél¦ . fVIebIvis½y]sSahkmµ bc©úb,nñ)ancMNUlticCageKbMputkñúgcMeNamvis½yTaMgbIya:gNak¾eday vaenAEtbgðajBIGRtakMenIn

3 tamÉksar Godfrey et al ¬2001¦ BuM)anbkRsayBIehtuplénPaBxusKñarvagQµÜjnarI nig GñkFak;suIkøÚnigGñklIEsgeT. vaRbEhlmkBItMrUvkarsMrab;GñklIEsgGaRs½yelITMnijnaMcUl nig tMrUvkarsMrab;GñkFak;suIkøÚGaRs½yelIcMnYnGñkeTscrN_.

14

x<s;cab;taMgBIqñaM1993 ¬RkahVik 2>1¦. kMenInén]sSahkmµvaynPNÐ½sMelokbMBak; nigEs,keCIg CaBiesstm,aj CaKnøwHmaMmYyedIm,IbegáInvis½y]sSahkmµ. kargarRbBl]sSahkmµenH)anRsUbTaj kmµkrnarIya:geRcInsn§wksn§ab;eGaymankargareFVI edayehtuenaHehIyBYkeKGacelIkkMBs;sßanPaB kargarenATIpSar)ankñúgkMritNamYyminxan ¬emIlEpñk 2>2>2¬x¦.

kñúgqñaM1999 vis½yksikmµ Clpl¼ensaT nig rukçaRbm:aj; )anekIndl; 39>6° énplitplkñúgRsuk srub GDP KittamcrnþtMéleXIjfa EpñkesvakmµmancMnYn 37>3° nig vis½y]sSahkmµman 18>8° kñúgqñaM1999 ¬RksYgEpnkar qñaM2000b¦4 . karcUlrYmviPaKTanénvis½yksikmµ sMrab;plitplkñúgRsuksrub GDP mankar»nfybnþicbnþÜc. kñúgqñaM1993 vis½yksikmµ Clpl¼ensaT nigrukçaRbm:aj; mancMnYn42° énplitplkñúgRsuk GDP. enAeBlCamYyKña EpñkesvakmµeKeXIjfamantYrelxRbhak;RbEhlKñaEdr. kñúgqñaM1993 kMenInesdækic©eLIgdl;cMnYn 42>6° xusRsLHBIqñaM1999EdlFøak;cuHmkenARtwm37>3° enAqñaM1999. elIkElgEtEpñk sNæaKarnigePaCnIyn_dæanmankarekIneLIgBI 3>2°kñúgqñaM1993 eTA 4>6° enAqñaM1999. pÞúyeTAvij Epñk]sSahkmµ k¾)annigkMBuglUtlas;Edr KWekInBI 12>4°kñúgqñaM1993 eTA 18>8° kñúgqñaM1999.

4 GDP d_éTeTot)anmkBIkarykBn§elIplitpl. dUctYrelxqñaM1993Edr

Chart 2.8: Employed men (aged 10 years and above) by employment status (based on primary occupation)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

1993/94 1996 1997 1999year

perc

enta

ge

employer own account worker emloyee unpaid family worker

15

enAeBlEdlksikmµ éRBeQI nigensaTpþl;eGay)anEt39>6°énplitplkñúgRsuksrub vis½y enH)anRsUbykbuKÁlikbMerIkargarcMnYncMnYn76>5° rIÉ]sSahkmµvijmanbuKÁlikbMerIkarRtwmEtcMnYn 6>4°b:ueNÑaH ¬RksYgEpnkar/ 2000b¦. RbkarenHcg¥úlbgðajeGayeXIj nUvR)ak;cMNUld¾Tab sRmab;mnusSmñak;²kñúgcMeNammnusSRbkbmuxrbrksikmµ. tamÉksarbs;elak Prescott nig Pradhan ¬1997³26¦ )anrkeXIjfaCnRkIRkeRcInCag3PaK4RtUveKrkeXIjkñúgcMeNamRKYsar TaMgLayEdlemRKYsarRbkbmuxrbrksikmµ.

fVIebImankarlUtlas;FMFat;Epñkxagesdækic©k¾eday k¾CnRkIRkTaMgLayenAEtCaCnRkIRkdEdl. karsÞabsÞg;mtiGMBIesdækic©kñúgqñaM1996 )anbBa¢ak;eGayeXIjfaRbCaBlrdæ36°)anrs;enAeRkam bnÞat;PaBRkIRk ¬RksYgEpnkar/ 1998¦. ebITukCasßanPaBRkIRk)aneFVIeGayRbesIreLIgxøH² ¬39°¦ cab;taMgBIqñaM1993mkkþI tamkarRbemIlemIlkarlUtlas;FMFat;qab;rh½sénesdækic©enAkñugry³eBlbI qñaMenHenAEtman\T§iBltictYcelIkarlubbM)at;ecalnUvPaBRkIRk.

eyagtamkarsÞabsÞg;mtiGMBIesdækic©sgÁmkm<úCaqñaM1999 R)ak;cMNUlRbcaMExmFümsRmab;mnusS mñak;mancMnYn79/355erol ¬RbmaNRbEhl 20>8duløaGaemrik¦. R)ak;cMNUlmanPaBxusKñaq¶ay mann½yfa 20° énRKYsarEdlmanR)ak;cMNUlTab eKrkcMNUl)an 29/805erol ¬7>8duløaGaemrik¦ sRmab;mnusSmñak;² ebIeFobnwg20°énRKYsarEdlmanR)ak;cMNUlx<s; eKrk)anRbcaMExmFümcMnYn 181/347erol ¬47>5duløaGaemrik¦sRmab;mnusSmñak;². r)aykarN_GPivDÆn_RbCaCnkm<úCa qñaM1998¬RksYgEpnkar/1998a¦ tamry³karKNnaBinÞú5CataragerogtamGkSrénkarGPivDÆn_ RbCaCn )anbgðajfaGñkmanCageKbMput 20° nigGñkRkCageKbMput 20° ebIeFVIkareRbobeFob tamBinÞútaragerogtamGkSrénkarGPivDÆn_mnusSeXIjfa Gñkman nigGñkRkTaMgenaHmanPaBxusKña 2.5dg . BinÞútaragerogtamGkSrénkarGPivDÆn_mnusSsMrab;RbCaCnkm<úCaenAtMbn;TIRkugCit50° RbesIrCagRbCaCnkm<úCaenAtamCnbT. 5 enAkñúgtaragerogtamGkSrénkarGPivDÆn_mnusS (HDI) karGPivDÆn_RtUv)aneKkMnt;n½yCadMeNIrkareFVIeGayCMerIs rbs;mnusSkan;EtrIkFMeLIg. cMnucTietonsMxan;CageKKW edIm,InaMeGaymanGayuEvg nigCIviteBareBjedaysuxPaBl¥ RtUv)an eKGb;rM nigsb,ayrIkraycMeBaHsþg;dars;enAsmrmü ¬yUGiunDIPI¦ / 1991¦. PaBmanGayuEvgRtUv)antMNagGayu kalmFüm BIkMenIt. cMeNHdwgRtUv)anbgðajeGayeXIjtamry³GRtamnusSeBjv½yecHGkSr nig kMritTImYy kMritTIBIr nigkMritTIbI Rc)ac;bBa©ÚlKñaénGRtaGñkcuHeQµaHcUleronsrubTaMgGs;. sþg;dars;enAsmrmüRtUvtMNagedayfvikacMNay elIkareRbIR)as; Cak;EsþgsRmab;mnusSmñak;².

16

r)aykarN_énkarGPivDÆn_RbCaCnkm<úCa)anrkeXIjpgEdrfa PaBepSgKñaéneynD½rkñúgkarGPivDÆn_ mnusS minEmnRbQmmuxtTl;EtcMeBaHRKb;RkumGñkesdækic©b:ueNÑaHeT b:uEnþCak;EsþgRtUvts‘UTb;Tl;kñúg cMeNamRbCaBlrdæCaGñkmanFM² 20° epSgeTot eRkABIRkumGñkRkIRkCageK. kñúgcMeNamGñkmanCag eK 20° énRbCaBlrdæTUeTA PaBepSgKñarvagburs nigRsþIenAq¶ayBIKñaCagkñúgcMeNamRkumGñkRkIRk taragerogtamGkSrénPaBRkIRkrbs;mnusS (HPI) 6 sMrab;RsþIKW 29° x<s;Cagburs. kñúgcMeNam RbCaBlrdæCaGñkmanbnÞab;20° PaBxusKñaGacmanKmøatFMCagenHKW 37°. r)aykarN¾én karGPivDÄn_RbCaCnkm<úCa)ansnµtfa PaBminesµIKñaxageynD½rénRbCaCnRkIRkenAkm<úCaminGaRs½y elIkarrIkcMerInesdækic© nigkarekIneLIgnUvsþg;daénkareRbIR)as;eLIy . cMeBaHkarcMNaykñúgRKYsar kareRbIR)as;RbcaMExCamFümrbs;smaCikkñúgRKYsarKW61>6° RtUv)an cMNayelI mðÚbGahar eRKOgePsC¢³ nigfñaMCk; ¬RksYgEpnkar qñaM 2000a¦ . karsÞabsÞg;mtiesdækic© -sgÁmkm<úCaqñaM 1999 énkareRbIR)as;b¤briePaKRbcaMExCamFümrbs;smaCikenAkñúgRKYsar cMeBaHkar cMNayelIfñaMeBTümanRtwmEt 5>9° nigkarcMNayelIkarsikSamancMnYn 2>1°. EteTaHCaya:gNa karsÞabsÞg;rbs; Gordon qñaM 2000 )anbgðajfa kñúgcMeNamRbCaCnRkIRkenAkñúgTIRkug karcMNayelIfñaMeBTümanrhUtdl;14° énkarcMNayRbcaMEx . karcMNayCak;EsþgelIkarGb;rM GacmankMritx<s;cMeBaHRKYsarEdlmankUneRcIn BIeRBaHTinñn½yénkarsÞabsÞg;mti esdækic©-sgÁmkm<úCa KitCamFümsMrab;smaCikRKYsarTUeTA minfamankUneRcInb¤ticeLIy . karcMNayelIkarGb;rM GacmankarlM)akcMeBaHemRKYsarRsþIenAtamtMbn;TIRkug EdlmankUneRcInenAkñúgbnÞúk. GaCIvkrRsþIenA TIRkugCaeRcIn)anbBa¢ak;fa eKalbMNgsMxan;rbs;eKkñúgCivit KWeGaykUnrbs;eK)aneronsURt . RsþICa eRcIn)ancMNayR)ak;cMNUlpÞal;xøÜnedIm,IeGaykUnrbs;BYkeK)ansikSa. enHbgðajGMBIsar³sMxan;kñúgkar

6 tamTsSn³énkarGPivDÆn_mnusS PaBRkIRkmann½yfakarminRBmeGayCMerIs nig »kassMrab;eGayCIvitl¥KYrsm)an ¬UNDP, 1997¦. PaBxVHxaténCIvPaBrbs;mnusSdwknaMPaBRkIRkbeBa©jeGayeKeXIjedayxøÜnÉgpÞal;. eyagtam TsSn³enH taragerogtamGkSrénPaBRkIRkrbs;munsS (HPI) eRbIR)as;GaMgDIkaTr½ énTMhMCaeKalcaM)ac;bMputsMrab;niymn½y énPaBxVHxat³ GayuxøI kgVHxatkarGb;rMmUldæan nig xVHkarTTYlyk)anTaMgFnFanÉkCnnigsaFarN³. karKNnatarag erogtamGkSrénPaBRkIRkrbs;mnusSRtUv)aneKbegáIteLIgEp¥ktamtYrelxdUcteTA³ cMnYnPaKryénekµgRkin GaceRbI)aneRkam Gayu5qñaM cMnYnPaKryénRbCaBlrdæEdlminGacrs;dl;40qñaM cMnYnPaKryénRbCaBlrdæeBjv½yecHGkSr cMnYnPaKryén RbCaBlrdæminGacTTYlykTwkhUbsuvtßiPaB cMnYnPaKryénRbCaBlrdæminGacTTYlykesvasuxaPi)al cMnYnPaKryénekµg eRkamGayu 5qñaM EdlmanTMgn;lµm b¤ eRkamTMgn;EdlGaceRbI)an.

17

begáItkargar nigbegáInR)ak;cMNUlsMrab;RsþI edIm,IeGayBYkeKGacpÁt;pÁg;kUnecArbs;eKCMnan;eRkay eTot )ansikSa . 2>1>3> emRKYsarCaRsþI BMumanTinñn½yeRbobeFobkMritR)ak;cMNUlrvagburs nigRsþIeLIy BIeRBaHTinñn½yelIkarcMNay nigR)ak; cMNUlRtUv)anRbmUlBIsmaCikkñúgRKYsar. snÞsSn_mYyEdleKeRbIedIm,IbBa¢ak;BIKMlatEdlGacekItman elIkarlM)akxageynD½rKWkareRbobeFobemRKYsarCanarI nigemRKYsarCaburs . edayeyageTAelIsßiti rbs; CSES qñaM 1999 GRtasrubcMnYn 19>6° énsmaCikkñúgRKYsarKWdwknaMedayRsþI . Prescott nig Pradhan ¬qñaM1997¦)aneRbITinñn½yBI CSES qñaM 1993-94 edIm,IeRbobeFobkMriténPaB RkIRkénemRKYsarRsþI nigemRKYsarburs . eyagtamkarKNnarbs;BYkeK bgðajfa cMnYn40° én smaCikkñúgRKYsarEdldwknaMedayburs KWmanPaBRkIRk EdlpÞúyBIemRKYsarCaRsþImancMnYnEt35° . r)aykarN_GPivDÄn_énRbCaCnkm<úCa CHDR ¬rbs;RksYgEpnkar qñaM 1998a¦ )anBnül;BIPaBxus KñaenH edayelIkeLIgnUvPaBxusKñaénGayuCamFüm rvagemRKYsarCaRsþI nigemRKYsarCaburs . GRtaénPaBRkIRkenAkm<úCa)anFøak;cuH cMeBaHemRKYsarEdlmanGayuelIsBI35-39 qñaMeLIgeTA ehIy GayuCamFüménemRKYsaCaRsþIcab;BIGayu50>1qñaM nigburs 42>3 qñaM . r)aykarN_GPivDÄn_énRbCaCnkm<úCa CHDR ¬RksYgEpnkar qñaM 1998a¦ k¾)anbgðajpgEdrfa smaCikEdlrs;enACamYyemRKYsarCaRsþI minsUv)anTTYlRbeyaCn_dUcsmaCikEdlrs;enACamYyemRKYsar Caburs enAtamTIRkug TIRbCMuCnenAkñúgRbeTseLIy . r)aykarN_enHbgðajfaRsþIemRKYsarenAtamtMbn; TIRkugRbeTskm<úCaeRcIngayFøak;xøÜnRkedaysareKrs;enACa®KYsarRbmUlpþúM EdlmankMlaMgburseRcInrk R)ak;cMNUl ehIyeKsMKal;eXIjfakarrs;enAEbbenHvaCaTMlab;FmµtasMrab;Gñkrs;enAtamtMbn;CnbT. emRKYsarCaRsþIenATIRkugEdlmanGayu56qñaMeLIgeTA KWCaGñkEdllM)akCageK CaBiessenaHebIeKCa RsþIEdlrkR)ak;cMNUlEtmñak;ÉgkñúgRKYsar . dUecñHehIykareRbobeFobya:gsamBaØrvagemRKYsar Caburs nigCanarI Gacnwgmankaryl;RcLMedaysarEtmankarERbRbYl mYyepSgeTotEdlKYeGay sMKal;KWcMnYnGñkrkR)ak;cMNUlkñúgRKYsar .

18

elIsBIenHeTAeTot emRKYsarCaRsþI CaBiessRsþIEdlEbk)ak;RKYsar b¤CaRbBn§cugeKBMusUv)anTTYlkar KaMRTBIsgÁmeLIy BIeRBaHEtBYkeKTTYlrgeRKaHBIerOgGaRsUvkñúgkareFVIxøÜneGayxusBITsSn³TUeTAEdl eKyl;eXIjBI®sþI ¬emIlcMnun 2>4>1¦ . edIm,IkuMeGaymankaryl;RclMkñúgkarEbgEckemRKYsarCanarIePT7 karRsavRCavrbs;elak Precott nig Pradhan ¬qñaM 1997¦ )anviPaKTMhMénemRKYsar{CanarIePT} KWkarrkPaKryénGayueFVIkar¬Gayu15-60qñaM¦rbs;smaCikRKYsarnarITaMgGs;. edIm,IrkPaKryénkarcMNayrbs;RKYsarnImYy²)an KWRtUv BinitüemIlkarcMNayedayRKYsarCanarIePTmñak;KuNnwgsþg;daénkarcMNay. eyagtamkarsikSa rbs;eKTaMgBIrbgðajfa PaBCanarIePTRtUvkarcMNayelIeRKOgeRbIR)as;caM)ac;eRcInGenøINas;sMrab; buKÁleKmñak;² EdlCaehtutRmUveGayeKmanR)ak;cMNUleRcInsMrab;eKmñak; . lT§plenHRtUv)an RtYtBinitütamry³qñaMénkarGb;rM nigGRtaénmnusSenAkñúgbnÞúk. EteTaHCaya:gNa CafµImþgeTotlT§pl enHRtUv)aneKbkRsayedayRby½tñRbEyg . vaCakarmYyEdlGaceGayRsþImankargayRsYlkñúgkar TTYl)annUvkargarkñúgesdækic©minerobry dUecñHRsþIPaKeRcInGacbegáInR)ak;cMNUlrbs;eK . TnÞwmenHEdr ebIenAkñúgRKYsarKµanmnusSRbus RsþIRtUvEtTijesvaEdlburskñúgRKYsarFøab;pþl;eGay dUecñHkarcMNaykñúg RKYsarkan;EtekIneLIg. karekIneLIgénkarcMNaykñúgRKYsar {PaBCanarI} eRcInGacbBa¢ak;faBYkeKman CIvPaBFUFareLIy . srubesckþImk eKtMrUveGaymankarsikSaRsavRCavbEnßmeTot edIm,IbBa¢ak;eGayc,as;BIPaBlM)akrbs; emRKYsarCaRsþI tamPaBRtwmRtUvrbs;eKEdlkñúgcMenamRsþI5nak; esÞIrEtman®sþImñak;CaemRKYsar . eKeXIjfa RsþIEdlCaRKYsarenAkñúgTIRkugPñMeBjmanGRtax<s;CageK ¬25>8° eFobnwg 19>6° enATUTaMg RbeTs¦ ¬RksYgEpnkar qñaM 2000a¦ . edayyl;eXIjfa RsþIv½ycMNas;CaemRKYsarenAtamtMbn; TIRkug EdlCaGñkrkR)ak;kMérEtmñak;Kt; ®sþImñak;enaHKWCaGñklM)akeRcInCageK dUecñHehIyeyIgKb,I epþatkarykcitþTukdak;ya:gxøaMgelIRkumenH ¬Kusakabe qñaM 2002¦. 7 RsþICaemRKYsarEtgelcmaneLIgRKb;RbePT³karrkR)ak;cMNUlcMruHsMrab;RKYsarEdlmanRsþIcMNas; RKYsarEdlmanEtRsþI nigkUnecArbs;eK b¤ RKYsarEdlRsþICaGñkTTYlbnÞúkkñúgeBlcuHRbmUlTinñn½y. RKYsarEdlgay)at;bg;»kasCageKbMput KWGñk TaMgLayNaEdlmankUntUc²enAkñúgbnÞúk. mUlehtuepSg²EdleFVIeGayeKkøayCaRsþIemRKYsarGacCaRsþIemma:y RsþIElg lHbþI RsþIeKe)aHbg;ecal b¤RbBn§cugeK ¬emIlcMnuc 2>4>1¦.

19

2>2 buKÁliklkçN³kargarrbs;RsþI 2>2>1 kargar nig karcUlrYmkMlaMgBlkmµ GRtaénkarcUlrYmkMlaMgBlkmµenAkm<úCamankMritx<s; ehIycMeBaHGñkEdlmanGayuelIsBI10qñaMeLIgeTA GRtaenHhak;dUcCaeLIgx<s;TaMgburs nig RsþI ¬tarag 2>3¦ . GRtacUlrYmkMlaMgBlkmµrbs;RsþIx<s;Cag burskñúgcenøaHGayu 15-19qñaM b:uEnþGRtaenH)anpøas;bþÚrcab;BIGayu 20 qñaMeLIg ¬RkahVik 2>2¦ . Tinñn½yxagelIbgðajGMBIPaBxusKñaxageynD½rkñúgkarcuHeQµaHcUleron . dUcEdl)anbgðajRsab;enAkñúg tarag 2>4 burshak;dUcCabnþkarsikSayUrCagnarI BIeRBaHnarIRtUvcab;epþImrkrbredIm,ICYyRKYsar . RsþIk¾qab;bBaÄb;karsikSaEdr BIeRBaHeKRtUvcUlrYmkMlaMgBlkmµ b¤edaysareKRtUveFVIkarkñúgRKYsaredIm,I eGaysmaCikepSgeTotecjeTARbkbrbrxageRkA . kñúgcMenamRbCaCnEdlmanesdækic©xSt;exSay mansisSRbuseRcInCagsisSnarIEdleKmanCMnaj kMBugEt eRtomxøÜnEsVgrkkargar xN³EdlRsþImYycMnYnFMBMumanmeFüa)ayRKb;RKan; edaysarEteKemIlEfrkSa nig kargarpÞHsMEbgsMrab;RKYsarrbs;eK. enAkñúgTIRkugPñMeBj manburseRcInCagnarI1>2dg BMu)anEsVgrk kargareFVIeT BIeRBaHBYkeKCab;rvl;nwgkarsikSa xN³EdlmanRsþIeRcInCagburs18dg BMu)anEsVgrkkargar eFVI BIeRBaHeKCab;rvl;EfrkSakUn b¤mnusScas; nigCnBikar ehIymanRsþI8dgeRcInCagburskMBugeFVI kargarCaempÞH . fVIebIcMnYnenHGacbBa¢ak;fa RsþICaGñkBUEkxagkargarpÞHsMEbg EdlCaehtubNþaleGay BYkeKBMuGaceFVIkarEdlmanR)ak;QñÜl)an vak¾bgðajpgEdrBITMenarelIkarsMercrbs;RKYsarkñúgkarerobcM burseGaycUlkñúgTIpSarkargar xN³EdlRsþIRtUvEteFVIkargarenAkñúgpÞH . edayKiteTAelIGRtacUlrYm ya:gx<s;énkMlaMgBlkmµrbs;RsþIvaGacnwgmanlT§PaBmYyd¾RbesIr EdleFVIeGayRsþITaMgenHCab;rvl; kñúgkarEfrkSakUn nigpÞHsMEbg eKGacnwgcUlrYmkMlaMgBlkmµenAeBlGnaKt enAeBlEdlBYkeKkat; bnßykarEfrkSakUn nigenAeBlEdlmantMrUvkaresdækic©kñúgRKYsar . RKYsarCaeRcInBMu)aneGayRsþIEdlCa smaCikkñúgRKYsar cUlRblUkkñúgTIpSarkargareLIy . dUecñHtMrUvkarkñúgkarelIkkMBs;CMnaj nigkarpøas; bþÚrkargarmansar³sMxan;Nas;sMrab;RsþI .

20

tarag 2>3 GRtacUlrYmkMlaMgBlkmµ nig GRtaGñkGt;kargareFVI tamGayu tamqñaM TUTaMgRbeTs

¬sMrab;RbCaCnGayu 10eLIgeTA¦ qñaM GRtacUlrYmkMlaMgkargar GRtaGñkGt;kargareFVI Rbus÷RsI Rbus RsI Rbus÷RsI Rbus RsI

1993-4 56.6 58.1 55.4 2.5 2.3 2.7

1996 65.4 65.8 65.1 0.9 0.7 1.2

1997 65.8 66.2 65.4 0.73 0.8 0.66

1999 66.1 66.3 65.9 0.6 0.5 0.6

RbPB ³ RksYgEpnkar ¬qñaM 2000b¦ GRtaGñkGt;kargareFVI = eFVIkarticCag 1 ema:genAkñúgs)þah_eyag

kahVik 2>2³ GRtacUlrUmkMlaMgkargar KNnatamGayu ePT nig CMnaj

¬Exvicäka qñaM 2000¦

RbPB ³ RksYgEpnkar qñaM 2000d

Chart 2.2: Labor force participation rates by age, sex and area (November 2000)

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

10-14 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 55-59 60-64 65-age group

perc

enta

ge

Urban menUrban womenRural menRural women

21

tarag 2>4 RbCaCnEdlmanesdækic©RKYsarxSt;exSay Gayucab;BI10qñaMeLIgeTA KNnatamePT

nigmUlehtuEdleFVIeGayeKBMumanvtþmankñúgkargar nig-b¤ BMuEsVgrkkargareFVI / qñaM 1998 PñMeBj

srub Rbus RsI RbCaCnEdlmin)ancUleFVIkar 344,338 143,513 200,825

mUlehtuEdlmincUleFVIkar¼minEsVgrkkargar

GsmtßPaB 5,427 1,248 4,179

BikarPaB 2,838 2,073 765

cas;Cra b¤cUlnivtþn_ 24,994 9,994 15,000

sisS¼nisSit 214,038 116,709 97,329

EfTaMkUn/mnusScas; nigCnBikar 51,842 2,727 49,115

eFVIkargarpÞH 32,096 3,507 28,589

BMumansgÇwmfamankargar 6,234 4,287 1,947

caMlT§pldak;BaküsMueFVIkargar 2,232 1,210 1,022

caMkargarfµI 4,413 1,758 2,655

epSg² 224 224

RbPB ³ RksYgEpnkar (2000b:43) (based on Labour Force Survey 1997-98)

tarag 2>3 bgðajfa GRtaénGñkGt;kargareFVIkMBugfycuHTaMgbursnigRsþI . EteTaHCaya:gNa karFøak; cuHenHRtUv)aneKeFVIeLIgedayRbugRby½tñ . GRtaénGñkEdlmankargareFVIxagelI RtUv)aneKKNna Bnül;RtYs² GMBIGñkEdlmankargareFVI minfaBYkeKeFVIkar)anminelIsBImYyema:genAkñúgs)aþh_eyag k¾eday. tarag 2>5 pþl;nUvTinñn½yGMBIGRtacUlrYmkMlaMgkargar nigGRtaGñkGt;kargareFVI eday)an KNnatamkarsÞabsÞg;cMnYnRbCaCnkm<úCa qñaM1995-96 nigkareFVICMerOnCaTUeTAenAqñaM1998 . karsÞab;sÞg;TaMgBIrenH )aneFVIeLIgedaymankarBnül;ya:gc,as;las;GMBIkargar-edayeFobnwgsßiti énkarsÞabsÞg;esdækic©km<úCa minfaGñkNaeFVIkargar)anry³eBl 6Ex kñúgkMLúgqñaMknøgmkk¾eday. GRtaenHbBa¢ak; GñkEdlmanskmµPaBkargarTTYlR)ak;Extic nigGñkGt;kargareFVIGacekIneLIg .

22

tarag 2>5 GRtacUlrYmkMlaMgBlkmµ nigGRtaGñkGt;kargareFVI KittamePT Gayu

¬sMrab;GñkEdlmanGayu 7 qñaMeLIgeTA¦

qñaM GRtacUlrYmkMlaMgkargar GRtaGñkGt;kargareFVI Rbus÷RsI Rbus RsI Rbus÷RsI Rbus RsI

TUTaMgRbeTs

1995-6 59.2 59.0 59.4 2.5 2.2 2.81998 55.5 56.5 54.6 5.3 4.7 5.9

tMbn;TIRkug

1995-6 50.8 55.0 47.0 7.9 5.7 10.11998 49.3 55.6 43.4 9.2 6.7 12.2

tMbn;CnbT

1995-6 60.5 59.6 61.3 1.8 1.6 1.91998 56.7 56.6 56.7 4.7 4.3 5.0 RbPB ³ RksYgEpnkar ¬2000 b¦ ¬Ep¥kelIkarsÞabsÞg;cMnYnRbCaCn nigkareFVICMerOnRbCaCn¦ GñkGt;kargareFVI = GñkeFVIkarticCag 6 Ex kñúgqñaMknøgmk tamkarpøas;bþÚrniymn½yénGRtakMeNInGñkGt;kargareFVI bgðajfamanRbCaCnCaeRcInEdlBYkeKkMBug eFVIkargarBMueTogTat; . edayyl;eXIjfa RbCaCnPaKeRcIncaM)ac;RtUvEteFVIkar BYkeKRtUvcab;yk kargarNaEdlmanRsab;. manmnusStictYcNas;EdlCaGñkKµankargareFVIedaysarerIseBk. dUecñHkar KµankargareFVIdUc)anbgðajkñúgtarag2>3eXIjfa fVIebIGRtakarKµankargareFVITabkgVHxatén»kas kargarrbs;mnusSCabBaðad¾F¶n;F¶rdUcPñMTwkkk. karsikSaRsedogKña EdlTTYl)anBIkarsÞabsÞg;rbs; CSES qñaM1999 GRtaénGñkGt;kargareFVI TaMgburs nignarI mancMnYneRcInCag 99° . EteTaHCaya:gNa kñúgcMenamGñkEdlGt;kargareFVI 4>4° Caburs nig 5>7 °CanarI mankargareFVIry³eBl 25 s)þah_ enAkñúgqñaMbEg¥kénkarsikSa ehIymanburs cMnYnEt87>1° nignarI82° )aneFVIkarry³eBl 45 s)þah_ b¤eRcInCagenH kñúgqñaMbEg¥kénkarsikSa . enHbgðajfa GRtaénGñkEdlmankargareFVImincMCMnaj narImancMnYneRcInCagburs .

23

karFøak;cuHénGRtacUlrYmkMlaMgBlkmµ )anbgðajedayELkfa kumarkMBugeronsURt nigmnusS v½yekµgEdlkMBugbnþkarsikSa min)ancUlrYmkñúgkMlaMgkargareLIy . ]TahrN_ ³ enAqñaM 1996 kumar RbEhl 40>9° EdlmanGayukñúgcenøaHBI 0-14 qñaM )aneTAsala xN³EdlenAqñaM 1998 mankumar EdlmanGayudUcKña 47>2°8)aneTAsala . EtGRtaekIneLIgénGñkGt;kargareFVI kñúgcMeNammnusS v½yCMTg; sßitkñúgkMritmYyEdlKYreGayPJak;ep¥Il . GRtaenHekIneLIgeTAtamCnbTeRcInCagTIRkug ehIyRsþImancMnYneRcInCagbursenAtamCnbT . 2>2>2 kargartamRbePT]sSahkmµ mankarFøak;cuHtictYcénGRtaRbCaCnEdlmankargarkñúgEpñkksikmµ rukçaRbmaj; nigensaT nigman GRtakMeNIntictYcénkargarkñúgvis½yplitkmµ . karekIneLIgén»kaskargarsMrab;RsþIkñúgvis½y plitkmµenH RtUv)aneKsMKal;eXIjenAkñúgEpñk 2>1>2 . karekIneLIgenH CaBiess cMeBaHeragcRk kat;edr enATIRkugPñMeBj . enAqñaM 1993¼94 GRtakargarrbs;RsþIcMnYn 54>1° enAkñúgTIRkugPñMeBj KWsßitkñúgvis½yBaNiC¢kmµlk;dMu niglk;ray ehIyman 8°b:ueNÑaH sßitkñúgvis½yplitkmµ . b:uEnþ enAqñaM 1999 kargarrbs;RsþImancMnYn 38>9° sßitkñúgvis½yBaNiC¢kmµlk;dMu niglk;ray ehIycMnYn 24>5° kñúgvis½yplitkmµenAkñúgTIRkugPñMeBj . eTaHbICavis½yeTscrN_RtUveKcat;TukfaCa]sSahkmµfµIk¾eday k¾vis½yeTscrN_xøÜnÉgpÞal; hak;dUcCaBMu)anpþl;kargareRcIneLIy . eTaHbImanPaKrytic b:uEnþ RbCaCnEdlmankargareFVIkñúgEpñksNæaKar nig ePaCnIydæanmancMnYnya:geRcIn kMenInénkargarenHcab; epþImmantaMgBIqñaM 1993-94 rhUtdl;qñaM 1999 EdlmancMnYn 19/660 nak;b:ueNÑaH xN³Edlvis½y plitkmµ enAkñúgkMLúgeBlekIneLIg)ancMnYn 124/921 .

8 eyagtamkarsÞabsÞg;mti esdækic©-sgÁm énRbeTskm<úCakñúgqñaM1996 mankumar 4/411/663kñúgcenøaHGayuBI0-14qñaM xusBIqñaM1999 man4/433/945. eBlCamYyKñaenaHEdr cMnYnsisSsalabzmsikSaman 1/805/631 pÞúyBIqñaM1998-99 mancMnYnrhYt 2/094/000nak; ¬RksYgEpnkar/ 2000b¦.

24

Chart 2.3: Employed persons 10 years and over in agriculture, foresty and fisheries

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

4500

1993/4 1996 1997 1999year

in th

ousa

nds Men

WomenEmployed persons

¬k-¦ ksikmµ rukçaRbmaj; nig ensaT enAqñaM 1999 manRsþIcMnYn2/276/780nak; nig burscMnYn1/935/362 eFVIkarkñúgvis½yksikmµ rukçaRbma:j; nigensaT Edlbgðajfa RsþImancMnYneRcInCagbursenAkñúgvis½yenH ¬RkahVik 2>3¦ . edayyl;eXIjfa vis½yenHGacrkR)ak;cMNUl)antictYcbMputenaH eKeXIjmanRsþIepþatkaryk citþTukdak;ya:gxøaMgkñúgvis½yTTYlR)ak;tictYcbMputkñúgEpñkesdækic© . eTaHbIkargarkñúgvis½yenH)anTTYlR)ak;kMértictYck¾eday Caerogral;qñaM RbeTskm<úCaenAEtBwgEp¥k bnþelIvis½yksikmµ rukçaRbmaj; nigensaT ehIyvis½yenHnwgbnþeFVICaGñkpþl;kargard¾FMCageKenA km<úCa . eTaHbIvis½yenHBMu)anpþl;kMenInkñúgesdækic©rbs;Catik¾eday karBinitüemIledaylMGitkñúgvis½y enHbgðajfa mankarekIneLIgénplitplkñúgvis½ymYycMnYndUcCa RsUv Ggár nigdMNaM epSg²eTot ehIyeKeXIj mankarFøak;cuHénplitpléRBeQI nigeQIh‘ub ¬tarag 2>6¦. RsþImanskmµPaBeRcInkñúg Epñk RsUv Ggár dMNaMksikmµ nigkarciBa©wmstVxñattUc ehIymankarRtYtBinitüTaMgRsugelIdMeNIrkarkñúg vis½yTaMgenH . bursTTYlbnÞúkxagensaT b:uEnþRsþICaGñkeFVICMnYjelIplitplensaT . dUecñHvis½yenH enAEtpþl;»kaskargarya:geRcIndl;burs nigRsþI .

RkahVik 2>3 ³ GñkEdlmankargareFVIkñúúgvis½yksikmµ rukçaRbmaj; nigensaT Gayucab;BI 10qñaMeLIg

burs RsþI GñkmankargareFVI

RbPB ³ RksYgEpnkar 2000b

25

GRtaekIneLIgkñúgvis½ydMNaMksikmµ edaysarEtmankMenInya:gxøaMgkñúgkarplitGgár . tMbn;RbmUl plksikmµ )anekIneLIgBI1/855/000h>t enAqñaM 1990 rhUtdl; 2/079/000h>t enAqñaM 2000 ¬RksYgEpnkar qñaM 2000b¦ . karplitkñúgry³eBlEtmYy )anekIneLIgBI 2/500/000etan rhUtdl; 4/049/900etan . raCrdæaPi)al)anKUsbBa¢ak;fa RbeTskm<úCa )anplitRsUvGgárRKb;RKan; sMrab;xøÜnÉgenAeBlbc©úb,nñenH ehIyraCrdæaPi)alsgÇwmfanwg)annaMecjRsUvGgáreTAeRkARsukenAeBl GnaKt ¬EIU, 2001¦. GgÁkar JICA nwgCYy]btßmÖkñúgkarelIkkMBs;karplitRsUvGgáreGayman KuNPaBsMrab;TisedAenH . extþmYycMnYndUcCaextþesomrab)anBüayamplitRsUvGgáreGayman KuNPaBx<s; edIm,IbMeBjtMrUvkarrbs;GñkeTscrN_ . eTaHbICakarplitRsUvGgárFøak;cuHenAqñaM 2001 edaysarGakasFatuminGMeNaypl karplitRsUvGgárbEnßm )anekIneLIg ehIyeKsgÇwmfaGacbEnßm tMélelIplitplRsUvGgárenHeTotpg dUecñHvis½yenHBitCamansar³sMxan;ya:gxøaMgsMrab;vKÁbec©keTs. eKk¾segáteXIjpgEdrfa manburscUlrYmeRcInkñúgvKÁbNþúHbNþalelIkarplitRsUvGgár ¬Kusakabe

2001b¦ .

tarag 2>6 karEbgEckplitplsrubkñúgRsuk kñúgtMélefrenAqñaM 1993

sMrab;pliitpl ksikmµ rukçaRbmaj; nig ensaT 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999

ksikmµ rukçaRbmaj; nigensaT 41.4% 41.7% 40.4% 41.2% 41.5% 40.1%

dMNaMksikmµ 16.0% 19.3% 19.1% 17.9% 17.7% 18.4%

karciBa©wmstV 8.3% 8.0% 7.8% 7.6% 7.9% 7.1%

karensaT 9.1% 8.6% 8.9% 9.2% 9.5% 10.5%

éRBeQI nigeQIh‘ub 7.9% 5.8% 4.7% 6.5% 6.4% 4.0%

RbPB ³ RksYgEpnkar 2000b:188

dMNaMepSg²eTotEdleKkMBugdaMkan;EteRcIneLIgmandUcCa sENþkesog l¶s nig l¶exµA . tMbn;EdleK daMsENþkesogmaneRcInCagBIrdg énépÞdI 15/000h>t enAqñaM 1990 rhUtdl;épÞdI 34/950h>t enAqñaM 1999 . cMeBaHdMNaMl¶ )anekIneLIgBITMhMépÞdI 10/000h>t rhUtdl; 16/410h>t .

26

vKÁbNþúHbNþalelIkMenInplitplksikmµTaMgenH CamYynigdMeNIrkarénTIpSarplitplksikmµ KW Cavis½ykargard¾sMxan;EdlRtUvykcitþTukdak; . xN³EdlkarbegáInpliitplkñúgRsukBMumankMritx<s; mankarbegáInkarplitCaeRcInelIEpñkciBa©wmstV . kMeNInEdlekIneRcInCageKKWkarciBa©wmman; Ta. enAqñaM1990 manman;TacMnYn 8/193/000k,al Edl)anekInrhUtdl; 13/417/500k,al enAqñaM1999 EdlCakMenInmYyRbEhlcMnYn 60° . bc©úb,nñenHkarcak;fñaMbgáardl;stVciBa©wm man; Ta BMusUvmaneKGnuvtþeT BIeRBaHbNþajesvakmµeBTüstV BMusUvmaneRcIn ehIykñúgcMeNamksikrmankaryl;dwgTabGMBIkarcaM)ac;énkarcak;fñaMbgáardl;stV ciBa©wm . edaymankarekIneLIg nigkarBRgIkesvakmµeBTüstV vis½yciBa©wmstVenHmankarekInya:g xøaMg . karciBa©wmstVRCUkk¾mankarekInpgEdrkñúgcMnYnRbEhl40° enAkñúgry³eBldUcKñaenH . karciBa©wmstVlkçN³tUctacdUcCa karciBa©wmman; Ta nigstVRCUk esÞIrEtCakargarTaMgRsugrbs;RsþI ehIyR)ak;cMNUlEdl)anmkBIkarciBa©wmstVTaMgenH KWEtgEtRtUv)anRKb;RKgedayRsþIpgEdr. enAkñúgvis½yensaT plitplTwksab nigplitplsmuRTmansPaBefr edayELkplvb,kmµmankar ekIneLIgCalMdab; . enAqñaM 1990 plvb,kmµkñúgkarciBa©wmRtImancMnYnRtwmEt 6/400etan EdlekIn eLIg 2>3 dg kñúgcMnYn 15/000etan enAqñaM 1999 . naykdæanClpl kMBugEtelIkkMBs;karciBa©wm RtI ehIyEdlsgÇwmfa vis½yenHnwgekIneLIgéf¶GnaKt . edaymankarekIneLIgénplitplRtI dMeNIrkarénkarRbmUlplRtIk¾ekIneLIgpgEdr. RtIKWCaTMnij ya:gsMxan;CamYYynigeQIh‘ub eQIGar nigC½rekAs‘U sMrab;karnaMecj . tMélnaMecjéneQIGar nig eQIh‘ub kMBugEtFøak;cuH pÞúyeTAvijtMélelIplitplRtIsMrab;karnaMecjkMBugEtekIneLIg cab;taMgBI qñaM1993 . enHbgðajBIkarekIneLIgya:gxøaMg kñúgvis½yEdlBak;B½n§eTAnwgTIpSarénplitplRtI nigkar rkplitplRtI . dUcEdleKeXIjmanenAkñúgRkahVik 2>4 cab;taMgBIqñaM 1990 karplitRtIegot nigRtIeq¥Ir BMumankarekIneLIgeRcIneLIy . pÞúyeTAvij karplitRtIRbLak; nigkarplitTwkRtIkMBugEt ekIneLIg . karGPivDÆn_CMnajbEnßmk¾RtUv)aneKbBa©Úlkñúgvis½yenHpgEdr .

27

Chart 2.4: Production of processed fish products

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998year

100

tons

dried fishsmoked fishsalted preserved fishfermented salt fishsalted fish sauce

RkahVik 2>4 ³ plitkmµénplRtIEdl)anEkécñ

RbPB ³ RksYgEpnkar ¬2000b¦ ¬x¦ ]sSahkmµ enAqñaM 1999 manRsþIcMnYn187/330nak; nig burscMnYn165/440nak; eFVIkarkñúgvis½yenH . dUceXIjmankñúg RkahVik 2>5 mankarpøas;bþÚrKñarvagcMnYnburs nigRsþIEdleFVIkarkñúgvis½yplitkmµ . rhUtdl;qñaM 1997 manburseRcInCagRsþIeFVIkarkñúgvis½yenH b:uEnþcab;taMgBIeBlenaHmk RsþIman»kas kargarCaeRcIn kñúg]sSahkmµvaynP½NÐ nigeragcRkkat;edr. mancMnYnFøak;cuHtictYcénRsþIEdlman kargareFVIkñúgvis½yenH enAqñaM 1997 edaysarmankarvwkvrxagEpñkneya)ay nigvibtþiesdækic© . cMEnkenAqñaM 1995 manRsþIeRcInCagburs )aneFVIkargarkñúgvis½y]sSahkmµvaynP½NÐ tm,aj nig sMelokbMBak; . cMnYndEdlmanenAkñúgvis½y]sShkmµfñaMCk; ¬Gorman 1999:10¦. RkumvinieyaKTun epSg²eTotkñúgvis½y]sSahkmµ)aneRCIserIsbuKÁlikburseRcInCagRsþI . karrIkcMerInxagvis½y]sSah kmµ maneRcInkñúgvis½yplitkmµ CaBiess]sSahkmµvaynP½NÐ tm,aj nigsMelokbMBak;¬tarag 2>7¦. vis½yenH)anpþl;kargarya:geRcIndl;RbCaCn bnÞab;BIvis½yplitkmµ én]sSahkmµelahFatuEr: qñaM 1995 . manRbCaCnCag 5/000nak; ¬5/199nak;¦eFIVkarkñúgvis½yplitkmµtm,aj nigsMelokbMBak; kñúgRKwHsßan]sSahkmµcMnYn 14 kñúgqñaM 1995 . eragcRkkat;edr)anekIneLIgBIcMnYn 11 eragcRk enAqñaM 1994 rhUtdl;cMnYn 102eragcRk enAqñaM 1997 Edl)anpþl;kargareGaykmµkrcMnYn 82/724nak; eTaHbICamankmµkrBitcMnYn 54/000nak; )aneFVIkarenAkñúgeragcRkcMnYn89 eragcRk enAqñaM1998k¾eday¬ILO,2000:7¦ eKeXIjfakmµkrPaKeRcInCanarI. RksYgkic©karnarI nigGtIt

28

Chart 2.5: Employed persons (10 years and over) in industrial sectors

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

1993/4 1996 1997 1999year

in th

ousa

nds

MenWomenEmployed persons

yuT§Cn )an)a:n;RbmaNfa enAqñaM 2000 maneragcRkcMnYn 174eragcRk )anpþl;kargardl;RbCaCn RbEhl 90/000 nak; ¬RksYgkic©karnarI nigGtItyuT§Cn qñaM 2000¦ .

RkahVik 2>5³ GñkmankargareFVI ¬cab;BIGayu10qñaMeLIgeTA¦kñúgvis½y]sSahkmµ

RbPB ³ RksYgEpnkar ¬2000b¦ c,ab;vinieyaKqñaM1994 )anpþl;eGayraCrdæaPi)alkm<úCanUv {kBa©b;R)ak;elIkTwkcitþsMrab;muxCMnYjEdl l¥RbesIrCageKenAGasIuGaeKñy_} eyagtamÉksar ¬CDC, 1994¦. RbeTskm<úCamanRbeyaCn_Gac eRbobeFobCamYynwgRbeTsGPivDÆn_CaeRcInenAkñúgtMbn; BIeRBaHRbeTskm<úCaman MFN nig GSP CamYynigshrdæGaemrik EdlGnuBaØateGayRbeTskm<úCa)anTTYlkarkat;bnßyBn§naMcUl . karpþl; eGaydl;km<úCaenH vaCakarelIkTwkcitþsMrab;Rkumh‘unCaeRcInenAkñúgRbeTsGPivDÆn_epSg² edIm,Imk dak;viinieyaKenAkm<úCa ¬Gorman, 1999¦ .

29

tarag 2>7 plitplKitCaPaKryénTMnijplitkñúgRsuksrub (GDP) kñúgvis½y]sSahkmµ

tamtMélefrqñaM 1993

1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999

]sSahkmµ 12.5 14.0 14.9 17.3 18.4 19.5

Er: 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2

plitkmµ 8.1 8.4 9.5 12.4 14.1 14.7

cMNIGahar ePsC¢³ fñaMCk; 3.5 3.4 3.4 3.4 3.4 3.3

vaynP½NÐ tm,ay Es,keCIg 0.9 1.0 1.9 4.2 6.0 8.1

eQI Rkdas kare)aHBum< 1.4 1.6 1.7 2.6 2.4 0.9

eragcRkEkécñC½rekAs‘U 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.5

eragcRkEkécñepSg² 2.0 2.1 2.0 1.8 1.9 1.9

GKIÁsnI hÁas nig Twk 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5

sMNg; 3.7 4.9 4.7 4.3 3.6 4.2

RbPB ³ RksYgEpnkar 2000b

enAqñaM 1995 R)ak;Ex nigR)ak;QñÜlEdl)anTTYlBI]sSahkmµplitsMelokbMBak; tm,aj KWman kMritx<s;CageKkñúgcMeNampliitkmµepSgeToténvis½y]sSahkmµdUcKña . EteTaHCaya:gNa enAeBl EdleKeRbobeFobnwgR)ak;QñÜlénkmµkrmñak; vis½yplitkmµtm,aj nigsMelokbMBak; )anpþl; R)ak;QñÜlticCagplitkmµRbePTepSg²EdlenAkñugvis½y]sSahkmµdUcKña . ]sSahkmµEdl)anpþl; R)ak;QñÜlx<s;CageKsMrab;kmµkrmñak; KW]sSahkmµplitkþarbnÞH elIkElgeRKOgsMGag . enAkñúg]sSahkmµvaynP½NÐ nigeragcRkkat;edrEdlCakargarrbs;narI bursmantYnaTIx<s;CageK . kmµkrTaMgLayGacbeNþjecjBIkargaredayKµanehtupl b¤ R)ab;eGaydwgCamun . eTaHbICac,ab; kargar)antMrUveGayeragcRkpþl;nUvmeFüa)aygayRsYlkñúgkarEfrkSakumar nigsuxPaB pþl;nUvc,ab; GnuBaØateGayQb;sMrakeBlmanCMgW nigc,ab;sþIGMBIsnþisux nigsuxPaB . r)aykarN_)anbgðajfa

30

c,ab;TaMgenHBuMRtUv)aneKBRgwgkñúgkarGnuvtþn_eLIy. karbegáIteGaymanshCIBkmµkrbNþalmkBIBYk eKmineBjcitþnwgl½kçx½NÐkargarEdlGnuvtþedayeragcRk. BYkeK)aneFVI)atukmµ nig kub,kmµCaeRcIn eTaHbIkrNICaeRcInEdlhVÚg)atukrRtUvRbQmnwgkarbMEbkedayeRbIGMeBIhwgSak¾eday. shCIBkmµkr mansmaCiknarICaeRcIn eTaHbIGñkdwknaMPaKeRcInCabursk¾eday .

]sSahkmµsMelokbMBak;pþl;nUvkarnaMecjcMnYn96° . enAqñaM 1994 vis½yenH)annaMecjEtcMnYn 3>8 landuløab:ueNÑaH . enAqñaM 1999 va)anekIneLIgrhUtdl; 640 landuløa ¬RksYgBaNiC¢kmµ qñaM 2000³8¦ . kmµkrEdleFVIkarenAkñúgvis½yenH)anTTYlR)ak;QñÜlRbcaMEx 40duløakñúgmYyEx. bnÞab;BI karTamTarya:gxøaMgBIshCIBkmµkreragcRk R)ak;QñÞÜl)anekIneLIgdl; 45duløakññúgmYyEx. sUm,IR)ak; QñÜlmFümRbcaMEx40duløa eyIgBuMsUveXIjeKcuHXøaMemIljwkjab;eT . edaysarR)ak;QñÜlrbs;eK BMuRKb;RKan; RsþICaeRcInxMeFVIkarrhUtdl; 12-15 ema:gkñúgmYyéf¶ ¬Godfrey et al., 2001¦ ehIyxøH kñúgcMenamBYkeK)aneqøótrksIubMerIpøÚvePTeRkAema:g. BYkeKminRKan;Et)anTTYlR)ak;kMérTabb:ueNÑaHeT BYkeKEfmTaMgmanCIvPaB nigl½kçx½NÐkargarya:glM)akeTotpg. BYkeKrs;enAkñúgbriyakasya:g Gab;GYr ehIyeFVIkarkñúgl½kçx½NÐminl¥ EdlGacb:HBal;dl;suxPaBrbs;eK ehIyktþaTaMgenHbgá»üman karbMBarbMBanxagpøÚvePT nigbgáeGaymanekrþ×eQµaHBuMsUvl¥ ¬Nishigaya, 1999¦. eTaHbIRsþI cUlrYmkMlaMgkargareRcInk¾eday k¾kmµkrPaKeRcInkñúgvis½yenHBMumankargarl¥eFVIEdr . eTaHbIkargarenAeragcRkkat;edrpþl;R)ak;QñÜlTabk¾eday k¾R)ak;QñÜlenHx<s;CagR)ak;cMNUl)anmk BImuxrbrepSgeTot manCaGaT×GñkbMerInarI. dUecñHehIy RsþIv½yekµgenACnbTCaeRcIn)anmkeFVIkarenAkñúg eragcRkkat;edrenAkñúgTIRkugPñMeBj ¬Gorman, 1999¦. GgÁkareRkArdæaPi)alCaeRcIn Edl)anpþl; vKÁbNþúHbNþalCMnajkat;edrdl;RsþI )anyl;RBmCamYyeragcRkkat;edredIm,Ipþl;karbNþúHbNþaldl; sikçakamrbs;eK . edaysarmanRsþIeRcIncg;eFVIkarkñúgeragcRkkat;edr BYkeKEtgEtbg;R)ak;edIm,I TTYl)ankargar . tarag 2>8 bgðajfa shRKas]sSahkmµPaKeRcInmanRTg;RTaytUc . taragenHk¾bgðajpgEdrnUv sar³sMxan;én]sSahkmµplitcMNIGahar ePsC¢³ nigfñaMCk;EdlmancMnYnCag3PaK4 énshRKas]sSahkmµTaMgGs;. ]sSahkmµTaMgenHKWCa]sSahkmµEdlmannarIelIslb;eFVIkar enHbgðajGMBIcMNab;GarmµN_rbs;RsþIcMeBaHshRKas]sSahkmµtUctac .

31

r)aykarN_rbs;GgÁkar ILO ¬2000¦)anbgðajpgEdrfa enAxN³eBlEdlshRKasxñattUcCYl kmµkreFVIkarBI1-9nak; EckcayBaseBjRbeTs eyIgeXIj]sSahkmµFuntUcEdlmanCYlkmµkreFVIkar BI10-49nak; PaKeRcInpþMúeFVIenAPñMeBj nigCMuvijextþkNþal . ]sSahkmµenHmancMnYn55°éncMnYnsrub shRKas]sSahkmµEkécñxñattUcTaMgGs;.

tarag 2>8

cMnYnshRKas én]sSahkmµxñattUc nig mFümtamRbePT]sSahkmµ qñaM 1998 shRKas

]sSahkmµ ticCag 10nak; cenøaH 10-50nak; srub ticCag 50nak; eRcInCag 50nak; Er: nigfµ 35 74 109 28

plitkmµ 23597 510 24097 218 cMNIGahar ePsC¢³ nigfñaMCk; 18419 171 18590 33 vaynP½NÐ nigsMelokbMBak; 291 19 310 130 eQI nigplitpleFVIGMBIeQI 847 48 895 22 Rkdas nigplitpleFVIGMBIRkdas 15 11 26 2 plitplKImI Cr½ nig)øasÞIk 25 30 55 10 pliitplEdlBMueFVIeLIgBIelah³Fatu 624 187 811 15 plitkmµplitEdkEfb - 4 4 1 plitpleFVIGMBIEdk 1334 37 1371 5 plitplEkécñepSg² 2033 2 2035 0 GKÁisnI hÁas nigTwk 438 19 457 6 srub 24061 602 24663 232

RbPB ³ RksYg]sSahkmµEr: nigfamBl ¬1998¦ Rsg;BIGgÁkar ILO ¬2000³12¦ ¬K¦ esvakmµ kñúgEpñkesvakmµ CaBiessvis½yeTscrN_CYbRbTHbBaðalM)akedaysarGesßrPaBneya)ay. esva kmµ)anFøak;cuHcab;taMgBIqñaM1996¼97 ¬Føak;cuH - 3>7° éntMélefrqñaM 1993¦ b:uEnþ)anRbesIreLIg vijenAqñaM 1998-99 ¬ekIneLIg 5>8°¦ ¬tarag 2>9¦. sNæaKar nigePaCnIydæan)anekIn eLIgdl;cMnYn18>3° ehIykardwkCBa¢Ún nigTUrKmnaKmn_ekIndl;13>2° enAqñaM1998-99. GRtakMenInkñúgvis½ydwkCBa¢ÚnFøak;cuHdl;cMnYn14>4° enAqñaM1996-97 edaysarEtmanPaBvwkvr

32

C h a r t 2 .6 : E m p l o y e d p e r s o n s ( 1 0 y e a r s a n d o v e r ) i n t h e s e r v i c e s e c t o r

0

1 0 0

2 0 0

3 0 0

4 0 0

5 0 0

6 0 0

7 0 0

8 0 0

9 0 0

1 0 0 0

1 9 9 3 / 9 4 1 9 9 6 1 9 9 7 1 9 9 9y e a r

in th

ousa

nds

M e n

W o m e n

E m p l o y e d p e r s o n s

Epñkneya)ay nigmanvibtþiesdækic©kñúgtMbn; . mankarekIneLIgCalMdab;nUvcMnYnRbCaCnEdl)aneFVIkar kñúgvis½yenH ¬RkahVik 2>6¦ EdlkñúgenaHeKeXIjmuxrbrsMrab;bursmaneRcInCagnarI .

tarag 2>9

plitplKitCaPaKryénTMnijplitkñúgRsuksrub (GDP) kñúgvis½yesvakmµ tamtMélefr qñaM 1993

1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 esvakmµ 40>9 40>0 39>7 36>9 35>7 36>0 BaNiC¢kmµ 14>6 13>6 12>9 12>1 11>3 10>9 sNæaKar nigePaCnIydæan 3>8 4>3 4>3 4>0 3>8 4>2 dwkCBa¢Ún nigTUrKmnaKmn_ 6>4 6>0 6>2 5>0 4>9 5>3 hirBaØvtßú 0>5 1>0 1>0 1>0 0>9 0>9 rdæ)alsaFarN³ 3>3 3>2 3>5 3>5 3>5 3>4 esvakmµCMnYj 7>6 7>3 7>0 6>9 7>1 7>0 esvakmµepSg² 4>7 4>6 4>8 4>2 4>4 4>3

RbPB ³ RksYgEpnkar ¬2000b¦

RkahVik 2>6³ GñkmankargareFVI ¬cab;BIGayu10qñaMeLIgeTA¦ kñúgEpñkesvakmµ


33

karbBa©ÚlkargarrYmKñakñúgskmµPaBBaNiC¢kmµlk;dMu niglk;ray KWmancMnYnRbEhl7>3° . enAkñúg TIRkugPñMeBj skmµPaBBaNiC¢kmµenHmanTMhMFM EdlmancMnYnRbEhl25° énkargarsrub . karrksIu lk;ray CaBiessCMnYjEdlmanRTg;RTaytUc KWCakargarrbs;RsþIesÞIrEtTaMgRsug EdlmansmamaRtesµI cMnYnRsþI3nak;manbursmñak; ¬RksYgEpnkar 2000a¦. enAeBlCMnYjBRgIkkan;EtFMKWkan;Et{pøÚvkar} ¬dUcCakarebIkhaglk;dUr b¤karlk;dMu¦ GRtakargarrbs;RsþIFøak;cuH ehIykarRKb;RKgrbs;RsþIkñúg kargarCMnYjenHk¾Føak;cuHEdr ¬Kusakabe 1999¦ . GñkCMnYjtUctac b¤minerobry EtgEtTTYl karKMramkMEhgBIb:UlIs nigm®nþIsmtßkic© ¬Banwell, 2001; Kuskabe et al., 2001¦. Gorman (1999:41) sMKal;fa ³

{skmµPaBkargarCaeRcInTaMgenH KWCakargarbEnßmrbs;RsþIEdlmantYnaTIkñúgRKYsar ehIyva TamTarbTBiesaFn_nigCMnajfµItictYcb:ueNÑaH . kareFVICMnYjeTotesatKWRsIþRtUvbEnßmkarTTYl xusRtUv edIm,IRKb;RKghirBaØvtßúkñúgRKYsar . RsþICaeRcInRtUv)aneKbgçMeGayeFVIkarkñúgvis½yenH TaMg\tcaM)ac; BIeRBaHRsþIKWCaGñkrkR)ak;cMNUlsMxan;CageKenAkñúgRKYsar cMEnksmaCikepSg² eTot RKan;EtCaGñkrkR)ak;cMNUlbEnßmelIR)ak;cMNUlTabrbs;bþIEtb:ueNÑaH}.

dUcEdl)anerobrab;rYcehIy cMnYnGñkeTscrN_)anFøak;cuHedaysarsßanPaBneya)ayenAkm<úCa . enAqñaM 1993 manbreTscMnYn118/183nak;mkdl;km<úCa . RbEhlcMnYn 73-74°énGñkTaMgenaH CaePJóveTscrN_ . cMnYnenH)anekIteLIgdl; 35-40° enAqñaMbnþbnÞab;ehIy)anFøak;cuHkñúgkMLúgqñaM 1997 . cab;taMgBIqñaM 1999 cMnYnGñkeTscrN_)anekIneLIg ehIyenAqñaM 2001 cMnYnePJóveTscrN_ breTs)anekIneLIgdl; 39>8° EdlmanePJóvcMnYn 628/638 nak;. cMnYn14°kñúgcMenamePJóvTaMg enaHmkBIshrdæGaemrik cMnYn20°mkBIGWr:ub nig50°mkBIGasIu . cMnYn25° énePJóv eTscrN_)anmkkm<úCatampøÚveKak nigpøÚvTwk EdlCacMnYnmYybgðajBIkarekIneLIgénePJóveTscrN_ kñúgtMbn;¬EIU 2002¦. raCrdæaPi)alsgÇwmfa nwg)ancuHhtßelxaCamYyRbeTscinEdlnwgGnuBaØatRkum GñkeTscrN_cin edIm,ImkTsSnkic©enAkm<úCa . vis½yeTscrN_eKsgÇwmfanwgekIneLIgCabnþbnÞab; eTot .

34

sNæaKar nigePaCnIydæan)anpþl;kargardl;RsþI eRcInCagburs CaBiessenAkñúgTIRkugPñMeBj nigtam tMbn;TIRbCMuCnepSg²eTot . eyagtamkareFVIsßitirbs; CSES qñaM 1999 manRsþIeFVIkarenAkñúgsNæaKar nigePaCnIydæancMnYn14/410nak; cMEnkbursmancMnYn10/500nak; . enATIRkugPñMeBjmanRsþIcMnYn 7/420nak; nigburscMnYn 5/800nak; eFVIkarkñúgvis½yenH . Gorman ¬1999¦ )anbgðajfa RsþIPaK eRcIneFVIkarkñúgmuxtMENgEdl)anR)ak;kMér dUcCatMENgCaGñkTTYlePJóv GñkbMerI nigCaGñklk;Rsaebor . RsþIeFVIkarenAkñúgePaCnIydæan nig )armancMnYn ¬79°¦ b:uEnþenAkñúgvis½yeTscrN_dEdl manRsþIticCag burseFVIkarenAkñúgsNæaKar . RsþIv½yekµgRtUv)aneKCYledIm,ITak;TajePJóvburs ehIyRtUv)aneKbgçM eGayecHGt;eGancMeBaHGtþcrikemIlgayBIsMNak;ePJóv ¬Aafjex and Athreya, 1996 Rsg;ecjBI Gorman, 1999¦. CaTUeTARsþIBMusUvman»kasTTYlkartMeLIgzan³ b¤TTYl)annUvkarbNþúHbNþal CMnajeLIy . manRsþIrksIubMerIpøÚvePTcMnYn1/500nak; eFVIkarenATIRkugPñMeBj kñúgqñaM 1990 ¬UNICEF,1996

RksYgEpnkar/ 1998¦. kñúgqñaM 1997 cMnYnenHRtUv)aneKraykarN_fa)anekIneLIgdl; 14/000nak; ¬rdæsPaCati 1997 RksYgEpnkarqñaM 1998¦. enAqñaM 1998 cMnYnenHekIneLIgdl; 17/000nak; EdlmanRsþIcMnYn 10/000nak;enATIRkugPñMeBj ¬Diakonia, 1998 Gorman, 1999¦. bNþajkargar eynD½r nigkarGPivDÆn_¬GDN¦ nigRkumkargarhVrMrbs;RsþIénGgÁkareRkArdæaPi)al)anbgðajBIkar)a:n; RbmaNfa manRsþIEdlrksIuxagpøÚvePT 50/000-55/000nak; ¬2000³21¦ . GgÁkar UNICEF

¬qñaM1996 RksYgEpnkarqñaM1998¦ )anbBa¢ak;fa manRsþIGayueRkam18qñaM 35°rksIupøÚvePTkñúg pÞHbnenATIRkugPñMeBj nigmanRsþIxøHGayu 10-12qñaM . RsþICaeRcInRtUv)aneKe)akbeBaäat nigbgçMeGay eFVIeBsüacar . Klaasen ¬qñaM 1995 Gorman qñaM 1999¦ )anbgðajfa manRsþIcMnYnEtBak;kNþal b:ueNÑaH Edlcg;eFVICaRsþIeBsüacar cMEnkcMnYnBak;kNþaleTotcg;rkR)ak;kMértamskmµPaBmuxrbr epSg². RsþIrksIupøÚvePTCaeRcInkMBugRbfuyya:g xøaMgnwgkarqøgCMgWeGds_ . karsikSa)anelIkeLIgfa RsþIcMnYn 64°EdlrksIupøÚvePT GacqøgemeraKeGds_ ¬GDN 2000:5¦. 2>2>3 kargartammuxCMnaj kargarPaKeRcInsMrab;;RbCaCnkm<úCa KWkargarksikmµ nigensaT ¬tarag 2>10¦. enAqñaM 1999 manRbCaCncMnYn 74°eFVIkarkñúgvis½yenH ¬76>2° CaRsþI nig71>6° Caburs¦ ¬RksYgEpnkar qñaM

35

2000a¦. mankargareRcIneTot dUcCakargarlk;dUrenAkñúghag nigkargarbMerIesvakmµ KWCakargar sMrab;RsþI. cMEnkburs kargarenHRKan;EtCakarbnÞab;bnSMEtb:ueNÑaH ¬6>5°¦. enAkñúgTIRkugPñMeBj manRsþIcMnYn39>9° bMerIkargarkñúgEpñkTIpSar nigesvakmµ Edlcat;TukCakargar sMxan; ehIymanRsþIcMnYn¬23>6°¦bMerIkargarEpñksib,kmµ nigEpñkBak;B½n§ Edlcat;TukCakargar minsMxan;. GRtaenHbgðajfa RsþIPaKeRcInenAkñúgTIRkugPñMeBjbMerIkargarEpñklk;dUr kat;edrsMPar³ sib,kmµepSg²eTot . cMnYnRsþICak;EsþgEdleFVIkargarkñúgEpñkxagelIenHGacmancMnYneRcIn BIeRBaHman RsþImYycMnYneFVIkargarkñúgEpñkxagelIenH CakargarbnÞab;bnSM eRkABIkargarksikmµ nigkargarCaempÞH . eyageTAtamÉksar Gorman ¬1999¦ manRsþIcMnYn67° Cam©as;hagtUc² nigcMnYn77°CaGñk lk;dUrenAkñúgpSar . kargarTaMgGs;enHKWCakargarEdlBMumanlMnwgPaB ehIyBMutMrUveGaymanbT BiesaFn¾eRcIneLIy . bursEdleFVIkargarxagCMnajbec©keTs nigCMnajBak;B½n§enAkñúgTIRkugPñMeBjmancMnYn24>8° ehIy eFVIkargarCaCagma:sIun nigdaMdMNaMmancMnYn13>1° . enAkñúgEpñkTaMgBIrxagelIenH RsþIeFVIkarxag Epñkbec©keTs nigCMnajBak;B½n§mancMnYn9>8° ehIyeFVIkargarCaCagma:sIun nigdaMdMNaMmancMnYn0>5°. eKeXIjmansßanPaBRsedogKñaenHEdrenAtamtMbn;CnbTnigTIRbCMuepSg²eTot elIkElgEtCMnaj Epñkksikmµ nigClpl EdleKBMueXIjmanenAtamTIRbCMuCneRcIn . CaTUeTAbursEtgEtmankargareRcInCagRsþI BIeRBaHRsþICab;rvl;kargarkñúgpÞH . enAqñaM 1999 RsþIcMnYn 32° nigburscMnYn 38° mankargareFVIeRcInmux ¬Godfrey et la., 2001:9¦. KYeGaykt;sMKal;pg Edrfa kñúgcMenamRsþIEdleFVIkargarkñúgEpñkCaCagma:sIun nigCaGñkdaMduH manRsþICaeRcIneFVIkareRcInmux . cMnYnenHbgðajfa kargarCaCagma:sIun nig CaGñkdMaduH KWCakargarEdlmanzan³TabsMrab;RsþI .

36

tarag 2>10 RbCaCnmankargareFVI ¬Gayu 10qñaMeLIgeTA¦

tamRbePTkargar ¬edayEp¥kelIkargarsMxan;²¦ KittamGayu ePT nigCMnaj/ qñaM 1999 TUTaMgRbeTs TIRkugPñMeBj TIRbCMuCnepSg² tMbn;CnbT RbePTkargarsMxan;² srub Rbus RsI srub Rbus RsI srub Rbus RsI srub Rbus RsI

tulakar m®nþICan;x<s; nigRbFanRkumh‘un 0>6 1>2 0>1 2>0 3>0 0>8 1>0 1>9 0>2 0>5 1>0 0>0

GñkÉkeTs 2>4 3>6 1>3 7>2 9>5 4>5 4>9 6>7 3>2 1>7 2>7 0>9 Gñkbec©keTs

nigGñkÉkeTsrg 2>7 4>5 1>1 17>8 24>8 9>8 4>8 7>6 2>1 1>2 2>2 0>4

elxaFikar 0>2 0>2 0>1 1>1 1>2 0>9 0>2 0>2 0>3 0>1 0>1 0>0 GñkbMerIesva nigGñklk;dUr 7>0 3>7 9>9 25>1 12>2 39>9 15>3 6>9 23>4 4>5 2>5 6>2

kmµkrCMnajEpñkClpl nigEpñkksikmµ 74>0 71>6 76>2 8>1 6>5 9>9 52>8 48>7 56>8 82>0 80>6 83>3

kmµkrEpñktm,aj nigCMnYjBak;Bn½§ 4>9 4>1 5>6 17>8 12>6 23>6 7>1 7>0 7>2 3>5 2>9 4>1

GñkdaMdMNaM nigGñkbBa¢ama:sIun .l. 1>4 2>7 0>2 7>2 13>1 0>5 3>2 6>1 0>4 0>7 1>3 0>1

kargarbnÞab;bnSM 5>9 6>5 5>3 9>5 9>5 9>4 8>0 10>2 5>9 5>3 5>7 4>9 Tahan 1>0 2>0 0>1 4>4 7>7 0>6 2>6 4>9 0>5 0>5 1>1 0>0

srubRbePTkargarTaMgGs; 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 RbCaCnmankargareFVI ¬KitCaxÞg; ;000¦ 5508 2626 2882 388 207 181 528 259 269 4592 2159 2432

srub=Rbus nig RsI/ RbPB ³ RksYgEpnkar qñaM 2000a³33 ebIeRbobeFobeTAnwgTinñn½ykñúgqñaM 1993¼94 eKeXIjmankarFøak;cuHya:gxøaMg TaMgcMnYnburs nig RsþI EdleFVIkargarkñúgEpñkksikmµ nigClpl eTaHbIEpñkenH)anRsUbykkMlaMgkargar)aneRcInk¾eday . eKeXIjmanRsþIekIneLIgCalMdab;kñúgcMenamGñkEdleFVIkargarCakmµkrsib,kmµ nigCakmµkrCMnYjBak;B½n§ nigGñklk;dUrenATIpSarEdlmanRTg;RTaytUc ehIyeKeXIjcMnYnburskMBugekIneLIgkñúgEpñkGñk bec©keTs nigÉkeTs enHmann½yfaCMnajcMruHmYycMnYnGacpøas;bþÚreTAvijeTAmkrvagburs nignarI ehIyCMnajcMruHmYycMnYneTotekIneLIgx<s;kñúgclPaBkargar. EteTaHCaya:gNa eKeXIjmannarI tictYcQrCatMNag kñúgmuxrbrEdlmanCMnajx<s; Cak;EsþgeKeXIjnarIcMnYn2>5° nigburscMnYn 9>3° )anbMerIkargarCaGñkc,ab; m®nþICan;x<s; RbFanRkumh‘un GñkÉkeTs b¤Gñkbec©keTs .

37

2>2>4 PaBesµIKñaénR)ak;QñÜl CamFümbursGacrkR)ak;)an23° eRcInCagRsþI ¬Godfrey et al., 2001:11¦. Tinñn½yEdl)anmkBI CSESenAqñaM 1996 )anbgðajfa RsþIGacrkR)ak;cMNUlRbcaMExCamFüm)ancMnYn62/000erol esµInwg 23duløa ehIybursGacrkR)ak;cMNUlRbcaMExCamFüm)ancMnYn83/000erol esµInwg 30>7 duløa . bursnigRsþI)anTTYlR)ak;QñÜlxusKñaCag 300°kñúgkargarCMnYj b¤Gacniyayfa bursGacrkR)ak;)an 300dg eRcInCagRsþIkñúgkargarEpñkCMnYj . kargarCMnYjKWCavis½yEdlpþl;R)ak;QñÜleRcInsMrab;burs cMEnkkarplitCavis½yEdlpþl;R)ak;QñÜleRcInsMrab;RsþI. R)ak;QñÜleRcInEdlRsþITTYl)anBIkarplit edaysareKeFVICakmµkrenAkñúgeragcRkkat;edr . edayeyageTAtam Godfrey et al., qñaM 2001 )an bgðajfa kmµkreragcRkkat;edrGacrkR)ak;QñÜl)an 4dgeRcInCagGñkeFVIkarCaGñkbMerI . bBaðaenH ehIyEdleFVIeGaykargarenAeragcRkkat;edrmantMél eTaHbICal½kçx½NÐkargarya:gNak¾eday ¬dUcemIlcMnuc 2.2.2¬b¦.

tarag 2>11 R)ak;QñÜlRbcaMExrbs;kmµkr ¬Ep¥kelIkargarsMxan;²rbs;BYkeK¦

tamRbePTkargarsMxan; nig zan³ qñaM 1999 ¬Caerol¦

RbePTkargarsMxan;² TUTaMgRbeTs TIRkugPñMeBj TIRbCMuCnepSg² CnbT RbCaCnmankargareFVI 165,236 298,648 154,964 112,069

Gñkc,ab; m®nþICan;x<s; nigRbFanRkumh‘un 137,765 399,243 72,249 63,219

GñkÉkeTs 130,181 215,199 131,588 101,986

Gñkbec©keTs nigGñkÉkeTsrg 265,028 397,298 163,629 135,447

elxaFikar 186,502 306,646 214,089 60,319

GñkbMerIesvakmµ nigGñklk;dUr 174,010 263,454 185,716 72,214

kmµkrCMnajEpñkClpl nigksikmµ 97,691 94,547 156,256 81,192

kmµkrEpñktm,aj nigCMnYjBak;Bn½§ 194,373 281,645 189,533 147,782

GñkdaMdMNaM nigGñkbBa¢ama:suIn .l. 301,683 395,515 272,699 198,642

kargarbnÞab;bnSM 120,228 200,316 155,248 106,530

Tahan 110,047 161,011 109,220 73,576

RbPB ³ RksYgEpnkar 2000a³34

38

CaTUeTAR)ak;QñÜlenATIRkugPñµMeBjKWmankMritx<s;CagtMbn;d¾éTeTot EteTaHCaya:gNaenAEtmanPaB xusKñarvagkargarmYyeTAkargarmYyeTot. rvagR)ak;QñÜlenATIRkugPñMeBj nigCnbTmanPaBxusKña eRcInsMrab;Gñkc,ab; m®nþICan;x<s; RbFanRkumh‘un Gñkbec©keTs GñkCMnaj nigGñkmanCMnajKYbpSM elxaFikarbuKÁlikbMerIesvakmµ nigGñklk;dUrkñúgpSar b¤tamhag . Godfrey et al., ¬qñaM2001¦ )ansMKal;eXIjfa R)ak;QñÜlkargarelIvis½yksikmµ KWmankMritx<s;CagR)ak;QñÜl rbs;GñkbMerIenATIRkug ehIyeK)anelIkeLIgfa TICnbTBMumankargareRcIndUcTIRkugeT. EteTaHCaya:g NaeyIgKYrEtBicarNafa kargarelIvis½yksikmµ KWCakargartamrdUv ehIyenAkñúgrdUvQb;sMrak vaesÞIrEtFøak;dl;kMritsUnü . tarag 2>11 )anbgðajfa GñkeFVIkarxagEpñkbBa¢ama:sIun nigGñkbec©keTs )anTTYlR)ak;QñÜlx<s;dUc Cam®nþICan;x<s; nigm®nþIRKb;RKgEdr . kargarTaMgBIrRkumPaKeRcInCakargarrbs;burs . dUecñHRsþI R)akdCaRtUvkarCMnYyBieRKaHeyabl;elICMnaj nigkarpøas;bþÚrCMnajedIm,ITTYl nigGackan;muxtMENg kargarrbs;burs . 2>2>5 zan³kñúgkargar enAkñúgTIRkugPñMeBj RbPBsMxan;énR)ak;cMNUlkñúgRKYsarKWkargarrkR)ak;QñÜl EdlGacTTYl)an 34>9° énR)ak;cMNUlsrub nigcMnYn30>3° )anBIkarRbkbmuxrbredayxøÜnÉg ¬sßitirbs; CSES 1999:59¦9. enAkñúgTIRbCMuCnepSg²eTot R)ak;cMNUlEdl)anmkBIkarRbkbmuxrbredayxøÜnÉg KWcMnYn58° énR)ak; cMNUlsrub ehIy21>3° )anmkBIkargarTTYlR)ak;QñÜl. enAtMbn;CnbT smmaRtenHKW kargar pÞal;xøÜn)anTTYlR)ak;cMNUl71>4° nigkargarrkR)ak;QñÚlTTYl)an15>4° . burskMBugeFVIkargarCabuKÁlikTTYlR)ak;QñÜleRcInCagRsþI EdlbursmancMnYn19>9° nigRsþImancMnYn 10>9° EdleFVIkarCabuKÁlikTTYlR)ak;QñÜldUcKña . eTaHbImanKmøatq¶ayBIKñarvagburs nigRsþI kñúg kargarTTYlR)ak;kMérk¾eday k¾KmøatenHkMBugEtxitcUlCitKña . ry³eBl 2 qñaMknøgeTAfµI²enH sßiti rbs; CSES qñaM 1997 )anbgðajfa kMlaMgkargarrbs;bursmancMnYneRcInCagRsþI EdlbursmancMnYn

9 R)ak;cMNUl 34>8° sMrab;RKYsar)anmkBIRbPBepSg²dUcCaesvakmµCYl cgkarR)ak; edaHdUrniglk;pÞH .l.

39

15° nigRsþI5>4° . karfycuHenHbNþalmkBIkarelceLIgnUv»kaskargarsMrab;RsþIenAkñúgeragcRk kat;edr .

tarag 2>12 RbCaCnmankargareFVI ¬Gayu 10qñaMeLIgeTA ¦ tamtYnaTIkargar

¬Ep¥kelIkargarsMxan;²¦ KittamePT nig zan³ qñaM 1999 TUTaMgRbeTs TIRkugPñMeBj TIRbCMuCnepSg² CnbT

zan³énkargar srub Rbus RsI srub Rbus RsI srub Rbus RsI srub Rbus RsI

buKÁlik 15.2 19.9 10.9 53.4 65.1 39.9 24.1 34.0 14.5 11.0 13.8 8.4

nieyaCk 0.2 0.2 0.2 - - - 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3

rksIuedayxøÜnÉg* 36.6 51.3 23.1 33.3 28.2 39.2 38.2 42.8 33.7 36.6 54.5 20.8

empÞH 46.2 27.3 63.5 12.6 6.0 20.3 35.3 20.9 49.3 50.3 30.2 68.2

epSg² 0 0 0 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0 0 -

BMu)anbBa¢ak; 1.8 1.3 2.2 0.5 0.5 0.5 2.1 2.0 2.3 1.8 1.3 2.3

RKb;RbePT 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

srubTaMgGs; ¬KitCaxÞg; ;000¦

5508 2626 2882 388 207 181 528 259 269 4592 2160 2532

RbPB ³ RksYgEpnkar qñaM 2001a³31 srub=RbusnigRsI * KNenyüedayxøÜnÉg

40

Chart 2.8: Employed men (aged 10 years and above) by employment status (based on primary occupation)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

1993/94 1996 1997 1999year

perc

enta

ge

employer own account worker emloyee unpaid family worker

RkahVik 2>7³ RsþImankargareFVI ¬Gayu 10qñaMeLIgeTA¦ Kittamzan³énkargar ¬Ep¥ktamkargarsMxan;²¦

Chart 2.7: Employed women (aged 10 years and above) by employment status (based on primary occupation)


RkahVik 2>8³ bursmankargareFVI ¬Gayu 10qñaMeLIgeTA¦ Kittamzan³kargar ¬Ep¥ktamkargarsMxan;²¦

RbPB ³RksYgEpnkar¬2000b¦

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

1993/4 1996 1997 1999year

employer own account worker employee unpaid family worker

41

enAqñaM 1999 kMlaMgkargarcMnYn46>2° KWCaGñkeFVIkarkñúgRKYsarEdlBMu)anTTYlR)ak;kMér edayCYy RKYsarrbs;eKelIkareFVICMnYj b¤kargarksikmµRbcaMRKYsar ¬tarag 2>12¦. CaBiessGVIEdlKYreGay kt;sMKal;bMputenaHKWfa manRsþIcMnYn63>5°eFVIkarkñúgRKYsaredayBMu)anTTYlR)ak;kMér nigburscMnYn 27>3° eFVIkaredayBMu)anTTYlR)ak;kMérdUcRsþIEdr . manRsþIcMnYn60° enAtamCnbT KWCaGñkeFVIkar kñúgRKYsaredayBMu)anTTYlR)ak;kMér.

RbCaCnEdlmankargareFVICit83° ¬82>8¦ KWCaGñkeFVIkarkñúgRKYsaredayBMu)anTTYlR)ak;kMér ehIy k¾CaGñkEdlrksIuedayxøÜnÉgpgEdr . manbuKÁlikEdlTTYl)anR)ak;QñÜlcMnYn15>2° Etb:ueNÑaH ehIyBMusUvmannieyaCk EdlmanbuKÁlik10eFVIkarykR)ak;QñÜleRcIneT . bursenATIRkugPñMeBj eFVIkargarCabuKÁlikykR)ak;QñÜleRcInCagRsþI EdlbursmancMnYn65>1° ehIyRsþImancMnYn39>2° CaGñkRbkbmuxrbredayxøÜnÉg nig39>9°eToteFVIkarykR)ak;QñÜl. enAkñúgtMbn;RbCMuCn nigtMbn; CnbTdéTeTot RsþICaGñkeFVIkareRcInCageKkñúgpÞHedayBMu)anTTYlR)ak;kMér cMEnkbursCaGñkeFVIkar rkR)ak;cMNUlRbcaMRKYsar. bBaðaenHedaysarEtRsþIxVHCMnaj nig»kasEdlGaceGayBYkeKecjeTA eFVIkarenAxageRkApÞH)an . cab;taMgBIeBlEdleK)anRtYtBinitükarpøas;bþÚrenAqñaM 1993 eKeXIjmancMnYnekIneLIgCaeRcInénRsþI eFVIkarenAkñúgpÞH EdlCakargarBMu)anTTYlR)ak;kMér ehIymankarFøak;cuHya:geRcInéncMnYnGñkRbkbmux rbredayxøÜnÉg ¬RkahVik 2>7 nig 2>8¦. karFøak;cuHenH KWCakarbgðajya:gc,as;GMBIcMnYnRsþIya:g eRcInEdleFVIkarenAkñúgpÞHedayBMu)anTTYlR)ak;kMér . b:uEnþenAqñaM1993-94 karbkRsayBIkmµkreFVI karkñúgpÞHKµanR)ak;QñÜl KWxusKñaehIykarpøas;bþÚrenHRKan;EtqøúHbBa©aMgBIkarlM)ak nigPaBlMeGog EdlGñkerobrab;)ankMNt;niymn½yBIkargarkñúgpÞHKµanR)ak;kMér nigkargarmanKNenyüedayxøÜnÉg. GñkKNnacMnYnGRtaxagelI)anEbgEckedays½VyRbvtþifa enAkñúgRKYsarksikr bursCaemRKYsarKWCaGñk rkR)ak;cMNUlsMrab;RKYsar ehIyRsþICaGñkeFVIkarkñúgpÞHKµanR)ak;kMér.

EteTaHCaya:gNaebIGRtaekIneLIgénRsþIeFVIkarkñúgRKYsarCaGRtaEdlGacykCakar)an eKGacman mUlehtudUcxageRkam ³ GacmanninñakarmYyEdlRsþIRBYy)armÖGMBIkarRbkbmuxrbredayxøÜnÉg b¤eFVIkar 10 CaBiess vaCakarKYreGayPJak;ep¥IlEdlKµannieyaCkmankmµkreFVIkarykkMérenAkñúgPñMeBj. pÞúyBIGVIEdlmankñúg r)aykarN_sÞabsÞg;mtiBIesdækic©-sgÁm ¬RksYgEpnkar 2000a³30¦ enHRbEhlGacmkBIkareFVIGegátRKbdNþb;EtelI RKYsarEdlmanskmµPaBrs;revIk b¤shRKasminmankic©Rbtþibtþikar nigeRkABIRbePTénRKwHsßan. ehIyc,ab;tMrUveGay nieyaCkpþl;CaR)ak;ExGb,brmadl;nieyaCitrbs;eK ehIyenHGacb:HBal;dl;lT§plGegátenaH.

42

kñúgpÞH edaysarEtsßanPaBesdækic©minGnueRKaHcab;taMgBIqñaM1995 ehIyBIeRBaHvamankarlM)ak eRcIneTotkñúgkarRbkbmuxrbrrbs;eKeGayrIkcMerIneTAmux)an . edayyl;eXIjfa bursPaKeRcIn KWCa GñkTTYleCaKC½ykñúgkarRbkbmuxrbr ehIybursmYycMnYnKWCaGñkbegáItmuxrbrrbs;eK eFVIeGayRsþI RtUvcUlrYmkñúgkargarRKYsaredIm,ICYyRbkbmuxrbrrbs;bþI . dUecñHehIy)anCaRsþIEtgEtyl;fa xøÜneKKW CaGñkCYyburskñúgkargarepSg² b¤kargarksikmµ edaycat;TukfaxøÜneKKWCaGñkeFVIkargarkñúgpÞH ehIyminyl;faxøÜneKKWCaGñkrkR)ak;cMNUlkñúgRKYsareLIy. eTaHbICaGRtakargarrbs;RsþImankMrit Tabk¾eday k¾RsþIPaKeRcIn)aneFVIkarCaempÞHEdr . enAedImTsvtSr_qñaM1990 mankarFøak;cuHénkMlaMgkargarrkR)ak;kMér edayshRKasrbs;rdæcab;epþIm biTTVarbeNþIr². eRkaymkeTot edaysarEtmankarGPivDÆn_esdækic©TIpSar )aneFVIeGayeragcRkCa eRcInRtUvbegáIteLIg ehIykargarrkR)ak;kMérk¾cab;epþImekIneLIgvij CaBiesskargarrbs;RsþI. manRsþI eRcInCagburs)ane)aHbg;ecalkargarksikmµ ehIygakmkcab;ykkargarrkR)ak;QñÜl Edlbgðaj BIkarFøak;cuHénGñkRbkbmuxrbrpÞal;xøÜn nigbgðajBIkarekIneLIgénkargarrkR)ak;QñÜl. ebIsinCa {karbMerIkargarenAkñúgshRKasNamYyEdlBMu)ancuHeQµaH b¤ BMumankarTTYlsÁal;BIc,ab; 11} eKGaccat;fa Caesdækic©minerobry GñkEdleFVIkarenAkñúgshRKasenHnwgRtUv)aneK ¬CSES¦bBa©Úl kñúgRbePTénGñkRbkbmuxrbrrkR)ak;cMNUlpÞal;xøÜn . dUc)aneXIjrYcehIyenAkñúgtarag 2>12 manRsþIeRcInCagburseFVIkaredIm,IrkR)ak;cMNUlpÞal;xøÜnenATIRkugPñMeBj . vaGacmankarxusKñaya:g eRcInénR)ak;cMNUl rvagGñkEdleFVIkarenAkñúgshRKasEdlmanc,ab; nigGñkrkR)ak;kMérpÞal;xøÜn RBmTaMgGñkedIrlk;\va:n;. karsikSarbs; Kusakabe kñúgqñaM 1999 )anbgðajfa R)ak;kMérRbcaMéf¶ rbs;Gñklk;kñúghagpÞal;xøÜn)aneRcInCagGñklk;tampøÚv 8>7dg ehIyGñklk;tamtUbkñúgpSar)aneRcIn CagGñklk;tampøÚv12 3>6dg .

11 niymn½yeRbIeday Rao ¬1996¦ enAkñúgkarRsavRCavrbs;Kat;GMBIkargarminerobryenAPñMeBj 12 cMnYnGñkeqøIytbsMnYrenHtictYceBk.

43

2>2>6 kargarrbs;ekµgRsI karsikSarrbs; CSES kñúgqñaM 1999 )an)a:n;RbmaNfa kumarsrubcMnYn672/000 nak; mankumaracMnYn 334/000nak; nigkumarIcMnYn338/000nak; EdlmanGayucenøaHBI5-17 qñaM )ancUlrYmkñúg kargarciBa©wmCivit EdleFVIkarCakmµkrkumar . kumarTaMgenHKWCakumarEdl)anrkR)ak;kMér R)ak;QñÜl nig R)ak;cMeNjeGayRKYsarkñúgkMLúgqñaMxagelI . CagBak;kNþalénkumarcMnYn ¬52°¦ Edl)anCYyeFVI kargarenAkñúgpÞH. enACnbT mankumarcMnYneRcInCag 20° EdlmanGayucenøaHBI 10-14 qñaM nig man kumareRcInCag 52°EdlmanGayucenøaHBI 15-17 qñaM )aneqøIyfa BYkeKBMu)aneroneBjema:geT BIeRBaH BYkeKCab;rvl;CYyrkR)ak;cMNUleGayRKYsar . TaMgenAkñúgTIRkugnigCnbT ekµgRsItictYcNas;Edl)an cUleroneBjema:g ehIyBYkeK)aneFVIkarya:geRcInedIm,ITTYlR)ak;QñÜl ehIy)anCYyeFVIkargarkñúgpÞH eRcInCagekµgRbus ¬tarag 2>13¦ .

tarag 2>13

karcUlrYmrbs;kumarkñúgkargarrksIu/ kargarkñúgpÞH nigkarcUlrYmkñúgsala EdlmanGayucenøaH BI 5-17 qñaM kñúgqñaM 1999

matikarBt’man-ePT TUTaMgkm<úCa ° TIRkugPñMeBj ° TIRbCMuCnepSg² ° CnbT ° cUlrUmkñúgsala-vKÁbNþúHbNþaleBjema:g

TaMgBIrePT 60.3 81.9 67.0 57.2

ekµgRbus 63.7 85.1 70.2 60.8

ekµgRsI 56.6 78.9 63.6 53.4

CYyeFVIkargarkñúgpÞH TaMgBIrePT 52.2 44.2 46.8 53.7

ekµgRbus 52.0 40.5 44.4 54.1

ekµgRsI 52.3 47.8 49.3 53.2

eFVIkarrkR)ak;QñÜl R)ak;kMér nigCYyrkR)ak;kñúgRKYsar TaMgBIrePT 16.5 6.7 14.9 17.7

ekµgRbus 15.9 5.6 13.2 17.2

ekµgRsI 17.1 7.8 16.8 18.1

RbPB ³ RksYgEpnkar 2000a³36

44

2>3> siT§iTTYl)annUvkarGb;rM nigFnFanepSg² 2>3>1> karGb;rMkñúg nigeRkARbB½n§ ]bsKÁmYyEdlraMgsÞHkñúgkarbegáItkargarenAkm<úCaKWkgVHxaténFnFanmnusSEdlmanCMnaj nigxVHxat karGb;rMkñúgRbB½n§edIm,ICamUldæanénkarGPivDÄn_FnFanmnusS . RbeTskm<úCa k¾dUcCaRbeTsdéT eTotEdr enAEtmankarEbgEckeynD½rTaMgenAkMritbzm nigrhUtmkdl;]tþmsikSa . RsþIcMnYn 46° EdlmanGayu 25eLIgeTA BMuEdl)ancUlsalaeLIy cMEnkGRtabursmanEtcMnYn20>7° EdlBMu)an cUlsala ¬RksYgEpnkar qñaM 1996b¦. GRtaénRbCaCnecHGkSr EdlmanGayucab;BI 15qñaMeLIgeTA kñúgqñaM 1999 KWmancMnYn 67>8° . RsþI EdlecHGkSrmanGRtacMnYn 57>7° nigbursmancMnYn 80° . enATIRkugPñMeBj GRtaRsþIEdlecHGkSr mankMritx<s; b:uEnþenAtamtMbn;epSg²eTot GRtaRsþIEdlecHGkSrmankMritTab . EteTaHCaya:gNa karbgðajcMnYnBitR)akdGMBIGRtaGñkecHGkSr kñúgkarsÞabsÞg;EdlecaTsYrelIGñkecHGan nigGñkecH sresr GacBMuRtwmRtUveLIy. tarag 2>14 )anbgðajGMBIGñkEdlecHGkSrGayucab;BI 15 qñaMeLIgeTA KWmancMnYn 6/548 cMelIyEdlCalT§plKMrUrbs;CatieFVIeLIgya:gRtwmRtUv . kareFVIkarsakl,g bgðajfa GRtaénGñkminecHGkSr KWBMumanCacMnYneLIy ehIyGRtaénGñkEdlecHGan nigecHsresr xøH²KWmancMnYntictYc EtGRtaénGñkEdlecHBitR)akd nigGaceRbIR)as;sMrab;CIvPaBRbcaMéf¶ nigkñúgkar rkR)ak;cMNUlKWmancMnYneRcIn ¬Godfrey et al., 2001:6¦. GRtaenHbgðaj GñkEdlecHGkSrmanEt cMnYn37>1° ehIyRsþImancMnYnticCag30° EdlGaceRbIcMeNHBitR)akdrbs;xøÜn edIm,IrkR)ak;cMNUl. bBaðaenHehIyEdleFVIeGaymankarlM)akya:gxøaMgsMrab;burs nigRsþIkñúgkarGPivDÆn_CMnaj nigbegáIt muxrbr . GRtaénGñkecHGkSrmankMritTabkñúgcMenamRbCaCnRkIRk ehIykarEbgEckePTénGñkecHGkSrenAkñúg cMeNamRbCaCnRkIRk k¾mancMnYneRcInpgEdr ¬RksYgEpnkar qñaM1999a³24¦. kñúgcMnYn 20°én RbCaCnRkIRkbMputenAkñúgPUmi GRtaénGñkecHGkSrCabursmancMnYn 51>4° eRcInCagRsþI . b:uEnþenAkñúg cMnYn 20° énGñkmanenAkñúgPUmimanPaBxusKña 26° Etb:ueNÑaH .

45

tarag 2>14 RbePTbIya:génGñkecHGkSr KittamePT enAkm<úCa qñaM 1999

GñkminecHGkSr GñkecHGkSrxøH² GñkecHGkSrBitR)akd cMnYn¬lan¦ GRta¬°¦ cMnYn¬lan¦ GRta¬°¦ cMnYn¬lan¦ GRta¬°¦

Rbus 0.7 24.7 0.8 27.7 1.3 47.6

RsI 1.7 45.1 1.0 25.7 1.1 29.2

Rbus÷RsI 2.4 36.3 1.7 27.0 2.4 37.1

RbPB ³ RGC ¬1999¦ Rsg;ecjBI Godfrey et al ¬2001³6¦ Gorman ¬1999¦ yl;eXIjfa eTaHbImancMnYnRsþIkm<úCaeRcIn CaBiessGñkEdlmanGayu30qñaM eLIgeTA minecHGkSrk¾eday k¾RsþIv½yCMTg;EdlmanGayu25qñaMeLIgeTA mancMnYntictYcenAkñúg kmµviFIsikSaGkSrsaRsþCaeRcIn . kmµviFITaMgenHepþatsMxan;eTAelImnusSv½yCMTg; nigGñkEdle)aHbg; ecalsala . BMumankarEbgEckeRcIneLIy enAkñúgGRtaénGñkcUleronsalarhUtdl;fñak;TI4 . EtmancMnYnsisSRsI CaeRcIn)ane)aHbg;ecalsala . karsikSakan;Etx<s; GRtacuHeQµaHrbs;sisSRsIkan;EtmankMritTab . enAfñak;bzmPUmi GRtacuHeQµaHrbs;sisSRbusmancMnYn68° eRcInCagGRtacuHeQµaHrbs;sisSRsI ehIy enAfñak;TutiyPUmi GRtacuHeQµaHrbs;sisSRbusmancMnYn88° eRcInCagsisSRsI ¬RksYgEpnkar qñaM 1998a¦ . enAfñak;]tþmsikSasisSRbusmancMnYn85° . GRtaénkarcuHeQµaHTabrbs;sisS RsIenAfñak;]tþmsikSa edaysarEtÉkCnPavUbnIykmµénkarGb;rM salaeronenAq¶ayBIpÞH TsSn³rbs; «Bukmþay nigsgÁmEdlyl;fa karsikSarbs;kUnRsIBMusUvmansar³sMxan; nigkarsÞak;esÞIrrbs;«Bukmþay kúñugkarbBa¢ÚnkUnRsI»üeTAq¶ayBIpÞH ehIynigkaryl;fakUnRsIRtUvCYyeFVIkarpÞH nigCYyrksIukñúgRKYsar. mankar bgðajGMBIkarEbgEckePTtamsaklviTüal½y nigtammCÄmNÐlbNþúHbNþalviC¢aCIv³CaeRcIn EdlRsþIRtUv)aneKcat;bBa©ÚlkñúgEpñkmnusSFm’ nigRKUKruekaslü . manburscMnYn99° enAkñúg mhaviTüal½yc,ab; nigmhaviTüal½yeBTü ¬GNP 2000¦. kmµviFIsikSarbs;salaRtUv)anpøas;bþÚredIm,I kMueGaymankarEbgEckePT ehIyedIm,IkMueGaymankarKitGMBIkarEbgEcktYnaTIburs nigRsþI .

46

2>3>2 siT§iTTYl)annUv\NTan KMeragrbs;raCrdæaPi)al nigGgÁkareRkArdæaPi)alCaeRcInEtgEtmankarpþl;\NTan . manGgÁkar eRkArdæaPi)alrhUtdl;cMnYn80 GgÁkar )ancUlrYmCYypþl;\NTanCaRTg;RTaytUc ¬ILO, 2000:22¦ ehIyGgÁkarTaMgenaHykRsþICaRkumeKaledArbs;eK . eGsIulIdaKWCaGñkEdlpþl;\NTanEdlmanRTg; RTaytUc FMCageK ehIyebItamkarKNnarbs;viTüasßanhirBaØvtßúxñattUc)andwgfa eGsIulIda)anpþl; \NTan)anRbEhlcMnYn70°. karpþl;R)ak;\NTantictYcRtUvEp¥ktamcMnYnbMNulEdleKkMNt; b:uEnþ eGsIulIdapþl;\NTanpÞal;eTAeGayGñkrksIutUctacÉkraCüCaeRcIn. GtifiCnrbs;eGsIulIdaPaKeRcIn KWCaGñkEdlmanbMNgrksIukñúgry³eBlxøI dUcCakarlk;dUr ehIyBMusUvmanGtifiCneRcIn EdlrksIutam rdUvdUcCakargarksikmµCaedIm. kar)a:n;sµanrbs;FnaKarGPivDÆn_GasuI ADB )aneGaydwgfa tMrUvkar\NTanticbMputrbs;Gñkrs;enA tamCnbTmancMnYnBI37-40landuløaGaemrik ¬ILO, 2000:22¦. GgÁkareRkArdæaPi)alkMBugerob EpnkarbBa©Úl R)ak;bEnßmenAkñúgTIpSar\NTan. GgÁkar NGO nigGgÁkar GRET eRKagbEnßm R)ak;kMcIR)aMdgeTot sMrab;kMLúgqñaM 1998-2004 cMEnkmNÐlshKmn_km<úCa CCB eRKagbEnßmR)ak; kMcICaCuMTI7 ¬Seven-fold¦ sMrab;qñaM 2004. brimaNénR)ak;kMcIPaKeRcInKWmancMnYntictYc . GgÁkarpþl;\NTaneRkArdæaPi)alQanmuxeKcMnYn23 kñúgcMenam25GgÁkar)anpþl;R)ak;kMcICamFüm50duløa kñúgExFñÚ qñaM1998 ehIymanGgÁkarcMnYn16 eTot)anpþl;R)ak;kMcI30duløa . FnaKareGsIulIda)anpþl;\NTandl;GñkrksIuFunmFüm nigGñkrk sIutUctacCaeRcIn edaypþl;nUvR)ak;kMcImankMnt;cMnYn1194duløa sMrab;GñkrksIutUctac nigcMnYn 8118duløa sMrab;GñkrksIuFunmFüm ¬ILO, 2000¦. Epnkar\NTanxñattUcCaeRcIn kMnt;ykkarR)ak;Rbhak;EhlKñakñúgcenøaH¬RbEhl3-5°kñúgmYyEx vaCaGRtaEdlTabCagGRtarbs;GñkrksIuykkarR)ak;¦ kMnt;ry³eBlxøIdUcKña kñúgkarpþl;R)ak;kMcI ehIy tMrUveGaybg;éføkarR)ak;dEdl²Caerogral;Ex . eTaHbICaFnaKareGsIulIda nigsßab½npþl;R)ak; \NTanepSg²eTot)ankMNt;Epnkar\NTanrbs;xøÜnsMrab;bMeBjtMrUvkarrbs;ksikrk¾eday k¾GRta karR)ak;rbs;eKenAEtmankMritx<s; sMrab;ksikrkñúgkareRbIR)as;R)ak;kMcIedIm,IRbkbrbrksikmµ b¤karrk

47

suIepSg²Edl)ancMeNjtictYc CaBiessRtUvKiteTAelIkMritcMeNHdwgénmnusSPaKeRcInEdlRtUvkar \NTan . ksikr nigplitkrxñattUcCaeRcInenAEtRtUvkarR)ak;kMcIvinieyaKsMrab;ry³eBlyUr . 2>3>3> siT§iTTYl)annUvdIFøI kñúgcMenamsmaCikRKYsarenACnbT cMnYn14>4°KWCaGñkKµandIFøI . karkan;kab;dIFøICamFümsMrab; smaCikRKYsarmñak;KWmancMnYn1hicta . KMeragsikSadIFøI)anrkeXIjfa emRKYsarCaRsþImankmµsiT§i dIFøItUcCagcMnYnCamFüm1hicta ehIyGacmancMnYnRsþIeTVeLIgkøayCaGñkKµandIFøI nigkøayCaGñkman CMelaHxagdIFøI . eKyl;eXIjfa vaKWCakarrgeRKaHmYyrbs;GñkEdlEsVgrkdIFøI ¬Williams, 2000;

Biddulph et al., 2000; Mehta et al., 2000¦. karkan;kab;dIÉkCnk¾CakarkMNt;mYydl;RsþIpgEdr kñúgkarTTYl)annUvkmµsiT§idIFøI CaBiessFnFanFmµCati. 2>3>4> siTi§TTYl)anGMNackñúgkarsMerccitþkñúgRKYsar vaKWCakarcaM)ac;bMputEdlRsþImanGMNackMNt;kñúgkarsMerccitþenAkñúgRKYsarrYmTaMgkarsMerccitþelIkar eRCIserIskargarenAxageRkA . tYnaTI nigkarTTYlxusRtUvrbs;RsþIkñúgRKYsar)aneFVIeGayb:HBal; nigRtUv)aneKeFVIeGayb:HBal;dl;kareRCIserIskargar karTTYl)annUvFnFan nigBt’manRBmTaMg»kas TTYlnUvkargarCMnajrbs;RsþI . Tinñn½yCaeRcInsþIGMBIbBaðaGMNacsMerccitþrbs;RsIþEdlRbmUl)anrhUtmkdl;eBlbc©úb,nñenH )anmkBI karsikSabnþicbnþÜcmineTogTat; EteTaHCaya:gNakarsÞabsÞg;GMBIbBaðasuxPaB nigcMnYnRbCaCnkm<úCa qñaM 2000 ¬CDHS¦ )andak;bBa©ÚlbBaðaGMNacsMerccitþrbs;RsþICasnÞsSn_mYyya:gsMxan; . karsÞabsÞg;enH Ep¥keTAelIKMrUCatMNagTUTaMgRbeTsénRsþIcMnYn15/300nak;kñúgcenøaHGayuBI 15-49qñaM EdlRsg;ecjBIextþRkugcMnYn12. karsÞabsÞg;enH)anecaTsYrGMBIkarsMerccitþmñak;Ég nigkar sMerccitþrYmKña . dUcmanbgðajkñúgtarag 2>15 RsþIGaceFVIkarsMerccitþPaKeRcIncMeBaHEtbBaðaEdl Tak;TgsuxPaBrbs;eK ehIyk¾GaceFVIkarsMerc)anpgEdrkñúgkareTAelgRKYsar eTAelgmitþPkþi eTAelgbgb¥Ún nigkarTijdUr. RsþIGaceFVIkarsMerccitþ)antictYcbMputkñúgkareRbIR)as;fñaMBnüakMenIt ehIyGacsMerccitþ)antictYckñúgkarrkR)ak; . manRsþIcMnYn 40>7° Etb:ueNÑaHEdlGaceFVIkarsMerc

48

citþEtmñak;Ég)an b¤ rYmKñaelIkarsMerccitþTaMg6ya:g ehIymanRsþIesÞIrEtmin)anmYynak;kñúgcMenamRsþI 10nak; min)anniyayGVIesaH kñúgkarsMercTaMg6ya:genH .

tarag 2>15

PaKryénRsþIEdlniyayfaBYkeKeFVIkarsMerccitþcugeRkayEtmñak;Ég b¤rYmKña eTAelgbgb¥Ún

RKYsar mitþPkþi TijdUr

TMnijRbcaMéfø TijdUr

TMnijFM² eTArkR)ak; EfTaMsuxPaB

pÞal;xøÜn eRbIR)as;

fñaMBnüakMenIt sMerccitþ

TaMg6ya:g BMumancMelIy TaMg6ya:g

srub 80.0 75.2 72.1 65.7 80.9 61.5 40.7 9.5

TIlMenA

TIRkug 79.9 67.6 63.7 60.1 82.1 53.2 33.1 10.2

CnbT 80.0 76.8 73.8 66.8 80.6 63.3 42.3 9.3

karGb;rM

KµankarGb;rM 83.6 83.1 80.5 69.0 84.5 67.4 46.9 6.6

bzmsikSa 80.4 75.1 71.7 66.3 79.9 61.7 40.4 10.0

mFümsikSa nig]tþmsikSa 72.3 61.7 58.5 57.5 77.7 50.8 31.0 12.4

muxrbrbc©úb,nñ

eFVIkarykluysuT§ 84.0 81.0 78.1 80.5 86.7 62.5 47.5 5.9

eFVIkar\t)anluy 79.8 74.1 69.7 63.3 78.3 62.8 38.9 11.0

Kµankargar 74.7 69.0 67.3 49.0 76.8 58.2 34.2 12.0

RbPB ³ RksYgEpnkar qñaM 2000C karcUlrYmkñúgkarsMerccitþmankarekIneLIgtamGayu ehIyGñkEdl)anerobkarmanGMNackñúgkarsMerc citþeRcInCagGñkEdlminTan;erobkar . RsþIenAtamCnbT)anbgðajBIkarsMercxøaMgCagRsþIEdlrs;enA TIRkug . TaMgenHRbEhlBIeRBaHEtGRtacUlrYmkMlaMgBlkmµrbs;RsþIenACnbTmaneRcInCagRsþIenAtam TIRkug . RsþIEdleKCYleGayeFVIkarykR)ak;QñÜl b¤RsþIEdleFVIkarKµanR)ak;QñÜlmanGRtacUlrYmkñúg karsMerccitþx<s; . EtKYreGayPJak;ep¥Il karcUlrYmkñúgkarsMerccitþ)anFøak;cuHya:gxøaMg cMeBaHRsþIEdl mankarGb;rMkan;Etx<s;. bBaðaenHRbEhlCaedaysarRsþIEdlmankarGb;rMl¥zan³kNþalmanKMnit yl;fa xøÜnRtUvEtRbkan;x¢ab;CaRsþIRKb;lkçN_kñúgTsSn³rbs;sgÁm ¬Kusakabe, 1999¦. bBaðaenH edaysarEtRsþIEdlmankarGb;rMl¥mYycMnYn )anerobkarCamYynwgbursEdlmancMeNHdwgRbesIrCagxøÜn dUecñHehIyRsþIkøayCaempÞHeBjema:g ehIyCaRsþIRtUvBwgBak;TaMgRsugelIbursTaMgEpñkluykak; .

49

karsÞabsÞg;GMBIsuxPaB nigcMnYnRbCaCnkm<úCa ¬CDHS¦k¾)ancgRkgpgEdrnUvsnÞsSn_CaeRcInsþIGMBI PaBCam©as;karelIesdækic©pÞal;xøÜn rYmTaMgsiT§ielIkarRKb;RKgRTBüsm,tþi TMnak;TMngCamYysßab½nhirBaØ vtßúTMenIb² nigRKb;RKgelIR)ak;cMNUlpÞal;xøÜn . kmµsiT§ielIRTBüsm,tþirYm kmµsiT§ielIdIFøI kmµsiT§ielIpÞH sEm,g niglMenAdæanepSg²eTot kmµsiT§ieRKOgGlgáar kmµsiT§ielIstVciBa©wm nigkmµsiT§ielIrfynþ nigm:UtU. sßab½nhirBaØvtßúrYmman FnaKar kmµviFI\NTanrbs;GgÁkareRkArdæaPi)al b¤kmµviFI\NTan Ep¥kelIshKmn_. RKb;RKgrbs;rbrkñúgpÞH EdlbEnßmelIkarRKb;RKgrbs;RsþIcMeBaHkarTijcMNIGahar rbs;rbreRbIR)as; sMPar³pÞal;xøÜn dUcCasMelokbMBak; fñaMsgáÚv nig eRKOgsMGagepSg² .

tarag 2>16 PaKryénRsþIEdlRKb;RKgRTBüsm,tþi manTMnak;TMngCamYysßab½nhirBaØvtßúTMenIb²

nigRKb;RKgelIR)ak;cMNUlCakmµsiT§irYm b¤kmµsiT§iedayELk m©as;kmµsiT§ielIRTBüsm,tþi karTMnak;TMngCamYysßab½nhirBaØvtßúTMenIb² karRKb;RKgelIR)ak;cMNUl Cam©as;mñak;

Ég b¤rYmKñaelI

RTBü ya:gtic1

Cam©as;mñak;Ég elIRTBüya:gtic1 ehIyGaclk;)an

sÁal;kmµviFI \NTan

Føab;dak;Bakü x©IR)ak;b¤Føab;TTYl

R)ak;kMcI

RKb;RKgluy y:agticcMeBaH sMPar³1kñúgpÞH

RKb;RKgluy ya:gticcMeBaH

sMPar³pÞal;xøÜn1

srub 78.3 27.6 37.4 10.4 68.9 80.2

lMenAdæan

TIRkug 74.0 29.0 45.3 10.0 63.0 78.9

CnbT 79.1 27.3 35.7 10.5 70.1 80.4

karGb;rM

KµankarGb;rM 83.3 29.3 32.9 11.8 76.4 83.1

bzmsikSa 78.1 25.6 38.5 10.3 68.7 80.4

mFümsikSa÷]tþmsikSa 70.1 31.7 41.1 8.4 56.0 74.3

muxrbrbc©úb,nñ

eFVIkarykluysuT§ 81.6 32.5 38.3 11.3 74.1 85.6

eFVIkar\t)anluy 78.1 26.2 38.2 11.2 68.2 78.6

Kµankargar 74.0 23.1 34.7 8.0 62.7 75.2

RbPB ³ CDHS 2000

50

tarag 2>16 bgðajfa RsþIcMnYn78°Cam©as;kmµsiT§ielIRTBürYm b¤edayELk ehIyRsþIcMnYnCit70° b¤Cag RKb;RKgluykak;kñúgpÞH nigsMPar³pÞal;xøÜn . RsþIEdlmankargareFVImankarRKb;RKgR)ak;cMNUl eRcInCagGñkEdlKµankargareFVI . EteTaHCaya:gNa karRKb;RKgelIkarcMNayTaMgenHbgðajfa BYkeK RtUvTTYlxusRtUvelIkarcMNaysrubenAkñúgRKYsar . dUecñHGRtaenHGacbBa¢ak;fa karRKb;RKgluykak; srubkñúgRKYsarrbs;eKhak;dUcmanbBaðaeRcInCagkarRKb;RKgluykak;pÞal;xøÜn . eTaHbIRsþICam©as;RTBüsm,tþik¾eday k¾GñkEdlGaccat;EcgedayesrIelIRTBüTaMgenHmancMnYntic. man EtRsþIcMnYn27>6°b:ueNÑaHEdlmansiT§iCam©as;mñak;ÉgelIRTBüsm,tþiya:gticcMnYn1 ehIyGaclk; va)anedaymincaM)ac;mankarGnuBaØat ¬RksYgEpnkar 2000c:226¦. GRtaenHehIyEdlbgðajfa ehtuGVI)anCaRsþImankarlM)akkñúgkarcat;Ecg b¤BRgIkTunsMrab;CMnYjrbs;eK . manRsþIticCag1PaK3 EdlmansiT§iRKb;RKan;kñúgkarRKb;RKgRTBüsm,tþi . karlM)akkñúgkarTTYl)anRTBümUlniFienH edaysarBYkeKBMu)anTTYlBt’manRKb;RKan;GMBIkmµviFI\NTan . vaKYreGaysMKal;pgEdrfa GñkEdl mankarGb;rMx<s;dwgGMBIkmµviFI\NTan eRcInCagGñkEdlBMumankarGb;rM b:uEnþGñkEdlBMumankarGb;rMx©IR)ak; eRcInCag ]TahrN_GñkEdleronenA]tþmsikSanigviTüal½ymancMnYn41>1° dwgGMBIkmµviFI\NTan cMEnkGñkEdlBMumankarGb;rMmanEtcMnYn32>9°. EtpÞúyeTAvijGñkEdlmankarGb;rMx<s;cMnYn8>4°)an TTYlR)ak;kMcI cMEnkGñkEdlBMumankarGb;rMmancMnYn11>8° . GRtaenHbBa¢ak;fa Bt’mansþIGMBIkmµviFI \NTanRCYtRCabdl;GñkEdlminRtUvkar\NTaneRcInCagGñkRtUvkar . 2>3>5> siTi§TTYl)annUvmUlniFisgÁm nigbNþajTMnak;TMng eyageTAtamGñkRsavRCavmYycMnYn)aneGaydwgfa PaBs¥itrmYt nigsamKÁIPaBkñúgsgÁmBMuEmnCalkçN³ FmµCatienAkñúgsgÁmkm<úCaeLIy EdlenAkñúgsgÁmRKYsarhak;dUcCaekaHmYy ¬Gorman 1999¦ EteTaH Caya:gNa karRbvas;kargarKñaeFVIkñúgrdUvdaMduH nigrdUvRbmUlpl eKenAEteXIjmanGnuvtþCaeRcInkEnøg. eTaHbImansmaKm GgÁkar nigRkumBuMsUveRcInenAkm<úCak¾edayEtsmaKm nigGgÁkarTaMgGs;hak;dUcCa mankMenInya:gelOn13 . BYkeKkMBugbegáItRkumGñkecHCYyKñaeTAvijeTAmk begáItRkumGaCIvkrkñúgpSar nigbegáItsmaKmCMnYj .

13 GgÁkar JICA kMBugmanEpnkareFVIEpnTIénsmaKmenAkm<úCaedImqñaM2002

51

CDHS kñúgqñaM2000 TMB½r228 )anbgðajfa manRsþIcMnYntictYcNas;¬3>1°¦CasmaCikGgÁkardUcCa KN³kmµaFikarGPivDÆn_ Rkumsasna nig¼b¤ RkumsgÁmepSg²eTot. smaCikPaB KWekIneLIgtamGayu eKeXIjmankarekIneLIgeRcInenAtamCnbT ehIykarGb;rMmankarFøak;cuH. enAkñúgcenøaHGayu40-49qñaM mancMnYn4>9°CasmaCikrbs;GgÁkar . enACnbTmanRsþIcMnYn3>4°CasmaCikrbs;GgÁkar cMEnkenA TIRkugmanRsþIcMnYnEt1>8° Edl)ancUlrYmCamYyGgÁkar GñkKµankarGb;rMcMnYn3>5° CasmaCikrbs; GgÁkar cMnYnsmaCikenHGacFøak;cuH3° cMeBaHRsþImancMeNHdwgfñak;bzm ehIyGacFøak;dl;2>5° cMeBaHnarImankarGb;rMmFümb¤]tþm. 2>4> PaBgay)at;bg;»kasrbs;RsþIkñúgTIpSarkargar 2>4>1> RkumEdlgay)at;bg;»kas tamÉksarrbs; Reerink ¬2001¦ rbs;GgÁkarBlkmµGnþrCatisþIGMBIkarRtYtBinitü b¤karvaytMél GMBIsmPaBénePTkñúgTIpSarkargar nig»kasrbs;RsþI sMrab;muxrbréføfñÚrenAkm<úCaRtUv)aneKEbgEck RkumBiess nigRkumgay)at;bg;»kasdUcteTA ³

emRKYsarCaRsþI ³ CaRkumRsþI EdlmantYnaTITabkñúgsgÁm RsþIEdlsgÁmminsUvykcitþTukdak; RsþIEdl RbQmnwgvibtþieRcIn RBmTaMgRsþIEdlTTYlbnÞúkkargarF¶n; . RsþITaMgenHGacTTYl)annUvkarCYy eRCamERCgBIGñkdéT luHRtaEtCaemRKYsarEdlenAmñak;Ég . GñkxøHKWCaRsþIemma:y CaRsþIEdlEbk)ak; RKYsarCaRsþIEdleKe)aHbg;ecal b¤CaRsþIRbBn§cugeK . RsþITaMgenHCaBiessRsþIEdlEbk)ak;RKYsar b¤CaRbBn§cugeKTTYlrgnUvkaremIlgayBIsgÁmya:gxøaMg dUecñHBYkeKBMusUvTTYl)annUvbNþajTMnak;TMng kñúgPUmiRsukenAeLIy ¬Kusakake 2001b¦.

RsþIBikar ³ karsÞabsÞg;rbs; CSESkñúgqñaM1999 )an)a:n;RbmaNfa RbCaCncMnYn1>5° KWCaCnBikar EdlCnBikarbursmancMnYn1>8° nigCnBikarnarImancMnYn1>2° . Urashima¬2002¦ bgðajfa RbCaCncMnYn9>8° manCMgWpøÚvcitþ b¤xUcstiGarmµN_ Bikarragkay EdleFVIeGay)at;bg;smtßPaBciBa©wm xøÜnÉg. RsþIEdlmanGayu¬RbEhl40qñaMb¤eRcInCag¦ Edl)anrgeRKaHBIkarEbgEckePT KWCaGñk Edl)anRbQmxøaMgnUvRBwtþikarN_d¾QWcab;kalBIry³eBl 30qñaMknøgmk. edaymankarTTYlxusRtUv kñúgkarpÁt;pÁg;esdækic©RKYsar nigkarpøas;bþÚresdækic©TIpSarenAeBlbc©úb,nñ)anbgáeGaymankarlM)ak

52

EfmeTotdl;RsþITaMgenHehIyeKGacsnñidæanfa manRsþIeRcInCagbursEdlTTYlkarrgeRKaHBICMgWpøÚvcitþ edaysarsßanPaBTaMgenH .

ekµgRsICaBlkmµkumar ³ dUcEdl)aneXIjrYcehIyenAkñúgcMnuc2>2>1 GRtacUlrYmkargarrbs;ekµg RsIeRcInCagekµgRbus . enAqñaM1999 GRtacUlrYmkMlaMgkargarrbs;ekµgRsI EdlmanGayucenøaHBI 10-14qñaM mancMnYn11>7° cMEnkGRtaénekµgRbusmancMnYn10>6° . sMrab;kumarEdlmanGayuBI 15-19qñaM manekµgRsICag2PaK3 cMnYn ¬68>1°¦ nig1PaK2 énekµgRbuscMnYn¬50>9°¦ )ancUlrYm kñúgkMlaMgkargar ¬RksYgEpnkar qñaM 2000a³28¦ . karlM)akrbs;ekµgRsIkñúgkarcUleron BMuEmn edaysaEtsalaenAq¶ay b¤Bi)akkñúgkareFVIdMeNIrenaHeT b:uEnþvak¾edaysarEtekµgRsIRtUvCYykargar kñúgpÞH. edaysarekµgRsImankarGb;rMtictYc dUecñHekµgRsIRtUv)aneKyl;fa CaGñkgayRsYleRbI nigtMélefak ehIyekµgRsIRbQmnwgkargareRKaHfñak;CaeRcIn dUcCakargarbMerIpøÚvePT CaGñksMuTan b¤TMrg;énkargar´eK.

RsþI nigekµgRsIkñúgkargarrksIupøÚvePT ³ Urashima ¬2002¦ bBa¢ak;fa GñkrksIuxagpøÚvePTcMnYn 47° enAkm<úCa RtUveKlk;edayBuMuRsbtamqnÞ³rbs;eKeT ehIycMnYn34°bEnßmeTot cakecjBIpÞH edaysarPaBRkIRk ¬emIl cMnuc 2.2.2.c¦.

RsþImkBIRkumCnCatiPaKtic ³ edaysarEtmanPaBxusKñaEpñkPasa vb,Fm’ TMenomTMlab; CMenO eFVIeGayRsþIEdlmkBIRkumCnCati mankarlM)akkñúgkarTTYl)annUvkarGb;rM esvakmµBt’man esvasuxPaB nig \NTan . Urashima ¬2002¦ k¾)anbBa©ÚlpgEdrnUv ³

RsþIEdlpøas;bþÚrTIkEnøgkñúgRsuk ³ kñúgcenøaHqñaM 1992-93 RsþIEdlpøas;bþÚrTIkEnøgkñúgRsuk ¬IDP¦cMnYn180/000nak; RtUv)aneKbBa¢ÚneTAkEnøgedImrbs;eKvij . BYkeKesÞIrEtBMu)anTTYl kar]btßmÖNamYyxagEpñksMPar³ b¤ suCIvFm’eLIy ehIyBYkeK)ankøayeTACaCnRkIRkbMput . BYkGñkTaMgenHhak;dUcCaGñkEdlmanCMgWraMuér:Cab;nwgxøÜn . BYkeKBMuGacvilRtLb;eTARsukkMenItrbs; eKvij edaysarBYkeKxVHFnFan b¤edaysarEtbBaðadImanRKab;mIun . eRkayqñaM 1993 eTaHbICaman

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RbCaCneRcInRtUv)aneKbBa¢ÚnRtLb;eTAkEnøgedImvijeRBaHmansRgÁam EtcMnYnPaKeRcInén IDP enAEt maneRcInsMrab;RsþI .

ekµgRsI CaBiesskUnRsIc,g ³ kUnRsIc,geK GacCaGñkEdlTTYlkarrgeRKaH BIeRBaHBYkeKCaGñkTI1 EdlRtUvbBaÄb;karsikSaedIm,ICYykargarpÞH . RKYsarEdlmanCIvPaBRkIRkEtgEtlk;kUnRsIc,geK kñúgTMrg;edIm,IsgbMNul eTAeFVIkarCaGñkbMerIkñúgpÞHénRKYsarGñkman .

CnrgeRKaH edayGMeBIhwgSakñúgRKYsar ³ karsÞabsÞg;rbs; CDHS )anrkeXIjfa manRsþIcMnYn 23° )anTTYlrgeRKaHGMeBIhigSakñúgRKYsartaMgBIGayu 15 qñaM nigmanRsþIcMnYn15° rgeRKaHGMeBIenH kñúgkMLúgry³eBl 12 Exknøgmk. GñkEdlbgáGMeBIhigSakñúgRKYsar PaKeRcInbursCabþI nigmanRsþI cMnYn 25°b:ueNÑaHEdlrgeRKaHBIGMeBIhwgSaelIragkayBIGñkdéTEdlminEmnCabþI .

RsþIEdlrs;enAedaymanpÞúkemeraKhIuv¼CMgWeGds_ ³ karrIkraldalqøgénCMgWeGds_enAkm<úCa KWedaysarkarrYmrkSénePTpÞúyKñaedayKµankarkarBar . CaBiess manbursCaeRcInEdl)ancMlgemeraKeGds_eTAédKUesµaHRtg;rbs;eK rYmTaMgRbBn§eTotpg . GRtaqøgCMgWkñúgcMenamRsþIEdlmanépÞeBaHEdleK)aneFVIetsþenAkñúgKøInikEfrkSasuxPaBmuneBlsMral kUn kñúgqñaM2000 KWmancMnYn2>3° ¬Urashima 2002:27¦. CagenHeTAeTot RsþIKWCaGñkEdlRbQm muxkñúgkarEfrkSasmaCikEdlqøgCMgW .

RsþIEdlKµanTIlMenA ³ enAkñúgqñaMfµI²enHmankarekIneLIgénRsþIEdlrs;enAtamcieBa©ImpøÚv . PaKeRcIn KWCaGñkEdlcUlmkTIRkugtamrdUvkal . RsþIEdlKµanTIlMenArhUtdl;76° mankUnmkCamYy . cMnYn ekIneLIgénRsþIEdlKµanTIlMenAKWmandUcCaRsþIEdlRtUvbþIe)aHbg;ecal nig¼b¤RsþIEdlRtUv)aneKvaydM rMelaP nigRsþIEdlBMumanbgb¥ÚnBwgBak; . 2>4>2> ktþaEdleFVIeGayRsþIgay)at;bg;»kasTIpSarkargar manktþaCaeRcInTak;TgeTAnwgbBaðaeynD½rEdleFVIeGayRsþImanzan³tUcCagburs . Reerink ¬2001¦ )anbgðajGMBIktþaEdleFVIeGaytYnaTIrbs;RsþImankMritTab dUcxageRkam ³

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menaKmviC¢axageynD½r nigGtþcritburaN ³ TsSn³énkareKarB«Bukmþay nigsVamI RBmTaMgkar beRgonrbs;RBHBuT§ Edl)anbgðajGMBItYnatItUcTabrbs;RsþI )anbnSl;TuknUvTMenomTMlab;sgÁmmYy EdleFVIeGayRsþIBMusUvmantMél . bBaðaenHeFVIeGayRsþIBMusUvmanGaTiPaBkñúgkareronsURt BMuGac TTYl)annUvkargarx<g;x<s; edaypþl;R)ak;QñÜldl;RsþITab ehIybEnßmbnÞúkkargardl;RsþI . TsSn³ TaMgenH rYmTaMgkaryl;fa kUnRsIc,gRtUvEtlHbg;xøÜnedIm,IplRbeyaCn_RKYsar EdleFVIeGayRsþIRtUv Føak;xøÜncUlenAkñúgtYnaTId¾lM)ak . BYkeKk¾emIlgayRsþIEdlEbk)ak;RKYsarpgEdr EdlvaKWCakarEdl eFVIeGayRsþIRtUvTTYlkarlM)akEfmeTot . vaKYreGaykt;sMKal;pgEdrfa cl½tPaBrbs;RsþIBMuRtUv)an eKGnuBaØateGayeLIy edaysarmanTsSn³rbs;sgÁmEdlmineGaytMélcMeBaHRsþI .

GnkçrPaB ³ Urashima ¬2002¦ )anbgðajfa GnkçrPaB nigkarGb;rMTab KWCa]bsKÁmYyya:g FMsMrab;»kaseLIgzan³rbs;RsþI . vak¾eFVIeGayb:HBal;dl;»kasrbs;RsþIpgEdrkñúgkareronmuxCMnajfµI nigTTYl)annUvBt’manTIpSar .

PaBs¥itrmYtrbs;sgÁm nigsamKÁIPaBrbs;shKmn_ ³ eKEtgEtyl;eXIjfa PaBs¥itrmYtrbs; sgÁmpþl;nUvbriyakasKaMRTdl;RsþI BIeRBaHBYkeKGacrkCMnYyBIGñkdéT)anedaygayRsYl . EteTaHCa ya:gNak¾eday mankarBiPakSamYyelIkeLIgfa etIsamKÁIrbs;shKmn_ manenAkñúgTsSn³buraN énshKmn_km<úCaEdrb¤eT ehIydUcEdl)anerobrab;rYcehIyKWfa manRsþItictYcNas;CasmaCikrbs; GgÁkar .

RsþIkgVHxatkMritkarsMerccitþ ³ ¬2000 Rsg;ecjBI Reerink qñaM 2001 ¦ UNDP bBa¢ak;fa esckþIENnaM nigGtßbTc,ab;;sþIGMBIkarEsVgyl;eynD½r nigc,ab;sþIGMBIkareyaKyl;elIRsþI RBmTaMg eKalkarN_EdlGacpþl;nUvtYnaTId¾sMxan;rbs;RsþIkñúgkarsMerccitþ .

CMgWeGds_emeraKhIuv ³ dUcEdl)anbkRsayrYcehIyenAkñúgcMnucxagelI KWfaCMgWeGds_ eFVIeGayRsþIFøak;kñúgePTnIyPaBénTIpSarkargar enHminEmnedaysarEtkarqøgCMgWEdlRsþIrgeRKaH edayxøÜnÉgEtb:ueNÑaHeT b:uEnþRsþICaeRcInRtUvEtEfrkSaGñkEdlqøgCMgWeGds_EfmeTotpg. ¬RksYgEpn karenAqñaM 2000c³187¦ )anraykarN_fa enAcugqñaM2000 RbCaCnkm<úCacMnYn169/000nak; ¬cMnYnCag1°énRbCaCnsrub¦RtUv)aneK)a:n;RbmaNfaqøgCMgWeGds_¼pÞúkemeraKhIuv. karsÞabsÞg;rbs;

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RksYgEpnkarenAqñaM2000c )anbgðajfa RsþIcMnYn22>7° Edl)anyl;dwgGMBICMgWeGds_ )anKitfa GñkEdlman pÞúkemeraKeGds_nwgRtUv)aneKrkSaedaysm¶at; . GRtaenHbBa¢ak;fa GñkEdlmanpÞúk emeraKeGds_enAEtrgeRKaHGMBIkars¥b;ex<ImenAkñúgsgÁm . RsþIcMnYn54° Edl)aneqøIy nwgsMnYrsÞab sÞg;TaMgenH)anniyayfa BYkeKsuxcitþEfrkSabgb¥ÚnEdlmanCMgWeGds_ .

bnÞúkkargarF¶n;rbs;RsþI ³ Gorman et al., ¬1999¦ )anelIkeLIgfa bnÞúkkargarF¶n;F¶rrbs;RsþI KWCarnaMgya:gFMEdleFVIeGayBYkeKBMuGaccab;yk»kassMrab;karbNþúHbNþal nigskmµPaBGPivDÆn_epSg² rab;TaMgkmµviFIsikSaGkSrsaRsþEfmeTotpg .

kgVHbNþajsnþisux ³ ebITsSn³rbs;sgÁmminsabsUnüeT eKGacniyay)anfa snþisuxsgÁm Edlpþl;cMeBaHRsþIKWmanPaBTn;exSay . KaMRTRKYsar dUcCakarRbvas;kargar karpþl;R)ak;kMx©IeRkApøÚvkar nigkarKaMRTpøÚvcitþ kMBugEtmankarFøak;cuHTaMgenATIRkug nigTICnbT . cMeBaHGñkEdlpøas;TIlMenABI CnbTmkTIRkug KWCaBYkEdlxVHkarCYy]btßmÖKaMRT BYkTaMgenHehIyEdlCaGñkqøgkat;ya:glM)aknUv kgVHbNþajsnþisuxsgÁm14. karxVHbNþajsnþisuxsgÁmeFVIeGayCIvitRsþIRtUvKµanTIBwg ehIyeFVIeGay BYk eKBMuGacGPivDÆ nigrkR)ak;cMNUlpÞal;xøÜn)an .

GMeBIhigSakñúgRKYsar ³ eyagtamRksYgEpnkar kñúgqñaM ¬2000c³233¦ )anraykarN_fa RsþIcMnYn 75°)anrgeRKaHedaysarGMeBIhigSarbs;bþI ¬TaMgbþImun nigbþIeRkay b¤BIGñkdéT¦ . karekIteLIg nUvGMeBIhigSa mankMritx<s;cMeBaHGñkEdlmanGayu20-39qñaM eRbobeFobrvagRsþIv½yekµg nigv½ycas; . RsþImñak;kñúgral;cMenamRsþIBIrnak; Edl)anElgbþI b¤eTIbEtEbk)ak;RKYsarfµI² RtUv)aneKraykarN_fa TTYlrgeRKaHBIGMeBIhigSacab;taMgBIGayu15qñaM cMEnkGRtaénRsþIEdleTIbEtmanbþI KWmancMnYn22° EdlTTYlrgeRKaHBIbþI. RsþIEdlElglHbþI b¤Ebk)ak;RKYsarTTYlnUvGMeBIhigSaeRcInCageKkñúgeBl knøgmk. cMnYn28° énRsþIElglHbþI b¤Ebk)ak;RKYsarRtUv)aneKraykarN_faFøab;;manGMeBIhigSakal BIry³eBl12Exknøgmk cMEnkRsþIEdlmanbþIfµI²RtUv)aneKraykarN_famancMnYn14>7° . GMeBIhigSa kñúgRKYsar eFVIeGayRsþIrgeRKaHya:gxøaMgTaMgragkay nigsmtßPaBkñúgkarTTYlykCMnaj b¤GPivDÆ CMnajepSg² . 14 enHKWCakarlIkTwkcitþmYyBIeRkaykarbegáItsmaKmn_GaCIvkrenATIpSarenAkñúgPñMeBj. emIl Banwell (2001 and Kusakabe et al.(2001))

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GMeBIhigSaRbqaMgnWgRsIþ ³ GMeBIhigSakñúgsgÁm nigvb,Fm’niTNÐPaB ¬vb,Fm’KµaneTaséBr_¦)aneFVI eGayRsþIgrgeRKaHya:gxøaMg . dUcEdl)anbBa¢ak;enAxagedImrYcehIy kñúgkarsikSaénsiT§ikan;kab;dIFøI KWfaRsþIEdlCaemRKYsar KWCaGñkEdlmanerOgra:vdIFøIeRcInCageK ebIeFobnwgGñkdéT ¬emIlcMnun 2>3>3¦. enAeBlEdlsgÁmminpþl;nUvynþkarc,ab; edIm,Ipþl;nUvsiT§ikan;kab;elIRTBüsm,tþi RsþInwgkøay CaGñkrgeRKaHeRcInCageKcMeBaHdIFøIRbkbedayyfapl . enAkm<úCa GRtacUlrYmkMlaMgkargarrbs;RsþIKWmankMritx<s; b:uEnþedaysarEtmanbBaðaxagelI RsþICaeRcInBMu TTYl)anplRbeyaCn_eLIy ehIyTTYlnUvkarrgeRKaHeRcInCageKkñúgTIpSarkargar . CMBUkbnÞab;enH nwgRtYtBninitüemIlrebobénkarbNþúHbNþalviC¢aCIv³EdlnaMeGayRsþIGacCMnHelIkarlM)ak edayEp¥k elIBt’manEdlTTYl)anBIkarRsavRCavdl;mUldæan .

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CMBUkTI3 karbNþúHbNþalviC¢aCIv³kñúgkmú<Ca

3>1> karbNþúHbNþalviC¢aCIv³EdlkMBugdMeNIrkarenARbeTskm<úCa 3>1>1> karGb;rMkñúgRbB½n§ ³ karbNþúHbNþalCMnajkñúgRbeTskm<úCaRtUv)anEckecjCaBIrcrnþ ³ karbNþúHbNþalkñúgRbB½n§ nig karbNþúHbNþaleRkARbB½n§. eyagtamkarRsavRCavrbs; Urashima ¬2002¦)aneFVIEpnTIGMBIRbB½n§ Gb;rMbNþúHbNþalviC¢aCIv³ EdlkMBugdMeNIrkarTaMgkñúgRbB½n§nigeRkARbB½n§. RKwHsßansikSardæEdlpþl;kar sikSadl;kMrit]tþmmandUcCa saklviTüal½yPUminÞPñMeBj viTüasßanbec©kviTüakm<úCa mhaviTüal½y nItisaRsþnigviTüasaRsþesdækic© mhaviTüal½yevC¢saRsþ nig saklviTüal½yPUminÞviciRtsil,³. enAeBlfµI²enH RKwHsßanbNþúHbNþalÉkCnfñak;]tþmsikSa)anbegáIteLIgeRcInNas;Edr. karRsavRCav Urashima ¬2002³34¦)anRsg;BaküBIRksYgGb;rM yuvCnnigkILa (MoEYS) cgú¥lbBa¢ak;BIsßitinisSit srubcMnYn4/867nak; cUleronenAtamRKwHsßan]tþmsikSa kñúgqñaM 2000-2001 eKeXIjnisSitnarI manEt 30PaKryb:ueNÑaH. mansalamFümsikSabec©keTs nigviC¢aCIv³mYycMnYnFM sßiteRkamkardwknaM RKb;RKgnigerobcMcat;Ecg edayRksYgGb;rM yuvCnnigkILa. salamFümsikSabec©keTsrYmbBa©ÚlsalaGb;rMkaysm,Ta nigGb;rMkILa salaBaNiC¢kmµ hirBaØvtßú Epnkar KmnaKmn_dwkCBa¢ÚnnigkargarsaFarN³ éRbsNIy_ nigTUrKmnaKmn_. salabNþúHbNþalviC¢aCIv³KWsalaTaMgLayNaykcitþTukdak;CaBiesselICMnaj b¤¤EpñkCak;lak;mYy. tamry³kmµviFIbNþúHbNþalviC¢aCIv³¼nisSit¼ sikçakamcMnYn9/211nak; )anbBa©b; karsikSaEdlkñúgenaH60°PaKryCanisSitRsþI (Urashima, 2002:34). RksYgGb;rM yuvCnnigkILa )annwgkMBugkan;kab;RKb;RKgmCÄmNÐlbNþúHbNþalviC¢aCIv³ (PTCs) cab;taMgTsvtSr_qñaM1980 man mYyenAextþ)at;dMbg nigmYyeTotenATIRkugPñMeBj ¬RBHkusm³¦. mCÄmNÐlTaMgenaH)anbeRgonCMnaj CagemkanicnigCagGKÁisnI ehIynigpþl;karbNþúHbNþalry³eBlEvg2-3qñaM. raCrdæaPi)alkm<úCa)anbegáItKN³kmµaFikarCatibNþúHbNþal ¬GuinFIb‘Í¦ enAéf¶TI28 ExvicäikaqñaM1998 edIm,IedIrtYnaTICasßab½neFVIeKalneya)ay Epnkarkmµ nigsRmbsRmYlkñúgvis½yGb;rMbNþúHbNþal

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bec©keTsnigviC¢aCIv³¬FIvIGuIFI¦. KN³kmµaFikarenH)anRtUveKbegáIteLIgedIm,IeGayviFIsaRsþGb;rM bNþúHbNþalbec©keTs nigviC¢aCIv³RbkbedayyuT§saRsþbgVileTAtamtMrUvkar EdlmanRKwHsßan bNþúHbNþalsaFarN³GgÁkareRkArdæaPi)alnig RKwHsßanbNþúHbNþalÉkCn)ancuHkic©snüaTTYlGnuvtþ karbNþúHbNþalCMnajenAfñak;Rsuk nigextþ dl;CnRkIRk sMrab;tMbn;CnbTnigTIRkug (Urashima,

2002:35). fµI²enHmanRksYgk¾dUcCaGgÁkareRkArdæaPi)alya:geRcInkMBugEtCab;kic©snüa kñúgkarpþl; kmµviFIbNþúHbNþalbec©keTsnigviC¢aCIv³. eRkamKN³kmµaFikarCatibNþúHbNþal mansßab½nrdæcMnYn20 sßab½nEdlkMBugpþl;kmµviFI bNþúHbNþalviC¢aCIv³ry³eBlxøI enAtambNþaextþnana manGgÁkareRkA rdæaPi)alcMnYn14k¾kMBugbNþúHbNþalviC¢aCIv³nigsalabNþúHbNþalviC¢aCIv³ÉkCncMnYn54eTotEdr. RKwHsßanbNþúHbNþalrdæ eRbIRKUbgðat;CnCatikm<úCacMnYn90nak; GgÁkareRkArdæaPi)aleRbIRKUbgðat;CnCati km<úCa119nak;nigRKUbgðat;breTscMnYn14nak; nigEpñkÉkCneRbIRKUbgðat;CnCatikm<úCa 464nak; nigRKU bgðat;breTs39nak; ¬RksYgGb;rMyuvCnnigkILaqñaM2002¦. eyagtamkarRsavRCavrbs; Urashima ¬2002¦ erobrab;famanGgÁkareRkArdæaPi)alcMnYn72 nig salaÉkCncMnYn165. 3>1>2> karGb;rMeRkARbB½n§³ karGb;rMeRkARbB½n§rYmmankarbNþúHbNþalCMnajtamry³sßab½nrdæ GgÁkareRkArdæaPi)al nigEpñkÉkCn mYycMnYnFM rYmmankarhVwkhVWnkUnCageTotpg. naykdæanGb;rMbNþúHbNþalbec©keTsnigviC¢aCIv³én RksYgGb;rM yuvCnnigkILakMBugEterobcMcgRkgRbBn§½Bt’manTIpSarkargar k¾dUcCasþg;daCMnajCati RbB½n§eFVIetsþ nigRbB½n§karTTYlsÁal;edIm,IFana)ansþg;dasmtßPaB. KN³kmµkarRbwkSabec©keTs ]sSahkmµRtUv)anbegáItenAeRkamKN³kmµaFikarCatibNþúHbNþaledIm,IBRgwgTMnak;TMngrvagEpñk ]sSahkmµ nigmCÄmNÐlbNþúHbNþalviC¢aCIv³. RksYgGb;rM yuvCnnigkILa)anbegáItmCÄmNÐlbNþúHbNþalviC¢aCIv³ ¬PIFIsuI¦kñúgTsvtSr_qñaM1990. bc©úb,nñenH manmCÄmNÐlbNþúHbNþalviC¢aCIv³RbcaMextþcMnYn16PIFIsuI sßiteRkamkarRKb;RKgrbs; RksYgGb;rM yuvCnnigkILa énRBHraCaNacRkkm<úCa. mCÄmNÐlbNþúHbNþalviC¢aCIv³TaMgenaHeRcInpþl; kmµviFIsikSary³eBlxøImanCMnajksikmµ nigkat;edr cMENkCMnajCagemkanic nigCagGKÁisnIBuMsUvman eT. cMENkmCÄmNÐlbNþúHbNþalviC¢aCIv³ vIFIsuI pþl;karbNþúHbNþaldl;yuvCnTaMgLayNaEdl eroncb;salacMeNHTUeTAfñak;TI9 rIÉRkumeKaledArbs;PIFIsuI manRsþIemRKYsar nigemma:y CnBikar eyaFarMsay Cnpøas;kEnøgkñúgRsuk CnmatuPUminivtþn_ kUnRsIc,g ekµgkMRBa sisSe)aHbg;ecalkarsikSa

59

RKYsarmankUneRcInCagbYnnak; nigRkumCngay)at;bg;»kasdéTeTot. edaysarRkumeKaledATaMgenH eFVIeGayPIFIsuImansisS¼sikçakamnarIeRcInCag vIFIsuI . mCÄmNÐlbNþúHbNþalviC¢aCIv³RbcaMextþ mYycMnYn Føab;)anTTYlCMnYyBIGgÁkarBlkmµGnþrCatiBIqñaM1992 dl; qñaM1999 nigbnþTTYlCMnYyBI FnaKarGPivDÆn_GasuI (ADB) BIqñaM1998dl;qñaM2001. TaMg PIFIsuI nigvIFIsuI pþl;karbNþúHbNþal edayBuMykQñÜlsikSa ehIyEfmTaMgpþl;R)ak;]btßmÖdl; sisS¼sikçakam RkIRkeTotpg. RKb;PIFIsuITaMgGs;pþl;vKÁbNþúHbNþalCalkçN³kMrgm:UDul Edlmanry³eBlBI1s)þah_eTA24s)aþh_ nigmanpþl;CMnYy]btßmÖxøH²dl;sisSsMrab;cMNayelImðÚbGahar. edIm,ICMnHbBaðakñúgkarTTYlykkar bNþúHbNþalviC¢aCIv³ eKk¾)anbegáItPIFIsuIenATIrYmextþ. TnÞwmenHEdreK)anerobcMeGaymanvKÁbNþúH bNþalrUbPaBcl½tenAtamPUmi edIm,IbgákargayRsYldl;RsþICnbTkñúgkarTTYlykCMnajviC¢aCIv³ CaBiessRsþIEdlTTYlbnÞúkRKYsarF¶n;F¶r. fVIebImanebIkvKÁcl½tsMrab;bNþúHbNþalCMnajksikmµya:g Nak¾eday k¾cMnYnsisS¼sikçakamsrubFøak;cuHcab;taMgBIBak;kNþal qñaM1990mkem:øHedaysarbBaðafvika ¬emIlEpñk 3>2>2¦. RksYgGb;rM yuvCnnigkILa manRkum»kasesµIPaBrvagburs nigRsþI (GEO). RkumenH)anbegáIt kñúgqñaM1993 EdleBlenaHmaneQµaHfaRkumRsþIkñúgkarGPivDÆn_ ehIyeRkaymkeTotRtUv)aneKbþÚr eQµaHCaRkumesµIPaBKñarvagburs nigRsþI. GNtþirbs;RkumenHKWeFVIya:gNaeGayRsþIcUleronCMnaj )ankan;EteRcIneLIg². RkumenHk¾)an cgRkgeKalkarN_ENnaMnigesovePABum<beRgon ehIynigerobcM sikçasalabNþúHbNþalpSBVpSaysmPaBeynDr½ CaPasaExµrnigPasaGg;eKøs. RksYgkic©karnarInigGtItyuT§Cn (MoWVA) k¾)anpþl;karbNþúHbNþalviC¢aCIv³tamry³mCÄmNÐlRsþI kñúgkarGPivDÆn_ (WID) cMnYnR)aMBIrnigkariyal½ykic©karnarIRbcaMextþnanamYycMnYneTot. GgÁkarBlkmµ GnþrCati )ancuHeFVIkarBinitüeLIgvijnUvskmµPaBtammCÄmNÐlRsþIkñúgkarGPivDÆn_TaMgenaHkalBIedIm qñaM2001 ¬eyagÉksarRsavRCav ILO, 2001¦. karRsavRCavenH)anelIkykeKalsMxan;caM)ac; edIm,IeFVIsmahrNkmµénkarbNþúHbNþalCMnaj eGayeqøIytbtMrUvkarTIpSar RBmCamYykarTTYlyk )anedImTun karbNþúHbNþaledIm,IGPivDÆshRKin nigesvaCMnYjdéTepSgeTot ehIynigrk[eXIjnUv bBaðaTaMgLayEdlRsþICYbRbTHkñúgkarTTYlykkarbNþúHbNþalenAmCÄmNÐl. karRsavRCavenH Ep¥kelIkarBinitüeLIgvijnUvKMeragénsmahrNkmµesdækic© (Integrated Economic Empowerment)

60

nigshRKin nigkargarsMrab;RsþIkñúgRbeTskm<úCa (NEEEW) RtUv)anGPivDÆedayRksYgkic©karnarI nigGtItyuT§CnedaymanCMnYybec©keTsBIGgÁkarBlkmµGnþrCati. RksYgsgÁmkic© kargar bNþúHbNþalviC¢aCIv³ nigyuvnItism,Ta (MoSALVY) RtUv)anraykarN_fa RksYgRtUvEtmanmCÄmNÐlbNþúHbNþalviC¢aCIv³rbs;xøÜn nigpþl;kar]btßmÖ\NTanpgEdr. mCÄmNÐl TaMgenaHk¾nwgpSBVpSayBIkarGnuvtþn_kmµviFIbNþúHbNþalshRKinEdr. RksYgeRkAdéTeTotk¾man mCÄmNÐlbNþúHbNþal nigkmµviFIpÞal;rbs;eK. Ca]TahrN_ manRksYgeTscrN_ bNþúHbNþal mKÁúeTÞsk_eTscrN_ RksYgKmnaKmn_ nigdwkCBa¢ÚnbNþúHbNþalCagemkanicrfePøIg RksYgksikmµ ¬edaymankarTTYlxusRtUvRKb;RKgsMrab;salamFümksikmµERBklab nig saklviTüal½yPUminÞ ksikmµ¦ ebIkvKÁbNþúHbNþalksikmµdl;ksikr RksYgmhaépÞbNþúHbNþalnKr)al RksYgsuxaPi)al TTYlRKb;RKgsaklviTüal½yevC¢saRsþsuxaPi)al nigRksYgkarBarRbeTs bNþúHbNþalTahan rMsay. GgÁkareRkArdæaPi)aldUcCa GgÁkardUnbUsáÚ (Don Bosco) ma:rINul (Mary Knoll) nigGgÁkarexmra (Khmemara) mankmµviFIbNþúHbNþalerogxøÜnrbs;eK. karbNþúHbNþalrbs;GgÁkareRkArdæaPi)al PaKeRcInmanRkumeKaledACak;lak;dUcCaRsþIRkIRk CnBikar ekµgkMRBa CnmatuPUminivtþn_ b¤ k¾eyaFa rMsay. TnÞwmKñaenHEdrmanRKwHsßanÉkCndéTeRcIneTotCaBiessenARkugPñMeBj nigTIRkugFM²mYycMnYnkMBug beRgonPasabreTsnigCMnajkuMBüÚTr½edaytRmUveGaysisSbg;éføsikSa. enAxN³eBlsala bNþúHbNþalviC¢aCIv³rdæbeRgonEtGñkbec©keTs ehIyPaKeRcInCasisS¼nisSitRbus eKsegáteXIj salaÉkCnmYycMnYnsm,ÚreTAedaysisS¼nisSitRsI. enAviTüasßan rIEyn (Regent) Edlman beRgonPasaGg;eKøs kuMBüÚTr½ CMnajRKb;RKg CMnajelxaFikarnigKNenyü eKeXIjman 60°PaKry énnisSitTaMgenaHCanarI. rIÉenAsala )a:suIhVik (Pacific) vijk¾mannisSitnarI60°PaKry eronCMnajkuMBüTr½ nigPasaGg;eKøsEdr (Gorman, 1999:21). Gnuelamtamc,ab;kargar RKwHsßanCMnYjEdlmanCYlnieyaCiteRcInCag60nak;tRmUveGayRKwHsßanenaH mankmµviFIhVwkhVWnkUnCagEdlmantMélesµInwg10°éncMnYnnieyaCit (Urashima, 2002:37). eTaHbIman

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c,ab;kargarkarBarya:gNak¾eday Rkumh‘unFM²mYycMnYnenAEtTTYlykkUnCagkñúgcMnYntictYc ehtuenH ehIyBaNiC¢kmµGnþrCati CMTas;kñúgkarbegáItbTbBa¢aEdlcaM)ac;. eTaHCaya:genHkþI karhVwkhVWnkUnCag RTg;RTayFMkMBugEtRtUv)anGnuvtþenAtamRbePTmuxrbrCaeRcIn. CYnkalkUnCagRtUvbg;éføQñÜlhVwkhVWn eGayemCagedIm,IeroneGaykan;EtsÞat; nigRbsb;. kñúgkrNIxøHeTotkUnCag)anTTYlhVwkhVWn edayBuM )ac;ykéføQñÜlhVwkhVWn )anTTYlkarhUbcuk karsñak;enA nigluyehae):ACafñÚrBlkmµ. 3>1>3> karcuHeQµaHcUleronrbs;sisS¼sikçkamnigkarrkkargareFVI³ eyagtamÉksarkMnt;Rtarbs;naykdæanbNþúHbNþalviC¢aCIv³énRksYgsgÁmkic© kargarbNþúHbNþal nigyuvnItism,Ta (MoSALVY) KUsbBa¢ak;facenøaHqñaM1991 dl; qñaM2000 RbCaCncMnYn52/630nak; RtUv)aneKbeRgontamry³vKÁry³eBlxøIedayRKwHsßanbNþúHbNþalrdæ nigGgÁkareRkArdæaPi)al Edlkñúg cMeNamenaH sisS¼sikçakam 58>5°sßitkñúgEpñk]sSahkmµ nig34° kñúgEpñkeTscrN_. tamÉksar RsavRCav Urashima (2002:35))an)a:n;RbmaNfa RbCaCn50/555nak; RtUv)anbNþúHbNþaleday sßab½nrdæaPi)al nigGgÁkareRkArdæaPi)alkñúgqñaM1991-98 edayminKitsalaÉkCn. elIsBIenHeTot RksYgsgÁmkic© kargar bNþúHbNþal nigyuvnItism,Ta)an)a:n;RbmaNbEnßmfaRbCaCncMnYn 200/000nak; RtUv)anTTYlkarhVwkhat;CMnaj EdlPaKeRcInCakarhVwkhVWnkUnCagnigeronenAeBl eFVIkartamry³shRKas¼eragcRk rYmbBa©ÚleragcRkkat;edrsMelokbMBak; nigcMkarekAs‘U. eyagtamÉksarrbs;RksYgGb;rM yuvCnnigkILa (MoYES) bgðajfasisS¼sikçakamsrubcMnYn 11/706nak; )aneroncb;vKÁbNþúHbNþalCMnaj 53CMnajxus²KñamanvKÁry³eBlEvgnigvKÁry³eBlxøI kñúgcenøaHqñaM1999 nigqñaM2001 EdlvKÁTaMgenaHTTYlra:b;rgbNþúHbNþaleday 224RKwHsßanbNþúH bNþaleRkammUlniFiCatibNþúHbNþal kñúg24extþRkug TUTaMgRBHraCaNacRkkmú<Ca. kñúgcMeNamenaH sisS¼sikçakam53° ¬6/180nak;¦ CasisS¼sikçakamnarI nig47° ¬5/526nak;¦ CasisS¼sikçakam burs (MoYES, 2001:17). kñúgcMeNamsisS¼sikçakamTaMgenaH mansisS¼sikçakammYyPaKbYneron vKÁkat;edrry³eBlxøI EdlCacMnYneRcInCageKbMput. CMnajEdleBjniymepSg²déTeTotsßitenAtam lMdab;lMedayénGaTiPaBman ³ vKÁciBa©wmstV vKÁkuMBüÚTr½ vKÁCYsCulm:UtU vKÁEkécñmðÚbGahar vKÁG‘utsk; vKÁCYsCulTUrTsSn_ vKÁCYsCulviTüúnigma:ej: vKÁCYsCulma:suInFuntUc nigvKÁsMNg; ¬emIltarag 3>1¦.

62

Ep¥ktamTinñn½yrbs;RksYgGb;rM yuvCn nigkILa MoYES ¬2001³18¦ GRtaGñkmankargareFVIén sisS¼sikçakambBa©b;karsikSavKÁbNþúHbNþalCMnajTaMgenaHmanGRtax<s;. 68° énsisS¼sikçakam TaMgenaHrkkargar)aneFVIeRkayeBlbBa©b;vKÁ ¬67° CasisS¼sikçakamburs nig68PaKryCanarI¦. cMENkeyaFarMsayTaMg505nak; Edl)anqøgkat;vKÁbNþúHbNþal rkkargar)aneFVITaMgGs;KñaeRkay bBa©b;vKÁ. kñúgcMeNam RsþIemma:ycMnYn919nak; Edl)anqøgkat;vKÁbNþúHbNþal man 98°énRsþITaMg enaHrkkargareFVI)an. GRtaGñkrkkargareFVI)ankñúgcMeNamRkumgay)at;bg;»kasmandUcteTA³ ekµgkMRBa82° CnBikar77° sisSe)aHbg;sala71° nigCnTIT½lRkenAtamCnbT47°. kñúgcMeNam53CMnajEdlRtUv)aneKykmkbNþúHbNþal CMnajEdlmanGRtakargareFVIeRcInCageK bMputKWCMnajksikmµ dUcCakarciBa©wmstVnigRtI kardaMpSitnigxÞwm)araMg nigkarciBa©wmdgáÚvnagsMrab; eFVIsURt. GñkbBa©b;karsikSaCMnajTaMgenHesÞIrRKb;rUb rkkargareFVI)an. cMeBaHCMnajepSgeTotEdl manGRtamankargareFVIx<s;EdrenaH rYmmanCMnajCYsCulrfynþ CMnajCagEdk CMnajeFVIkRnþk CMnajG‘utsk; nigkarEkécñplitplepþA. rIÉCMnaj EdlmanGRtakargareFVITabCageKbMput manCMnaj KNenyü ¬35>6°¦ CMnajCYsCulkuMBüÚTr½ ¬15>2°¦ CMnajsMNg; ¬19>0°¦ CMnajCYsCulbrikçar GKÁisnI¬29>0°¦ CMnajesvasNæaKar ¬20°¦ CMnajTIpSar¬16>2°¦ nigCMnajCag kMe)ar ¬22>6°¦1 . EteTaHCaya:gNak¾eday karbkRsayBITinñn½yTaMgenH)aneFVIeLIgedayRbugRbytñ½eRBaHfakareGay Gtßn½yelI Bakü{karrkkargareFVI)an} sMedAcMeBaHkargarNamYyminfa)aneRbICMnajEdlxøÜn)aneron nig minfavaCamuxrbrfµI b¤ muxrbrmYyEdl)anbnþBImuxrbrcas;enaHeLIy. dUcenHehIy tYelxTaMgenHBuM)an bgðajbBa¢ak;edaycMeBaHfa CMnajEdlRbCaCnTTYl)antamry³karbNþúHbNþal)ancUlrYmcMENkkñúg karTTYlyk)ankargareFVI b¤ karbegáItkargarfµIEdrb¤eT. EtKb,Ikt;sMKal;pgEdrfaGñkbBa©b;karsikSa CMnajPaKeRcInrkkargareFVI)an.

1 GRtamankargareFVIénCMnajeBjniymmYycMnYndUcCaCMnajpSa nig CMnajCYsCulviTüúnigma:ej: min)anrYmbBa©ÚleTAkñúg r)aykarN_eLIyedaysarkarRsavRCavelICMnajTaMgenHRKbdNþb;ticCagBak;kNþalénGñkbBa©b;karsikSaTaMgmUl dUecñHehIykarKNnanUvGRtaPaKryminGacykCakar)an ¬emIltarag 3>1¦.

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lT§PaBmankargareFVIx<s;min)ann½yfacaM)ac;mankargarsmrmü Edlpþl;R)ak;kMérsMrab;CIvPaBrs;enA )aneT. sisS¼sikçakamEtgEtsgÇwmcMeBaHCMnajmYycMnYnEdlKitfamanlT§PaBx<s;CageKenAEtrk R)ak;cMNUl b¤ R)ak;kMér)ankMritTabCagmuxrbrepSg². Ep¥ktamÉksarrbs;RksYgGb;rM yuvCn nigkILa MoYES ¬2001³19¦ sisS¼sikçakamEdl)aneronCMnajmYy kñúgcMeNamCMnajTaMg53 rkR)ak; cMNUlCamFüm)an53duløaGaemrikkñúgmYyEx. fVIebICMnajksikmµ CaCMnajEdleBjniymCageK GñkeronCMnajenHmYyPaKFM rkcMNUl)anEt 40duløaGaemrikb:ueNÑaH. rIÉGñkeronCMnajEkécñplitpl epþA)ancMNUl 32duløaGaemrik nigGñkeronCMnajG‘utsk;)ancMNUl 59duløaGaemrik. pÞúyeTAvij GñkeronxagsMNg;rkcMNUl)an64duløaGaemrik nig CMnajCYsCulkg;)ancMNUl66duløaGaemrik ¬CamYyGRtakargar 34>3°¦. cMeBaHCMnajpSarEdk GacrkcMNUl)andl; 73duløaGaemrikkñúg mYyEx. CafµImþgeTot R)ak;kMérenHbgðajBIPaBminsuIKña rvagmuxrbrsMrab;burs nigmuxrbrsMrab;narI. muxrbrsMrab;narIdUcCa karciBa©wmstV sib,kmµ nigG‘utsk; suT§EtCamuxrbr EdleKpþl;R)ak;kMéreGay tictYc ebIeRbobeFobmuxrbrsMrab;bursdUcCa CagsMNg; CagpSarEdk nigCagCYsCulm:UtUCaedIm. fVIebICaTUeTA GRtakargarrbs;narInigbursmandUcKña eRkayeBlbNþúHbNþalrYck¾BitEmn b:uEnþvismPaB énkargarenAEtman. PaBxusKñaTI1 dUc)anra:yra:b;BIxagelIrYcehIyfa muxrbrsMrab;narI CaTUeTAeKpþl; R)ak;kMéreGayticCagmuxrbrsMrab;burs bnÞab;BI)aneroncb;;. GRtakargarx<s; vaRKan;Etbgðaj BItMrUvkar rbs;RsþIkñúgkargar nigrkR)ak;cMNUl b:uEnþmin)anbgðajBIeCaKC½ykñúgkarelIkkMBs;sþg;dars;enArbs; BYkKat;eLIy.

64

tarag 3>1 GRtakargarrbs;sisS¼sikçakamsMrab;CMnajnImYy²énCMhan ³ TI1-TI7 ¬qñaM1999 dl; qñaM2001¦

cMnYnsisS¼sikçakam)ancuHeFVIGegát

elxerog eQµaHvKÁ cMnYnsisS¼sikçakam

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°énsisS¼sikça kam)aneFVIGegát

1 KNenyü 180 160 57 88>89 2 CYsCulma:suInRtCak; 105 75 55 71>43 3 daMpáafµ¼saraysmuRT 92 92 92 100>00 4 karciBa©wmstV 725 675 670 93>10 5 CYsCulrfynþ 75 47 47 62>67 6 sib,kmµkRnþkbJsSI 20 20 20 100>00 7 CagEdk 15 15 15 100>00 8 karciBa©wmman; 75 75 75 100>00 9 CMnajvaykuMBüÚTr½ 715 448 250 62>66 10 CYsCulkuMBüÚTr½ 170 105 16 61>76 11 CagsMNg; 284 284 54 100>00 12 karciBa©wmeKaem 160 160 120 100>00 13 CMnajraM¼dRnþI 30 30 30 100>00 14 daMdMNaMhUbEpø 60 60 60 100>00 15 ciBa©wmTa 215 215 55 100>00 16 CYsCuleRKOgGKÁisnI 185 155 45 83>78 17 CMnaj)a:k;Din 15 15 15 100>00 18 karciBa©wmRtI 185 185 105 100>00 19 GñkkaNUtensaTRtI 20 - - - 20 CMnajEkécñmðÚbGahar 662 632 610 95>47 21 EkécñdMNab;EpøeQI 130 150 130 115>38 22 EkécñeRKOgsgðarim 50 20 10 40>00 23 CMnajkat;sk; 65 65 30 100>00 24 CMnajG‘utsk; 485 427 427 88>04 25 t,ajhUl¼pamYg 145 71 53 48>97 26 esvasNæaKar 20 20 5 100>00 27 tbNþajExSePøIg 80 80 32 100>00

65

28 t,ajRkma: 120 15 15 12>50 29 CagRkLwg 45 45 26 100>00 30 ensaTbgág 60 60 60 100>00 31 CMnajTIpSar 207 167 27 80>68 32 CagkMe)ar 237 177 40 74>68 33 t,ajkenÞl 255 191 165 74>90 34 CagCYsCulm:UtU 687 507 174 73>80 35 daMpSit 180 175 175 97>22 36 daMxÞwm)araMg 20 20 20 100>00 37 sMGagkar 130 115 50 88>46 38 karciBa©wmRCUk 116 116 106 100>00 39 CYsCulviTüúnigma:ej: 420 180 163 42>86 40 EkécñplitplepþA 62 58 58 93>55 41 CMnajkat;edr 2/930 2/180 1/523 74>40 42 sib,kmµécñsMbkgav 35 35 27 100>00 43 CMnajedrEs,keCIg 15 - - - 44 tm,ajsURt 75 60 30 80>00 45 cmøak;k,ac;eRKOgR)ak; 45 45 25 100>00 46 CYsCulma:suInFuntUc 310 205 170 66>13 47 cmøak;fµ 60 30 24 50>00 48 CYsCulTUrTsSn_ 424 389 162 91>75 49 CagftvIedGU 15 - - - 50 CYsCulma:suInbUmTwk 45 30 20 66>67 51 CagpSar 130 25 20 19>23 52 cmøak;eQI 90 75 54 83>33 53 ciBa©wmdgÚávnag 30 30 30 100>00

cMnYnsrub 11/706 9/211 6/262 78>69

RbPB ³ RksYgGb;rMyuvCnnigkILa 2001

66

tarag 3>2> cMnYnsisS¼sikçakamEdlrkkargar)aneFVICMhan TI1dl;TI7 ¬qñaM1999dl;qñaM2001¦

¬tamextþ¼Rkug nig tamePT¦ cMnYnsisS¼sikçakam cMnYnsisS¼sikçakamEdl

rkkargareFVI)an °énsisS¼sikçakamEdl

rkkargareFVI)an elxerog TItaMg srub Rbus RsI srub Rbus RsI °srub °Rbus °RsI

1 RkugRBHsIhnu 315 218 97 301 211 90 96 97 93 2 RkugEkb 122 24 98 114 24 90 93 100 92 3 extþeBaF×sat; 411 246 165 379 221 158 92 90 96 4 extþekaHkug 180 115 65 160 90 70 89 78 108 5 extþkMBt 920 445 475 753 303 450 82 68 95 6 extþmNÐlKirI 160 72 88 128 57 71 80 79 81 7 extþkMBg;s<W 254 70 184 196 50 146 77 71 79 8 extþkMBg;qñaMg 265 86 179 198 75 123 75 87 69 9 extþrtnKirI 50 20 30 35 20 15 70 100 50 10 extþRkecH 235 100 135 163 68 95 69 68 70 11 extþkMBg;cam 695 249 446 479 124 355 69 50 80 12 bnÞaymanC½y 466 142 324 319 102 217 68 72 67 13 extþ)at;dMbg 516 196 320 352 112 240 68 57 75 14 extþkNþal 791 253 538 534 116 418 68 46 78 15 extþRBHvihar 192 65 127 129 40 89 67 62 70 16 extþsÞwgERtg 145 48 97 94 20 74 65 42 76 17 extþsVayerog 255 38 217 164 19 145 64 50 67 18 extþesomrab 245 168 77 157 86 71 64 51 92 19 extþkMBg;FM 284 70 214 180 61 119 63 87 56 20 Rkugéb:lin 155 68 87 97 39 58 63 57 67 21 extþtaEkv 745 413 332 463 167 296 62 40 89 22 extþéRBEvg 185 46 139 112 33 79 61 72 57 23 extþ]tþrmanC½y 65 - 65 36 - 36 55 - 55 24 RkugPñMeBj 1/560 490 1/070 699 395 304 45 81 28

cMnYnsrub 9/211 3/642 5/569 6/242 2/433 3/809 68 67 68

RbPB ³ RksYgGb;rM yuvCnigkILa qñaM2001

67

PaBxusKñaTI2 KWktþaénPUmisaRsþxusKñaeFVIeGayGRtakargarrbs;bursnignarIk¾xusKñaEdr ¬emIltarag 3>2¦. KitCamFüm RsþIGacrkkargar)aneFVIdUcburskñúgkMritNamYy b:uEnþenAkñúgextþmYycMnYndUcCa extþrtnKirI extþkMBg;FM nigkñúgraCFanIPñMeBj eKeXIjbursGacrkkargar)aneFVIeRcInCagnarI ebIeRbobeFobCamYynarI PaBmincuHsRmugKñaéneynD½rkúñgkarrkkargar)aneFVIenATIRkugPñMeBj vaCa RbkarmYy KYreGayPJak;ep¥IlBiess. ebIBicarNadl;bBaðaR)ak;kMérenATIRkugPñMeBjmankMritx<s;Cag tMbn;nanakñúgRbeTskm<úCa enaHCaktþa]bsKÁEdlnaMeGayRsþImanPaBlM)ak kñúgkarrkkargareFVIcMeBaH muxrbr)anR)ak;kMérx<s;. müa:gvijeTotdUcCaenAextþesomrab extþkMBt extþekaHkug extþkMBg;cam extþ)at;dMbg extþkNþal nigextþtaEkv eKeXIjRsþIrkkargareFVI)aneRcInCagburs. enHRbEhl mkBIRsþITaMgenaH cuHeQµaHcUleronCMnajksikmµ ehIyeKbnþeFVIkargarenAkñúgERscMkarrbs;eK Etkargar enHeK)anrab;CamuxrbrmYyEdlsisSeFVIeRkayeBleroncb;. 3>1>4> karhVwkhVWnCakUnCagnigeroneFVIenAkEnøgkargarFmµta³ kñúgry³eBlcenøaHqñaM1993-98 RbCaCnCagBak;kNþallannak;)anTTYlkarbNþúHbNþaltamry³ karhVwkhVWnCakUnCag nigkareroneFVIenAkEnøgkargar ¬ÉksarGgÁkarBlkmµGnþrCati 2000³31¦. edaysarsßitiTaMgenH erobcMeRkApøÚvkareFVIeGaykarEsVgrkTinñn½ymankarBi)akNas; ehIyelIsBIenH eTotTinñn½yEdlrk)anBuM)anEckdac;BIKñarvagePTRbusnigePTnarI. EteTaHCaya:gNak¾eday Cak;Esþg bc©úb,nñenHmanRbCaCnkan;EteRcIneronCMnajtamry³karhVwkhVWnCakUnCag nigeroneFVIenAkEnøgkargar Fmµta. enHbgðajeGayeXIjnUvCMerIsmYyEdlsisS¼nisSiteFVIeLIg GacedaymkBIkarcMNay ¬rYmbBa©Úl»kascMNay¦ kMritR)ak;cMNUltamRKYsarnImYy² TsSn³smehtusmplelICMnaj nig karpSarP¢ab;»kaskargarCabnþbnÞab;. kmµkrnwgsuxcitþbg;éføsMrab;vKÁbNþúHbNþalNaEdleKKitfa nwghucplRbeyaCn_eGayeKvijeRkayeBleroncb;. Ep¥ktamr)aykarN_rbs;GgÁkarBlkmµGnþrCati qñaM1997sþIBIkarbNþúHbNþalviC¢aCIv³enAkñúgGnutMbn;TenøemKgÁ (Greater Mekong Subregion) KUsbBa¢ak;fa kmµkrenAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa)ansuxcitþbg;éføcMnYn100duløaGaemriksMrab;vKÁkat;edrsMelok bMBak;m:Utry³eBlmYyqñaM nigxøHeTotha‘nbg;luyrhUtdl; 300duløaGaemrik sMrab;vKÁCYsCul viTüú¼TUrTsSn_. fVIebITinñn½yRbmUlpþúM (sex-disaggregated) ePTRbusnigePTRsI rkBuMmank¾eday tamkar GegátCaTUeTAbgðajfa karhVwkhVWnCakUnCag nigkareroneFVIenAkEnøgkargar hak;bIdUcCarkSa)annUvPaB epSgKñaéneynD½rsMrab;muxrbrTTYlR)ak;kMérRbesIr. tamÉksarGegátrbs;RksYgGb;rM yuvCnnigkILa qñaM1999 bgðajfanieyaCkPaKeRcInRtUvkarnieyaCitnarItictYcbMput. lT§plcuHGegátkñúgcMeNam

68

nieyaCk350nak; tamextþRkugcMnYn17TUTaMgRbeTskm<úCa eXIjfabuKÁlikcMnYn393nak; Edl nieyaCkmanEpnkareRCIserIseTAGnaKtmannarIEt 34nak;Kt;. eTaHbIkarhVwkhVWnkUnCagnigkareroneFVIenAkEnøgkargarvamincaM)ac;sMrab;begáItmuxrbrmYyEdlGacsMerc)ank¾eday b:uEnþvaCanItiviFIbNþúHbNþalrYmmYyedIm,ITTYl)anCMnaj. ÉksarRksYgGb;rMyuvCn nigkILaqñaM1999 rkeXIj fafVIebIkareroneFVIenAkEnøgkargarCameFüa)ayeBjniymCageK b:uEnþ42° énRkumh‘un¼shRKasEdl)ancuHeFVI GegátrYcenaHBuMTTYlyksisS¼nisSitmkeFVIkareLIy enAxN³EdlRkumh‘un¼shRKasdéTeTotRBmTTYlyk edayminKitR)ak;QñÜleGaykmµsikSakarITaMgenaHeLIy. 3>2>karbNþúHbNþalenAtamRKwHsßanEdl)ancuHGegát³ 3>2>1> sNæanénRKwHsßanbNþúHbNþal³ RKwHsßanbNþúHbNþalTaMgR)aMmYyEdl)aneRCIserIssMrab;cuHeFVIGegátRsavRCav KWRKb;RKgnigcat;Ecg edayrdæ. kmµviFIbNþúHbNþalrbs;mCÄmNÐlbNþúHbNþalviC¢aCIv³cMnYnBIrKWsßitenAkñúgkMritCati cMENk ÉmCÄmNÐlbNþúHbNþaltamextþcMnYnbYneTotsßitenARtwmfñak;extþ. RKwHsßanbNþúHbNþalTaMgR)aMmYy Edl)aneRCIserIsenHsuT§Et)ankt;RtaTuknUvskmµPaBGñkcUlrYmbNþúHbNþalTaMgburs nignarI k¾dUcCa skmµPaBmYycMnYnrbs;RkumeKaledACak;lak;pgEdr. Bt’manTaMgGs;enaHRtUv)aneKrkSaTuk kñúgTUdak; Éksar Cac,ab;ftcMlgelIRkdasmin)anvaybBa©ÚlkñúgkuMBüÚTr½eT. RKwHsßanbNþúHbNþalTaMgR)aMmYyEdl)ancuHGegát manbuKÁliksrubcMnYn176nak;enAqñaM1996. kñúgenaH manGñkRKb;RKgcMnYn19nak; buKÁlikbec©keTscMnYn115nak; nig42nak;CabuKÁlikGñkEfTaM nigCYs Cul. kñúgqñaM1999 cMnYnbuKÁlikekIneLIgdl;190nak; manGñkRKb;RKg16nak; buKÁlikbec©keTs 110nak; nig buKÁlikEfTaMnigCYsCul64nak;. kñúgqñaM2001 tYelxenH)anFøak;cuHmkenARtwmcMnYn 151nak; manGñkRKb;RKg19nak; buKÁlikbec©keTs80nak; nigbuKÁlikTMEhTaM nigCYsCul52nak;. cMnYnbuKÁlik)anFøak;cuHkñúgqñaM2001enH edaysarmCÄmNÐlbNþúHbNþal ebIkvKÁsikSamancMnYnticCag eBlmun nigedaysarbBaðafvika. tarag3>3 bgðajBIcMnYnbuKÁliktamePTepSg²KñakñúgmCÄmNÐl bNþúHbNþalEdl)aneFVIGegátkalBIqñaM2002. eTaHbIkñugcMeNammCÄmNÐlTaMgR)aMmYy manbYn mCÄmNÐlmannayikaCaGñkdwknaM nigRKb;RKg b:uEnþkñúgtarag)anbgðajya:gc,as;BIcMnYnd¾tictYcén buKÁliknarI enAtammCÄmNÐlCaBiess enAtamvIFIsuI (VTCs).

69

tarag 3>3 cMnYnbuKÁlikEcktamePTkñúgmCÄmNÐlbNþúHbNþalnImYy²

cMnYnbuKÁlikrdæ cMnYnbuKÁlikeRkABIrdæ RKwHsßanbNþúHbNþal Rbus RsI srub Rbus RsI srub

PIFIsuI ¬PTC¦extþesomrab 2 2 4 2 1 3 PIFIsuI ¬ PTC ¦extþ)at;dMbg 4 3 7 5 1 6 PIFIsuI ¬ PTC ¦extþkMBg;cam 13 3 16 3 2 5 PIFIsuI ¬ PTC ¦extþkMBt 4 4 8 5 2 7 vIFIsuI ¬ VTC ¦ RBHkusm³ 59 6 65 0 0 0 vIFIsuI ¬ VTC ¦extþ)at;dMbg 37 4 41 9 0 9 3>2>2> RbePTénvKÁbNþúHbNþalCMnaj³ kñúgqñaM1996 RKwHsßanbNþúHbNþalTaMgR)aMmYyebIkvKÁbNþúHbNþal)an76vKÁ rYmman34muxCMnaj xus²Kña. kñúgcMeNamvKÁTaMgenH vKÁciBa©wmRCUk¼cak;va:k;saMgRCUkeBjniymCageK KWfamuxCMnajenH eKbNþúHbNþal)an14vKÁ rYcehIykñúgqñaM1996 bnþbnÞab;mkmanvKÁdaMpSiteKebIk)an5vKÁrYcehIyEdr. enAqñaM1999 vKÁbNþúHbNþalekIndl;109vKÁ b:uEnþmanEt25muxCMnajxus²Kñab:ueNÑaH. eKeXIjcMnYn srubénvKÁbNþúHbNþalmankarekIneLIgKYreGaykt;sMKal; edaysarqñaMenaHenAmCÄmNÐlbNþúHbNþal viC¢aCIv³extþkMBg;cam)anebIkvKÁEkécñmðÚbGaharcMnYn32vKÁ nigvKÁEfTaMcMNIGaharTukeGay)anyUrcMnYn 29vKÁ. k¾b:uEnþenAqñaM2001 eKpþl;karbNþúHbNþal)anEt57vKÁb:ueNÑaHsMrab;19muxCMnaj. karebIkvKÁ bNþúHbNþal enAkñúgmCÄmNÐlpÞal;CamUlehtuEdlnaMeGaycMnYnvKÁbNþúHbNþalfycuH. EteTaHya:g enHkþI vKÁciBa©wmRCUk¼cak;va:k;saMgenAEtCavKÁmYyeBjniymsMrab;GñkPUmidEdl. eyagtamTinñn½yEpñkrdæ)alGMLúgqñaM 1996 1999 nig2001 bgðajfavKÁbNþúHbNþalCMnaj Edl)anebIkedayRKwHsßanbNþúHbNþalTaMgR)aMmYymancMnYn242vKÁ EdlkñúgenaHman97CMnaj ¬40>1°¦ CaCMnajburs b¤ narI nig 48CMnaj ¬19>8°¦ eTotCaCMnajsMrab;TaMgBIrePT ¬emIltarag3>4¦. sisS¼sikçakamnignisSitcMnYn5/119nak; RtUv)aneKbNþúHbNþalry³eBlbIqñaM

70

kñúgenaHmanRsþI 2/896nak;. eTaHbI vKÁbNþúHbNþalcMnYn97vKÁ CavKÁmannarIelIslb;k¾eday k¾eKenAEt eXIj32vKÁbNþúHbNþalCMnajEkécñGahar nig29vKÁeTotCaCMnajEfTaMcMNIGahar TukeGay)anyUr dEdl. muxCMnajTaMgBIrEdl)anerobrab;enH KWCaCMnajEdl)anebIkvKÁeRcInelIkCageKbMput ebIeRbobeFob nwgCMnaj2epSg²eTot. RbsinebIeKBuM)anrab;bBa©ÚlCMnajTaMgBIrenHeT enaHeXIjfa vKÁbNþúHbNþalCMnajsMrab;narImanEt 19>9°b:ueNÑaH. ebIeFVIkareRbobeFobtamqñaM rvagqñaM1996 1999 nig2001 eXIjfavKÁbNþúHbNþalcMnYnya:geRcIn )anRtUveKpþl;eGaykñúgqñaM1999 ¬emIltarag 3>5¦ BIeRBaHeBlenaHmankarCYy]btßmÖ TaMgxagfvika nigbec©keTsBIGgÁkarBlkmµGnþrCati nigkmµviFIGPivDÆn_GgÁkarshRbCaCati. vaCakarkt;sMKal; mYyEdr eRBaHfavKÁbNþúHbNþalCMnajsMrab;narI enAqñaM1999enaHmanGRtax<s;CageK. karpþl;vKÁ bNþúHbNþalCMnajEkécñmðÚbGahar nigkarEfTaMcMNIGaharTukeGay)anyUr CaEpñkmYycUlrYmeFVIeGay GRtavKÁbNþúHbNþalkñúgqñaM1999ekIneLIgx<s;. RbsinebIeKminrab;bBa©ÚlCMnajTaMgBIrenH kñúgqñaM1999 k¾vKÁbNþúHbNþalCMnajsMrab;narIenAEtmanGRtax<s;dEdlKW 27° EdlGRtamFümsMrab;TaMgbIqñaMman Et19>9°b:ueNÑaH.

tarag 3>4 bBa¢IrayeQµaHvKÁbNþúHbNþalCMnajkñúgRKwHsßanbNþúHbNþalTaMgR)aMmYy

l>r CMnajbNþúHbNþalrYc PKSM VTC BTB

PTC BTB

PTC SRP

PTC KC

PTC KPT srub

1 sMNg;suIvil 3 3 6 2 CagkMe)ar¼erob\dæ 2 4 1 2 9 3 CageQI 1 1 2 4 CageGLicRtUnic 2 2 5 CagGKÁisnI 7 3 1 1 12 6 CagCYsCulTUrTwkkk 5 5 7 CagCYsCulviTüú 2 1 2 1 6 8 CagCYsCulTUrTsSn_ 2 2 4 9 CagCYsCulTUrTsSn_¼ma:ej: 1 1 4 6 10 CagCYsCulm:UtU 3 1 2 3 9

2 vKÁEdlebIkjwkjab;CageKelxerogTIBIrbnÞab;KWvKÁCMnajGKÁisnIEdl)anebIk 12vKÁrYcehIy.

71

11 CagCYsCulLan 2 2 4 12 emkanikrfynþ 3 3 13 eRKOgynþksikmµ 3 3 14 CYsCulma:suInFuntUc 2 1 2 2 7 15 CagpSar 5 1 1 2 9 16 CagRkLwg 2 2 17 tm,ajsURt 2 2 18 )a:k;DinsMelokbMBak; 1 1 19 Cagkat;edr 1 3 2 4 5 15 20 Cagkat;sk;burs 1 1 1 1 4 21 CagG‘utsk; 2 1 3 22 e)aHBum<elIGavyWt 1 1 23 kuMBüÚTr½ 1 3 4 24 sMGagkar 1 1 25 cmøak;eQI 1 1 2 26 cmøak;eQInigfµEkv 1 1 27 CMnajeFVIkRnþk 1 1 2 28 eFVIkgéd 1 1 29 sib,kmµsMbkgav 1 1 30 eFVIngÁ½l 1 1 31 EkécñmðÚbGahar 32 32 32 suxPaBnigGnam½ycMNIGa

har 29 29

33 t,ajkenÞlepþA 2 2 34 daMpSitcMebIg 4 1 5 35 t,ajkenÞlkk; 1 1 36 eFVIERs 3 37 ciBa©wmRCUk¼va:k;saMgRCUk 4 4 3 22 33 38 ciBa©wmkEgáb 2 2 39 ciBa©wmRtI 2 1 1 4 40 ciBa©wmTa¼va:k;saMgTa 2 1 3 41 daMbEnø 3 3

72

srub 38 15 32 28 18 111 242 vKÁ

PKSM = PIFIsuI RBHkusm³ VTC BTB = vIFIsuI )at;dMbg PTC BTB = PIFIsuI)at;dMbg PTC SRP = PIFIsuI esomrab PTC KC= PIFIsuI kMBg;cam PTC KPT= PIFIsuI kMBt RbPB³ Tinñn½yxagEpñkrdæ)al)anmkBIkarcuHGegát

tarag 3>5

cMnYnvKÁEdl)anebIkkñúgRKwHsßanbNþúHbNþaltamqñaMsikSa 1996 1999 2001 cMnYnvKÁ cMnYnCMnaj cMnYnvKÁ cMnYnCMnaj cMnYnvKÁ cMnYnCMnaj

vKÁsMrab;narI 12

¬15>8°¦ 9

¬26>5°¦ 71

¬65>1°¦ 6

¬24>0°¦ 10

¬17>5°¦ 3

¬15>8°¦

vKÁsMrab;burs 36

¬47>4°¦ 20

¬58>8°¦ 36

¬33>0°¦ 18

¬72>0°¦ 29

¬50>9°¦ 14

¬73>7°¦

vKÁsMrab;ePTTaMgBIr 28

¬36>8°¦ 5

¬14>7°¦ 2

¬1>8°¦ 1

¬4>0°¦ 18

¬31>6°¦ 2

¬10>5°¦

srub 76 ¬100°¦

34 ¬100°¦

109 ¬100°¦

25 ¬100°¦

57 ¬100°¦

19 ¬100°¦

RbPB³ Tinñn½yxagEpñkrdæ)al)anmkBIkarcuHGegát

kñúgqñaM1996 vKÁbNþúHbNþalCMnajebIkedaymCÄmNÐlbNþúHbNþalviC¢aCIv³tamextþ eRcInEtCavKÁ bNþúHbNþalcl½t ¬kñúgcMeNam189vKÁ manvKÁcl½t119¦. vKÁbNþúHbNþalcl½tTaMgenaHRtUv)anebIk enAkñúgPUmimanEkécñmðÚbGahar nigsuxPaB nigGnam½ycMNIGahar t,ajkenÞl eFVIngÁ½l eFVIkgéd nigsib,kmµsMbkstVsmuRT. vKÁmYycMnYnepSgeTotmanCMnajkat;edr cmøak;eQI tm,ajsURt RtUv)an eKbNþúHbNþaltamrUbPaBvKÁcl½tEdr. manvKÁbNþúHbNþalCMnajcMnYn11RbePTxus²Kña RtUv)anebIk CavKÁcl½tpgEdrenAqñaM1996. karbNþúHbNþaltamrUbPaBcl½t)anfycuHcMnYn6CMnaj enAqñaM1999 nig 2CMnajeTotenAqñaM2001. rhUtdl;qñaM1997 eTIbmanebIkvKÁcl½t dUcCaCYsCulm:UtU CYsCul ma:suInFuntUc nigCYsCulviTüú¼ma:ej:¼TUrTsSn_enAmCÄmNÐlbNþúHbNþalviC¢aCIv³extþ)at;dMbg. enAextþ kMBt nigextþesomrabk¾)anebIkvKÁRsedog²Edr KWfaenAextþkMBtmanebIkCMnaj sMNg;CagkMe)ar cMENkextþesomrabebIkCMnajCYsCulma:suInFuntUc. pÞúyeTAvijvKÁbNþúHbNþalcl½t Bak;Bn§½eRKOg

73

ma:suIn )anp¥akmindMeNIrkaredaysarkardwkCBa¢Ún]bkrN_beRgoncl½t BIPUmimYyeTAPUmimYyRtUv cMNayesah‘uyeRcIn. eRkaymkeTotmankarkat;bnßyfvikasMrab;bNþúHbNþal dUecñaHehIyvKÁbNþúH bNþalrUbPaBcl½tebIkEtCMnajksikmµb:ueNÑaH. vKÁbNþúHbNþalcl½tesÞIrEtTaMgGs; suT§Etsßitkñúgsib,kmµtUctac EdlCaCMnajsMrab;narI nigvKÁksikmµ ehIyTaMgBIrePTGaccUleronCMnajTaMgenH)an. CaTUeTAkñúgvKÁbNþúHbNþalcl½tmannarIcUleroneRcIn Cagburs. enHminmann½yfanarIcUleronvKÁbNþúHbNþalcl½teRcIneFVIeGayekInPaKryrbs;narI kñúgkar cUlrYmeronviC¢aCIv³TUeTAenaHeLIy. vaRKan;EtCakarbNþúHbNþalmYyEbb CaktþasMercfaetIGñkPUmiRbus RsIcUleronvKÁbNþúHbNþal)anEdreT KitfavKÁcl½tb¤vKÁenAkñúgmCÄmNÐlRbesIrCag. ]TahrN_ GñkcUleronvKÁcl½teFVIngÁ½lsuT§Etburs pÞúyBIvKÁbNþúHbNþalG‘utsk;enAkñúgmCÄmNÐlmanGñkeronsuT§ EtnarI. vahak;bIdUcCafakarpþl;vKÁbNþúHbNþalenA tamPUmiminpøas;bþÚrkarbMEbkecj edayELkénePT Rbus RsI kñúgkarcUlrYmcMENkkñúgvis½ybNþúHbNþalCMnaj3 eT. RKwHsßanbNþúHbNþalnImYy²TTYlxusRtUvelIkareFVIEpnkar karGnuvtþn_ karsRmbsRmYl RKb;RKg cat;Ecg nigkartamdannUvral;skmµPaBbNþúHbNþaledIrtameKalneya)aykMNt;edayc,ab;rdæ. kar kMNt;nUvRbePTvKÁ EdlRtUvbNþúHbNþalCMnajenAtamextþ eFVIeLIgedaymCÄmNÐlbNþúHbNþal tamextþ xusBImCÄmNÐlbNþúHbNþalviC¢aCIv³RBHkusm³enARkugPñMeBj nigextþ)at;dMbg KWrdæaPi)al fñak;kNþalCaGñkkMnt;nUvvKÁEdlRtUvbNþúHbNþalCMnaj. mCÄmNÐlbNþúHbNþalviC¢aCIv³tamextþcMnYnbYn ¬extþesomrab extþ)at;dMbg extþkMBt nig extþkMBg;cam¦ )ancuHeFVIGegátrukrkvKÁbNþúHbNþalnigkarvaytMéltRmUvkarkargarRbcaMqñaM (TENA) . GgÁPaBTaMgbYnenHk¾)ancuHeFVIGegáttamGgÁkareRkArdæaPi)alnanaedIm,IeCosvageGay)annUvkarbNþúH bNþalRtYtKña. cMENkÉ karsikSalT§PaBlMGitelICMnaj Edl)anrkeXIjk¾RtUv)aneKeFVIEdr. mCÄmNÐlbNþúHbNþalviC¢aCIv³ (TVC) enAextþ )at;dMbg)annwgkMBugsikSaRsavRCavBITIpSarmuxrbr

3 GRtasikçakam¼sisSnarIcUleronvKÁcl½tCMnajsMrab;bursdUcCaCMnajCYsCulm:UtUCaedImrkBuM)aneLIy. dUecñHehIyvaeFVI eGaymankarBi)akeRbobeFobkarcUlrYmeronrbs;narIkñúgmuxCMnajsMrab;bursenAmCÄmNÐlnigvKÁbNþúHbNþalcl½t. EteTaHya:gNak¾eday kareFVIGegátminpøÚvkarbgðajfaGRtasisS¼sikçakamnarIcUleronvKÁCMnajsMrab;bursTaMgvKÁcl½t nigvKÁ enAmCÄmNÐlBuMmanPaBxusKñaeLIy.

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CamYyGgÁkareRkArdæaPi)alenAqñaM2000knøgmkenH. enAtammCÄmNÐlbNþúHbNþaltamextþnana EtgcuHeFVIGegátmYyqñaMmþgedIm,IrukrktMrUvkarCMnajbNþúHbNþalk¾dUcCa»kasmuxrbr. GgÁPaBbNþúH bNþalTaMgenH)anRbCuMRbcaMExCamYybuKÁlikkñúgGgÁPaB edIm,IBinitüemIleLIgvijnUvral;skmµPaB bNþúHbNþalCMnaj. karsMerccitþfaetIRtUvebIkvKÁCMnajfµI b¤beRgonvKÁcas;dEdl eFVIeLIgedayEp¥kelI Bt’mandUcerobrab;xagelI fVIebIkarsMerccugeRkayBwgelIlT§PaB nigkarcMNaysMrab;vKÁk¾eday. karsikSaTIpSarkargarsMrab;mCÄmNÐlbNþúHbNþalRBHkusm³ eFVIeLIgedaymRnþITMnak;TMng]sSahkmµ EdlCaGñkeTATak;TgpÞal;CamYyshRKasCMnYj. 3>2>3> karTTYlyk)ankarbNþúHbNþalenAmCÄmNÐl³ CaTUeTAcMgaypøÚvBIpÞHsisS¼sikçakameTAmCÄmNÐlbNþúHbNþalviC¢aCIv³KitCamFümRbEhl50KILÚEm:t nigq¶aybMput70KILÚEm:t. sisS¼sikçakamPaKeRcInenAtammCÄmNÐlnImYy² BuMmanmeFüa)ay eFVIdMeNIreTAeronRKb;RKan;eT edaysareKKµankg; b¤m:UtU. sisS¼sikçakamxøHedIreTAeron b¤suMCiHeday sarCamYyGñkCitxag. vaCakarBi)akNas;sMrab;narIkñúgkarsuMCiHCamYyeK BIeRBaHKat;mankar xµaseGon eRcIn. CalT§pl sisS¼sikçakamnarImYycMnYnFM sMerccitþmksñak;enAEk,rmCÄmNÐl. sisS¼nisSit enAmCÄmNÐlbNþúHbNþalviC¢aCIv³ (VTC) manlkçN³l¥RbesIrCag ehIyBYkeKmankg; b¤m:UtUsMrab;Ca yanCMniH. 3>2>4> sMPar³sikSanigkmµviFIbeRgon³ karRtYtBinitünigkarEksMrYleLIgvij elIsMPar³beRgonRtUv)aneFVIeLIgCabnþbnÞab; eRkayBIvKÁbNþúH bNþal)anbBa©b;enAmCÄmNÐlbNþúHbNþalviC¢aCIv³. rIÉenAtam (VTCs) karEksMrYlsMPar³beRgon eFVIenAcugbBa©b;éndMNac;qñaMsikSa. kmµviFIsikSaEtgEteFVIkarEksMrYlCaRbcaMedIm,IeFVIya:gNaedIreGay Tan;tMrUvkarTIpSarEdlmankarpøas;bþÚrelOn. karBüayamxMRbwgERbgeFVIeGaysMPar³beRgontamTan; sPaBkarN_ b:uEnþCanic©kalvaminRKb;RKan;eT. GgÁPaBbNþúHbNþalmYycMnYn BüayameRbIR)as;sMPar³ beRgoncas;EdlenAGaceRbI)an BIeRBaHeKBuMmanFnFanRKb;RKan;sMrab;TijsMPar³beRgon. GgÁPaBbNþúHbNþalcMnYnbImanenAextþesomrab kMBg;cam nig)at;dMbg )anEksMrYlkmµviFIsikSarbs;eK GaRs½ynwgesckþIRtUvkarrbs;shKmn_ nigTIpSarkargar bnÞab;BIvKÁnImYy²)anbBa©b;. buKÁlikenA mCÄmNÐlbNþúHbNþalviC¢aCIv³extþkMBterobrab;fa edIm,IeGayvKÁtm,ajsURtmanKuNPaBkan;EtRbesIr

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eKKb,Ipøas;bþÚrrcnabf nigKMrUm:UtedayeRbIR)as;lkç½RClk;Exµr. mCÄmNÐlbNþúHbNþalviC¢aCIv³ (VTC) extþ)at;dMbgGnuBaØateGayRKUbgðat;eFVIkarEksMrYlkmµviFIsikSakñúgeBlvKÁkMBugdMeNIrkar edIm,IeGayRsb tamtMrUvkarshKmn_. fVIebImanbBaðafvika Ca]bsKÁraMgsÞHkñúgkarplitsMPar³fµIsMrab;beRgon ya:gNakþI nayk¼nayikaénGgÁPaBbNþúHbNþalesÞIrEtTaMgGs;raykarN_fa eK)anBüayamplitsMPar³]beTs fµI²mYycMnYn. ]TahrN_Cak;EsþgenA (VTC) )at;dMbg)anEkécñCasnøwkpøasÞicbBa©aMg nigsMPar³ bNþúHbNþalsMrab;vKÁCMnajGKÁisnI nigCMnajCYsCulviTüú¼TUrTsSn_. mCÄmNÐlbNþúHbNþalviC¢aCIv³ (PTC) )at;dMbg )anplitsMPar³CMnYyckçú nigsnøwkpøasÞicbBa©aMgedIm,ICYysMrYldl;karsikSarbs; sisS¼sikçakamnarIecHGkSrtictYc. elIsBIenHeTot karBinitüemIleLIgvijCaRbcaM vaCaeKaledAmYykñúgkarBRgwgKuNPaBbNþúHbNþal tamry³karbMb:nsmtßPaBbEnßmdl;RKUbgðat;. enABak;kNþalTsvtSr_qñaM 1990 RKUbgðat;)ancUleron vKÁbMb:ncMeNHbEnßmCaRbcaMenAviTüasßanCatibNþúHbNþalbec©keTs. eKkRmeXIjmanebIkvKÁbMb:n smtßPaBbEnßmEbbenHdl;RKUbgðat;kñúgqñaMfµI²knøgmkenHedaysarbBaðafvika. enAeBlBuMmanfvikasMrab; bB¢aÚnRKUbgðat;eGaycUleronvKÁbMb:nsmtßPaBbEnßm mCÄmNÐlbNþúHbNþal)anpþl;ÉksarRsavRCav mYycMnYnsMrab;sV½ysikSaedayxøÜnÉgedIm,IbegáIncMeNH. RKUbgðat;eBlxøHRtUv)aneKcat;taMgeGaycuHeFVI GegátBItMrUvkarTIpSar. eBlfµI²knøgmkenH GaKarfµI²mYycMnYnRtUv)ansagsg;eGayesÞIrRKb;RKwHsßanbNþúHbNþal. mCÄ mNÐlbNþúHbNþalviC¢aCIv³ (PTC) extþkMBg;cam)anCYsCulEklMGXøaMgdak;sMPar³ nigbgÁn;Gnam½y. rIÉmCÄmNÐlbNþúHbNþalviC¢aCIv³ (VTC) extþ)at;dMbg)ansagsg;eragCagcMruHmYysMrab;eGaysisS Gnuvtþ ]TahrN_ emkanikrfynþ nigsMNg;suIvil. mCÄmNÐlbNþúHbNþalviC¢aCIv³ (PTCs) extþ)at;dMbgnigextþesomrab)ansg;bgÁn;Gnam½ysMrab;CnBikarnigerobcMeFVIsYnc,arfµI. ehIyenAmCÄ mNÐlbNþúHbNþalviC¢aCIv³ (PTC) extþkMBt)anbegáItksidæanciBa©wmdgáÚvnag nigsg;bgÁn;Gnam½y. 3>2>5> kareRCIserIssisS¼sikçakam³ mCÄmNÐlbNþúHbNþalviC¢aCIv³nimYy²)anpSBVpSay nigEckcayBt’mantamry³bNþajpSBVpSay Bt’man esovePAesþIg snøwkb½NÑ esovePAtUc² karbiTRbkasnigepJIsMbuRttamb:usþ× b¤tamry³BiFIEck sBaØab½Rtdl;sisS¼sikçakameroncb; nigkarRbCuMCamYyGgÁkareRkArdæaPi)al nigtamry³karR)ab;bnþ

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rbs;sisS¼sikçakamkMBugeronenAmCÄmNÐl sisSsala nigRsþIkñugshKmn_. cMENkmCÄmNÐl bNþúHbNþalviC¢aCIv³extþkMBg;cam)anerobcMkmµviFIBiessmYyeBlTivanarIGnþrCati8mIna edIm,ICakarelIk Twkcitþdl;narIkñúgkareronCMnajfµI. RKwHsßanbNþúHbNþal (VTC) RBHkusm³ nig (VTC) )at;dMbgpþl;esvaRbwkSaeyabl;GMBICMnaj nig muxrbrk¾dUcCakargareTAéf¶GnaKtdl;sisS¼nisSitnig«Bukmþayrbs;eKRbkbedayskþanuBl. cMeBaH PIFIsuI (PTC) )anpSBVpSaydl;GñkPUmieGayyl;BIplcMeNjkñúgkareronCMnaj ehIykareronCMnaj GacCYykñúgkarbegáItR)ak;cMNUledIm,Ikat;bnßyPaBRkIRkkñúgRKYsar. nayikamCÄmNÐlbNþúHbNþal viC¢aCIv³extþesomraberobrab;fa karpþl;RbwkSaBIviC¢aCIv³GnuvtþeLIgCaCMnYyedIm,IENnaMBICMnajmYycMnYn EdlTIpSarmuxrbrTamTarsMrab;;sisS¼sikçakameTAéf¶GnaKt. cMeBaHnayikamCÄmNÐlbNþúHbNþal viC©aCIv³ (PTC) kMBg;cam)anbBa¢ak;bEnßmfa kareronCMnajvaminRKan;EtmanRbeyaCn_sMrab;sisS ¼ sikçakameTAéf¶GnaKtb:ueNÑaHeT b:uEnþvaCYysMralbnÞúkdl;RkumRKYsarTaMgmUl. mCÄmNÐlbNþúHbNþalviC¢aCIv³)an nigkMBugbnþGnuvtþskmµPaBpSBVpSayeXasna Gs;ry³eBleRcInqñaM mkehIydl;RsTab;RbCaCnfñak;PUmi ehIybc©úb,nñGñkPUmiyl;dwgeRcInBI»kascUleronCMnajenAmCÄ mNÐl. enAmCÄmNÐlbNþúHbNþalviC¢aCIv³extþ)at;dMbgeFVIkareXasnapSBVpSaytamry³karGeBa¢Ij GtItsisS¼sikçakameGaycUlrYmkñúgBiFIRbKl;viBaØab½nb½RteBlbBa©b;vKÁsikSaEdlCaviFIsaRsþmYyTTYl )aneCaKC½yl¥Nas;. rIÉmCÄmNÐlbNþúHbNþalviC¢aCIv³ (VTC) extþ)at;dMbgEtgpSBVpSaydMNwg tamkarRbCuMCamYyGgÁkareRkArdæaPi)al EdlCaviFIsaRsþmYybgðajPsþútagya:gskþisiT§iEdr. pÞúy eTAvij kalbriecäTkMnt;ry³eBlénkarpSBVpSay nigkardak;BaküsuMcUleroneFVIeLIgEt ry³eBl2-3éf¶b:ueNÑaH EdlCaehtueFVIeGayGñkenAPUmidac;RsyalmankarlM)akkñúgkardak;BaküsuMcUleronBuMTan; eBlehIyGñkxøHeTotxkxan. mCÄmNÐlbNþúHbNþalnImYy²)andwgBIbBaðaenHehIy eKEtgman viFankaredIm,IedaHRsay. lkçN³vinicä½ysMrab;eRCIserIssisS¼sikçakammandUcteTA³ sisS¼sikçakamGacecHGansresr nigKit elxbnþicbnþÜc sisS¼sikçakamRtUvmanGayuelIsBI15qñaMnigeRkam50qñaM ehIyGñkEdlCab;kareFVIetsþ elIkTImYyRtUv)aneKeGaymkeFVIsMPasn_pÞal;mat;. karsMerccugeRkayfaCab;b¤Føak; KWGaRs½yelI lT§plénkareFVIetsþKYbpSM nigkarcuHeTABinitüdl;pÞHrbs;sisS¼sikçakamenaH. karcuHBinitüdl;pÞHrbs;

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sikçakamGacTTYlykbTBiesaFn_Cak;Esþgtamry³kareroneFVIenAkEnøgkargar. kñúgkrNIsisS¼ sikça kamNamñak;eFVIeGaynieyaCkmankareBjcitþeBjeføImkñúgeBleFVIkmµsikSa GñkenaHeRkaybBa©b;kar sikSa nieyaCkGacCYlmkeGayeFVIkar. tamviFIenHsisS¼sikçakamRbEhlCa20PaKry énsisS eFVIkmµsikSa Gacrkkargar)aneFVI. mCÄmNÐlbNþúHbNþalviC¢aCIv³extþkMBg;cam )anTak;TgeragcRk tm,ajnigkat;edrsMelokbMBak;eGayTTYlyksisS¼sikçakamTaMgenaHcUleFVIkar. sisS¼ sikçakam mYycMnYnEdlmansmtßPaBRKb;RKan;l¥GacRtUveKCYleGayeFVIkar tamry³karerobcMEbbenHEtmin)an RKb;KñaenaHeT . kareFVIkartamdansisSeRkayeBlbBa©b;karsikSanigbMb:nsmtßPaBbEnßm RtUv)aneKeRbIR)as;cMeBaH sisS¼sikçakameroncb;vKÁksikmµ. RKUbgðat;EtgEteTAcuHemIlsisS¼sikçakam nig)aneFVIbgðajbEnßm BIcMnucKnøwHxøH²edaypÞal; enAmUldæanrbs;sisS. mCÄmNÐlbNþúHbNþalviC¢aCIv³ (VTCs) nig (PTCs) )anTak;TgGgÁkareRkArdæaPi)alnana edIm,IrkkarKaMRT\NTanxñattUcsMrab;CaCMnYykñúgkarnaMeGaysisS eroncb; Gaccab;epþImmuxrbr)an. kic©karcuHtamdansisS¼sikçakameRkayeBlbBa©b;vKÁenHRtUv)anEckecjCabIdMNak;kal³ maneFVIeLIgbI Exmþg R)aMmYyExmþg nigmYyqñaMmþgeRkayBIvKÁsikSa)anbBa©b;. enAmCÄmNÐlbNþúHbNþalviC¢aCIv³extþ kMBg;camkarvaytMélskmµPaBsisS¼sikçakambBa©b;karsikSaRtUv)anRtYtBinitüemIlCaRbcaM nigral; s)aþh_ elImUldæanénkarEsVgyl;tRmUvkarrbs;sisS¼sikçakam nigBinitüemIlfaetIRKUbgðat; GacCYyGVIxøHdl;BYkeK. enAmCÄmNÐlbNþúHbNþalviC¢aCIv³ (VTC) )at;dMbgRbB½n§Gñktamdan eK)anbegáItrYcehIy edIm,IkMnt;)anfaetIsisS¼sikçakambBa©b;karsikSarkkargar)aneFVIb¤enA. cMENk mCÄmNÐlbNþúHbNþalviC¢aCIv³ (PTCs) mYycMnYn nig (VTC) )at;dMbg)anBieRKaHeyabl;CamYy sisS¼sikçakam bBa©b;karsikSaGMBICMnajbec©keTsnana EdlenAxVHcenøaHehIyRtUvEklMG. buKÁlikenAmCÄmNÐlbNþúHbNþalviC¢aCIv³extþesomrabniyayfa sisS¼sikçakamnarIRbmaN60PaKry eRbIR)as;CMnajEdleK)anTTYlsMrab;cab;epþImmuxrbrnigkargaredIm,I)ankMér. rIÉenAmCÄmNÐlbNþúH bNþalviC¢aCIv³ (VTC) extþ)at;dMbgbBa¢ak;faenAqñaM1999 sisS¼nisSitcMnYn60°rkkargareFVI)an 19° eFVIkarmincMmuxCMnajxøÜn)aneron 2°minTan;rkkargar)aneFVI nig19°eTot manbMNgbnþkarsikSa. cMENkÉenAmCÄmNÐlbNþúHbNþalviC¢aCIv³extþkMBt sisS¼sikçakamCaCnBikarCit10° rkkargar

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)aneFVI. 90°énGñkeFVImatuPUminivtþn_ nig75° éneyaFarMsayk¾rkkargar)aneFVIEdr 4 . cab;taMgBIqñaM2000mk mCÄmNÐÐÐÐÐlbNþúHbNþalviC¢aCIv³ (PTCs) )anpþl;\NTanxñattUcdl;sisS¼ sikçakamEdleTIberoncb;fµI²edIm,IGaccab;epþImCMnYj b¤BRgIkbEnßmnUvmuxCMnYjmanRsab;. tarag 3>6 nwgbgðajBIcMnYnsisS¼sikçakambBa©b;karsikSaEdlCaGñkTTYl)an\NTanxñattUckñúgqñaM2001. \NTanxñattUcRtUv)aneKpþl;eGaydl;sisS¼sikçakamEdleTIbbBa©b;vKÁbNþúHbNþal nig)ancgRkg CaRkumya:gticmansmaCikbInak;. \NTanenaHmancMnYnTwkR)ak;xusKñaGaRs½yelIcMnYnsmaCikRkum b:uEnþTwkR)ak;enaH mancab;RtwmBIticbMput100duløaGaemrikrhUtdl;eRcInbMput1/000duløaGaemrik sMrab; mYyRkum. cMnYnTwkR)ak;enHGacekIndl; 2/000duløaGaemrik cMeBaHGñkmanbMNgcg;BRgIkmuxCMnYj EdleKmanRsab;.

tarag 3>6 cMnYnsisS¼sikçakambBa©b;karsikSaTTYl)an\NTanxñattUcBI (PTCs)

tamry³karcuHGegátsMrab;qñaM2001 eQµaH (PTC) cMnYnRkum cMnYnsmaCik

Rbus RsI srub extþ)at;dMbg 83 121 128 249 extþesomrab 34 45 57 102 extþkMBt 234 230 525 755 extþkMBg;cam 56 53 132 185 3>2>7> karcUlrYmrbs;RsþIkñúgkarbNþúHbNþalbec©keTsnigviC¢aCIv³ ¬k¦ RsþIkñúgkarcuHeQµaHcUleron³ kñúgTsvtSr_qñaM1980 GMLúgeBlrbbsgÁmniym eKeXIjmanRsþIPaKeRcIncuHeQµaHcUleronvKÁbNþúH bNþalviC¢aCIv³ CaBiessCMnajsMrab;GaCIBburs. kñúgsm½yenaH sisS¼nisSitbBa©b;karsikSaminfaRbus b¤ narI RtUv)aneKeRCIserIsCasV½yRbvtþieGaycUleFVIkarCamRnþIrdæaPi)al. edaysarenArbbenaHrdækMBug EtxVHxatFnFanmnusS dUecñHnrNak¾edayeGayEt)anTTYlkarbNþúHbNþalsuT§EtCaRbPBcaM)ac;sMrab;

4 rIÉmCÄmNÐlbNþúHbNþal (PTCs) nig (VTCs) epSgeTotBuMmanBt’manenHeT.

80

ksagCatiTaMgmUl. enAkñugqñaMTaMgenaHsisS¼nisSitnarIEdl)aneroncb;CMnajsMrab;GaCIBbursdUcCaCag ma:suIn nigCagGKÁisnI ehIyRsþIsuxcitþcUleronCMnajenH BIeRBaHmankarFana)ankargareFVI. eTaHCa ya:genHkþIeKRtUv)ancat;taMgeGayeFVIkarNaEdlBuM)anBak;Bn§½nwgCMnajEdleK)aneroneLIy. eRcInqñaMknøgmkfµI²enH edayehtuEtmanTIpSaresrI GesßrPaBxagneya)ay nigmankarTTYlrgCaTm¶n; BIvibtþiesdækic©enAGasuI karFanarkkargareFVItamry³rdæRtUv)anbBaÄb;. tMrUvkarTIpSarsMrab;RsþIEdlnwg bBa©b;karsikSaCMnajsMrab;GaCIBburs)ancuHGn;fy ehIyGñkTaMgenaHRtUv)aneKCYleFVIkarEdlCaGaCIB sMrab;RsþIEtb:ueNÑaH. enHCaehtunaMeGaymanRsþIkan;EtticcUleronvKÁCMnajCagma:suIn nigCagGKÁisnI. RsþIPaKeRcInsMerccitþdak;BakücUleronCMnajkat;edr nigCMnajEkécñmðÚbGahar. RbsinebIsisS¼nisSit narIeTArkkargareFVIenAtamEpñkÉkCn narImansMNagticCagburskñúgkarTTYlykmuxrbrsMrab;burs edaysarmanesþerGUEfbd¾elIslubenAkñúgsgÁm. bBaðaenHbNþaleGayekItmankarRbkan;ePTRbus RsI enAkEnøgkargar. RsþIBuMRtUv)aneKCMrujeGaycab;ykmuxrbrsMrab;burseT. dUecñHehIy)anCabc©úb,nñenH manRsþIkan;EtticeTA²cUleronCMnajsMrab;GaCIBburs.

tarag 3>7 GRtasisS¼sikçakamcUlerontammCÄmNÐlTaMg6 kñúgqñaMsikSa 1996/ 1999 nig 2001

mCÄmNÐl cMnYnsisSRsIsrub PaKryRsþI cMnYnsisSsrub VTC )at;dMbg 33 11>4 289 VTC RBHkusm³ 53 5>3 1003 PTC )at;dMbg 195 34>2 570 PTC kMBg;cam 92 36>5 252 PTC kMBt 2/309 86>2 2/678 PTC esomrab 214 47>9 447 RbPB³ Tinñn½yrdæ)altamkarcuHeFVIGegátdl;mUldæan eKeXIjsisS¼nisSitnarImancMnYntictYckñúgmCÄmNÐlbNþúHbNþalviC¢aCIv³ VTCs ¬tarag 3>7¦ fVIebI enAmCÄmNÐlbNþúHbNþalviC¢aCIv³ VTC )at;dMbg)anraykarN_famansisS¼nisSitnarIekIneLIg db;dgenAkñúgqñaMsikSa 1999¼2000 eKeXIjmansisS¼nisSitnarIEtbInak;b:ueNÑaH. b:uEnþcab;taMgBI

81

qñaM2000mkmansisS¼nisSitRsIRbmaN30nak;cUleronerogral;qñaM5. eyagtamTinñn½yEpñkrdæ)al RbcaMqñaMEdlkarRsavRCav)anRKbdNþb; -qñaMsikSa1996 1999 nig2001- vKÁbNþúHbNþalCMnaj EdlmanBuMmansisS¼sikçakamnarIcUleronkñúgqñaMTaMgbI enAtammCÄmNÐlbNþúHbNþalTaMgR)aMmYy man ³ vKÁsMNg;CagkMe)ar CageQI eRKOgcRkksikmµ RkLwg CagpSar eFVIngÁ½l nigplitplRsUv ¬tarag 3>8¦. mankarraykarN_BIRkummRnþIenAnaykdæanGb;rMbNþúHbNþal bec©keTs nigviC¢aCIv³ faman sisS¼nisSitRsIeRcInbgÁÜr eFVIkarCaCagsMNg;kMe)ar. dUecñHehIybBaðar)aMgsgÁmmineGayRsþIcUleron vKÁsMNg;CagkMe)ar vaKYrEtmankñúgkMrittictYcbMput. EteKBuMmaneXIjsisS¼sikçakamRsI cUleronCMnaj sMNg;CagkMe)areT. vKÁsMNg;CagkMe)ar emIleTAhak;bIdUcCavKÁCMnajsMrab;GaCIBbursdEdl. edaysar eXIjfaenAkEnøgeFVIkargarpÞal; BuMmanvieyaKkmµePT GBa©wgehIyvaCa»kasl¥mYyEdlGac begáIncMnYnRsþICaCagsMNg;kMe)aredayCMrujnarIeGaycUleronCMnajenH. enAeBlmanmuxviC¢aGMBIkardaMnigerobcMsYnc,arenApÞHmansisS¼sikçakamnarIcUleronRbmaN50° pÞúyeTAvijebImanvKÁplitRsUv Ggár eKemIleTABi)akrknarIeGaycUleronNas;. vKÁTaMgLayNaEdl mannarIcUleronticCag 3°rYmman³ vKÁsMNg;suIvil vKÁeGLicRtUnic CYsCulTUrTsSn_ CYsCulma:ej: CYsCulm:UtU CYsCulrfynþ emkanikrfynþ nigCYsCulma:suInFuntUc. CMnajEdlsisS¼sikçakam narIcUleron)aneRcInCag 3° EtticCag 5°man³ CYsCulbrikçareGLicRtUnic CYsCulviTüú nigCYsCul TUkøaes. CMnajEdlmansisS¼sikçakamnarIcUleronRbEhl10-15° man³ vKÁkat;sk;burs ¬7>5°¦ cmøak;eQI nigfµEkv ¬13>3°¦. RsþIEdl)ancUleronvKÁCMnajsMrab;muxrbrburs minsgÇwmfaykCMnajenaHeTAeRbIR)as;pÞal;eLIy. Cak;EsþgsisS¼sikçakam)aneronCMnajemkanikrfynþmanEpnkarlk;eRKOgbnøas;rfynþ RbesIrCageFVI Gñkbec©keTsnigCYsCulrfynþ. BYkeKyl;fakarmancMeNHdwgxagCYsCulrfynþ nigCYsCulm:UtUGac CYyeGayeKmanPaBgayRsYlkñugkarTMnak;TMngCamYyGtifiCnnigkarlk;eRKOgbnøas;. nieyaCk minsUvRtUvkarnieyaCitnarIEdlecHCMnajsMrab;GaCIBburs ehIyvaeFVIeGayRsþImankarlM)akkñúgkar RbkbmuxrbredayxøÜnÉg BIeRBaHfaGtifiCnGacBuMmanTMnukcitþelIBYkKat; enHCamUlehtuEdleFVIeGay BMusUvmanGtifiCncUlCYsCulkEnøgKat;. Ca]TahrN_mYyeTot enAkñúgvKÁCYsCulviTüú bursGac

5 enHedaysarmankarepþImpSBVpSayvKÁKMerage)aHBum<elIGavEdlminEmnCaCMnajsMrab;narI

82

eRbIR)as;CMnajEdleK)aneronenAkñúgkargareRcInCagnarI enAxN³EdlnarIBuMGaceFVIdUecñaH)an. narIman karlM)akkñúgkarrkkargareFVIedayykR)ak;kMér BIeRBaHfanieyaCkmin)anKitfanarInwgGaceFVICaCag CYsCulviTüú)aneT. enAeBlnarIebIkmuxrbrCYsCulviTüúedayxøÜnÉg GtifiCnminsUveTArkb:unµaneT BIeRBaH eKBuMmanTMnukcitþelIsmtßPaBCagCYsCulviTüúnarI. vaBitCaBi)aksMrab;RsþIEdlTTYlyk)anCMnajsMrab; GaCIBbursedIm,IERbkøaycMeNHTaMgenaHeTAkñúgkarGnuvtþn_kEnøgkargarCak;Esþg edaysarmkBIeKmin RtUv)anTTYlykCanieyaCit b¤ GtifiCnminpþl;karTukcitþelIeK. sisS¼sikçakamRbusmin)ancUleronvKÁCMnajsMrab;muxrbrnarIdUcCa³ vKÁG‘utsk; vKÁ)a:k;Din vKÁkat;edr vKÁsMGagkar vKÁeFVIkRnþk vKÁeFVIkgéd nigvKÁEkécñmðÚbGahar nig vKÁt,ajkenÞl. kñúgqñaM1996 1999 nig qñaM2001 mansisS¼sikçakamRbusmñak;Kt;)ancUleronvKÁCMnajsMrab;muxrbrnarI ¬t,ajsURt¦. sisS¼sikçakame)aHbg;ecalkarsikSaenAmCÄmNÐlbNþúHbNþalviC¢aCIv³ (VTC) manGRtax<s;CagenA tammCÄmNÐlbNþúHbNþalviC¢aCIv³extþ (PTCs) . enAtammCÄmNÐlbNþúHbNþalextþ (PTCs) eKkRmeXIjmansisS¼sikçakame)aHbg;ecalkarsikSa mindUcenAmCÄmNÐlbNþúHbNþalviC¢aCIv³ (VTCs) EdlvKÁxøHmansisS¼nisSit e)aHbg;ecalkarsikSarhUtdl; 32>4PaKry ¬vKÁCagRkLwg enAmCÄmNÐlbNþúHbNþalviC¢aCIv³RBHkusm³¦. fVIebIsisS¼nisSitRsIcUleronenAmCÄmNÐlbNþúH bNþalviC¢aCIv³ (VTCs) mancMnYntictYcya:gNak¾eday b:uEnþvKÁmYycMnYnFMEdleK)ancUleron eKkRm e)aHbg;ecalkarsikSaNas;. manEtvKÁCYsCulbrikçarGKÁisnImYyKt;enAmCÄmNÐlviC¢aCIv³ (VTC) )at;dMbgEdlmansisS¼sikçakamnarIe)aHbg;ecalkarsikSaeRcIn. vKÁenaHmansisS¼sikçakamnarIcUl eroncMnYnR)aMbYnnak; b:uEnþeKe)aHbg;ecalkarsikSaTaMgGs;KñapÞúynwgsisS¼sikçakamRbus EdlkñúgvKÁenH manGñke)aHbg;ecalkarsikSaEt11>4PaKryb:ueNÑaH 6.

6 sisS¼sikçakamTaMgenaHniyayfakare)aHbg;ecalkarsikSarbs;eKedaysareKtRmUveGaymanragkaymaMmYn. cMeBaHCMnaj tbNþajGKÁisnIkñúgGaKartRmUveGaymankareLIgCBa¢aMg. RsþIemIleTAhak;dUcCaminsUvsmsMrab;muxrbrTaMgenaH dUecñHehIy briyakassMrab;muxCMnajenHmin)anCYyCMrujelIkTwkcitþnarIeGaycUleroneLIy. EteTaHCaya:gNa BuMmankarBnül;BiessBI mUlehtuénkare)aHbg;ecalkarsikSax<s;enHEdr.

83

tarag 3>8 cMnYnsisS¼sikçakamcUlerontamePT nig tamvKÁenAkñúgmCÄmNÐlbNþúHbNþalTaMgR)aMmYy

vKÁ¼CMnaj

karcUeron rbs;sisS

narI

karcUleron rbs;sisS

Rbus

cMnYnsrub GñkcUleron

sisSRsI e)aH

bg;ecal karsikSa

sisSRbus e)aHbg; ecal

karsikSa

cMnYnsrubsisS e)aHbg;ecal

karsikSa

CMnajsMrab;GaCIBburs sMNg;suIvil 3 134 137 1 42 43 sMNg;CagkMe)ar¼CagbUk 0 164 164 0 16 16 CageQI 0 33 33 0 18 18 CageGLicRtUnic 1 50 51 0 18 18 CagCYsCulbrikçarGKÁisnI 13 176 289 9 33 42 CYsCulTUTwkk 5 150 155 1 10 11 CYsCulTUrTsSn_ 1 59 60 0 0 0 CYsCulviTüú 4 102 106 0 5 5 CYsCulma:ej:¼TUrTsSn_ 1 92 93 0 12 12 CYsCulm:UtU 4 191 195 0 0 0 CYsCulrfynþ 1 64 65 1 6 7 emkanikrfynþ 2 70 72 0 19 19 eRKOgynþksikmµ 0 54 54 0 17 17 CagRkLwg 0 34 34 0 11 11 CYsCulma:suInFuntUc 3 129 132 0 4 4 CagpSar 0 171 171 0 27 27 Cagkat;sk;burs 4 49 53 0 0 0 Cagcmøak;eQI 3 27 30 0 0 0 Cagcmøak;fµEkv¼eQI 3 12 15 0 0 0 eFVIngÁ½l 0 14 14 0 0 0 plitplRsUv 0 15 15 0 0 0

srubrg 48 1/790 1/938 12 238 250 CMnajsMrab;GaCIBnarI tm,ajsURt 31 1 32 0 0 0

84

)a:k;Dinrcnam:Ut 15 0 15 1 0 1 kat;edr 285 0 285 8 0 8 e)aHBum<elIGavyWt 19 0 19 5 0 5 G‘utsk; 40 0 40 0 0 0 sMGagkar 15 0 15 0 0 0 eFVIkRnþk 30 0 30 0 0 0 eFVIkgéd 15 0 15 0 0 0 sib,kmµsMbkxüg 12 3 15 0 0 0 EkécñmðÚbGahar 736 0 736 0 0 0 suxPaBnigcMNIGahar 909 0 909 0 0 0 eFVIkenÞlepþA 27 0 27 0 0 0 t,ajkenÞlkk; 8 0 8 0 0 0

srubrg 2/142 4 2/146 14 0 14 CMnajsMrab;GaCIBTaMgBIrePT kuMBüÚTr½ 21 62 83 0 0 0 daMpSitcMebIg 39 59 98 0 0 0 ciBa©wmRCUk¼cak;va:k;saMg 547 177 724 1 0 1 ciBa©wmkEgáb 21 23 44 0 0 0 ciBa©wmTa 29 41 70 0 0 0 daMbEnø 26 28 54 0 0 0 ciBa©wmRtI 23 59 82 0 0 0

srubrg 706 449 1/155 1 0 1 srubrYm 2/896 2/243 5/239 27 238 265

RbPB³ Tinñn½yrdæ)al)antamry³karcuHeFVIGegátdl;mUldæan ¬x¦ karxMRbwgERbgrbs;mCÄmNÐledIm,IbegáInkarcUlrYmrbs;narI³ edayyl;eXIjfa vieyaKkmµePTenAkEnøgkargarCabBaðamYyEdlGgÁPaBbNþúHbNþalnImYy²RtUvEtxM BuHBaredIm,IFana)ankarcUlrYmrbs;RsþIkñúgkarbNþúHbNþalviC¢aCIv³. Ca]TahrN_ enAmCÄmNÐl bNþúHbNþalviC¢aCIv³ (VTC) extþ)at;dMbgedaydwgBIkgVHxatcMnYnsisS¼nisSitRsþIcUleronCMnaj GBa©wg

85

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¬K¦ karsegátemIlnUvskmµPaBsisS¼sikçakamnarI ³ nayk¼nayika)anKUsbBa¢ak;fasisS¼sikçakamnarIeRcIneFVI)anl¥esÞIrRKb;vKÁ minfavKÁCMnajsMrab;muxrbr burs b¤CMnajsMrab;muxrbrnarIenaHeT. sisS¼sikçakamnarITaMgenaHRtUv)aneKraykarN_fa eFVI)anl¥ CaBiessvKÁkat;edr vKÁdaMbEnø ciBa©wmRCUk ciBa©wmTa ciBa©wmRtI CYsCulma:ej: nigTUrTsSn_ vKÁCYsCul GKÁisnI t,ajkenÞl vKÁkuMBüÚTr½ nigt,ajsURt. enAkñúgmCÄmNÐlbNþúHbNþalviC¢aCIv³extþesomrab PaBxusKñaxøaMgCageKkñúgerOgkarcUlrYm nigskmµPaBkñúgeBlsikSarvagbursnignarI KWfanarImkeroneTogTat;Cagburs. nayikaénmCÄmNÐl dEdlenH)anerobrab;fa RsþIPaKeRcIn]sSah_Cagburs ehIyeKBüayamxøaMgNas;kñúgkarCMnHRKb;]bsKÁ edIm,IeGayeroncb;. RsþIenAkñúgextþenH manPaBgayRsYlkñúgkarrkkargareFVIebIeRbobeFobCamYyextþ epSgeTot. buKÁlikeFVIkarenAmCÄmNÐlbNþúHbNþalviC¢aCIv³extþkMBg;camraykarN_fa enAeBl RKUbgðat;eGaysisSGnuvtþeFVItamRkum sisSRsIeFVIRkumedayELk mincUlCamYysisSRbuseT. RKUbgðat; )ankt;sMKal;fa BitEmnsisSRsIeRbIeBlyUrCagsisSRbuskñúgkareFVIeGaysMerckic©karEdlRKUdak; eGay b:uEnþ)anlT§pll¥RbesIrCagsisSRbus. nayikaenAmCÄmNÐlbNþúHbNþalviC¢aCIv³extþkMBt sMKal;fa vKÁkuMBüÚTr½ nigvKÁksikmµ sisSnarIeFVIkarCamYyKñaya:gsñiT§isñal b:uEnþsisSnarImincUlcitþ CECkelgeRcInCamYysisSRbuseT ehIyeKeGonkñúgkarbeBa©jmtienAeBlema:gGnuvtþCaRkumcMruH. nayikamCÄmNÐlbNþúHbNþalviC¢aCIv³ (VTC) nig (PTC) )anbBa¢ak;fasisSnarImankarGt;Fµt;Cag sisSRbus ehIyeKeKarBtamc,ab; nigbTbBa¢aépÞkñúgrbs;sala. sisSRbusGaccl½teTAq¶ay nigeTA eFVIkmµsikSaq¶ay)an b:uEnþeKBuMsUvmankarGt;Fµt;dUcsisSnarI. vaCakarKYreGaycab;GarmµN_mYyEdrfa kMriténkarGb;rMrbs;sisSnarIhak;dUclMeGogxusq¶ayBIsisS Rbus. dUecñHehIyRKUbgðat;mankarykcitþCaBiess elIsisSnarIedaymankarbEnßmema:geRkAedIm,I Bnül;BYkeK. ¬X¦ karrkkargareGayRsþIeFVI ³ sisS¼sikçakamnarIRbmaNCag95PaKry Edl)ancUleronCMnajksikmµenAmCÄmNÐlbNþúHbNþalviC¢a CIv³extþkMBtrkkargareFVI)aneCaKC½y. sisS¼sikçakamBI 50eTA60PaKryEdl)ancUleronCMnajeRkA BIksikmµrkkargareFVI)an ehIycMnYnenH)anekIneLIgBI60-65PaKryenAqñaM1999nigqñaM2001.

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88

kñúgsgÁm manRsþIemRKYsar «BukmþaymankUncab;BIbYnnak;eLIg CnmatuPUminivtþn_ eyaFarMsay CnBikar nigCneKcBIsRgÁamkñúgRsuk nigkUnRsIc,gkñúgRKYsar. kUnRsIc,gKWCaRkummuxsBaØad¾Biess mYysMrab;mCÄmNÐlbNþúHbNþalviC¢aCIv³BIeRBaHeKCaerOy²)an)at;bg;»kaskñúgkarsikSa edayehtufa eKRtUvTTYlxusRtUvkñúgkarEfTaMbgb¥ÚnbegáItrbs;eK ¬emIlEpñk 2>4>1¦.

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Girl Organisation France) nig GgÁkarsuxPaBRKYsarGnþrCati (Family Health Organisation) nigTTYlykCnrgeRKaHedaysarkarCYjdUrmnusSeGaycUleronCMnaj. GgÁkarTaMgenaH)anpþl;TaMg CMnYysMPar³ nigfvikadl;GgÁPaBbNþúHbNþal.

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90

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tarag 4>1 sßanPaBRKYsarcMeBaHsisS¼sikçakameroncb;)aneFVIsMPasn_

sßanPaBRKYsar Rbus RsI srub enAlIv 32 ¬61>5°¦ 28 ¬57>1°¦ 60 ¬59>4°¦ erobkar 20 ¬38>5°¦ 14 ¬28>6°¦ 34 ¬33>7°¦ ElglH 0 3 ¬6>1°¦ 3 ¬3>0°¦ emma:y 0 4 ¬8>2°¦ 4 ¬4>0°¦ srub 52 ¬100°¦ 49 ¬100°¦ 101 ¬100°¦

GñkeqøIytbburscMNayeBlsikSaCamFümenAkñúgsalaKW 8>12qñaMpÞúyBInarI narIcMNayeBleronenAsala )anEt 7>2 qñaMb:ueNÑaH. manGñkeqøIytbnarIcMnYnbInak; EdlminGacGanb¤ sresr)ansUm,IEtbnþicbnþÜc cMENk Rbus²vijBuMmannrNamñak;EdlminecHGkSreLIy. mUlehtueFVIeGaykMriténkarsikSaxusKñamYyqñaMrvagburs nignarI KWTak;TinnwgGayuénGñkeqøIytbmñak;². kñúgcMeNamekµg²CMnan;eRkayenH PaBxusKñaénkMritkarGb;rMMman lkçN³tictYcCag ebIeRbobeFobnwgRkummnusScas;CMnan;mun. mUlehtumYyepSgeTot GacfamanEtRsþIman karGb;rM GacsVHEsVgnigsuxcitþcUleronCMnajviC¢aCIv³. RbsinebIBicarNadl;Kmøatd¾FMénePTkñúgkarcUleron enAsala cab;BIfñak;TI4eLIg enAEtminTan;lubbM)at;)ankñúgcMeNamRbCaraRsþTUeTA enHCalT§plbgðajfa karbNþúHbNþalviC¢aCIv³eRkamkarRKb;RKgrbs;RksYgGb;rMyuvCn nigkILaminTan;GacQandl;karlubbM)at;nUv RsþImankarGb;rMtictYcenAeLIy. cMeBaHRkumCatiBn§ RbCaCnPaKeRcInelIslubbBa¢ak;faeKCaCnCatiExµr. fVIebItamkarGegátemIleXIjGñkeqøIy tbxøHmanedImkMenItCaCnCatievotNam eKenAEteqøIyfaeKCaCnCatiExµr. ebIBicarNadl;karerIseGIgRbqaMg CnCatievotNamenAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa vaCaRbtikmµmYyGaceFVIeGayeyIgyl;)an. dUecñHehIyPaBxusKñaén CatiBn§BuMRtUv)aneKKUsbBa¢ak;eGay)anc,as;kñúgbBa¢IsMnYreLIy. 4>1>2> lT§plkargarmUldæan ³ ¬k¦ sßanPaBkargar manGñkeqøIytb14nak;EdleKmin)aneFVIkarkñúgry³eBlmYyqñaMknøgeTA. kñúgcMeNamGñkTaMgenaHmanR)aMmYy nak;KWCaburs¬11>5°énGñkeqøIytbburs¦ nig8nak;epSgeTot CaGñkeqøIytbnarI ¬16>3°énGñkeqøIytb narI¦. dUc)aneXIjkñúgtarag4>2 kñúgcMeNamGñkmankargareFVImYyqñaMknøgmkenH Cit35°énsisS¼sikçakam

92

burseroncb; eFVIkarCaGñkpþl;esvaenAtampøÚvmandUcCa GñkCYsCulkg;m:UtUCaedIm PaKrybnþbnÞab;eTotKW 20°kñúgEpñksMNg; nigEpñkbBa¢ama:suInpSarEdk. cMeBaHnarIvijman19>5°CaGñkeFVIERsbnþbnÞab;mkeTotGñk eFVIkarxagbMerIbuKÁlik dUcCaeFVIenAkñúgePaCnIydæan¬12>5°¦. cMeNamGñkeqøIytbRbusEdlmankargareFVIcMnYn46nak; man11nak;¬23>9°¦ rkR)ak;cMNUledayRbkbrbr elIsBImYymuxeTA enAxN³eBlEdlGñkeqøIytbnarIcMnYn41nak; man16nak;¬39>0°¦Cab;rvl;rksuIeRcIn muxrbr. bBaðaenH)anbBa¢ak;bEnßmtaMgBIdMbUgénlT§plRsavRCavEdlniyayfa RsþIPaKeRcInman muxrbrBI BIreTAbImux. manehtupldUcteTA³ tMrUvkarkargarsMrab;RsþIeFVIkarenAkñúgpÞHmandUcCakargareFVIERsnigkarG‘utsk;xusKñatamrdUvkal. »kaskargarsMrab;RsþIGacmaneRcInteTAeTot EdleFVIeGaynarIgayRsYlcUlRbLÚkdUcCa karlk;dUrtam cieBa©ImpøÚvCaedIm. dUecñHehIyRbsinebIRsþIb:gR)afñacg;manmuxrbreRcIn eKGaceFVICab;lab;)an. R)ak;cMNUlEdlnarIrk)anBIkargarrbs;eKmantMélTab ehIymineTogTat;. GaRs½yehtuenHehIyRsþI TamTareGayRbkbmuxrbreRcInmux edIm,IeGayR)ak;cMNUlrbs;eKQandl;kMritGb,brma. RsþIcMnYneRcIneFVIkarenApÞHpSarPa¢b;CamYyskmµPaBrkR)ak;cMNUleRcInRbePTepSg². ]TahrN_Cak;Esþg RsþImYycMnYnGacciBa©wmRCUkehIyGaclk;dUr\va:n;cab;hYyenAmuxpÞHrbs;Kat;kñúgeBlCamYyKña)aneTot.

bursmYycMnYnFMecjeTArksuIenAxageRkApÞHEdlCamUlehtumYy kan;EtBi)aksMrab;narIkñúgkarcab;ykskmµPaB muxrbreRcInmuxrYmpSMKña. eTaHya:gNak¾eday burseKmaneKalkarN_rYmxøHenAkñúgkarbBa©ÚlmuxrbreRcIn RbePTxus²KñaeGaysßitenAkñúgCMBUkEtmYy. ]TahrN_Cak;Esþg cMeBaHGñkxøHEdl)anebIkhagCYsCulm:UtU eKk¾Gaclk;eRKOgbnøas;m:UtUkñúgeBlEtmYy)anEdr. edayemIleXIjfa muxrbrenHCamuxrbrEdleKcat;cUl kñúgmuxrbrCMBUkdUcKña dUecñHvaBuMRtUv)aneKrab;faCamuxrbreRcInRbePTenAkñúgkarviPaKénsßitielxeLIy. smµtikmµenHGaceFVIeGaymanRsþIcMnYneRcIn ebIeRbobeFobnwgburskMBugRbkbmuxrbredayxøÜnÉg edayehtufa eKRbQmmuxlM)akxøaMgkñúgkareFVIkarTTYlR)ak;kMér. EteTaHya:gNak¾edaylT§plénkarRsavRCavmin)an bBa¢ak;bEnßmBIbBaðaenHeLIy. cMnYnGñkeqøIytbCabursEdlrksuImuxrbredayxøÜnÉgmancMnYnesÞIrEtdUcKña nwgcMnYnRsþIEdrKW³ 57>7° ¬GñkeqøIytb30nak;¦Caburs nig57>4°¬GñkeqøIytb27nak;¦CanarI. tarag 4>3 bgðajfaGñkeqøIytbCaRsþIerobkarrYcRbkbmuxrbredayxøÜnÉg nigGñkeqøIytbCaRsþIenAlIv eFVIkaryk R)ak;kMérmancMnYneRcInCagKñabnþicbnþÜc ebIeFVIkareRbobeFob. mann½yfa GñkeqøIytbCaRsþIerobkarrYccMnYn 70°RbkbmuxrbredayxøÜnÉg ebIeRbobeFobnwgGñkeqøIytbCaRsþIenAlIvxusKñaCitBak;kNþal. Rbhak;

93

RbEhlKñaenHEdr GñkeqøIytbCaRsþIerobkarrYcRbmaN 21>2° nigRsþIenAlIvcMnYn34°eFVIkarykR)ak;kMér. kñúgcMeNamRsþIRtUv)anElglHbþIcMnYnbInak; manBIrnak;CaGñkrksuIedayxøÜnÉg nigbInak;kñúgcMeNamRsþIemma:y bYnnak;k¾RbkbrbrenHEdr. vamankarkt;sMKal;pgEdrfa sisS¼sikçakamnarIeroncb;cUleFVIkarykR)ak;kMér GacmanGRtax<s;CagenH ebIKittamCak;Esþg eRBaHkarcuHGegáttamdansisS¼sikçakameroncb;enH BuM)anRKb dNþb;elIsisS¼sikçakamNa EdlcakecjBIextþmkeFVIkarkñúgeragcRkenATIRkugPñMeBjeLIy.

tarag 4>2 muxrbrsMxan;²EdlGñkeqøIytbCasisS¼sikçakameroncb;)aneFVI

¬skmµPaBbegáItR)ak;cMNUlEdlsisSeyIgcUlRbLÚkesÞIrEtRKb;eBl¦

Rbus RsI srub RbePTmuxrbr cMnYn ° cMnYn ° cMnYn °

ksikr 4 8>7 8 19>5 12 13>8 GñkensaTRtI 2 4>3 0 0 2 2>3 kmµkrsMNg;nigCagbUkGaKar 9 19>6 0 0 9 10>3 CagduMEdknigCagma:suIn 9 19>6 0 0 9 10>3 kmµkrenAeragsib,kmµ 1 2>2 1 2>4 2 2>3 Gñklk;tamcieBa©ImpøÚv 0 0 3 7>3 3 3>4 Gñkpþl;esvaCYsCultampøÚv 16 34>8 1 2>4 17 19>5 Gñklk;enAkñúghag 0 0 3 7>3 3 3>4 Gñkkat;edrsMelokbMBak;m:Ut 0 0 3 7>3 3 3>4 Gñkrt;m:UtUDub rt;tak;suInigebIkrfynþRkug 1 2>2 0 0 1 1>1 GñkbMerIkarkñúgGaKarnigGñkEfTaM 0 0 4 9>8 4 4>6 Gñkrt;sMbuRtnigGñkyamTVar nig epSg²eTot

0 0 3 7>3 3 3>4

buKÁlikbMerIkarEpñkbuKÁlik 1 2>2 5 12>2 6 6>9 buKÁliksnþisux 1 2>2 0 0 1 1>1 CagG‘utsk; kat;sk;bursnigEksmösS 1 2>2 3 7>3 4 4>6 buKÁlikdéTepSgeTot 5 10>9 7 17>1 12 13>8 srub∗ 46 100>0 41 100>0 87 100>0

∗ {buKÁlikepSg²} rYmbBa©ÚlCMnYykarbeRgonenAmCÄmNÐlbNþúHbNþalviC¢aCIv³ buKÁlikénGgÁkareRkArdæaPi)al Gñkpþl;esvaxag]eKÇasnsBÞ .l. krNI)at;bg; = 14

94

tarag 4>3 sßanPaBRKYsarénGñkeqøIytbCasisS¼sikçakameroncb;tamzan³muxrbrrbs;eK

karRbkbmuxrbr edayxøÜnÉg

muxrbrykR)ak;kMér∗ mineFVIkarkñúgmYyqñaMknøgeTA

srub sßanPaBRKYsar

cMnYn ° cMnYn ° cMnYn ° cMnYn ° RsI 15 53>6 9 32>1 4 14>3 28 100>0 enAlIv

Rbus 14 43>8 12 37>5 6 18>8 32 100>0 RsI 7 50>0 4 28>6 3 21>4 14 100>0 erobkarrYc

Rbus 16 80>0 4 20>0 0 0>0 20 100>0 RsI 2 66>7 1 33>3 0 0>0 3 100>0 ElglH

Rbus 0 0>0 0 0>0 0 0>0 0 100>0 RsI 3 75>0 0 0>0 1 25>0 4 100>0 emma:y

Rbus 0 0>0 0 0>0 0 0>0 0 100>0 RsI 27 55>1 14 28>6 8 16>3 49 100>0 srub

Rbus 30 57>7 16 30>8 6 11>5 52 100>0 srub 57 56>4 30 29>7 14 13>9 101 100>0

∗ RsþIenAlIvmñak;nigerobkarrYcmñak; kñúgcMeNamGñkeFVIkarykR)ak;kMér sßitkñúgCMBUkGñkeFVIkarmin)anR)ak;kMér ¬x¦ suxPaBnigsuvtißPaBenAkEnøgkargar ³ kñúgcMeNamGñkeqøIytbcMnYn87nak;Edl)aneFVIkarkñúgmYyqñaMknøgeTA manburs58>7° nignarI36>6°Qb; eFVIkarGs;ry³eBlbIExknøgmk edaysareKmanCMgW. tYelxenHmin)anbBa¢ak;faRsþImanCMgWtictYcCagburs eT,Iy. tamlT§plkarRsavRCavrbs;RbeTsepSgbgðajfanarIeTaHbIeKQWk¾eday eKenAEtmkeFVIkarCa drab. burs nignarIRkIRkya:geRcIn minGacGt;eFVIkargar)aneT. GñkeqøIytbmYycMnYnKUsbBa¢ak;fa sMrab;Gñk RkIRkdUcBYkeK eTaHbImanCMgWF¶n;F¶rbnþickþI k¾eKenAEtts‘UeFVIkar mindUcGñkmanxøH eKnwgsMuQb;sMrakRbsin ebIeKQW. GñkeqøIytb42nak; Edl)anFøak;xøÜnQWkalBIbIExknøgeTAenH man37°Caburs nig 40°CaRsþImanCMgW QWk,alCaRbcaM manGarmµN_ht;enOynigTn;exSay ¬Rbus14>8° nig RsI20°¦ nigCMgWWBi)akdkdegðIm ¬Rbus11>1° nig RsI13>3°¦1 . mUlehtuEdlbNþaleGayeKQWpþl;eGayedaybursman³ eFVIkareRcIn

1 CMgWeRkABIGVI)anKitman³ QWEPñk ¬Rbus2nak;¦ QWRTUg¬Rbus2nak;nigRsI2nak;¦ nig QWepSg²eTot ¬Rbus9nak;nigRsI7nak;¦.

95

ema:geBk ¬33>3°¦ elIkdak;rbs;¼\va:n;F¶n;²eBk ¬29>6°¦ nig eFVIkarenAkEnøgeRKaHfñak;manCatiKImI ¬25>9°¦. GñkEdleFVIkarCamYysarCatiKImIrYmmanksikr¬2nak;¦ GñkensaTRtImñak; kmµkrsMNg;mñak; nig Gñkrt;m:UtUDub. cMeBaHRsþIvijfa karQWrbs;eKedayGagelIehtupl³ eFVIkareRcInema:geBk ¬26>7°¦ eFVIkareRbIkMlaMgeRcIn ¬20°¦ nigelIkdak;rbs;rbrF¶n;² ¬13>3°¦. TaMgbursnigRsþI)anbBa¢ak;fa eK tRmUveGayeFVIkareRcInema:g edaysarR)ak;cMNUlrbs;eKmankMritTab b¤ edaysarkareFVIkareRcInema:genA kEnøgkargar tRmUveGayeKeFVIxanmin)an. kareFVIkareRcInema:gEbbenH RtUv)aneKcat;TukCamUlehtucMbgmYy bNþaleGay bursnigRsþIFøak;xøÜnQW 2 . kñúgcMeNamGñkeqøIytb87nak; Edl)ancUlrYmkñúgskmµPaBkargarry³eBlmYyqñaMknøgmkenHman sisS¼sikçakam eroncb;cMnYn23nak; BuMEdlmaneRKaHfñak;enAkEnøgkargareLIy kñúgenaHmanRbus30>4° nigRsI22°. kareRKaHfñak;CitbIPaKbYn eRcInBak;B½n§karmutédeCIg. 4>1>3> sisS¼sikçakambBa©b;karsikSaRbkbmuxrbrxøÜnÉg ³ manGñkeqøIytbcMnYn57nak; RbkbrbrrksuIedayxøÜnÉg ¬Rbus30° nig RsI27°¦ nig 51nak;kñúgcMeNam GñkTaMgenaHra:b;rgkargarKNenyüedayxøÜnÉg. GñkeqøIytbcMnYn49nak; ykedImTunpÞal;xøÜn edIm,Icab;epþIm muxCMnYjrbs;eK. dUc)aneXIjkñúgtarag 4>4 Rsab; GñkeqøIytbPaKeRcIneRbIR)as;edImTunEdleKsnSM)an b¤ x©IBI«Bukmþay b¤TTYl\NTanBIGgÁkareRkArdæaPi)al. GñkeqøIytbCanarIePTmYyPaKFM )anTTYledImTun BIsVamIrbs;eK cMENkbursmin)anTTYlBIGñkNaeLIy. GñkeqøIytbRsIeroncb;CMnajCagkat;edrburs )aneRbIedImTunFMCageKkñúgmuxCMnYjrbs;nag EdlmanTwkR)ak; cMnYn5/000duløaGaemrik edIm,Icab;epþImebIkhagsMGagkarnigG‘utsk;. nag)andak;BaküsuMx©IluycMnYn 10/000duløaGaemrikBIKMerag\NTanxñattUc. GñkvieyaKEdlmanTwkR)ak;FMTIBIrKW sisS¼sikçakamRsI eroncb;CMnajEkécñmðÚbGahar. eRkayBI)anbBa©b;karsikSa nag)andak;TuncMnYn 1/500duløaGaemrikedIm,IebIk haglk;eRKOgeTsenAmuxpÞHrbs;nag. eRkABIenHmansisS¼sikçakamcMnYnbInak;eTotEdl)andak;TuncMnYn 1/000duløaGaemrikerog²xøÜnedIm,Icab;epþImCMnYjrbs;eK. manBIrnak;CaburseronCMnajCYsCulviTüú nigCYsCul m:UtU EdlCaGñkcab;epþImmuxrbredayeRbIR)as;CMnajeK)aneron. mñak;eTotCasisS¼sikçakamRsIeroncb;CMnaj ciBa©wmRCUk nigdaMdMNaMhUbEpø eKEbrCacab;epþImmuxCMnYjCaGñkciBa©wmRCUknigeragma:suInkinRsUveTAvij. 2 eTaHCaya:gNakþI BuMmansßitielxbgðajBIkarCab;Tak;TgKñaya:gsMxan;rvagcMnYnema:geFVIkarnig]b,tþiehtuEdlbNþaleGay eKFøak;xøÜnQW.

96

tarag 4>4 RbPBedImTundMbUgkñúgkarRbkbmuxrbredayxøÜnÉgrbs;sisS¼sikçakameroncb; ¬cMelIycMruH¦

burs RsI srub RbPBénfvika cMnYn ° cMnYn ° cMnYn °

R)ak;snSMpÞal;xøÜn 9 36>0 11 45>8 20 40>8 bþIRbBn§ 2 8>0 4 16>7 6 12>2 «Bukmþay 8 32>0 9 37>5 17 34>7 Gñkcgkarluy 4 16>0 1 4>2 5 10>2 fvikaCMnYyrbs;rdæ 0 1 4>2 1 2>0 fvika\NTanrbs;rdæ 3 12>0 3 12>5 6 12>2 \NTanrbs;GgÁkareRkArdæaPi )al

4 16>0 6 25>0 10 20>4

mitþP½Rkþ¼sac;jati 1 4>0 0 1 2>0 srubGñkeqøIytb 25 100 24 100 49 100

∗ cMnYnGñkeqøIytbkñúgcMeNamGñkEdl)anRbkbmuxrbredayxøÜnÉg nigdak;edImTunedIm,Icab;epþImmuxCMnYjrbs;eK. kñúgcMeNamGñkeqøIytb27nak;Edldak;BaküsuM\NTan man22nak;)andak;BaküsuMx©Imþg enAxN³Edl3nak; )ansuMx©IBIrdg nig2nak;eTotsuMx©IbIdg. cMnYnenHmin)anrab;bBa©ÚlRsþImñak;Edlx©ITwkR)ak;cMnYn 10/000duløa GaemrikenAeBlTwkR)ak;x©ICamFümmanEt 324duløaGaemrik TabbMputcMnYn25duløaGaemrik nigcMnYnFMbMput 800duløaGaemrik. BuMmanGñkeqøIytbNa bgðajeGayeXIjBIPaBlM)akkñúgkarsgRtlb;vijenaHeT. R)ak;kMcI cMnYnticCagmYyPaKbIRtUv)aneKeRbIR)as;sMrab;RKYsarmaneRKaHGasnñ nigCIvPaBrs;enARbcaMéf¶³ 10nak;kñug cMeNam57nak; x©IluysMrab;RKYsarmaneRKaHGasnñ nig3nak;kñúgcMeNam57nak; x©IluysMrab;pÁt;pÁg;CIvPaB RbcaMéf¶. cMnYnsisS¼sikçakameroncb;Edl)anTTYlR)ak;kMcI BIraCrdæaPi)altamry³mCÄmNÐlbNþúHbNþalviC¢aCIv³ man cMnYntictYcenAeLIy. enHedaysarEpnkarpþl;\NTan eTIbEtcab;epþImGnuvtþenAkñúgqñaM2000 b:uEnþk¾manehtu plmYycMnYndUcteTAenHEdr³ ¬1¦ mCÄmNÐlmanTItaMgenAq¶ayBIpÞHsMEbgrbs;eK naMeGaysisS¼sikçakam eroncb;mankarlM)akkñúgkarx©IluynigsgRtlb;vij. ¬2¦ mCÄmNÐltRmUveGaysisS¼sikçakameroncb; TaMgenaHcgRkgCaRkumya:gticmansmaCikBI 3eTA5nak; edIm,IFanaKñaeTAvijeTAmk. smaCikRkummankar

97

P½yxøac smaCikepSgeTotminGacsgRtlb;vij)an. ¬3¦ sisS¼sikçakameroncb;xøHenACMBak;luyGgÁkar eRkArdæaPi)alepSg² nigsmaKm\NTankñúgRsuk. ¬4¦ xVHCMenOeCOCak;elIxøÜnÉgkñúgkarcab;epþImebIkCMnYj. bBaaðEdlGñkeqøIytbCYbRbTH kñúgdMeNIrkarrksuICMnYjrbs;eK mandUcbgðajkñúgtarag 4>5. bBaðaFMcMbgCageK bMput KWkarxVHxatcMeNHdwgnigcMeNHeFVI. sisS¼sikçakameroncb;enAmCÄmNÐlbNþúHbNþalviC¢aCIv³ RbcaMextþ )anKUsbBa¢ak; fakarsikSaCMnajmanry³eBlxøIeBk. Ca]TahrN_ enAmCÄmNÐlbNþúHbNþalviC¢aCIv³ (VTC) )at;dMbgvKÁCYsCulrfynþeRbIry³eBlBIrqñaM xusBI (PTCs) EdleRbIry³eBlEtbYnEx. enHCaehtuplmYy EdlsisSeroncb;min)anføwgEføgRKb;RCugeRCay edIm,Icab;epþImdMeNIrkarCMnYjrbs;eK. bBaðaRsedogKañ)an ekItmancMeBaHCMnajdéTeTot fVIebICMnajenaHmankMritxusKñak¾eday. sisS¼sikçakamxøHeTot )ancgRkgCaRkumedIm,ITTYlykkarbeRgonbEnßmBIRKUbgðat; eRkayeBleK)aneron cb;vKÁenAmCÄmNÐl. eqøIytbeTAnwgkarpþÜcepþImKMnitrbs;sisS bc©úb,nñenHmCÄmNÐlbNþúHbNþal )aneGay sisS¼sikçakameroncb;cgRkgCaRkum dUecñHehIyeKCYyKñaeKkñúgkarbMb:nsmtßPaBeRkayeBleroncb;. Ca]TahrN_sisS¼sikçakamRbus²mYycMnYneronvKÁCYsCulviTüú )ancgRkgCaRkumeRkayeBleroncb; ehIy )aneTAsuMRKUbgðat;edIm,IeGayKat;CYybMb:nbEnßm. sisS¼sikçakamTaMgenaH )ancUlKñaTijCasMPar³bNþúH bNþal ehIyeKesñIsuMRKUbgðat;eGaybeRgoneK. RKUbgðat;CYybeRgoneKedaysµRK½citþ ehIymCÄmNÐlnwg GnuBaØateGayRKUbgðat;cUleronCMnajkuMBüÚT½redayKittMélefak CaBiessedIm,ICafñÚrsMrab;snþancitþd¾l¥ rbs;RKUbgðat;rUbenH. narIBuM)ancgRkgCaRkumeRkayeBleroncb;eLIy RbEhlGacmkBIPaKeRcInman karlM)akkñúgkar eFVIdMeNIrecjBIPUmizanrbs;eKbnÞab;BIvKÁ)anbBa©b;.

98

tarag 4>5 bBaðaEdlGñkeqøIytbRbkbrbredayxøÜnÉgCYbRbTH ¬cMelIycMruH¦

Rbus RsI srub bBaðaCYbRbTH cMnYn ° cMnYn ° cMnYn °

xVHxatcMeNHdwgnigcMeNHeFVI 18 62>1 14 63>6 32 62>7 edImTunminRKb;RKan; 14 48>3 13 59>1 27 52>9 xVHBt’manTIpSar 1 3>4 5 22>7 6 11>8 mankarlM)akkñúgkarTTYlyk\NTan 1 3>4 1 4>5 2 3>9 bTBiesaFn_CMnYjenAmankMrit 7 24>1 3 13>6 10 19>6 bNþajkargarCMnYjenATn;exSay 2 6>9 5 22>7 7 13>7 epSg² 0 0 2 9>7 2 3>9 GñkeqøIytbsrub 29 100 22 100 51 100

∗ )at;bg;krNI³ 6 ∗ GaceqøIy)ancMelIyelIsBImYy GñkeqøIytbRsþIeRcInsEmþgmtifa BYkKat;manbBaðakñúgkarTTYl)anBt’manTIpSarCacM)ac;3 . Bt’mansþIBI muxrbrTMenr b¤»kasTIpSarKWRsþIBi)akTTYl)anedaysarkarcl½tcuHeLIgrbs;eKenAmankMrit. b:uEnþRbus²Gac edIrRtac;crnigCECkelgCamYyGñkdéT ehIyCaTUeTAeKGacTTYl)anBt’manRbesIrCagnarI. sisS¼sikçkam narICYnkalmkkan;mCÄmNÐl edayeKKitfavaCakEnøgpþl;RbPBBt’manTIpSard¾sMxan;bMputsMrab;eK xusBIburs eKGacTTYl)anBt’manBIRbPBepSg². fVIebIbc©úb,nñ karcl½tcuHeLIgrbs;RsþImankarRbesIrCagBImunEmn RsþIenAEtenApÞHeRcInCagburs BIeRBaHeKRtUvTTYlxusRtUvkargarpÞHsMEbg nig BIeRBaH«Bukmþayrbs;eKmincg; eGayeKeTANaq¶ayBIPUmiRsuk RbsinebIeKenAlIv. 4>1>4> GñkeFVIkarykR)ak;kMér³ GñkeqøIytbCaRsþIrkkargareFVI)anCaCagG‘utsk; buKÁlikkariyal½y nigbuKÁlikbMerIkar. GñkeqøIytbburs eFVIkarCakmµkrsMNg; nig CagbUkGaKar nig CaGñkpþl;esvatampøÚv rYmmanGñkrt;m:UtUDubnigCagCYsCulrfynþ. 18nak;kñúgcMeNamGñkeqøIytb30nak; EdleFVIkarykR)ak;kMérkñúgRKwHsßanCMnYjmannieyaCit10nak; b¤ ticCagenH.

3 Chi square significance flevel 0.047

99

Cag80°énsisS¼sikçakameroncb; )anrkkargareFVIkñúgmuxrbrykR)ak;kMéreRkayeBlvKÁsikSa)anbBa©b; fVIebIGñkTaMgenaHeFVIkarmincMCMnajEdleK)aneronk¾eday Ca]TahrN__manGñkeqøIytb5nak; ¬Rbus3nak; RsI2nak;¦ )aneFVIkarCamYyGgÁkareRkArdæaPi)al EdlGgÁkarenaHmanbuKÁlikelIsBI50nak; ¬xøHmannieyaCit 63nak; nig156nak; erog²xøÜn¦. bursBIrnak;eFVIkarCaCagemkanik bursmñak;CaCagGKÁisnI nigRsþIBIrnak; eTotCaGñke)assMGat. manbursbInak;)aneFVIkarcMviC¢aCIv³EdlKat;)aneron. RsþIBIrnak;EdleFVIkarCaGñk e)assMGat eTaHbI)aneronCMnajCagGKÁisnIk¾eday .

tarag 4>6 skmµPaBeFVIkarykR)ak;kMérrbs;GñkeqøIytberoncb;

Rbus RsI srub skmµPaBkargar cMnYn ° cMnYn ° cMnYn °

ksikr 1 5>9 1 7>7 2 6>7 kmµkrsMNg;nigCagbUkGaKar 5 29>4 5 16>7 Cagma:suInnigCagEdk 1 5>9 1 3>3 kmµkrenAeragsib,kmµ 1 5>9 1 7>7 2 6>7 GñkEkécñmðÚbGahar 1 7>7 1 3>3 Gñkpþl;esvatampøÜv 6 35>3 6 20>0 Cagkat;edrnigécñm:Ut 1 7>7 1 3>3 GñkeFVIkarkñúgGaKarnigGñkEfTaM 2 15>4 2 6>7 buKÁlikEpñkkariyal½ybuKÁlikbMerIkar 1 5>9 2 15>4 3 10>0 snþisux 1 5>9 1 3>3 CagG‘utsk; kat;sk;burs nig EkécñsmösS

3 23>1 3 10>0

epSg² 1 5>9 2 15>4 3 10>0 srub 17 100 13 100 30 100

GñkeqøIytbeFVIkarykR)ak;kMér eFVIkarmYys)aþh_ 47ema:g. manGñkeqøIytbcMnYn 18nak; EdlfaeKeFVIkar CamFüm57>3ema:gkñúgmYys)aþh_ ehIyeKsUmeGayema:gticCagenH. bursPaKeRcIneFVIkarelIsBI50em:agCa

100

mFüm. pÞúyeTAvij manGñkeqøIytbcMnYn7nak;EdleFVIkarEt 26>9ema:gkñúgmYys)aþh_ ehIyeKsuMeGay)an ema:geRcInCagenH 4 .

tarag 4>7 cMnYnema:geFVIkarEdlGñkeqøIytberoncb;cUlcitþeFVICageKkñúgmuxrbrykR)ak;QñÜl

Rbus RsI srub cMnYnema:gEdlcUlcitþ cMnYn ° cMnYn ° cMnYn °

cg;eFVIticema:g 12 70>6 6 46>2 18 60>0 lµmRKb;RKan; 1 5>9 4 30>8 5 16>7 cg;eFVIeRcInema:g 4 23>5 3 23>1 7 23>3 srub 17 100 13 100 30 100

GñkeqøIytbcMnYndb;nak;EdleFVIkarykR)ak;QñÜl bMerIkarQrelImUldæanmineTogTat; ¬burs7nak; nig narI3nak;¦5 . 7nak; kñúgcMeNam 10nak;niyayfakargarrbs;eKmineTogTat; BIeRBaHcMnYnéf¶eFVIkarGaRs½y elIsßanPaBmuxCMnYj. ]TahrN_ CagCYsCulrfynþxøHniyayfaesvaCYsCulrfynþrvl;xøaMgEtkñúgrdUv Føak;ePøogeRcIn BIeRBaHrdUvvsSaeFVIeGaypøÚvfñl;mansPaBRTuDeRTam ehIyeFVIeGayrfynþCaerOy² EtgEtxUc. 9nak;kñúgcMeNamGñkeqøIytb10nak;Edl)annigkMBugeFVIkarQrelImUldæanmineTogTat;niyayfa eKcUlcitþ eFVIkarticema:gCagGVIEdleK)aneFVIkñúgmYys)þah_knøgmkenH 6 . kargarmineTogTat;enH bgçMcitþeGayBYkKat; TTYlykkargarNamYymaneRcInema:g. 4>1>5 sisS¼sikçakameroncb;KµankargareFVI ³ kñúgcMeNamGñkeqøIytb14nak;EdleqøIyfaeKBuMmankargareFVI kalBImYyqñaMknøgmk man8nak; ¬Rbus4nak; narI4nak;¦ min)anBüayamEsVgrkkargareFVIeT b:uEnþ6nak;eTot ¬Rbus2nak;narI4nak;¦ KWeKBüayamEsVgrk kargareFVI. cMeBaHGñkeqøIytbRsþIvij min)anEsVgrkkargareFVI edaysMGagelIehtuplfa xVHxatBt’man ¬man3nak;¦ xVHxatcMeNHdwgnigcMeNHeFVI ¬3nak;¦ nigedaysar«Bukmþay b¤bþIRbBn§rbs;eKbg¥ak;mineGay 4 manGñkeqøIytbbursEdl)aneFVIkarcMnYn66ema:gkñúgmYys)aþh_ ehIyKat;cg;eFVIkareGay)anema:geRcInCagenH. Kat;eFVIkar CaemcugePAenAkñúgePaCnIydæan ehIyKat;RtUv)aneKpþl;R)ak;QñÜlsMrab;karEfmema:g. krNIenH min)anRtUveKrab;bBa©ÚlkñúgkarKNna cMnYn ema:geFVIkarCamFüm cMeBaHGñkEdlcg;eFVIkareRcIneTot BIeRBaHfakrNIrbs;Kat;mankarxusq¶ayxøaMgeBkBIGñkeqøIytbepSg². 5 BuMmanPaBxusKñacaM)ac;xagsßitielxrvagePTenaHeT 6 mann½yfakñúgeBlGñkRsavRCavcuHeFVIsMPasn_ cMrdUvrvl; ehIykmµkrTaMgenaHeFVIkareRcInehIyht;. cMENkenArdUvR)aMgeKBuMsUvman kargareFVIeRcIneT.

101

eFVIkarenAxageRkA ¬2nak;¦. bursBIrnak;sMGagelIehtuplfa xVHxatcMeNHdwgnigcMeNHeFVI. KµanGñkeqøIytb bursNamñak;)anelIkeLIgBIPaBlM)akkñúgkarTTYlykBt’man b¤mankarbg¥ak;dMeNIr BIsMNak;RkumRKYsar b¤ «Bukmþayrbs;eKkñúgkarrkkargareFVI . mankarraykarN_fa kñúgkrNIxøHRsþIeronCMnaj edaysareKsgÇwmfa GacrkkargareFVI)an. sisSxøHeRkayeBleroncb; sßanPaBRKYsarrbs;eKpøas;bþÚr eFVIeGayeKpøas;bþÚrEpnkar rbs;eKEdr. ]TahrN_ GñkxøHerobkar b¤GñkxøHeTot«Bukrbs;eKmankargareFVI. dUecñHehIy BYkeKRtUv)an«Buk mþayeGayenApÞH nigmineGayrkkargareFVIeLIy. kñúgcMeNamGñkeqøIytb14nak; man5nak; ¬ Rbus1nak; RsI4nak;¦ eqøIyfa eK)anBüayamebIkCMnYj enAxN³ Edl9nak;eTot ¬Rbus5nak; RsI4nak;¦ minBüayameFVIeLIy. ehtuplEdlRbus²minBüayamebIkCMnYj man³ xVHcMeNHdwgxagCMnYj ¬GñkeqøIytb4nak;¦ xVHedImTun ¬4nak;¦ xVHkarelIkTwkcitþnigxVHCMenOCak; edIm,IeFVI skmµPaBmincMNuHeK ¬3nak;¦. cMeBaHRsþI ¬man3nak;¦ niyayfaxVHedImTun ¬2nak;¦BuMmanRbPBTTYl )an\NTan nig ¬2nak;eTot¦faBwgEp¥kGñkpÞH. enAeBlsYrBImUlehtu eKfasUm,IeK)anBüayamebIk muxCMnYj b:uEnþBYkeKminR)akdfaGaceFVI)an edaysarmUlehtu³ edImTunminRKb;RKan; ¬Rbus1nak; RsI4nak;¦ nig xVHcMeNHdwgnigcMeNHeFVI ¬Rbus1nak; RsI3nak;¦. Gñkeroncb;enA mCÄmNÐlbNþúHbNþalviC¢aCIv³ (VTC) )at;dMbg )anerobrab;famankarxVHxatxagedImTun ehIyBi)akrk\NTan. CaTUeTAmCÄmNÐlbNþúHbNþal viC¢aCIv³ (VTCs) minmankmµviFIpþl;\NTandl;sisS¼nisSiteroncb;edIm,Icab;epþImmuxCMnYjeLIy BIeRBaH«Buk mþayrbs;eK CaGñkmansßanPaBRbesIrCagGñkeronenAmCÄmNÐl. cMeBaHsisS¼sikçakameroncb;enA mCÄmNÐl (PTCs) eTIbEtcab;epþImTTYl\NTanqñaM2000enHEtmþg. sisS¼sikçakammYycMnYnFMmin)an dak;BaküsMux©I\NTansMrab;cab;epþImCMnYjrbs;eK edaymUlehtufaeKKµanCMenOCak; b¤mankarlM)ak kñúgkarcgRkgCaRkumedIm,ITTYl)an\NTan ¬emIlEpñk 4>1>3¦. 4>1>6> sar³RbeyaCn_énkarbNþúHbNþal ³ ¬k¦ etICMnajRtUv)aneKeRbIR)as;b¤eT? kñúgcMeNamGñkeqøIytbTaMg86nak; Edl)aneFVIkarkñúgry³eBlmYyqñaMknøgmk man70nak; ¬81>4°¦ eqøIyfaeK)an eRbIR)as;CMnajEdleK)aneronrYc. sMxan;CagenHeTAeTot GñkeqøIytbeqøIyfaburseRbIR)as; CMnajEdleK)aneron eRcInCagRsþI 7 - burs42nak; ¬93>3°¦ nig RsþI28nak; ¬68>3° .

7 Fisher’s exact test significance 0.003 (one sided)

102

tarag 4>8 mUlehtuénkarmineRbIR)as;CMnajEdlsisS¼sikçakameroncb; ¬cMnYnGñkeqøIytb¦

mUlehtu Rbus RsI srub CMnajEdl)aneronminsmRsb 3 5 8 mindwgfaetIeRbICMnajEdl)anerontamviFINa 0 0 0 minmanedImTunRKb;RKan;sMrab;cab;epþImmuxCMnYj 3 5 8 eRbIR)as;CMnajEdleronminsUv)anplcMeNj 2 2 4 minmanBt’manRKb;RKan; 0 2 2 epSg² 0 5 5 srub 3 13 16

manehtuplxus²KñaeRcInsMrab;ePTxus²KñakñúgkareRbIR)as;CMnajEdl)aneron³ ehtuplTI1 KWfaRsþIeRbIR)as;CMnajEdlxøÜn)aneronEtm:üag minGacrkR)ak;cMNUlRKb;RKan;lµmsMrab; pÁt;pÁg;RKYsarrbs;Kat; b¤ RsþIGacrk»kasRbkbmuxrbrNamYy)anR)ak;cMNUlRbesIrCag edaymin caM)ac;eRbIR)as;CMnajEdlKat;)aneronrYc. kñúgeBlCamYyKñaenHEdr R)ak;cMNUlEdlRsþIrk)anBImuxrbr nImYy²manlkçN³xusKñatictYc dUecñHeKTamTareGaymankarcUlrYmskmµPaBmuxrbrcMruH. RsþIeron CMnajG‘utsk;enAextþesomrab CakrNIsikSaBak;B½n§nwgbBaðaenH. bnÞab;BI)anbBa©b;vKÁG‘utsk; enAmCÄmNÐl nag)ancab;epþImebIkhagG‘utsk;. EteTaHya:gNakþI sMrab;CMnajG‘utsk; tRmUvkarkñúgTIpSar bt;EbntamrdUvkal. dUecñaHehIy nagcab;epþImeFVIkarCaGñke)assMGat enAkñúgsNæaKar. kñúgrdUvbuNüTan manePJovRtUvkarG‘utsk;eRcIn nag)aneqøot»kasenaHG‘utsk;pg eFVIkarenAsNæaKarpg. ehtuplTI2 RsþImYycMnYnminGaceRbIR)as;CMnajeKeronrYckñúgmuxrbrrbs;eK)an edaysßanPaBRKYsar mankarpøas;bþÚr. ]TahrN_ GñkeqøIytbRsþImñak;)anerobkareRkayeBleroncb; sVamIrbs;nag GacRTRTg;R)ak;cMNUlsMrab;RKYsar)an ehIynagRtUv)ansVamIeGayenAEtpÞH. GñkeqøIytbRsþI mañk;eTot eronvKÁkat;sk;bursenAextþesomrab. enAeBlenaH «Bukrbs;nagminGacrkkargareFVI )an ehIynagcg;eronCMnaj edIm,ICYyrkR)ak;kaseGayRKYsarrbs;nag. nagRtUv)anGñkpSBVpSay vKÁnarImñak;CMrujTwkcitþeGaycab;yk muxrbrsMrab;bursenAmCÄmNÐl nagk¾sMerccitþeronCMnaj kat;sk;burs. bnÞab;BInageroncb; «Bukrbs;nagrkkargareFVI)an. dUecñHehIy«Bukrbs;nagR)ab;nag fa mincaM)ac;ebIkhagkat;sk;burseT edayehtufaCagkat;sk;bursminRtUv)aneKcat;Camuxrbr smrmüsMrab;narI. enAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa enAmanbursmYycMnYnFMRbkan;mineGayRsþIb:HBal;sk;k,al

103

rbs;eK. dUecñaHehIy cMeBaHnagCanarIePT mankarBi)akxøaMgkñúgkareFVICaCagkat;sk;burs. fVIebIman RsþImYycMnYnFMrksuImuxrbrCagkat;sk;burs)aneCaKC½y b:uEnþr)aMgsgÁmenAEtman 7 . mUlehtuTI3 cMeBaHRsþIEdleronCMnajEdlRsþIminTMlab;eFVI sgÁm b¤ brisßankargarminsVaKmn_eKeT. ]TahrN_Cak;EsþgsisS¼sikçakamnarIxøH eronCMnajCYsCulviTüú bnÞab;BIcb;vKÁsikSa mansisSmñak; )anebIkhagCYsCulviTüú. eTaHCaya:gNakþI bTdæansgÁm nig eynD½resþerGUEfbenAEtKitfamuxrbr CYsCulviTüúminEmnmuxrbrsMrab;narIeLIuy. dUecñHehIy vaCakarlM)akmYysMrab;nagTak;TajePJoveGay cUlmkCYsCulviTüú enAcugbBa©b;nagsMerccitþbiThagrbs;nag. sisS¼sikçakamnarImñak;eToteron CMnajGKÁisnI nagRtUv)anGgÁkareRkArdæaPi)alCYleGayeFVICaCagGKÁisnI. kñúgRkumCagGKÁisnI manmnusS5-6nak; GñkTaMgenaHsuT§Etburs elIkElgEtnagecj. RbFanRkumEtgEtrMElk kargareGaynageFVI dUcCakargarrt;karcuHeLIg nigkargarbnÞab;bnSMepSg² xusBIburseKeFVIkargar bec©keTsGKÁisnIBit² dUcCaerobcMtbNþaj nigCYsCulGKÁisnI. nagRtUv)aneKRbKl;kargarbEnßßm enAeBlmaneKerIsbuKÁlike)assMGat enAkñúgGgÁkardEdlenaH nagRtUv)aneKbþÚreGayeTAkan;tYnaTI enaH. fVIebInagmin)aneRbIteTAeTot nUvCMnajEdl)aneronCamYykargarfµIk¾eday k¾nagenAEtman esckþIsb,ayrIkrayCamYykargarmanR)ak;Exfitefrbc©úb,nñenHEdr.

mUlehtumYyeTot faehtuGI)anCasisS¼sikçakam mineRbIR)as;CMnajEdl)aneronenAmCÄmNÐl BIeRBaH fa karsikSaenAmCÄmNÐlmintRmUveGaybg;éføsala. edayehtufa vaCa»kasd¾kRmmYysMrab;eKedIm,I TTYlkarbNþúHbNþalCMnajedaymin)ac;bg;éfø sisS¼sikçakammñak;²qk;»kasenHcUleronmuneBl eKGac riHrkBt’man vKÁepSg²ehIyGaccUleron)an. ]TahrN_ mansisS¼sikçakamRbusmñak; )ancUleronCMnaj cmøak;eQI BIeRBaHKat;)andwgedayécdnüfa manvKÁbNþúHbNþal ehIyKat;RtUv)aneKerIsykeGaycUl eron. enAeBlKat;kMBugsikSaCMnajenH Kat;)aneTAemIlsisSfñak;Citxag eBleKGnuvtþkargarsMNg;Cag kMe)ar edaysarfñak;enaHeKeronCMnajsMNg;CagkMe)ar. eRkayKat;eroncb; Kat;)ancab;epþImcab;ykrbr CasMNg;CagkMe)ar ehIy\LÚvenHKat;CaemkarénRkumsMNg;CagkMe)ar RkumKat;CaGñkem:AkareFVIpÞH.

7 enAkñúgTsvtSr_qñaM1990 manRsþIeRcInbgÁÜrsMucUleronCMnajkat;sk;burs ehIyeK)anbegáItmuxrbrenHedayeCaKC½y. eTaHCaya:g NakþI sBVéf¶enHmanRsþItictYcEmnETn Edl)ancUleronCMnajenH. karfycuHcMnYnvKÁkat;sk;bursenAmCÄmNÐl edaysartRmUvkarTI pSarénGñkeronkat;sk;burstictYceBk. karkat;sk;bursCaCMnajgay dUecñHehIymnusSminsuxcitþcMNayeBleronvaeT. eKman bMNgcg;eronG‘utsk;Cag. )anCasBVéf¶ vKÁG‘utsk;)anebIkeRcInCagvKÁkat;sk;burs.

104

¬x¦ suxPaBnigsuvtßiPaBkargar ³ mancitsibR)aMBIrnak;¬88>5°¦kñúgcMeNamGñkeqøIytb 87nak;Edlrkkargar)aneFVI kñúgry³eBlmYyqñaM knøgeTA niyayfaeK)aneronBIsuxPaBnigsuvtßiPaBkargarkñúgeBlbNþúHbNþalCMnaj. Eb:tsibR)aMbI PaKryénGñkTaMgenaH eqøIyfakareronBIsuxPaBnigsuvtßiPaBkargar GacCYyelIkkMBs;Epñk suxPaB nig suvtßiPaBkñúgmuxrbrrbs;eK ³ GñkeqøIytbRbusRKb;Kña elIkElgEtmñak;ecj nigRsþIbIPaKbYn eqøIydUecñaH. RsþIdéTeTotEdlmin)anykCMnajxøÜneron eTAeRbIR)as; eKminGaceqøIytbBIbBaða suvtßiPaB nigsuxPaB kargar)aneT. ¬K¦ RbsiT§PaBkarbNþúHbNþalcMeBaHkarRbkbmuxrbredayxøÜnÉg ³ kñúgcMeNamGñkeqøIytb 57nak; EdlRbkbmuxrbredayxøÜnÉg manRbus30nak; nignarI27nak;. EssibbI nak; kñúgcMeNamenaH¬Rbus23nak; nigRsI20nak;¦ cab;epþImmuxCMnYjrbs;eK eRkayeBleroncb; cMENkÉ 13nak;eTot ¬Rbus6nak; nigRsI7nak;¦ )ancab;epþImmuxCMnYjmuneBleKcUleronCMnajenAmCÄmNÐl. karbNþúHbNþalman\T§iBlsMxan;sMrab;burs nigRsþIkñúgkarcab;epþImCMnYj b¤eFVIeGayCMnYjrbs;eKkan; EtRbesIreLIg. bIPaKbYnénGñkEdl)ancab;epþImCMnYjrbs;eKeqøIyfa CMnYjrbs;eKmankarlUtlas;kan;EtRbesIreLIg eRkayeBlsikSa. GñkeqøIytbburs)anbBa¢ak;famuxCMnYjrbs;eKkan;EtRbesIreLIg tamry³karbegáIn brimaNplitpl ¬4krNIkñúg6krNI¦ nig)anR)ak;cMeNjx<s; ¬3krNIkñúg6krNI¦ eFVIeGayKuNPaB plitpl nigkarEkécñkan;EtRbesIreLIg ¬3krNIkñúg6krNI¦. GñkeqøIytbRsþIeqøIyfa muxCMnYjrbs; Kat;mankarRbesIreLIg eday)anR)ak;cMeNjeRcIn ¬5krNIkñúg7krNI¦ nigbegáInbrimaNplitpl x<s;¬4krNIkñúg7krNI¦. ]TahrN_ RsþIeroncb;mñak; muneBlcUleronKat;ecHEtb:HedrsMelokbMBak;bnþicbnþÜc. bnÞab;BIeroncb;vKÁ CMnaj Kat;GacedrsMelokbMBak;fµI)an ehIyKat;GacbegáInR)ak;cMNUl)anCabnþbnÞab;. bursmñak;eTot EdlsuIQñÜlCYsCulviTüúeGayeK eRkayeBleroncb;Kat;)anebIkhagCYsCulviTüúedayxøÜnKat;. ¬X¦ RbsiT§PaBénkarbNþúHbNþalcMeBaHGñksuIR)ak;Ex ³ manGñkeqøIytbcMnYn30nak;Edl)aneFVIkarykR)ak;QñÜl ¬Rbus17nak; RsI13nak;¦. citsibPaKry énGñkTaMgenaHeqøIyfa kareronCMnajGacCYyKat;eGayrkkargar)aneFVI ¬Rbus13nak; RsI8nak;¦.

105

bYnnak;kñúgcMeNamenaH ¬Rbus2nak; RsI2nak;¦ rkkargareFVI)anmuneBl b¤kñúgeBlkMBugsikSa. enHCakar bBa¢ak;mþgeTotnUvmuxgarénkarbNþúHbNþalCMnaj kñúgkarEsVgrkkargareGaysisS¼sikçakameroncb; eFVI)an. vaCakarcab;GarmµN_mYyfa GñkeqøIytbRsþIemIleXIjfaviBaØabnbRtbBa¢ak;karsikSa mansar³RbeyaCn_ enAxN³EdlsisS¼sikçakamRbusrkeXIjfabNþajkargar nigkarCYyKaMRTBIsMNak;mCÄmNÐlmanpl RbeyaCn_Cag. CaTUeTATaMg PTCs/VTCs manbNþajkargar nigkarTMnak;TMngl¥RbesIrCamYykEnøg kargarsMrab;muxrbrburs mandUcCaCYsCulm:UtU nigsMNg;CagkMe)arCaedIm. dUecñHehIysisS¼sikçakam Rbus GacRtUv)aneKCYykñúgkarEsVgrkkargarl¥CagRsþI. sisS¼sikçakamRbusBUEkxagRbmUlBt’man nigbNþajkargar ebIeRbobeFobnwgkarcl½trbs;RsþI nigBIeRBaHeKmanTMnukcitþeRcInCag kñúgkarCECk CamYyGñkdéT. CaehtunaMeGay eKGaceRbIR)as;karR)aRs½yTak;Tgrbs;eKya:gl¥RbesIr eFVIeGayeKGac rkkargar)aneFVIkñúgeBlbNþúHbNþal.

tarag 4>9 etIkarbNþúHbNþalCYysisS¼sikçakamkñúgkarrk)ankargareFVItamviFINa ¬cMelIyeRcIn¦

Rbus RsI srub cMnYn ° cMnYn ° cMnYn ° TTYl)anviBaØabnbRtedIm,IbgðajnieyaCk 8 61>5 7 87>5 15 71>4 manesckþIsgÇwmkñúgkarEsVgrkkargar TaMgkñúgnigeRkayeBleroncb;

5 38>5 1 12>5 6 28>6

TTYl)ancMeNHdwgRbesIr¼etImuxrbrGVIGacmankEnøgTM enr tamry³karbNþúHbNþal

5 38>5 3 37>5 8 38>1

CYbGñkCYyrkkargareGayeFVIkñúgeBlkMBugsikSa 4 30>8 1 12>5 5 23>8 srub 13 100 8 100 21 100

∗ TaMgenHCacMnYnGñkeqøIytbEdleqøIyfakarbNþúHbNþalGacCYyeKkñúgkarrkkargar)aneFVI.

TaMgbYnnak;Edlrkkargar)aneFVImuneBlcUleronvKÁCMnajniyayfa rebobrbbeFVIkarrbs;eKxusBImuneBlcUl eronCMnaj. TaMgbYnnak;)anRtUveKtMeLIgR)ak;ExeGay nigBIrnak;kñúgcMeNamGñkTaMgbYn)aneLIgzan³. bInak; niyayfa eK)anEklMGsßanPaBsuxPaBnigsuvtßiPaBenACamYykargarEtmþg. kmµkrsMNg;mñak;Føab;Et rkR)ak;cMNUl)an 5/000erolkñúgmYyéf¶ bnÞab;BIeroncb;nig)anTTYlviBaØabnbRt Kat;)ankøayCaemkar RkumCagsMNg; nigR)ak;cMNUlrbs;Kat;k¾ekInpgEdr.

106

4>1>7> karEbgEckR)ak;cMNUl ³ EpñkBIrxagmux)anbgðajrYcehIyBIcMnYnPaKeRcInénGñkeroncb; cab;epþImrkR)ak;cMNUl b¤begáInlT§PaBkargar rbs;eKbnÞab;BIeroncb;. edayehtuenaHeKcab;epþImbric©aKR)ak;cMNUl d¾sn§wksn§ab;eGayRkumRKYsarrbs;eK. kñúgcMeNamGñkeqøIytb101nak; manRbus20nak; ¬38>5°¦ nigRsþI 12nak; ¬24>5PaKry¦ KWCaGñkrk R)ak;cMNUlsMxan;CageKsMrab;RKYsar bnÞab;mkeTot Gñkeroncb;RbusCa«Bukrbs;eK ¬13nak; b¤ 25>0°¦ nigGñkeroncb;CaRbBn§ ¬12nak; b¤ 24>5°¦ . srubPaKryénGñkeroncb;TaMgGs; ¬85PaKryénGñk eqøIytb¦ cUlrYmbric©aKfvikasMrab;RKYsar - manRbus40nak; ¬87>0°¦ nigRsþI33nak; ¬84>6°¦. GñkeqøIy tbburs24nak; ¬61>5°¦ nig RsþI20nak; ¬58>8°¦)anbric©aKR)ak;cMNUleGayRKYsareRcInCagBak;kNþal b¤TaMgGs;. minmanbgðajBIPaBxusKñacaM)ac;éneynDr½ kñúgkarbric©aKR)ak;cMNUl eGayRKYsareLIy. mansßitielxcaM)ac; ¬enAkMrit 0>01¦bgðajBITMnak;TMngKitCaPaKryénR)ak;cMNUl EdlGñkeqøIytbcayvay sMrab;xøÜneKpÞal; Gayurbs;eK nigsßanPaBRKYsarrbs;eK. ebIeKmanv½ykan;Etcas; karcayvaysMrab;xøÜneK pÞal;kan;Etkat;bnßyticeTA². GñkeqøIytbenAlIv cayvayR)ak;cMNUlrbs;eKeRcInCagGñkerobkarrYc GñkElglHbþIRbBn§ nig Gñkemma:y ¬GñkeqøIytbenAlIv eRbIR)as;R)ak;cMNUlrbs;eKCamFüm 42>5° énR)ak; EdleKrk)anxøÜneK pÞúyBIGñkeqøIytbEdlerobkar GñkElglHbþIRbBn§nigemma:y PaKryCamFüménkar cayvayrbs;;eKerog²xøÜnKW 7>2 3>3 nig6>7°¦. karviPaKxagsßitielxbgðajfa minmanPaBxusKñacaM)ac; NamYyrbs;burs RsþIkñúgpleFobénkarcayvayR)ak;cMNUlsMrab;xøÜneK. GñkeqøIytbTMagBIrePTcMNay R)ak;kasRbmaN 27°sMrab;xøÜneK. enAeBleFVIkareRbobeFobrvagGñkeqIøytbburs nignarI PaBxusKñamin manCasßititYelxcaM)ac;pgEdr ¬burscMNay44>8°enAxN³eBlRsþIcMNay39>8° énR)ak;cMNUlrbs;eK sMrab;xøÜneK¦. fVIebICit 60°énGñkeroncb;)anbric©aKR)ak;cMNUl CagBak;kNþaleGayeTARkumRKYsar manEt 26>3° énGñk TaMgenaHsMerccitþfaetIRtUvcMNayrebobNa. GMNacénkarsMerccitþelIkarcMNayRbcaMéf¶sMrab;RKYsar CasiT§i rbs;RsþI. Cit 40° ¬38>8°¦ énGñkeqøIytb eqøIyfamanEtmþayrbs;eKmñak;Kt;EdlCaGñksMerccitþkñúg karcMNay. karrkR)ak;cMNUlnigkarEckrMElkR)ak;cMNUl edIm,ICYydl;esdækic©RKYsarminmanb:HBal;dl; karsMerccitþKMrU rvagmnusSCMnan;cas; nigCMnan;fµIenAkñúgRKYsar. fVIebIkUnecAGacrkcMNUl)aneRcInCagBImunkar sMerccitþenAEtBwgelImþayrbs;eK. karsikSaenH min)ansikSaelIRbePTénkarcMNayxus²Kña dUecñHmin)an dwgfaetICakarcMNayRbcaMéf¶ b¤karcMNayRTg;RTayFM. dUecñHehIy karbkRsayBt’mansþIBIkarsMerccitþelI

107

R)ak;cMNUlBIkarsikSaenH TamTareGaymankarRby½tñRbEygCaTIbMput. ebIniyayBIkarcUlrYmcMENkdl; esdækic©RKYsar yuvCnTaMgenaHGacEckrMElkkan;EteRcIneLIg enAeBlRKYsarCECkerOgkarvinieyaKFM². 4>1>8 RbePTénCMnYyEdlRtUvkar ³ Gñkeroncb;TaMgbursnigRsþIRbmaNCag 80°)ansMEdgmtifa eKRtUvkarCMnYybEnßm. CMnYyEdlRtUvkar CageKbMput KWkarbNþúHbNþalviC¢aCIv³bnþ beBa©jmtiedayGñkeroncb;RKb;vKÁsikSaTaMgGs; elIkElgEtCMnaj kat;sk;burs nigksikmµecj. sUm,IEtsisS¼nisSit Edleroncb;enAmCÄmNÐlbNþúHbNþalviC¢aCIv³ (VTCs) )ansMEdgmtiBItRmUvkarcaM)ac; sMrab;karbNþúHbNþalbEnßm. enHbgðajBIkgVHxatCMenOTukcitþ k¾dUcCa»kas kñúgcMeNamGñkeroncb; edIm,IbegáIncMeNHdwgrbs;eK. kñúgeBl\LÚvenH BuMmanvKÁbNþúHbNþalCan;x<s; b¤vKÁbMb:nbEnßmNamYyRtUv)aneKebIkenAmCÄmNÐlbNþúHbNþalviC¢aCIv³ VTCs nig PTCseLIy. Gñkeroncb;enAmCÄmNÐlbNþúHbNþalviC¢aCIv³enAextþkMBg;cam nigextþesomrabbeBa©jmtifa eKRtUvkarCMnYy Epñk\NTanxñattUc. tMrUvkarcaM)ac;bMputsMrab;\NTanxñattUc RtUv)anbBa¢ak;kñúgcMeNamGñkeqøIytb Edleron cb;munqñaM1999 BIeRBaHfaKMerag\NTanxñattUceTIbEt)andMeNIrkar edaymCÄmNÐlbNþúHbNþal viC¢aCIv³ PTCs enAqñaM2000. GñkxøHeTotmansMNagCageK eRBaHeKGacTTYlyk)an\NTanrbs;GgÁkareRkA rdæaPi)al cMENkGñkeroncb;TaMgenaHBuMmanRbPB\NTanepSg eRkAEtBIluyx©IBIsac;BaJatirbs;eK nigGñkcg karluy. enAeBlCamYyKñaenH Kb,Imankarkt;sMKal;fa \NTanxñattUcEdl)anpþl;eGaytamry³ mCÄmNÐl KWpþl;eGayEtmþgCaedImTunedIm,Icab;epþImebIkmuxrbrb:ueNÑaH. edaysarkarRbkbCMnYjRtUvkar BRgIk nigvinieyaKCaRbcaM dUecñaHfvikaRTRTg;bEnßmsMrab;GPivDÆCMnYj KWCaktþacaM)ac;.

108

tarag 4>10 tMrUvkarCMnYybEnßmrbs;GñkeqIøytberoncb; ¬cMelIyeRcIn¦∗

Rbus RsI srub RbePTCMnYy cMnYn ° cMnYn ° cMnYn °

bNþúHbNþalCMnajbEnßm 37 82>2 29 72>5 66 77>6 esvaRbwkSaENnaM 8 17>8 11 27>5 19 22>4 TTYl)anesvaFnaKar 0 0 3 7>5 3 3>5 TTYl)ankareronGkSr 0 0 0 0 0 0 cMeNHdwgbEnßmnigBt’manTIpSar 6 13>3 5 12>5 11 12>9 TTYl)an\NTanxñattUc 16 35>6 16 40>0 32 37>6 bNþúHbNþalBIkarerobcMnigkarRKb; RKgCMnYj

6 13>3 7 17>5 13 1>3

epSg² ∗∗ 5 11>1 4 10>0 9 10>6 srubGñkeqøIytb 45 100 40 100 85 100

∗ {epSg²} rYmbBa©ÚlkarbNþúHbNþalkuMBüÚTr½ nig PasaGg;eKøs tRmUvkarkñúgkarcgRkgCaRkumsMrab;Gñkeroncb; vKÁsMNg; CagkMe)ar nigkarbMb:nbEnßmelICMnajEdleKeronrYc.

∗∗ krNI)at;bg;³ 6

4>2> sisS¼sikçakamkMBugsikSa ³ 4>2>1> TMrg;EbbbTénsisS¼sikçakamkMBugsikSa ³ ¬k¦ Gayu kñúgcMeNamsisS¼sikçakamcMnYn 227nak; manRbus162nak; ¬71PaKry¦ nignarI65nak; ¬29PaKry¦. GayuCamFümsMrab;ePTTaMgBIrKW 21>8qñaM. Gayurbs;sisS¼sikçakamkMBugsikSa KWmanGayuekµgTaMgenA mCÄmNÐlbNþúHbNþalviC¢aCIv³ (VTCs) nigmCÄmNÐl (PTCs) . GayuekµgCageKbMputKW 19>5qñaMenAmCÄmNÐl (PTC) extþ)at;dMbg nigGayucas;CageKbMputKW 25>6qñaM enAmCÄmNÐl (PTC) extþkMBg;cam. mCÄmNÐlenH manGayuxusKñaq¶ayEmnETn ebIKitBIsþg;daKmøatGayu 7>67. vaRtUv)aneKrMBwgfa sisS¼nisSitecjBImCÄmNÐlbNþúHbNþalviC¢aCIv³manGayuekµgCag edayehtufabTbBa¢a épÞkñúg)anEcgfa Tal;EtGñkenAlIveTIbGaccUleron)an. eTaHbIya:gNak¾eday TMrg;EbbbTénGñkeqøIytb kMBugsikSa KitfaTsSn³enHminRtwmRtUv xusBIGVIEdl)ansmÖasCamYyGñkeroncb;. vamankarsegát tamry³GñkRKb;RKgenAmCÄmNÐl nigmRnþInaykdæanGb;rMbNþúHbNþalbec©keTsnigviC¢aCIv³ faGayuCamFüm rbs;sisS¼sikçakam enAedImTsvtSr_qñaM1990manGayucas;CagsisS¼sikçakamfµI enAmCÄmNÐl.

109

enAeBlenaHeKaledArbs;mCÄmNÐl KWeFVIya:gNaedIm,IbegáItkargarsMrab;GñkrksuIciBa©wmRKYsar. manRkumCn matuPUminivtþn_ nigCneKcBIsRgÁamkñúgRsukeRcInnak; RtUv)aneKCMelosecjBIkEnøgFøab;rs;enA dUecñHehIyeK RtUvkarCMnYybnÞan; sMrab;karGPivDÆn_CMnaj. \LÚvenH CnRbusRsITaMgenaH)anrs;enAdUceKFmµta ehIytMrUvkarén karbNþúHbNþal manninñakareTArksisS¼yuvCne)aHbg;ecalkarsikSaenAsalacMeNHTUeTA.

tarag 4>11

cMnYnGñkeqøIytbCasisS¼sikçakamkMBugsikSaenAmCÄmNÐlEdl)ancuHeFVIGegát mCÄmNÐlbNþúHbNþal RsI Rbus srub

VTC )at;dMbg 10 51 61 PTC )at;dMbg 12 19 31 PTC esomrab 10 9 19 PTC kMBg;cam 20 30 50 PTC kMBt 10 22 32 VTC RBHkusm³ 3 31 34 65 162 227

¬x¦ CnBikar ³ kñúgcMeNamGñkeqøIytb227nak; man18nak;CasisS¼sikçakamBikar ¬srubTaMgGs; 8° KW Rbus14nak; narI4nak;¦. R)aMbInak;kñúgcMeNamenaH manbBaðaGn;EPñkemIlminsUvc,as; ¬Rbus5nak; narI3nak;¦ BIrnak;eTot RtecokF¶n;sþab;minsUvlW ¬RbusTaMgBIr¦ mñak;eTotminGaceFVIclna)an ¬Rbus¦ nigR)aMBIrnak;eTotmanbBaða BikarPaBxagrUbragkay ¬Rbus6nak; narI1nak;¦. tarag 4>12 bgðajBIRbePTvKÁbNþúHbNþal EdlGñkeqøIytbCaCnBikarcUleron.

tarag 4>12

vKÁbNþúHbNþalEdlGñkeqøIytbCaCnBikar)ancUleron BikarPaB vKÁ¼CMnajbNþúHbNþal

EPñk Rtecok clnaPaB BikarrUbragkay epSgeTot

srub

GKÁisnI 2 2 emkanikrfynþ 1 1

110

kat;edr 2 1 3 kuMBüÚTr½ 1 1 eGLicRtUnic 2 1 1 4 CYsCulviTüú¼ma:ej:nigTUrTsSn_ 1 5 6 tm,ajsURt 1 1 srub 8 2 1 7 18

¬K¦ sßanPaBRKYsar ³ Eb:tsibR)aMbIPaKryénGñkeqøIytbenAlIv ¬Rbus90>1° nig narI83>1°¦. enAmCÄmNÐlbNþúHbNþal extþkMBg;cam mancMnYnGñkeqøIyerobkareRcInCageK ¬Rbus 14nak; nig RsI7nak;¦. kñúgcMeNamGñk eqøIytbTaMg 227nak; manRsþIemma:yEtmñak;Kt;. GñkeqøIytberonenAmCÄmNÐlbNþúHbNþalviC¢aCIv³ VTC enAlIvTaMgGs;Kña. sUm,IEtenAtammCÄmNÐl PTCs Cit80°énGñkeqøIytbenAlIv EdlcMnYnenHqøúHbBa©aMgBI PaBelIslubényuvCnEdle)aHbg;ecalsala mkcUleronenAmCÄmNÐlsBVéf¶enH. ¬X¦ kMritcMeNHdwgmUldæan ³ GñkeqøIytbR)aMbYnnak; ¬Rbus 1nak; narI8nak;¦ EdlCaGñkminecHGkSr 9 b¤GñkecHGan nigecHsresr)an tictYc10 . cMnYnqñaMénkareronenAsalacMeNHTUeTArbs;eK KitCamFümKW9>22qñaM. manPaBxusKñacaM)ac; éncMnYnqñaMeTAeronenAsalacMeNHTUeTArvagbursnigRsþI. cMnYnqñaMEdlGñkeqøIytb eTAeronenAsalacMeNH TUeTA KitCamFümKW7>66 pÞúyBIbursman 9>85 - PaBxusKñaman ry³eBl 2>19qñaM. cMnYnqñaMCamFümén kareronenAsala cMeBaHenAmCÄmNÐlmancMnYnTabCag bnþic - 7>68qñaM b:uEnþPaBxusKñaéneynDr½KWman bnþicbnþÜc. cMnYnqñaMEdlRsþIeTAeronenAsalaKW 6>63qñaM enAxN³eBl bursman 8>36qñaM - cMnYnqñaMxusKñaCa mFümKW 1>73qñaM. CaTUeTAburs)anTTYlkarGb;rMenAsalamankMritx<s;CagRsþI k¾b:uEnþsisS¼nisSitenA mCÄmNÐlbNþúHbNþalviC¢aCIv³ VTC kMritvb,Fm’énkarGb;rMrbs;narI x<s;CagburstictYc ¬bursman 11>31qñaM RsþIman11>77qñaM¦. enHGacRtUveKesñIsuMfa karbNþúHbNþaleBlfµI²enHmin)anQaneTAdl;RsþI EdlmancMeNHdwgnigkarGb;rMtictYc ehIyeKbBa¢ak;bEnßmfa sisS¼nisSitEdlGacTTYl)ankarsikSaenA mCÄmNÐlbNþúHbNþal viC¢aCIv³ VTC RtUv)aneKeRCIserIstictYc CaBiessenAeBleKTaMgenaHCaRsþI. 9 minGacGannigsresr)an 10 minGacsresrnigGan)aneRcIneT ecHsresreQµaHnigGasydæan)an

111

cMnYnqñaMkñúgcMeNamGñkeqøIytb Edl)anTTYlkarsikSaenAsala mankMritx<s;CagcMnYnqñaMCamFümsMrab; kMritCati. enHedaysarsisS¼sikçakammanv½yekµg pÞúyBIsisS¼sikçakamCMnan;mun BYkeKmankMritvb,Fm’Gb;rM TabCag. vaRbEhledaysarGñkEdlBüayamcMNayeBl nigmeFüa)ayeFVIdMeNIreTAeronenAmCÄmNÐl ecjRbPBBIRkumRKYsarmanCIvPaBFUrFabgÁÜr. sMrab;RkumCn)at;bg;»kas GacCYbRbTHkarlM)akkñúgkar cMNayeBlevlaeTAeronenAmCÄmNÐl. mCÄmNÐlEtgEtpþl;GgáreGaydl;sisS¼sikçakameronenA mCÄmNÐl b:uEnþGgárpþl;enaHhUb)anRKb;RKan;EtkñúgeBlkMBugeronb:ueNÑaH. RbsinebIeKCaGñkrkcMNUlsMxan; sMrab;RKYsareKminGacéllkrkGVIepSg)anedaysarry³eBleronrab;Ex. cMeBaHGñkEdlminecHGkSrminha‘an dak;BaküsuMcUleronCMnajviC¢aCIv³ edayxøaceKminTTYlyk11 . vamankarkt;sMKal;xøHEdrfa kMritvb,Fm’Ca mFüménsisS¼sikçakameroncb; TabCagkMritvb,Fm’sisS¼sikçakamkMBugeronbc©úb,nñ. bBaðanHekIteLIg cMeBlEdlGayuCamFümrbs;sisS¼sikçakam enAmCÄmNÐlmankarfycuH. enHGaccg¥úlbBa¢ak;faminRtwm EtmCÄmNÐlbNþúHbNþalviC¢aCIv³ VTCs b:ueNÑaHeT EfmTaMgmCÄmNÐlbNþúHbNþaltamextþ PTCs k¾eRtom lkçN³køayCaEpñkmYyénkarGb;rMkñúgRbB½n§ nigbegáItCaCMerIsmYyénkarGb;rMMsMrab;sisS bnþkarsikSarbs;eK eRkayeroncb;enAsalacMeNHTUeTA CaCagbegáItCakEnøgbnþkarsikSasMrab;mnusSeBjv½yeFVIkar. ¬g¦ bTBiesaFn_kargarnigR)ak;cMNUl ³ CakarsMxan;GñkeqøIytbCaRsþImYycMnYnFM )ancUlrYmkMlaMgBlkmµmuneBleKcUleronCMnaj ¬GñkeqøIytbRbus man73nak; b¤ 45>6° nignarI 43nak; b¤ 66>2°12¦. enHvaRtYtsuIKñanwgkarrkeXIjenAkñúgkMritCati EdlRsþIcUlrYmkñúgkMlaMgBlkmµqab;rh½sCagburs enAxN³eBlbursBüayameronsURt)anyUrCagRsþI ¬eXIjkñúgCMBUk 2¦. GñkeqøIytbCaRsþI PaKeRcIneFVIkarenAkñúgpÞHebIeRbobeFobnwgburs ¬ RsþI40>5° nigburs24>7°¦kñúg cMeNamGñkmankargareFVImuneBlcUleronCMnaj. mankarcaM)ac;mYysMrab;bursPaKeRcIn eFVIkarenAkEnøg epSgdéTeTot ¬31>5°énbursnig6>8°énRsþI¦13 . mankarcaM)ac;mYysMrab;RsþI eFVIkareGay RkumRKYsareRcInCagburs ¬RsþI33nak; b¤75>0° nig burs 40nak; b¤ 54>8°¦14 . GñkeqøIytbPaK eRcInEdl)aneFVIkarmuneBlcUleronCMnajKWKat;eFVIERs ¬RsþI53>5° nigburs52>1°¦. muxrbreBjniym CageKTIBIr kñúgcMeNamRsþIKWCagG‘utsk; ¬32>6°¦ nigcMeBaHbursKWsMNg; ¬15>1°¦. 11 mCÄmNÐl PTCs EtgTTYlykRsþIminecHGkSreGaycUleronvKÁCMnaj 12 Fisher’s exact test significance 0.004. 13 Chi square significance 0.002 14Chi square significance 0.029

112

BuMmanPaBxusKñacaM)ac;énsßitielxrvagR)ak;cMNUlrk)anedayRsþI nigbursmuneBlcUleronCMnaj. bursGacrk R)ak;;cMNUlmYys)aþh_CamFüm)an 12/005erol ¬3>08duløaGaemrik¦ enAxN³eBlRsþIrk)an 10/489erol ¬2>69duløaGaemrik¦15. R)ak;cMNUlsMrab;RKYsarTaMgmUl)an 42/249erol ¬10>8duløaGaemrik¦ kñúgmYy s)aþh_KitCamFüm. sMrab;GñkeqøIytbbursvij)an 40/420erol ¬10>4duløaGaemrik¦ nigsMrab;narI 45/585erol ¬11>7duløaGaemrik¦. kñúgcMeNamGñkeqøIytbTaMgGs; mansisS¼sikçakamBIrnak; EdlGacrkR)ak;cMNUl)anrhUt 80/000erol kñúgmYys)aþh_. mñak;KWCaRsþIRbkbmuxrbrCaCagkat;edrsMelokbMBak;m:UtenAextþkMBg;cam ehIyCasisS¼ sikçakam)aneronCMnaj kat;edrsMelokbMBak;. mñak;eTotCaburseFVIkarykR)ak;kMérCakmµkrsMNg;enA extþ)at;dMbg. Kat;)aneronCMnajsMNg;CagkMe)arenAmCÄmNÐl. ¬c¦muxrbrrbs;«Bukmþay ³ «Bukmþayrbs;GñkeqøIytbPaKeRcInCaksikr. mþayrbs;GñkeqøIytbBIrPaKbI)aneFVICaksikr enAeBleKenA kumarPaB nig 64>2°énmþayrbs;sisS¼sikçakam CaksikrenAeBlbc©úb,nñ. hasibbIPaKryénGñkeqøIytb Edlman«BukeFVICaksikrkalBIeKenAekµg bc©úb,nñenAEtCaksikrdEdl. eKBuMeXIjmanPaBxusKñacaM)ac; énsßitielxrvagmuxrbr rbs;«BukmþayGñkeqøIytbnarI nigburseT. ehIyvak¾minmanPaBcaM)ac;énTMnak;TMng rvagmuxrbrrbs;«BukmþayeK CamYynwgmuxrbrEdlGñkeqøIytbman b¤CMnajEdlGñkeqøIytb)aneron. eKGac Tajsmµtikmµ)anfa sisS¼sikçakamEdl«BukmþayeK manmuxrbreRkABIksikr eKKYreTAeronCMnajenaHbEnßm b:uEnþenHminEmnCakrNIeT. 4>2>2 karTTYlyk)ankarbNþúHbNþal ³ ¬k¦ karcMNay ³ eTaHbImCÄmNÐlbNþúHbNþalviC¢aCIv³ (VTC) nig mCÄmNÐlbNþúHbNþalviC¢aCIv³extþ (PTC) cab;epþIm ebIkvKÁminbg;éføk¾eday k¾enAmankarcMNaymYycMnYnEdlsisS¼sikçakamRtUvEtéllk dUcCacMNaysMrab; meFüa)ayeFVIdMeNIr k¾dUcCakarTijsMPar³sikSaEdr. sisS¼sikçakamCithuksibBIrPaKry )ancg¥úlbBa¢ak;fa mankarcMNaymYycMnYn EdlmCÄmNÐlmin)anRKbdNþb;elI. esÞIrEt 97° ¬96>9°¦ énsisS¼sikçakam 15R)ak;cMNUlCamFümbgðajfaRsþIrkR)ak;cMNUl)anticCagburs. eTaHCaya:genHkþI R)ak;cMNUlrbs;RsþIRtUv)anEbkExJkRKb;kEnøg. dUecñHkarviPaKrbs; FI etsþ bgðajfaBuMmankarxusKñacaM)ac;énsßitielxrvagePTeLIy.

113

eronenAmCÄmNÐlbNþúHbNþalviC¢aCIv³RbcaMextþkMBt niyayfamankarcMNaymYycMnYn EdleKRtUvéllk ehIy 94>1° nig 57>4°énRsþI nigburs mkBImCÄmNÐlbNþúHbNþalviC¢aCIv³RBHkusm³ nig)at;dMbg k¾)anra:yra:b;bBaðaenHerog²xøÜnEdr. GñkeqøIytbPaKeRcIn ¬75>2°¦ BwgEp¥k«BukmþayeK sMrab;ecjkñúg karcMNay. GñkeqøIytbCaRsþI k¾BwgEp¥kpgEdrelIbþIRbBn§rbs;eK ¬10°¦ nigsmaCikkñúgRKYsardéTeTot ¬13>3°¦ sMrab;karRTRTg; kalEdlburspÁt;pÁg;edayxøÜneKpÞal; ¬11>7°¦. fVIebIRsþIPaKeRcIn)ancUlrYm kñúgkargarmuneBlcUleronCMnaj EtBuMmannrNamñak;)ancMNayelIesah‘uycayvaysMrab;karsikSaedayxøÜn eKeLIy. eKRbEhlCaminGacsnSMluysMrab;xøÜneK xN³eBleKeFVIkarBImunenaH ehIyeKBwgGaRs½yelIGñk déTcMNaysMrab;karsikSarbs;eK. GñkeqøIytbCag 71°)ancMNayfvikarbs;eKsMrab;karsikSa nigmeFüa)ayeFVIdMeNIredayxøÜneKpÞal;. CasMxan;sisS¼sikçakamburs )ancMNaysMrab;meFüa)ayeFVIdMeNIreRcInCagRsþI ¬GñkeqøIytb 83nak; b¤ 76>1° nigRsþI16nak; b¤ 53>3°¦ kñúgcMeNamGñkniyayfaBYkeK)ancMNay. dUc)anniyayBIxagedIm mkehIy fasisS¼sikçakamnarIPaKeRcInmkBITIrYmextþ nigminenAtMbn;q¶aydac;RsyaleLIy edayeKmankar eGoneRbonkñúgkarsuMrYmdMeNIrCamYyburs. ]bsKÁenHmin)anekIteLIgcMeBaHburseLIy eTaHbIeKTaMgenaHmkBI tMbn;q¶ay²BImCÄmNÐlk¾eday. GñkeqøIytbEssibmYyPaKrybBa¢ak;fa eK)ancMNayluysMrab;TijsMPar³bNþúHbNþal. rvagGñkeqøIytb bursnigRsþIBak;B½n§bBðaaenHBuMmanGVIxusKñaeLIy. enAtammCÄmNÐl (PTCs) BuMcaM)ac;cMNaysMrab; sMPar³bNþúHbNþal. Etedaysar sMPar³bNþúHbNþalenAmCÄmNÐlmankgVHxat sisS¼sikçakamxøHTij edayxøÜneK edIm,IeGayeKGacGnuvtþkargarCak;Esþgkan;EtRbesIr. ]TahrN_ RbsinebIeKcg;eroneGayecH edrsÞat;ehIyeRbIsac;RkNat;l¥Cak;lak;mYy eKGacTijsMPar³)anehIyykeTAeronenAsala. mCÄmNÐl minmanlT§PaBpþl;RkNat;RbePTl¥dUcenaH)aneT BIeRBaHvamantMéléfø. krNIdUcKñaenHEdrekItmancMeBaHvKÁ CYsCulviTüú. sMPar³bNþúHbNþalenAmCÄmNÐlhYssm½y ehIyminRKb;RKan;EfmeTot dUecñaHsisS¼sikçakam mYycMnYnFMRtUvEtrMElkviTüúEckKñaeRbI. GñkxøHGacéllk)aneKnwgykviTüúpÞal;xøÜneKmksala sMrab;eRbIR)as; kñúgeBlGnuvtþ.

114

¬x¦karelIkTwkcitþnigkarpþl;Gnusasn_BIGñkdéT ³ GñkeqøIytbBIrrynak; b¤ 88>5°eqøIyfamanGñkdéTCYyelIkTwkcitþeK eGaycUleronCMnaj ¬tarag 4>13¦. CasMxan;enaHRsþICaeRcInniyayfamanGñkdéT CYypþl;eyabl;eGayeKcUleronvKÁCMnaj16 . RsþIcMnYn 63nak; ¬96>9°¦ niyayfaeKRtUv)anGñkdéTCYybBa©úHbBa©Úl kalEdlburs137nak;¬85>1°¦ k¾niyaydUecñaHEdr. CaerOy² «Bukmþayrbs;eK CaGñkEdlpþl;eyabl;eGayeKkñúgkarcUleronCMnaj. ehIyBYkelakk¾CaGñkEt mYyKt; Edl)ancMNayelIesah‘uycayvaysMrab;karsikSa ebIniyayeGayRsYlyl;fa eKCaGñkpþl; karsMerccitþelIkareronCMnaj. sMrab;Rbus² mitþP½RkþKWCaRbPBsMxan;bMputkñúgkarpþl;Bt’man sMrab;RsþIxusBI bursKWRbPBBt’maneKmanRBMEdnkMnt;cMeBaHsmaCikRKYsar.

tarag 4>13 GñkEdlpþl;eyabl;¼bBa©úHbBa©Úldl;GñkeqøIytbeGaycUleronCMnaj ¬cMelIyeRcIn¦

Rbus RsI srub Gñkpþl;eyabl; cMnYn ° cMnYn ° cMnYn °

«Bukmþay 77 56>2 29 46>0 106 53>0 bþIRbBn§ 1 0>7 3 4>8 4 2>0 smaCikRKYsarepSgeTot 20 14>6 13 20>6 33 16>5 mitþP½Rkþ 44 32>1 18 28>6 62 31>0 nieyaCk 0 0 1 1>6 1 0>5 epSg² ∗ 20 14>6 18 28>6 38 19>0 srub 137 100 63 100 200 100

∗ {epSg²} rYmmanRKUbgðat;enAmCÄmNÐl GgÁkareRkArdæaPi)al RbFanPUmi¼RbFanXuM sac;BaJati. ∗ )at;bg;krNI³ 27 4>2>3 sar³RbeyaCn_nigPaBsmRsbénCMnaj ³ GñkeqøIytbeRcInCag 70°)anmanKMeragedIrrkkargareFVIykR)ak;kMér bnÞab;BIeKeroncb;. sisS¼sikçakam Rbus nignarIPaKeRcIncg;eFVIkarykR)ak;kMérCag BIeRBaHkargarenaHmanR)ak;cMNUleTogTat;. CaBiessenA eBleKBuMmanTMnukcitþRKb;RKan;kñúgkarcab;epþImmuxCMnYj kargarykR)ak;kMérKWCaCMerIsl¥mYyBIeRBaHvaminsUv Bak;B½n§erOgRbfuy. RsþImYyPaKbI nigbursmYyPaKR)aMmanEpnkarcab;epþImmuxCMnYj ¬tarag 4>14¦. plRbeyaCn_énkarRbkbmuxrbredayxøÜnÉg KWfaeKmanesrIPaBCageFVIkarykR)ak;kMér. vak¾manPaBgay 16 Fisher’s exact test significance 0.007 (one sided)

115

RsYlpgEdr Cak;EsþgebIGñkRbkbmuxCMnYjedayxøÜnÉg eKGacbBa©ÚlkarTTYlxusRtUvkargarpÞHsMEbg TnÞwmeBlnwkargarrksuI. sisS¼sikçakamRbmaN 15°bEnßmeTotbBa¢ak;faeKcg;CYyCMnYj kñúgRKYsarrbs;eK fVIebI«Bukmþayrbs;eKmin)anrksuIedayxøÜnÉgkþI. dUecñaHkarR)afñacUlrYmkñúgmuxCMnYjCalkçN³RKYsar GacCa TisedAeTAeBlGnaKt.

tarag 4>14 KMeragEpnkarbnÞab;BIeroncb;rbs;sisS¼sikçakamkMBugsikSa ¬cMelIyeRcIn¦

Rbus RsI srub KMeragEpnkar cMnYn ° cMnYn ° cMnYn °

rkkargareFVI 116 71>6 44 67>7 152 67>0 Rtlb;eTAeFVIkargarmunvij 10 6>2 4 6>2 14 6>2 cab;epþImmuxCMnYjfµI 33 20>4 22 33>8 55 24>2 CYyeFVIERskñúgRKYsar 3 1>9 0 0 3 1>3 CYykñúgmuxCMnYjRKYsar 1 0>6 10 15>4 11 4>8 epSg² ∗ 15 9>3 1 1>5 16 7>0 srub 162 100 65 100 227 100

∗ {epSg²} rYmmaneronbnþ cg;eronCMnajepSgeTot b¤ eronCMnajdEdlbEnßmeTot. GñkeqøIytbCit 65° ¬64>8°¦ yl;eXIjfaCMnaj nigcMeNHdwgEdleK)aneronenAmCÄmNÐl mansar³ RbeyaCn_sMrab;eGayEpnkarrbs;eKsMerceTA)anedayeCaKC½y. manRsþIPaKeRcIneqøIyBak;B½n§nwgEpnkar edayKMnitviC¢manCagburs ¬73>8°énRsþI nig 61>1°énburs¦17 . EteTaHCaya:gNak¾edaykarRbug Rbytñ½TamTareGaymankñúgkarbkRsaylT§pl BIeRBaHRsþICaTUeTAsÞak;esÞIrkñúgkarbeBa©jeyabl;GviC¢man cMeBaHGñkdéT CaBiessenABImuxTsSnikCnRbus². kñúgeBleFVIsmÖasTl;mux eKsegáteXIj sisS¼sikçakam narIeRcInsÞak;esÞIrkñúgkarEckcayeyabl; nigeRbIry³eBlyUrkñúgkarpþl;cMelIy. CaBiessenAcMeBaHmux sisS¼sikçakamRbus vaemIleTAhak;bIdUcBi)akcMeBaHnarI²edIm,Iniyayecj. fVIebIGñkeqøIytbyl;eXIjfa cMenHdwgnigCMnajmansar³RbeyaCn_ eKEtgEtemIleXIjbBaða EdlGacraMgsÞHdl;karsMerc)anEpnkar rbs;eK. GñkeqøIytbeRcInCag 74°)anKitfaeKGacCYbRbTHbBaða kñúgkarrkkargareFVI b¤ karRbkbmuxCMnYj rbs;eK. CasMxan;eKeXIjRsþIrMBwgfamanbBaðaeRcInCagburs18 ³man 90>8°énRsþI nig 67>9°énburscg¥úl

17 Chi square significance level 0.025 18 Chi square significance level 0.001

116

bgðajBIPaBlM)akEdlGacnwgekIteLIg)an. BuMmanRsþINamñak;eqøIyfa minmanbBaðaGVIeT ebIeRbobeFobkñug cMeNam 13>6°énburs19 .

tarag 4>15 bBaðaEdlGñkeqøIytbdwgTukCamunkñúgkarsMercnUvEpnkarrbs;eK ¬cMelIyeRcIn20 ¦

bBaða Rbus RsI srub cMnYn ° cMnYn ° cMnYn ° bBaðahirBaØvtßú 98 60>5 54 83>1 160 70>5 kgVHxatBt’man 28 17>3 8 12>3 36 15>9 karTTYlyk)ankarGb;rMenAmankMrit 20 12>4 15 23>1 35 15>4 tulüPaBénkargarnigkic©karpÞHsMEbg 8 4>944 7 10>8 15 6>6 karTMnak;TMng¼bNþajkargarenAmankMrit 30 18>5 13 20>0 43 18>9 min)anTaydwgBIbBaðaNamYy 22 13>6 0 0>0 22 9>7 mindwgGVITaMgGs; 23 14>2 4 6>2 27 11>9 epSg² 3 1>9 11 16>9 14 6>2 srub 162 100 65 100 227 100

bBaðahirBaØvtßúRtUv)anGñkeqøIytbTaMgGs; dak;BinÞúeGayx<s;CageKbMput ¬tarag 4>16 emIlEpñk4>1>3 nig 4>1>6¦ bnþbnÞab;mkeTotbNþajkargarenAexSay nigkgVHxatBt’mansMrab;burs nigkarTTYlyk)an karGb;rMenAmankMritsMrab;narI. PaKeRcInénsisS¼sikçakamEdlenAekµg nigenAlIvmin)ancat;Tukfa tulüPaBénkargar nigkic©karpÞHsMEbgCabBaðaeT fVIebImannarIcMnYneRcIn)armÖBIerOgenHk¾edaycuH ¬11°én RsþI nig 7°énburs)anelIkeLIg bBaðaenHGacekItmankñúgeBlGnaKt¦.

19 GñkeqøIytbenAesssl;eKeqøIyfamindwg 20 GñkeqøIytbxøHniyayfaeKmin)andwgfaetIeKGacmanbBaðakñúgkarsMercnUvEpnkarrbs;eKb¤ya:gNa b:uEnþkñúgeBlCamYyKñamancMelIy CaviC¢manxøHfaenAeBleKsYrBIbBaðaCak;lak;. GñkTaMgenaHmin)anrab;bBa©ÚlkúñgcMNat;fñak;enHeT {´mindwg}.

117

4>2>4 karvaytMélelImCÄmNÐlbNþúHbNþal ³ enAmCÄmNÐlbNþúHbNþalviC¢aCIv³ VTC )at;dMbgmankEnøgsñak;enAsMrab;bursnigRsþI b:uEnþsisS¼nisSit narIkMrnwgeRbIR)as;GenþvasikdæanenaHNas;. cMENkenAtammCÄmNÐl PTCs BuMmanGenþvasikdæan sMrab; sisS¼sikçakamsñak;enAeT. eTaHya:gNak¾edaysisS¼sikçakamburs GacRtUv)aneKGnuBaØateGaysñak;enA eBlyb;kñúgbnÞb;eragCag. sMrab;sisS ¼ sikçakamnarIvij mCÄmNÐlminTan;)anerobcM BIeRBaHBuMmankEnøg TMenrRKb;RKan;. sisS¼sikçakamRsþIRtUvEteFVIdMeNIreTAkan;pÞHsMEbgrbs;eKral;éf¶ b¤ eKRtUvmansac;jati rs;enAkñúgTIrYmextþ edIm,IGaceGayeKcUleron)an. enAkñúgTsvtSr_qñaM1990 vKÁbNþúHbNþalcl½tFøab;)aneKebIkbeRgoneRcInvKÁrYcehIy. EteRkayBICMnYy]btßmÖ rbs;GgÁkarBlkmµGnþrCati nig kmµviFIGPivDÆn_GgÁkarshRbCaCati)anbBa©b; eFVIeGayfvikaEdléllksMrab; vKÁbNþúHbNþalcl½tkan;EtmankMrittictYceTA². vKÁbNþúHbNþalcl½tRtUv)aneKebIkbeRgon EtmuxCMnaj ksikmµkñúgmCÄmNÐlcMnYnbIkñúgcMeNammCÄmNÐlTaMgbYn. enAtammCÄmNÐlxøHdUcCamCÄmNÐlbNþúH bNþalviC¢aCIv³RbcaMextþesomrab minmanebIkbeRgonvKÁbNþúHbNþalcl½teToteLIy ¬emIl Epñk 3>2>2¦. manRbus²CaeRcIncaM)ac;CaBiessenAkñúgmCÄmNÐlbNþúHbNþalviC¢aCIv³ VTCs )anKUsbBa¢ak;faeKmineBjcitþ nwgbgÁn;Gnam½yEdlmankñúgmCÄmNÐl. sisS¼sikçakamRbusmaneRcIn b:uEnþmanbgÁn;Gnam½yEtmYyKt; sMrab;BYkeK. sisS¼sikçakammñak;²eKtRmUveGayCYye)assMGatbgÁn;Gnam½ypgEdr. sisS¼sikçakamnarI EfbgÁn;Gnam½yrbs;eK)ans¥atCaRbcaM b:uEnþRbus²mineFVIdUecñaHeT CalT§plbgÁn;Gnam½yrbs;Rbus² minsUvmanGnam½yl¥ nigeFVIeGayeGayeKminsUvsuxkaysb,aycitþb:unµaneT.

tarag 4>16 karvaytMélrbs;GñkeqøIytbelIsMPar³rUbv½nþénmCÄmNÐlmCÄmNÐlbNþúHbNþal ¬cMnYnGñkeqøIytb¦

Rbus RsI srub bBaða mineBjcitþ eBjcitþ mineBjcitþ eBjcitþ mineBjcitþ eBjcitþ

kEnøgsñak;enA 13 86 1 24 14 110 bnÞb;¼fñak;eron 4 157 0 64 4 221 bgÁn;Gnam½y 45 111 2 61 47 172 Tarkdæan 1 - - - 1 - ]bkrN_bNþúHbNþal 52 101 4 60 56 161 sMPar³bNþúHbNþal 47 104 4 57 51 161

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Gakb,kiriyaRKUbgðat; 25 132 3 62 28 194 viFIsaRsþbeRgon 32 122 12 53 44 175 Gakb,kiriyasisS RbusrYmfñak;

29 119 11 18 40 137

Gakb,kiriyasisSRsI rYmfñak;

4 54 0 61 4 115

srub 162 65 227 CakarsMxan;Rbus²PaKeRcInmin)aneBjcitþBI]bkrN_bNþúHbNþal ¬32>1°énburs nig 6>2°énRsþI¦. PaBxusKñaénePTenHRtUv)aneKbkRsayedayRbugRby½tñ EteTaHCaya:gNakþI CatiCaRsþICaTUeTAmankareGon xµas;eRcIn kñúgkarbeBa©jmtiBIPaBmineBjcitþ. CaBiess enA VTCs kMriténkarmineBjcitþx<s;. esÞIrEtBak; kNþalénGñkeqøIytbenA VTCs erobrab;fa eKmineBjcitþcMeBaH]bkrN_bNþúHbNþal. enHedaysarvKÁ bNþúHbNþalCMnajsMrab;GaCIBburs )aneRbIR)as;ma:suInEdleKQb;eRbIehIyhYssm½y. Ca]TahrN_ enAmCÄmNÐlbNþúHbNþalviC¢aCIv³RBHkusm³ ma:suInrbs;rusSIcas;²RtUv)aneKenAEteRbIR)as;sMrab;karbNþúH bNþal. vKÁCYsCulrfynþnigm:UtURtUvkareRbIR)as;]bkrN_Tan;sm½y edIm,ItamTan;cMeNHdwgénma:suInfµI 21. karmineBjcitþRsedogKñaenHmanelclWcMeBaHkgVHxatsMPar³bNþúHbNþal. BuMmanmCÄmNÐlbNþúHbNþalNamYymanTarkdæaneT. karmineBjcitþcMeBaHGakb,kiriyaRKUbgðat;enA VTCs mankMritx<s;CagenA PTCs ebIeFVIkareRbobeFob. enA VTCs Gakb,kiriyarbs;RKUbgðat;RtUv)aneKcat;Tukfa twgrwgnigGtßaFibetyü. RKUbgðat;enA PTCs mankar cUlrYmnigbt;EbneRcInkñúgrcnabfbeRgon nigeRcIneqøIytbnwgtMrUvkarsisS¼sikçakam. TMnak;TMngeTAvij eTAmkrvagsisSnigRKUenA PTCs eKsegáteXIjmanPaBsñiT§sñaleRcInCagenA VTCs. karTMnak;TMng nig briyakassñiT§sñalEbbenaH eFVIeGaysisS¼sikçakamGacTak;Tg PTCs nig RKUbgðat;rbs;eKbnÞab;BIeroncb; edIm,IeGayKat;CYybMb:nCMnajbEnßmnigkarpþl;Bt’man. CasMxan;RsþIEsVgyl;faGakb,kiriyarbs;sisS¼sikçakamrYmfñak;RbuseRcInmineBjcitþ. RKUbgðat;erobrab;fa cMeBaHvKÁmanburselIslub RsþIkøayCaRkummuxsBaØaénkarElgesIcrbs;burs EdlGaceFVIeGayeKmanGarmµN_ 21 eyagtamnayk¼nayikamCÄmNÐlbNþúHbNþal fVIebITaMg VTCs nig PTCs man]bkrN_bNþúHbNþalGacenAeRbIR)as;)an Et]bkrN_enA VTCs sßitkñúgsßanPaBcas;BIeRBaH]bkrN_TaMgenaHRtUv)aneKeRbIR)as;eRcInqñaMehIyebIeRbobeFobnwg PTCs.

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minsUvRsYl. ]TahN_Cak;Esþg kñúgeBlsmÖastamRkumBiPakSa sisS¼sikçakamRbuseGayeyabl;fa RsþImin)ac;RtUvkarCMnajGVIeT BIeRBaHeKnwgenApÞHeRkayeBlerobkarehIy. eyabl;EbbenaHGacCakarbM)ak; sµartIdl;sisS¼sikçakamrYmfñak;narIrbs;eK. RKUbgðat;RbusenAkñúgvKÁTaMgenaH)anbeBa©jTsSn³fa eKRtUvkar cMNayeBlevlaCaBiesscMeBaHsisS¼sikçakamnarIedIm,IkuMeGaymankarbMP½y nigedIm,IeGayeKGaceroncb; vKÁedayeCaKC½y. enAtammCÄmNÐlbNþúHbNþal CakEnøgEdlGRtaRsþI-bursmanRbhak;RbEhlKña EdlRsþIminGaceFVIeTA)an sisS¼sikçakameRcInmineBjcitþ cMeBaHGakb,kiriya sisS¼sikçakamrYmfñak;burs. enAkñúg VTCs CakEnøgBi)akrksisS¼nisSitRsI GñkeqøIytbCag 28°niyayfa eKmineBjcitþcMeBaH Gakb,kiriyasisS ¼sikçakamrYmfñak;Rbus. pÞúyeTAvijenAmCÄmNÐlbNþúHbNþalRbcaMextþesomrabEdlman sisS¼sikçakamRsIþeRcInelIslub minmanGñkNamñak;sMEdgbBa¢ak;BIPaBmineBjcitþcMeBaHsisS¼sikçakam rYmfñak;Rbus. sUm,IEtenAkñúgmCÄmNÐlenH maneKxSwbR)ab;fa mankarykerOgePTmkniyaykMEbøgelgesIc kñúgeBlsmÖasRkumBiPakSa. 4>3> RKUbgðat;enAkñúgmCÄmNÐl ³ 4>3>1> TMrg;EbbbTRKUbgðat; ³ RKUbgðat;srubcMnYn39nak;RtUv)ansmÖas kñúgenaHmanRbus30nak; nignarI 9nak;. GayuCamFümrbs; RKUbgðat; RbusKW 34>6qñaM ¬GayuekµgCageKKW 23qñaM nig cas;CageKKW65qñaM¦ enAxN³EdlRKUbgðat;narImanGayumFüm 34>8qñaM ¬GayuekµgCageKKW 19qñaM nig cas;CageKKW48qñaM¦. TaMgRKUbgðat;bursnigRsþImankMritvb,Fm’esÞIrEt esµIKña KWfabursnigRsþIcUleronenAsalacMeNHTUeTACamFüm 10qñaMnig10>1qñaMerog²xøÜn. eTaHya:gNak¾eday RKUbgðat;narICasMxan; Kat;)anbMerIkarnigmanbTBiesaFn_CaRKUbgðat;ry³eBlyUrCagburs. RKUbgðat;burs manbTBiesaFn_CaRKUbgðat;ry³eBlmFüm 5>49qñaM ¬Gb,brma 0>66qñaM nig Gtibrma18qñaM¦ cMeBaHRKUbgðat; narIvijbTBiesaFn_CamFüm 7>11qñaM ¬Gb,brma 1qñaM Gtib,rma 20qñaM¦. enAkñúgmCÄmNÐlbNþúHbNþal viC¢aCIv³RbcaMextþBuMmanRKUbgðat;eBjsiT§ieT KWmanEtRKUmankic©snüaxøI²b:ueNÑaH. manehtupleRcInepSg²EdlfaRKUbgðat;RsIþmanbTBiesaFn_eRcInCagRKUbgðat;burs. edaysarRKUbgðat;Rbus enAmCÄmNÐlkalNaKat;TTYl)anbTBiesaFn_eRcInRKb;RKan; eRkaymkKat;erIsykkargarCamYYyGgÁkar eRkArdæaPi)alepSg². mUlehtumYyeTotKWfa RKUbgðat;RbusPaKeRcInbþÚrkEnøgkargarBIeRBaHCaTUeTAKat;man smtßPaBecHdwgxagPasaGg;eKøs. dUecñaHehIy BYkKat;man»kaseRcInkñúgkarEsVgrkkargarEdleBjelj ehIyRbesIr. mUlehtuTIBIr RKUbgðat;RsIPaKeRcInmanmuxCMnYjrbs;eKpÞal;pgEdr. enAeBlNaKat;minbeRgon Kat;eFVIkarCamYymuxCMnYjrbs;Kat;. vaminEmngayRsYlsMrab;CIvPaBRbcaMéf¶ RKan;EteFVIRKUbgðat;enAtam

120

mCÄmNÐl BIeRBaHkarpþl;vKÁbNþúHbNþalnigedayehtuénR)ak;cMNUlenaHmineTogTat;. mUlehtuTIbI vKÁEdlRKUbgðat;narIbeRgondUcCavKÁkat;edr nigvKÁG‘utsk;RtUv)aneKebIkbeRgonjwkjab;CagCMnajsMrab; GaCIBburs. dUecñaH RKUbgðat;narICaerOy²Etg)anmCÄmNÐlehAmkbeRgon enAeBlRKUbgðat;bursmankargar eFVIEtmþgmáalKt;. dUecñHehIy vamantRmUvkarsMrab;RKUbgðat;RbusEsVgrkkargarepSg². elIsBIenHeTot vKÁkat;edr nigG‘utsk; RtUv)aneKebIkbeRgonEtenAkñúgmCÄmNÐl nigminmanenAkEnøgepSgeToteT. dUecñaHehIy RKUbgðat;RsþIenAEteFVIkareGaymCÄmNÐlrhUtmkBIeRBaHvaCakEnøgEtmYyKt;EdleKGacbeRgon vKÁTaMgenH)an. 4>3>2 sNæanfñak;eron ³ dUc)anbBa¢ak;kñúgCMBUkTI 3 vKÁbNþúHbNþalCMnajEdl)anebIkbeRgonenAmCÄmNÐlGacRtUv)aneKEckecjCa CMnajsMrab;GaCIBburs nig CMnajsMrab;GaCIBnarI. tarag 4>17 bgðajBIbBa¢IeQµaHvKÁbNþúHbNþalCMnajsMrab; GaCIBbursnignarIEdlRKUbgðat;eqøIyR)ab;kñúgeBlcuHeFVIGegát. CaTUeTA manvKÁbNþúHbNþalCMnajsMrab;bursbI b¤ bYnvKÁ Etgmanerogral;karebIkbeRgonCaBiessenAtam VTCs. vKÁCMnajsMrab;GaCIBbursCaFmµtaRKUbgðat;RbusbeRgon ehIyvKÁCMnajsMrab;GaCIBnarIRKUbgðat;narIbeRgon. kñúgcMeNamRKUbgðat;eqøIyfa vKÁkuMBüÚTr½EdleKcat;TukGacCaCMnajsMrab;GaCIBburs b¤ RsþIbeRgonedayRKUbgðat; Rbus. manRKUbgðat;Rbusmñak;beRgonCMnajsMrab;GaCIBnarIKWvKÁdaMpáaenApÞH nigRKUbgðat;RsIþmñak;beRgon CMnajsMrab;GaCIBbursKWvKÁsMNg;CagkMe)ar. RKUbgðat;RsþImñak;enaHsikSaenARbeTsGaløWm:g;enAedImTsvtSr_ qñaM1980. eRkayBIRtlb;mkBIRbeTsGaløWm:g;vij Kat;)ancab;epþImbeRgonenA VTC )at;dMbg. enAeBlenaH rdæaPi)alCaGñkeFVIkarsMerccitþfa GñkNaeTAeronGVIenAkEnøgNa. enAeBlenaH FnFanmnusSenAmankMrit nigminsUvmansisSeroncb;salacMeNHTUeTAeRcInenAeLIyeT. dUecñHehIy edayminKitBIePTrbs;nisSit rdæaPi)al)anbBa¢ÚnBYkeKeTAeron muxCMnajbec©keTs. nisSitsuxcitþtamkarsMerccitþrbs;rdæaPi)alcab;taMg BImankarFanaBIkarmankargareFVI eRkayeBleroncb;. minmanRKUbgðat;fµICaRsþIekµgbeRgonmuxCMnajsMrab; GaCIBburseT.bnÞab;BIesdækic©TIpSar RtUv)aneKcab;epþImebIkcMhr ehIyrdæ)anbBaÄb;karFanapþl;kargareFVI eGaynisSiteroncb; GBa©wgehIynarIeronCMnajsMrab;GaCIBbursBi)akrkkargareFVICagburs. dUecñHRsþIman cMnYnya:geRcInelIslub erIsykmuxCMnajsMrab;GaCIBnarI. enA VTC eKCYlRKUbgðat;ecjBInisSiteroncb;enA mCÄmNÐlrbs;eK ehIycab;taMgBImanRsþIBIrbInak; eronCMnajsMrab;GaCIBburseTIbBuMmankareRCIserIsRKU bgðat;fµIsMrab;muxviC¢aTaMgenH.

121

CMnajsMrab;GaCIBbursCaeRcInRtUv)aneKebIkbeRgon ehIyRsþImYycMnYn)ancUleroncMeBlEdleyIgcuHeFVIkar sikSa. eyagtamTsSn³KMnitnigkarGegátrbs;RKUbgðat;Edl)ansmÖasniyayfa RsþITaMgenaHcUleronCMnaj cmøak;eQI kat;sk;burs CYsCulviTüúnigTUrTsSn_ CagGKÁisnI emkanicrfynþ sMNg;CagkMe)ar nigCYsCul brikçarRtCak;.

tarag 4>17 vKÁbeRgonedayRKUbgðat;Edl)ansmÖas

RbePTfñak; RKUbgðat;tamePT vKÁEdl)anbeRgon CMnajburs CMnajRsþI cMruH Rbus RsI

srub

cmøak;eQI 1 1 1 kat;sk;burs 1 1 1 G‘utsk; 1 1 1 eRKOgynþksikmµ 2 2 2 CYsCulviTüú ma:ej: TUrTsSn_ nigvIedGU 7 7 7 CYsCulm:UtU 2 2 2 CagGKÁisnI 2 2 2 emkanicrfynþ 1 1 1 sMNg;CagkMe)ar 4 3 1 4 kat;edr 4 4 4 CagpSar 1 1 1 CMnajkuMBüÚTr½ 3 3 3 CagRbB½n§GKÁisnIrfynþ 1 1 1 Cagma:suInRtCak; 1 1 1 CageQI 2 2 2 e)aHBum<elIGav 1 1 1 CagCYsCulrfynþ 1 1 1 tm,ajsURt 1 1 1 ksikmµ¼erobcMsYnc,ar 1 1 1 ciBa©wmTa¼RCUk 1 1 1 srub 28 8 3 31 8 39

122

taraag 4>18 RbePTfñak;eronbeRgonedayRKUbgðat;Edl)ansmÖasCamYytammCÄmNÐlnImYy²

RbePTfñak;eron RbePTRKUbgðat; eQµaHmCÄmNÐl CMnajburs CMnajnarI cMruH Rbus RsI

srub

VTC )at;dMbg 12 1 11 2 13 PTC )at;dMbg 3 1 1 4 1 5 PTC esomrab 5 3 6 2 8 PTC kMBg;cam 3 1 1 4 1 5 PTC kMBt 2 2 1 3 2 5 VTC RBHkusm³ 3 3 3 srub 28 8 3 31 8 39

RKUbgðat;)anbBa¢ak;bEnßmfasisS¼nisSitPaKeRcInsßitkñúgv½y20qñaM. GayuCamFüménsikçakamEdlmanGayu cas;CageKmanEtenAkñúgvKÁksikmµ nigciBa©wmstVBahn³b:ueNÑaH. vKÁksikmµCaeRcIn)anebIkbeRgon enAtamPUmi dUecñHehIyGñkPUmimanv½ycMNas;GaccUleron)an. vaCakarmYyBi)akNas;sMrab;mnusS sßitkñúgv½y30eTA 40qñaM EdlCaGñkrkluysMxan;sMrab;RKYsar ehIycMNayeBleRcInExcUleronCMnaj QrelImUldæan eBjema:g. burssßitkñúgv½y 30qñaMeLIgelI )ancUleronCMnajeRcInCagRsþIsßitkñúgcegáamv½ydUcKña. vKÁCaeRcIn Edlburs manGayuCamFüm 30qñaMGaccUleron)an xusBIRsþIEdlmanEtvKÁksikmµGayumFüm30qñaMeron)an. RsþIsßit kñúgv½y20nig30eLIgeTA RtUvTTYlbnÞúkRKYsarya:gF¶n;CamYykUntUc² nigminGaccUleron)an. 4>3>3 TsSn³rbs;RKUbgðat;cMeBaHskmµPaBsikSarbs;sisS ³ ¬k¦ kMrityl;dwgrbs;RKUbgðat;cMeBaHskmµPaBsikSarbs;sisSnarI nigburs ³ RKUbgðat;CaeRcInmin)andwgfaetIskmµPaBsikSa rvagsisS¼sikçakamnarI nigbursxusKñab¤ya:gNaeT BIeRBaHeK beRgonTaMgsisS¼sikçakamRbus b¤ RsIþ. ticCagBak;kNþalénRKUbgðat; pþl;eyabl;cMeBaHPaBxusKña rvagskmµPaBsikSarbs;bursnigRsþI. Bak;kNþalénGñkTaMgenH segáteXIjfasisS¼sikçakamRsþI eFVIskmµPaB)anl¥RbesIrCagburs. minmanRKUbgðat;Namñak;niyayfasisS¼sikçakamRbuseFVI)anRbesIrCag narIeLIy. GñkeqøIytbeqøIyfaRsþImankarGt;Fµt; nigeFVIkargar)anRbesIrCagburs fVIebIeKeFVIyWtbnþick¾eday.

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sisS¼sikçakambursEtgemIlRsalkargar edayKitfavagayRsYl ehIyeKeFVIedayminmankarRbugRby½tñ. enAfñak;eronNaEdlmanburseRcIn eKelgesIcCamYyKñaeTAvijeTAmk CaBiessenAeBlEdlfñak;eronenaH mansisS¼sikçakamRsþIEtmñak;Kt;EdlkMBugBüayamp©itp©g;nwgkargar. RKUbgðat;xøHsegátpgEdrfasisS¼sikça kamRsþImincg;bn§ÚrédeGayburs edayeKmincg;eGayRbus²emIlgaysmtßPaBeK. dUecñHehIyeKRtUvEtxM eFVIkar. RKUbgðat;bInak;TTYlGarmµN_fa GRtae)aHbg;ecalkarsikSarbs;RsþImancMnYnticCagburs b:uEnþGñkmYycMnYnxøH eTotfaGRtae)aHbg;ecalkarsikSarbs;bursTabCagRsþI. cMeBaHvKÁbNþúHbNþalmanburselIslub RKUbgðat; 7nak;kñúgcMeNam10nak;segáteXIjfa narI²mkeroneTogTat;CagbursebIniyayBIvtþman. ebIBak;B½n§erOgeFVI etsþ manRKUbgðat;CitmYyPaKbIbBa¢ak;fa burseFVI)anl¥CagnarI. tamTinñn½yrdæ)albgðajfa Gñke)aHbg;ecal karsikSaenAmCÄmNÐl PTCs esÞIrEtBuMman. enA VTCs CakEnøgEdlRsþImancMnYnPaKtic sisS¼nisSitnarI min)ane)aHbg;ecalkarsikSaenAkñúgvKÁPaKeRcIn ¬emIlEpñk 3>2>7¦. dUecñaHehIy Tinñn½ymin)anesñIsuMeGay mankareTarTn;NamYyeTArkRsþIe)aHbg;ecalkarsikSaeRcInCagburseT. RKUbgðat;xøH yl;eXIjfasisS¼ sikçakamRsIþ sMerc)anlT§plTabCagbursedaymanehtupleRcIn. ehtuplTImYy KWedaysarsisS¼ sikçakamRsIþkñugfñak;nImYy²mancMnYntictYc ebImanGñke)aHbg;ecalkarsikSamñak; GacCakarcab;GarmµN_rbs;eK ebIRbus²vij enAeBlmansisS¼sikçakamRbusmñak;e)aHbg;ecalkarsikSa kñúgcMeNam15nak;vamineFVIeGayeK cab;GarmµN_eT. ehtuplTIBIr edaysarcMnYnsisS¼sikçakamRsIþtictYc RbsinebIeKmin)anBinÞúx<s;dac;eK kñúgfñak; RKUbgðat;GacKitfaRsþIeFVImin)anl¥dUcburs fVIebITegVIrbs;RsþIGaceFVI)anRbesIrCagRbus²xøHk¾eday. mUlehtuTIbIkar manEtRsþImñak;enAkñúgfñak; GacbegáIteGaymanbrisßansikSaminsUvmanmitþsMrab;RsþI ehIyenH GacnaMeGayRsþIman karcUlrYmskmµPaBrbs;RsþITab22 . ¬x¦ kMrityl;dwgrbs;RKUbgðat;cMeBaHskmµPaBsikSarbs;sisSRkumxus²Kña ³ RKUbgðat;bYnnak;kñúgcMeNam12nak; segátBIPaBxusKñacMeBaHskmµPaBsikSarvagRkumsisS¼sikçakamxus²Kña. RKUbgðat;4nak;kñúgcMeNam13nak;niyayfa GñkeFVImatuPUminivtþn_BICMrMenAtamRBMEdn nigGñkeKcBIsRgÁamkñúgRsuk eFVI)anl¥RbesIrCag BIeRBaHeKxitxMRbwgERbgCag nigeKmanCMnajRbesIrCag. RKUbgðat; 9nak;kñúg cMeNam 17nak;niyayfasisS¼sikçakam EdlmanbBaðaxagrUbragkaynigsµartIeFVIyWtCageK b:uEnþeKxitxMBüa yamxøaMgCag. «BukmþaymankUncab;BIbYnnak; b¤eRcIneLIgeronyWtCageK BIeRBaHeKGaceFVIkic©kar

22 RKUbgðat;xøHniyayfaRsþIkñúgkrNImanPaKticdUcenaH skmµPaBeFVIrbs;eKl¥dac;eK.

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epSgeRkABIkarsikSa dUcenHeK)at;bg;karp©g;GarmµN_. EteTaHCaya:gNa enAeBlRKUbgðat;Bnül;eKqab;cab; )anedaysareKmanbTBiesaFn_eRcIn. ¬K¦ karBüayamedIm,IbMRBYjKMlatPaBxusKñaénskmµPaBsikSa ³ RKUbgðat; 25nak;kñúgcMeNam29nak;eqøIyfa eKBüayameFVIeGayPaBxusKñaénskmµPaBsikSasßitkñúgrUbPaB xitmkCit rvagsisS¼sikçakamRsþI nigburs nig rvagRkumeKaledAepSg²BIKña. RKUbgðat;RbuskñúgmuxCMnajsMrab; GaCIBburs )andwgBIbrisßansikSaEdlsþab;minsUvBieraHcMeBaHsisS¼sikçakamRsþI dUecñHeKBüayam ykcitþTukdak;eRcInnigpþl;karCMrujTwkcitþdl;sisS¼sikçakamRsþI dUecñaHehIyeKmin)ane)aHbg;ecalkarsikSa. ]TahrN_ RKUbgðat;xøHsMrYleGayRsþI GgÁúyenAkEnøgEdleKGacemIleXIjc,as;. enAeBleKerIsRbFanfñak; RKUbgðat;nwgsYrsisS¼sikçakamRsþI eGayeFVICaGñktMNag. RKUbgðat;mYyepSgeToterobrab;fa Kat;nwg ykeFVICaKMrUenAeBlNaEdlsisSRsþIeFVI)anl¥dac;eK edIm,IbgðajGñkdéTfaRsþIk¾GaceFVIGVI²)anl¥dUcburs ehIynigedIm,Ipþl;tMéldl;karxMRbwgERbgrbs;eKpgEdr.

tarag 4>19 karBüayamrbs;RKUbgðat;edIm,IbMRBYjKMlaténskmµPaBsikSa ¬cMelIyeRcIn¦

Rbus RsI srub cMnYn ° cMnYn ° cMnYn °

epþatkarykcitþTukdak;CaBiess 16 80>0 4 80>0 20 80>0 pþl;eBleGayeRcIn 17 85>0 4 80>0 21 84>0 pþl;sMPar³bNþúHbNþalCaBiess 4 20>0 1 20>0 5 20>0 beRgonEfmema:gminykéfø 7 35>0 2 40>0 9 36>0 karerobcMkEnøgGgÁúyCaBiess 9 45>0 2 40>0 11 44>0 elIkTwkcitþkñúgkareGaycUlrYmRKb; skmµPaBenAkñúgfñak;

17 85>0 4 80>0 21 84>0

srub 20 100>0 5 100>0 25 100>0

4>3>4> esþerGUEfbn_nigkarpþl;tMélcMeBaHtYnaTIéneynD½r ³ eRcInCagbIPaKbYnénRKUbgðat;EdlbeRgonCMnajsMrab;GaCIBburs KitfanarI²smnwgrkCMnajEdlR)akdRbCa nig Bak;kNþalénRKUbgðat;CMnajsMrab;GaCIBnarIk¾manTsSn³dUcenHEdr dUc)aneXIjkñúgtarag 4>20. muxrbrEdleKcat;TukfasmrmüsMrab;narImandUcCatm,aj nigciBa©wmdgáÚvnag. fVIebICMnajcmøak;RtUv)aneKcat;

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Tukfa {CMnajburs} CMnajcmøak;eQIRtUv)aneKTTYlsÁal;fasmrmüsMrab;RsþIpgEdr BIeRBaHvaCamuxrbrRsal² nigGaceFVIenApÞH)an. RKUbgðat;RbusmYycMnYneToteqøIyfakargarrbs;RsþIKWCakargarRsal RtUvkarcMeNHdwg bTBiesaFn_ nigkarKitbnþicbnþÜc. esþerGUEfbénkargarrbs;RsþIdUcCakargarKµanCMnajbnÞab;bnSM enACa PsþútagxøaMgsUm,IkñúgcMeNamRKUbgðat;.

tarag 4>20 kMrityl;dwgrbs;RKUbgðat;sþIBIPaBsmrmücMeBaHmuxrbrR)akdRbCatamRbePTfñak;

RsþIeRcInsmrmücMeBaHmuxrbrR)akdRbCa RbePTfñak; eT )aT¼cas srub

cMnYn ° cMnYn ° cMnYn ° CMnajsMrab;GaCIBburs 6 21>4 22 78>6 28 100 CMnajsMrab;GaCIBnarI 4 50>0 4 50>0 8 100 cMruHTaMgBIrePT 2 66>7 1 33>3 3 100 srub 12 30>8 27 69>2 39 100 muxrbrdéTeTotEdlRtUv)anKitfasmrmüsMrab;narI KWCamuxrbrTaMgLayNaEdltRmUveGaymankarTak;Tg CamYymnusSdUckarlk;dUrnigkareFVICMnYj. RKUbgðat;enAkñúgCMnajsMrab;GaCIBbursniyayfavaminsmrmüeT kñúg kareGaynarIeronCMnajCYsCulGKÁisnI nigTUrTsSn_ BIeRBaHeKminGacrkkargar)aneFVI. RKUbgðat;TaMgenH KitfaminsmnwgTTYlykCMnajsMrab;GaCIBburseTBIeRBaHRsþIminmansmtßPaBRKb;RKan; nigTIpSarminTTYl ykeKeFVIkarkñúgmuxrbrTaMgenHeLIy.

tarag 4>21 kMrityl;dwgRKUbgðat;cMeBaHPaBsmrmürbs;RsþIsMrab;kargarR)akdRbCatamePTrbs;RKUbgðat;23

RsþIeRcInsmrmünwgmuxrbrR)akdRbCa eT )aT¼ca+s

srub RbePTfñak;

cMnYn ° cMnYn ° cMnYn ° RKUbgðat;burs 9 29>0 22 71>0 31 100>0 RKUbgðat;narI 3 37>5 5 62>5 8 100>0 srub 12 30>8 27 69>2 39 100>0

23 manEtRsþImñak;Kt;CaRKUbgðat;CMnajsMrab;GaCIBburs nigRbusmñak;Kt;beRgonCMnajsMrab;GaCIBnarI. cMeBaHCMnajcMruHTaMgBIrePT mansuT§Etburs.

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vaBuMmanPaBxusKñacaM)ac;énKMnitcMeBaHbBaðaenHrvagRKUbgðat;burs nigRsþI fVIebIRKUbgðat;bursmanpleFob eRcInCagRsþIEdlelIkeLIgfa RsþIPaKeRcInsmrmünwgmuxrbrR)akdRbCa ¬tarag4>21¦. enHGaccg¥úlR)ab;fa vaminBak;Bn§½bBaðaePTénRKUbgðat;eT EtGVIEdlRKUbgðat;beRgonvaman\T§iBlelIviBaØaNrbs;RKUbgðat;. RKUbgðat; CMnajsMrab;GaCIBburshak;lMeGogeTArkTsSn³fa RsþIminsmnwgeronCMnajburscab;taMgBIeKeXIjCaerOy² fasisS¼sikçakamRsIþeroncb;mankarlM)akkñúgkarEsVgrkkargareFVI. TnÞwmKñaenH RKUbgðat;KitfaRsþIeFVIkaryWt Cag b:uEnþ)anlT§pll¥RbesIrCag. karyl;dwgrbs;RKUbgðat;cMeBaHvKÁCMnajburs GacRtUv)aneKsrubesckþIfa {RsþIKWCasisS¼sikçakamBUEk bu:EnþCMnajTaMgenHR)akdCaminEmnsMrab;BYkeKeT}. müa:gvijeTotRKUbgðat;vKÁCMnajbursmin)anelIkTwkcitþRsþI eGaycUleronCMnajEdlminEmnCaTMlab;sMrab;RsþI. RKUbgðat;Eb:tsibBIrPaKrybeRgonvKÁCMnajbursniyayfa eK)anelIkTwkcitþeGayRsþIcUleronvKÁEdlminEmn CaTMlab;rbs;RsþI. RKUbgðat;RsþIPaKeRcInniyayfa eKmin)anelIkTwkcitþRsþIeGaycUleronCMnajEdlminEmn CaTMlab;rbs;RsþI- RKUbgðat;vKÁCMnajsMrab;RsþIBak;kNþaleqøIyfaeKmin)anelIkTwkcitþRsþI eGayeTArkkargar sMrab;burseFVIeT. vaCaFmµCatirbs;RKUbgðat;EdlelIkTwkcitþcMeBaHsisS¼nisSitNa)aneronGVIEdlKat;beRgon fVIebIkñúgeBlCamYyKñaenHRKUbgðat;GacrkeXIjfavKÁenaHminsmnwgRsþIk¾eday. PaBmaneyabl;pÞúyKñaén RKUbgðat;mñak;²nwgCH\T§iBldl;karyl;dwgrbs;sisS¼sikçakam. RbsinebIRsþIkñúgCMnajEdlminEmnCaTMlab; rbs;RsþIRtUv)aneKelIkkMBs; vaR)akdCaRtUvkarcaM)ac;elIkyklT§plrbs;RsIþkñúgmuxrbrenaHeFVIeGayelceFøa eLIg edIm,Ipøas;bþÚrTsSn³yl;dwgenATIpSarkargar. 4>3>5> karBüayamedIm,IelIkTwkcitþRsþIkñúgkarcUlrYmskmµPaB ³ RKUbgðat;Cag 70PaKry)anelIkTwkcitþRsþIkñúgkarcUlrYmskmµPaBeronCMnajviC¢aCIv³. enAkñugfñak;Edlman burselIslub RKUbgðat;xøHniyayfaeK)anelIkTwkcitþRsþI tamry³karpþl;Ca]TahrN_BIRbeTsepSg²Edl RsþIcab;ykCMnajsMrab;GaCIBburs. RKUbgðat;k¾)anesñIpgEdreGaysisS¼sikçkamburs CYysisS¼sikçakam narIenAeBleKRtUvkarCMnYyCakMlaMgkayedIm,IbMeBjkargar. cMeBaHCMnajdUcCacMlak;eQIRKUbgðat;)anbBa¢ak;fa karekItCaRsþImanKuNsm,tþi BIeRBaHRsþIGacqøak;biunRbsb;Cagburs. dUc)aneXIjkñúgtarag 4>22 nig 4>23 sisS¼sikçakamburs nigRKUbgðat;vKÁCMnajsMrab;GaCIBburselIkTwkcitþ RsþIkñúgkarcUlrYmskmµPaBtictYcbMput.

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tarag 4>22 karelIkTwkcitþRsþIeGaycUlrYmskmµPaBtamRbePTfñak; ¬kareqøIytbrbs;RKUbgðat;¦

RbePTfñak; CMnajburs CMnajRsþI CMnajcMruHTaMgBIrePT srub

karelIkTwkcitþRsþIeGaycUlrYms

kmµPaB cMnYn ° cMnYn ° cMnYn ° cMnYn ° eT 10 37>0 1 12>5 11 28>9 )aT¼ca+s 17 63>0 7 87>5 3 100>0 27 71>1 srub 27 100>0 8 100>0 3 100>0 38 100>0

kar)at;bg;³ 1krNI

tarag 4>23 karelIkTwkcitþRsþIeGaycUlrYmskmµPaBtamePTénRKUbgðat; ¬kareqøIytbrbs;RKUbgðat;¦

ePT Rbus RsI

srub karelIkTwkcitþRsþIeGaycUl

rYmskmµPaB cMnYn ° cMnYn ° cMnYn °

eT 10 33>3 1 12>5 11 28>9 )aT¼ca+s 20 66>7 7 87>5 27 71>1 srub 30 100>0 8 100>0 38 100>0

RKUbgðat;cMnYn 31nak; ¬93>9PaKry¦)andwgfamaneKalkarN_ENnaMCak;lak;mYycMnYn edIm,IbegáInkarcUlrYm rbs;RsþIkñúgkarbNþúHbNþalviC¢aCIv³enAtamRKwHsßanrbs;eK. eK)anEsVgyl;dwgBIRkumeKaledACaGaTiPaB rbs;RksYgGb;rM yuvCn nig kILa rYmbBa©ÚlkUnRsIc,gkñúgRKYsar nigRsþICaemRKYsar.RKUbgðat;mñak;enA mCÄmNÐlbNþúHbNþalviC¢aCIv³ VTC )at;dMbg)anKUsbBa¢ak;BIPaBcaM)ac;kñúgkarelIksÞÜyRsþIeGaycUleron CMnajEdlminEmnCaTMlab;rbs;RsþI. Kat;)anerobrab;favaCakarsMxan;mYyKWRtUveRbIR)as;GenþvasikdæansMrab; RsþIedIm,IelIkTwkcitþeGayRsþIcUleronCMnajkan;EteRcInenAmCÄmNÐl. mCÄmNÐlbNþúHbNþalviC¢aCIv³ VTC

)at;dMbgmanGenþvasikdæansMrab;narI b:uEnþvaminRtUv)aneKeRbIR)as; edaysarsisS¼nisSitRsIþTaMgGs; mkBI TIrYmextþ. dUecñHehIy enAeBlman»kasGaceTArYc Kb,IeRCIserIsRsþImkBItMbn;q¶aydac;RsyaleGaycUl eron eTIbsMPar³rUbv½nþRtUv)aneKcab;epþImeRbIR)as;. enAeBlmankarpSBVpSayBIvKÁbNþúHbNþalenAmCÄmNÐl PTCs RKUbgðat;k¾)anecjeTAtamPUmiedIm,IeFVIkar pSBVpSayGMBIvKÁ. Kat;)anCECkCamYyGñkPUmiRsþIedIm,IeGayeKeCOCak;elItMélrbs;RsþI kñúgkareronCMnaj

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viC¢aCIv³fµI. mCÄmNÐlbNþúHbNþalviC¢aCIv³k¾)anelIkTwkcitþRsþIeGaycUlrYmrYmskmµPaBbNþúHbNþaltamry³ karelIkRsþICaKMrU {sisS¼sikçakamBUEk} nigesñIsuMeGayeKeFVICaKMrUsMrab;RsþIdéTepSgeTot. dUc)aneXIjkñúgtarag 4>24 fVIebImansisS¼sikçakamRsIþkan;EtticcUleronCMnajsMrab;GaCIBburs k¾RKUbgðat; pþl;dMbUnµandl;RsþIeRcInCagburs. enHBIeRBaHEtRsþICYbbBaðaeRcIn b:uEnþBIeRBaHRsþImanPaBgayRsYlkñúgkar pþl;dMbUnµanCagpgEdr. sisS¼sikçakamRsþIRtUv)ancat;TukfaCamnusSsþab;»vaTnigkarTUnµanrbs;RKUbgðat;eRcIn dUecñaHehIy RKUbgðat;cUlcitþpþl;dMbUnµaneGaysisS¼sikçakamRsIþCag. RKUbgðat;RsþIcUlcitþpþl;dMbUnµaneGay sisS¼sikçakamRbuseRcInCag b:uEnþmYyEpñkénbBaðaenHedaysaresÞIrEtKµansisS¼sikçakamRbusenAkñúgvKÁrbs; Kat;.

tarag 4>24 karpþl;dMbUnµandl;sisS¼sikçakamtamRbePTfñak;eron ¬cMnYnRKUbgðat;Edl)aneqøIytb¦

RKUbgðat;pþl;dMbUnµandl;sisS¼sikçakamRsI b¤ Rbus RsþIeRcInCagburs burseRcInCagRsþI pþl;eGaydUcKña srub

RbePTfñak;eron

cMnYn ° cMnYn ° cMnYn ° cMnYn ° CMnajburs 9 36>0 3 12>0 13 52>0 25 100>0 CMnajRsþI 3 60>0 1 20>0 1 20>0 5 100>0 CMnajcMruHTaMgBIrePT 1 33>3 2 66>7 3 100>0 srub 13 39>4 4 12>1 16 48>5 33 100>0

)at;bg;³ 6krNI

tarag 4>25 karpþl;dMbUnµandl;sisS¼sikçakamtamePTénRKUbgðat; ¬cMnYnRKUbgðat;Edl)aneqøIytb¦

ePTénRKUbgðat; Rbus RsI

srub karpþl;dMbUnµandl;RsþI b¤

burseRcInCag cMnYn ° cMnYn ° cMnYn °

RsþIeRcInCagburs 11 37>9 2 50>0 13 39>4 burseRcInCagRsþI 3 10>3 1 25>0 4 12>1 pþl;eGaydUcKña 15 51>7 1 25>0 16 48>5 srub 29 100>0 4 100>0 33 100>0

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4>3>6> karbMBarbMBanxagpøÚvePT ³ dUc)aneXIjenAkñúgtarag 4>26 RKUbgðat;vKÁCMnajsMrab;GaCIBbursCit 40PaKry)anlWfakarbMBarbMBanxagpøÚv ePTekItmanenAkñúgvKÁsikSa b:uEnþpÞúyeTAvijBuMmanRKUbgðat;Namñak;)anRbTHeXIjbBaðaenHekItmanenAkñúgvKÁCM najsMrab;GaCIBnarI nig vKÁcMruHePTTaMgBIreT. manEtRKUbgðat;narIbeRgonCMnajsMrab;GaCIBburseT Edlmin)an dwgBIkarbMBarbMBanxagpÚøÚvePTNamYyeLIy. eTaHya:gNak¾edayRKUbgðat;CMnajbursdéTeTot)andwgBIbBaða enH dUecñHeKpþl;tMéleGaynigeKarBsisS¼sikçakamnarI edIm,Ikat;bnßykare)aHbg;ecalkarsikSa. karrkeXIj TaMgenHcg¥úlbBa¢ak;faGacekItmaneLIgnUvkarbMBarbMBanxagpøÚvePTkñúgvKÁCMnajsMrab;GaCIBburs . dUc)an eXIjkñúgEpñk 4>2>4 sisS¼sikçakamnarIkñúgvKÁCMnajsMrab;GaCIBburseRcInmineBjcitþcMeBaHGakb,kiriya rbs;sisS ¼sikçakamrYmfñak;burs. enAkñúgvKÁTaMgenH RsþIkøayCacMnuceKaledAsMrab;karkMEbøgelgrbs;burs ehIyRsþImanGarmµN_minsUvsuxRsYl. elIsBIenHeTot Bak;B½n§ePTrbs;RKUbgðat;GacCamUlehtueFVIeGayekIt mankarbMBarbMBanxagpøÚvePT. enHbgðajBIvtþmanrbs;RKUbgðat;RsþIGacminCMrujeGaysisS¼sikçakambursman karbMBarbMBanxagpøÚvePTdl;sikçakamnarI. eTaHbIya:gNak¾edaykrNITaMgenHmancMnYntictYceBkCaehtueFVI eGayBi)akeFVIkarsnñidæaneGay)anc,as;las;.

tarag 4>26 karyl;dwgBIkarbMBarbMBanxagpøÚvePTEdlGacekItmanedayRKUbgðat;eqøIytamRbePTfñak;eron

karbMBarbMBanxagpøÚvePT eT )aT¼ca+s

srub RbePTfñak;eron

cMnYn ° cMnYn ° cMnYn ° CMnajburs 17 60>7 11 39>3 28 100>0 CMnajRsþI 8 100>0 8 100>0 CMnajcMruHTaMgBIrePT 3 100>0 3 100>0 srub 28 71>8 11 28>2 39 100>0

tarag4>27 bgðajBIRbePTénkarbMBarbMBanxagpøÚvePTEdlGacekItmaneLIgeyagtamcMelIyrbs;RKUbgðat;³ karykePTmkeFVIerOgkMEbøgelg ykkaresøoksMelokbMBak;rbs;mnusSmñak;mkeFVIkarniyayelgesIccMGk nigemIleTAhak;bIdUcCabBaðarYmCageKbMput.

130

tarag 4>27 RbePTénkarbMBarbMBanxagpøÚvePTEdlRKUbgðat;)andwg

minFøab; edaykRm mþgmáal CaerOy² srub cMnYn ° cMnYn ° cMnYn ° cMnÜn ° cMnY

n °

R)ab;erOgkMEbøgBIePT 7 63>6 2 18>2 2 18>2 0 0 11 100 ykerOgkaresøokBak;exa Gavrbs;nrNamñak;mkeFVI erOgesIcelg

6 60 1 10 2 20 1 10 10 100

suMmþgehIymþgeToteGayeKeTAedIrelgCamYy

4 36>4 2 18>2 5 45>5 0 0 11 100

niyaybenßakcMeBaHePT NamYy

8 80 0 0 2 20 0 0 10 100

minmanGarmµN_elIkaryk citþTukdak;

6 54>5 3 27>3 2 18>2 0 0 11 100

mincg;eGaymankarb:HBal;sMelokbMBak;

3 27>3 5 45>5 3 27>3 0 0 11 100

karKMramnigkarbgçMsMrab;karsMEdgesñha

10 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 100

∗ enHsuT§EtCacMelIyEdlRKUbgðat;CMnajburseqøIyR)ab; cab;taMgBIBuMmanRKUbgðat;kñúgvKÁCMnajRsþINamñak; eqøIyfamankarbMBarbMBanxagpøÚvePTenAkñúgfñak;eron.

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CMBUkTI 5 esckþIsnñidæan nigGnusasn_

5>1> esckþIsnñidæan ³ cMnYn 2PaK 3 énbursnigRsþIenAkm<úCa)ancUlrYmkMlaMgkargar ehIyGRtaénGñkEdlmankargareFVIman kMritTab . GRtaenHBMubNþalmkBIPaBminesµIKñaxageynD½renAkñúgTIpSarkargareLIy b:uEnþvabgðajfa burs nigRsþIsßiteRkamsMBaFya:gxøaMg kñúgkarrksIuciBa©wmRKYsar . GRtaénbursEdlGt;kargareFVIman cMnYnticCagRsþI CaBiessenATIRkug . vaKYreGaykt;sMKal;pgEdrfa kareRbobeFob GRtacUlrYmkMlaMg kargarrbs;RsþI EdlmanGayukñúgcenøaH 14-19qñaM KW mankMritx<s;Cagburs ehIyGRtaenHRtUvpøas;bþÚr vij enAeBlEdleKeRbobeFobRkummnusSEdlmanGayueRcIn. RsþIv½yekµg)ane)aHbg;ecalkarsikSa munRbusv½yekµg ehIycUlrYmkMlaMgkargarmunburs cMEnkbursenAEtbnþkarsikSa . RKYsarenAkm<úCa CaeRcInBMuerobcMeGaykUnRsIrbs;eKcUlbMerIkargar dUcEdleKerobcMsMrab;kUnRbuseLIy . enAcugTsvtSr_qñaM 1990 mankarekIneLIgbnþicbnþÜcrvag kMenInGRtakargar nigkMeNInplitpl Edlplit)ankñúgRsuk kñúgvis½y]sSahkmµ cMEnkvis½yksikmµvij GRtaenHmankarFøak;cuH . enAeBl EdlplitsrubénplksikmµTaMgGs;kMBugmankarfycuH karpliténplitplksikmµmYycMnYn)an ekIneLIgdUcCa RsUv Ggár sENþk RtI nigRtIepSg²eTot . RsþIKWCaGñkEdlecjmuxCageKenAkñúgvis½y ksikmµ EdlTTYl)annUvR)ak;QñÜlTabCageK . kMeNInelIvis½y]sSahkmµedaysarmankarBRgIk ]sSahkmµsMelokbMBak; Edlpþl;kargarya:geRcIndl;RsþIv½yekµg . CaTUeTA eTaHbIvis½yenH)anpþl; R)ak;QñÜlTabdl;RsþIk¾eday k¾vaCakarCYyRsþIEdlxVHkargareFVI)anya:geRcIn . CaTUeTA RsþIBMusUv)anTTYlplRbeyaCn_énTIpSarkargareLIy BIeRBaHedaysarEtkareFVIvieyaKkmµ eGaykargarrbs;RsþIEtgEt)anTTYlR)ak;QñÜlTabCagkargarburs . RsþIEtgEtmankargarF¶n;F¶renA kñúgpÞH EdlBYkeKEtgEtTTYlbnÞúkkñúgkarRKb;RKgesdækic©RKYsar . dUecñH ebIeRbobeFobeTAnwgburs RsþI KWEtgEtRbQmnwgkarlM)akeRcIn ehIymancl½tPaBticCagburs . eTaHRsþIkm<úCamanGMNackñúg karniyay)aneRcInkñúgkargarRbcaMéf¶k¾eday k¾GMNackñúgkarsMercrbs;RsþIcMeBaHRTBüsm,tþiFM²man cMnYntictYc ehIyRsþIEtgEtCaCnrgeRKaHénGMeBIhigSakñúgRKYsar . GMNac nigzan³tUcTabrbs;RsþI

132

enApÞH k¾eXIjmanenAkEnøgeFVIkargarEdr edayRsþIEtgEteKyl;famanzan³Tab ehIyTTYl)an R)ak;QñÜltic ehIyeKBMusUveXIjmanRsþIeFVIkarkñúgzan³x<s;eT ]TahrN_dUcCakargarrdæ . RsþICaTUeTA EtgEtrkR)ak;cMNUl)an 23° ticCagburs . RsþImankarGb;rMTab ehIyGRtaénGñkminecHGkSr mankMritx<s;. manRsþIcMnYn 29>2°Etb:ueNÑaHEdlecHGkSr ehIyeKGacykcMeNHdwgrbs;xøÜn eTAeRbIR)as; edIm,IrksIuciBa©wmCIvit . bBaðaenHeFVIeGaymankarlM)akdl;RsþIkñúgkarTTYl)ankargar smrmü nig edIm,I elIkkMBs;CIvPaBrbs;eK . manRsþIeRcInCagbursEdleFVIkargarkñúgRKYsarBMu)aTTYl R)ak;QñÜl ehIyRsþIenAtamCnbT eRkABIkargarksikmµ eKBMueXIjmanCMerIskargar b¤CMnajGVIepSg eLIy cMEnkbursman CMerIskargareRcIn . RsþIEdlCaemRKYsarenATIRkug CaBiessGñkEdlmankUntUc² b¤RsþIenAmñak;Ég RsþIv½ycMNas; RtUv)aneKcat;TukCaRkumRsþIEdllM)akCageKbMput BIeRBaHRsþITaMgenaH RtUv)aneKkat; ecjBIkarKaMRTBIsgÁmEdleKBwgBak; . elIkkMBs;smtßPaB nigtYnaTIrbs;RsþI vaBitCa mansar³sMxan; Nas;kñúgkarkat;bnßyPaBRkIRkenAkm<úCa . skmµPaBRsavRCav)anelIkeLIgBI plRbeyaCn_ nig RbsiT§PaBénvKÁbNþúHbNþalviC¢aCIv³ kat;bnßyPaBxusKñaxageynD½renAkñúgTIpSar kargar. 5>1>1> siT§iTTYl)annUvesvakmµ nigkarbNþúHbNþalviC¢aCIv ³ enAkñúgqñaM 1996-1999 nig 2001 ¬qñaMénkarsikSaRsavRCav¦mansikçakamcMnYn 71° enAkñúgmCÄ mNÐl PTCs KWCaRsþI . mCÄmNÐl PTCs cMnYn 2 mansikçakam 1PaK3 CaRsþI . mCÄmNÐl PTCs cMnYn1 mansikçakamcMnYnBak;kNþalCaRsþI . ehIymanmCÄmNÐlmYyeTotEdlmansikçakamCa RsþIcMnYn 86° . enAkñúgkMLúgqñaMdUcKñaenH enAmCÄmNÐl VTCs mansikçakamcMnYntic 7° CaRsþI GRta cUleronTabrbs;RsþIenAkñúgmCÄmNÐl VTCs KWbNþalmkBImCÄmNÐl VTCs pþl;karbNþúHbNþal CMnajsMrab;EtbursesÞIrEtTaMgGs; cMEnkÉmCÄmNÐl PTCs vij)anpþl;vKÁbNþúHbNþalCMnaj TaMgburs nigRsþI . sikçakamRsþIPaKeRcIncUlrYmkñúgvKÁbNþúHbNþalCMnajkat;edr edr)a:k; nigerobcM mðÚbGahar ehIycMnYnBak;kNþalénsikçakamRsþITaMgenaHeKeXIjcUlrYmkñúgvKÁ Home Gardening . CMnajG‘utsk; cmøak;eQI nigcmøak;fµEkv manRsþIcMnYncMnYn 15° . vKÁbNþúHbNþalxagEpñkCYsCul sMPar³eRbIR)as;kñúgpÞH CYsCulm:UtU nigrfynþ eKeXIjRsþIcUlrYmcMnYn 5° . BMumanRsþIcuHeQµaHkñúgvKÁ bNþúHbNþalCageQI eRKÓgma:sIunksikmµ CagRkLwg pSarEdk kareFVIpalngÁ½l CagkMe)ar nigkarplit RsUvGgár eTaHbICaenAkñúgkarGnuvtþn_RbcaMéf¶ eKeXIjmanRsþIeFVICaCagkMe)ar b¤GñkeFVIERsk¾eday.

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bBaðamYyepSgeToteFVIeGayRsþImankarlM)akkñúgkarTTYl)annUvkarbNþúHbeNþal edaysarEtTItaMgén mCÄmNÐlbNþúHbNþalviC¢aCIv³eRcInEtmanenAkñúgTIrYmextþ . sikçakamRsþIrbs;mCÄmNÐl PTCs BMuGac cMNayelIkareFVIdMeNIr)aneLIy . RsþImYycMnYnGaceFVIdMeNIr)anedaysarsMureTHeKa b¤ reTHesHeKCiH nigxøHeTotx©Ikg;eK . ebIsinsikçakamenAPUmiepSgeTot eronenAkñúgmCÄmNÐl PTCs CamYyKña BYkeKGacEckrMElkmeFüa)ayeFVIdMeNIreTAvijeTAmk nigmansikçakamPaKeRcInenAkñúgmCÄmNÐl )aneFVIrebobenHdUcKña . EteTaHCaya:gNabursmanPaBgayRsYlCagRsþIelImeFüa)ayeFVIdMeNIr eRBaHRsþImankarxµaseGoneRcIn kñúgkarsMueKCiH. ebIsinCabursNamñak;enAkñúgPUmi eronenAkñúgmCÄmNÐl PTC dUcKña vaBitCamankarlM)aksMrab;RsþIkñúgkarEdlsMubursenaHCiHedaysar . BMumansikçakamNamñak; rbs;mCÄmNÐl PTC manTIkEnøgsñak;enAeLIy b:uEnþbursGacsñak;eBlyb; enAkñúgbnÞb;rbs;mCÄmNÐl)an . TaMgenHminKitcUlBITIkEnøgsmrmüsMrab;RsþIeT dUecñHehIy)anCa mansikçakamPaKeRcInmkBITIrYmextþ EdlCaTItaMgrbs;mCÄmNÐl . bBaðaenHeFVIeGaymankarlM)ak ya:gxøaMgsMrab;RsþIkñúgkarmkcUlrYmvKÁbNþúHbNþalviC¢aCIv³enATIrYmextþ. mCÄmNÐl VTCs extþ)at;dMbgmanTIkEnøgsñak;enA sMrab;sikçakamTaMgburs nigRsþI . b:uEnþGenþva sikdæansMrab;RsþITaMgenaH eKBMu)aneRbIR)as;eLIy . mUlehtucMbgEdlecaTeLIgcMeBaHbBaðaenH edaysar «BukmþayBMucg;bBa¢ÚnkUnRsIeTArs;enAkñúgGenþvasikdæanTaMgenH eRBaHxøacBMumansuvtßiPaB . ebIkarsñak;enACabBaðalM)akcMeBaHRsþI eKKYrEtcat;viFankarya:gNa FanaeGaymansnþisuxl¥sMrab;RsþI edIm,IeGay «BukmþaymanTMnukcitþelIkUnRsIrbs;eK . mCÄmNÐlbNþúHbNþl VTC RBHkusm³ BMumanGenþvasikdæan eLIy . enAedImTsvtSr_qñaM 1990 manvKÁbNþúHbNþalviC¢aCIv³ cl½tsMrab;PUmiRsukdac;Rsyal Edlmanpþl; TaMgCMnajksikmµ nigCMnajeRkABIksikmµ edaymankar]btßmÖ BIGgÁkarBlkmµGnþrCati nigkmµviFI GPivDÆn_GgÁkarshRbCaCati UNDP . mCÄmNÐl PTCs TaMgGs;)anpþl;nUvvKÁcl½t Edl bNþúHbNþalelICMnajksikmµ pSarEdk CYsCulTUrTsSn_ kg; mU:tU nigCYsCulma:sIun . enAqñaMbBa©b;én karCYy]btßmÖenH vKÁbNþúHbNþalcl½tCaeRcIn)anfycuH ehIyvKÁEdlesssl;PaKeRcInTak;TgeTA nwgCMnajksikmµ. mCÄmNÐlbNþúHbNþal PTC enAextþkMBg;cam nigextþkMBtenAEtpþl;vKÁbNþúH

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bNþalEpñkksikmµ nigtm,aj . ehIymCÄmNÐl PTC enAextþ)at;dMbgbNþúHbNþalvKÁksikmµ . karpþl;nUvvKÁcl½tenHhak;dUcCaBMu)anpøas;bþÚrkareFVIvieyaKkmµxageynD½reLIy ehIyBMumanRsþIeRcIn cUlrYmkñúgvKÁsikSaCMnajburseLIy . eTaHbICavKÁcl½tBMu)anpøas;bþÚrkareFVIvieyaKkmµxageynD½rk¾eday k¾va)anCYynaMmknUvGñkeFVIkar Edl manv½ycMNas; mkcUlrYmkñúgvKÁbNþúHbNþal . sikçakambc©úb,nñenAÉmCÄmNÐl PTC manGayuekµg CagBIeBlmun. edaysarmankarFøak;cuHénvKÁbNþúHbNþalcl½tenAtamPUmiRsuk va)aneFVIeGay mankarlM)akcMeBaHemRKYsar b¤GñkEdlTTYlbnÞúkkñúgRKYsar kñúgkarcMNayeBleTAeronq¶ayBIpÞH . kMritGb;rMénsikçakamTaMgGs;KWmankMritx<s;CagkMritmFümrbs;Cati ehIyvakMBugEtbnþekIneLIg . cMnYnenHGacbBa¢ak;fa mCÄmNÐl PTC BMuEmnCa mCÄmNÐlEdlGaceQagcab; )anEtplRbeyaCn_ tictYcb:ueNÑaHeT b:uEnþvakMBugEtkøayCaCMerIsmYy sMrab;yuvCnedIm,IbnþkarGb;rMlkçN³kñúgRbB½n§ . b:uEnþCaTUeTA TaMgbuKÁlik TaMgsikçakamEtgelIkeLIgfa sMPar³ nig]bkrN_EdleRbIR)as;kñúgmCÄmNÐl kMBugEthYssm½y . bBaðaenH KWCabBaðamYyEdleKEtgt¥ÚjEt¥r CaBiess VTC. 5>1>2> karbegáItkargar nig karbegáInR)ak;cMNUl ³ GRtakargarEdl)anmkBIkareFVIsmÖasGñkEdl)anbBa©b;karsikSa KWmancMnYnx<s; . GñkEdl)anbBa©b; karsikSacMnYn77° EdlCaGñkeFVIkargaredayxøÜnÉg )ancab;epþImbegáItCMnYjrbs;eKbnÞab;BIbBa©b; karsikSa . cMnYn70° énGñkEdl)anbBa©b;karsikSaEdleFVIkargarykR)ak;QñÜl)anbBa¢ak;fa karbNþúHbNþal)anCYyrkkargareGayeKeFVI . sMrab;GñkEdlmanmuxrbrxøÜnÉgrYcehIy muneBl cUleronvKÁbNþúHbNþal)anniyayfa BYkeKGacEkERbCMnYjrbs;eK)anRbesIr ehIysMrab;GñkEdl eFVIkarykR)ak;QñÜlvij)an niyayfa BYkeK)anTTYlkartMeLIgzan³ b¤RtUv)antMeLIgR)ak;QñÜl . GñkEdlbBa©b;karsikSaCag 80° )aneRbIR)as;CMnajrbs;eKEdleronenAkñúgmCÄmNÐl . EteTaHCa ya:gNa RsþI)aneRbIR)as;CMnaj EdleK)aneronticCagburs ¬burscMnYn 93° nigRsþIcMnYn 68°¦ BIeRBaHeK)anTTYlR)ak;QñÜlTabBICMnajEdleK)aneron EdlPaKeRcInCakargarrbs;RsþI . RsþIEdl

135

)anbNþúHbNþalkñúgvKÁCMnajburs RbQmmuxnwgkareFVIvieyaKkmµeynD½r kñúgTIpSarkargar dUecñHehIy RsþImankarlM)akkñúgkarEsVgrk kargarEdleKGaceRbIR)as;nUvCMnajpÞal;rbs;eK . eTaHbICaGñkEdl)anbBa©b;karsikSamYycMnYnsgÇwmfanwgTTYlkargarR)ak;QñÜl b:uEnþTIbMputBYkeK)an rksIuedayxøÜnÉg . mansikçakambc©úb,nñ cMnYn70°cg;eFVIkarykR)ak;QñÜl b:uEnþmansikçakamcMnYn Et30° b:ueNÑaH EdlGacrkkargareFVICabuKÁlikRkumh‘un . srubmkKWfa manRsþICaeRcIncg;eFVIxøÜnÉg ehIymanbursCaeRcIncg;eFVIkarykR)ak;QñÜl b:uEnþkarsikSa)anbgðajBIsmamaRtrvagburs nigRsþI KWmancMnYndUcKña cg;eFVIkarxøÜnÉg . edayTIpSarkargarykR)ak;QñÜlenAkm<úCaBMusUvman karTTYl)annUvkargarR)ak;QñÜlKWBMugayRsYl eLIy. edaysarmankarlM)akkñúgkarEsVgrkkargar vKÁbNþúHbNþalEdlmanenAmCÄmNÐl PTC )anepþatya:gsMxan;elICMnajbegáItkargaredayxøÜnÉg . EteTaHCaya:gNa enAEtmankarlM)ak . vKÁbNþúHbNþalenAkñúgmCÄmNÐl PTC KWeRcInEtmanry³eBlxøI dUecñHehIyeTaHbICa)anbBa©b;karsikSa enAmCÄmNÐlenHk¾eday sikçakamCaBiessRsIþv½yekµg BMuTan;manTMnukcitþkñúgkarcab;epþImrksIueday xøÜnÉg)aneLIy ebIeTaHCaBYkeKcab;epþImkarrksIuk¾eday k¾vasßitkñúgkaRbfuyRbfanbMput BIeRBaHBYkeK minTan;manbTBiesaFn_enAeLIyeT. muxCMnajEdlmCÄmNÐl PTC )anpþl;CUn dUcCakarCYsCulviTüú kat;edr muxCMnajTaMgenHeKGacRKb;RKg)ankñúgry³eBlBIrbIExb:ueNÑaH sikçakamRtUvEtGPivDÆn_CMnaj EfmeTotedIm,IRbkYtRbECgkñúgTIpSar . manEpnkaredIm,IEkERbsßanPaBTaMgenH . sikçakambursmYycMnYn)anbegáItCaRkumedIm,IbnþkarbNþúH bNþalCMnajEfmeTotBIRKUbgðat; bnÞab;BIbBa©b;karsikSa . mCÄmNÐlbNþúHbNþalKaMRTya:gskmµ cMeBaHEpnkarbegáItRkumkñúgcMenamGñkEdl)anbBa©b;karsikSa . knøgmk BMumanEpnkarkñúgkar begáItRkumRsþI RsedogKñaenHeT . vamankarBi)akEfmeTotcMeBaHRsþIkñúgkarecjmkeRkApÞH edIm,IRbmUl pþMúKña edaysarEtmankardak;kMritcMeBaHcl½tPaBrbs;RsþI . BMuTan;manvKÁbNþúHbNþalfñak;x<s; b¤vKÁbMb:n begáInCMnajpþl;dl;GñkEdl)anbBa©b;karsikSa enAeLIy eT . edIm,Ipþl;esvakmµdl;mnusSeGay)ankan;EteRcIn mCÄmNÐlbNþúHbNþal PTC )ankMnt;

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eKalkarN_mYyfa mnusSmñak;GaccuHeQµaHeron)an EtmuxCMnajmYyb:ueNÑaH ehIyGñkEdl)ancuHeQµaH eronmuxCMnajmYyrYcehIy minGacman»kascuHeQµaH eronmuxCMnajepSg²eTot)aneLIy . man GñkbBa©b;karsikSaCaeRcIn ¬manburscMnYn 77>6° nig RsþIcMnYn82>2°¦ cg;eGaymankar bNþúHbNþalCMnajbnþ . TIpSarKWCabBaðamYyEdlekItmanyUrmkehIycMeBaHkarbegáItkargar nigkarrksIuxøÜnÉg . mCÄmNÐl PTC Føab;)anpþl;vKÁbNþúHbNþalGMBIviFIEkécñmðÚbGahartamry³kmµviFIbNþúHbNþalcl½t . EteTaHCa ya:gNa GñkEdl)anbBa©b;karsikSa mankarlM)aknigbBaðaTIpSar dUecñHehIyBYkeK)anQb;EsVgrk TIpSar. mCÄmNÐlbNþúHbNþal PTC extþkMBt Føab;)anbegáItplitpleFVIGMBIsMbkstVsmuRT QµÜjkNþalBIextþesomrabFøab;mkTijplitplTaMgenH b:uEnþeRkaymkeTot plitplTaMgenH )anpSBVpSaydl; TIpSarenAextþesomram dUecñHGtifiCnTaMgenaHk¾Qb;mkTijenAextþkMBt . dUecñH BYkeK)an)at;bg;TIpSar ehIyTIbMputbBaÄb;karplit . bc©úb,nñenHedaysarBMumanKMeragc,as;las; mCÄmNÐlbNþúHbNþal viC¢aCIv³BMuGacpþl;nUvvKÁbNþúHbNþaledIm,ItMrUveTAnwgTIpSarEdlkMBugGPivDÆ eLIy . plRbeyaCn_énvKÁbNþúHbNþalcl½t KWfavaGacpSBVpSayplitplénTMnij)aneRcInkñúgtMbn; mYyEdlGacgayRsYlcMeBaHkarrkTIpSar ebIsineKplitkñúgcMnYneRcIn . EteTaHCaya:gNa karbegáIt TaMgenHtMrUveGaymanEpnkarc,as;las; nigmanbNþajTMnak;TMngEdlbc©úb,nñBMuTan;man . karlM)akmYyeTot kñúgcMenamkarlM)akCaeRcInEdlRsþImaneRcInCagbursenaH KWkarBMuTTYl)annUvBt’man eRBaHRsþIRtUv)aneKdak;kMNt;kñúgkaredIrehIr . Bt’manGMBIkargar b¤»kasrksIu TTYl)anedaysarkar sYrGñkenACitxag . bursmanbNþajkargareRcIntammitþPkþi . RbPBBt’mansMxan;bMputrbs;RsþI KWkar mkcUlrYmkñúgmCÄmNÐl PCTs. b:uEnþGñkEdlrs;enACnbTdac;Rsyal BMuGacmkTTYlBt’manBImCÄ mNÐl PCTs )aneLIy . dUecñHehIyRsþIBMusUvmanbNþajeRcIneLIy ehIyk¾BMusUvman»kasTTYl)an kargarrkR)ak;QñÜleLIy eTaHbIeKmanCMnajk¾eday . RsþIEdl)anbBa©b;karsikSayl;eXIjfa sBaØa b½RtEdleKTTYl)an BIkarbNþúHbNþalmansar³sMxan;bMput. bursk¾eGaytMélelIsBaØab½RtEdr b:uEnþ eKyl;fa bNþajénmCÄmNÐlbNþúHbNþalmansar³sMxan;Cag . CagenHeTAeTot mCÄmNÐlbNþúH bNþal manTMnak;TMngl¥CamYyshRKasEdlpþl;kargarsMrab;burs . dUecñH bNþajrbs; PCTs )an

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pþl;plRbeyaCn_dl;burs eRcInCagRsþI . Bt’mantamTIpSar)anbgðajfa RsþImanbBaðaeRcInCagburs kñúgcMenamGñkrksIupÞal;xøÜn . 5>1>3> mUlniFi nig\NTan ³ sikçakambc©úb,nñcMnYn 70° ¬RsþIcMnYn83° nig burs60°¦ )anbgðajfa bBaðahirBaØvtßúKWCa]bsKÁ raMgsÞHmineGayBYkeKTTYl)aneCaKC½ykñúgEpnkarrbs;eKbnÞab;BIbBa©b;karsikSa . sikçakamcMnYn 53° ¬manRsþIcMnYn 59° nigburscMnYn 48°¦ EdlCaGñkrksIuedayxøÜnÉgbnÞab;BIbBa©b;karsikSa )anbgðajBItMrUvkar\NTanrbs;eK . cab;taMgBIcugqñaM 1999 mCÄmNÐl PTCs )anpþl;\NTan sMrab;eFVIedImTundMbUg dl;GñkEdl )anbBa©b;vKÁbNþúHbNþal. b:uEnþ vaeGaydwgfaGñkEdl)anbBa©b;karsikSafµI³ BMumanTMnukcitþRKb;RKan; kñúgkarx©IluyedIm,IebIkmuxrbrPøameLIy . viTüasßanhirBaØvtßúxñattUc)anpþl;\NTaneday ykGRta karR)ak;TabCagGñkrksuIcgkarR)ak; . b:uEnþ GRtakarR)ak; nigKMeragbg;karR)ak; KWsßitkñúgry³eBlxøI sMrab;EtkarrksIuEdlTTYl)anR)ak;kMérx<s; . BMusUvmanRbPB\NTaneRcInsMrab;karRbkbrbrksikmµ eLIy . karTTYlKMerag\NTanbEnßmEdlpþl;KMeragbg;karR)ak;smrmüKW GaRs½yeTAelIRbePTCMnYj EdleKcg;)an . 5>1>4> RsþIEdleFVIkargarkñúgCMnajburs ³ karelIkTwkcitþeGayRsþIcUlrYmkñúgkarsikSaCMnajénkargarrbs;burs mankarrIkcMerIntictYc . kñúg cMeNamebkçCncUlsmÖasRsþIcMnYn101nak; Edl)anbBa©b;karsikSa BMumanGñkeroncb;mYyNa)aneFVI kargarkñúgCMnajrbs;burseLIy . enAkñúgmCÄmNÐlbNþúHbNþal VTCs enAextþ)at;dMbg manRsþI tictYcNas;Edl)ancuHeQµaHkñúgvKÁbNþúHbNþalCMnajburs dUcCaCMnajCageQI CMnajeGLicRtUnic nig CYsCulLan . EteTaHCaya:gNa RsþIEdlcuHeQµaHcUleronkñúgvKÁenHBMuEmncg;køayCaCageQI b¤Cag ma:sIunenaHeT b:uEnþeKeronedIm,I)ancMeNHsMrab;karlk;dUreRKOgbnøas; nigeRKOgsgðarim . ]TahrN_ CageQI KWCaCMnajrbs;bursTaMgRsug b:uEnþedayeKecH yl;dwgGMBIeRKOgeQI RsþIyl;fa eKGaceRbI cMeNHdwgrbs;eK)an kñúgkarlk;eRKOgsgðarimeFVIGMBIeQI . b:uEnþpÞúyeTAvij CMnajxagqøak;elIeQI RtUv)aneKcat;TukfaCaCMnajsmrmüsMrab;RsþI ehIymanRsþICaeRcIncuHeQµaHeronkñúgvKÁCMnajenH .

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karsgÇwmtictYcénkarTTYl)ankargar kñúgCMnajrbs;bursenAkñúgTIpSarkargar EdlmankarEbgEck ePTya:gxøaMgenaH eFVIeGayRsþIBMucg;eronCMnajrbs;burseLIy . c,ab;sgÁm nigGtþcrikrbs;RKUbgðat; KaMRTcMeBaHbBaðaenH . RsedogKñaEdr kargarKµanCMnaj ehIyEdlmineFVIeGayxøÜnR)aNRbLak;kxVk; RtUv)aneKyl;eXIjfasmrmüsMrab;RsþI . edaysarEtman\T§iBlénkarEbgEckzan³ nigkgVHtYnaTI kñúgsgÁm vaKWCakarmYyd¾lM)aksMrab;RsþI kñúgkarsMerccitþkñúgkargarrbs;burs . minRKan;EtmuxviC¢ab:ueNÑaHeT b:uEnþbriyakaskñúgfñak;eronEdlmanbursEfmeTotpg eFVIeGayRsþIBMuGac cab;ykvKÁbNþúHbNþalTaMgenH)an . karniyayerOgkMEbøgEdlTak;Tg;eTAnwgerOgsiuc nigkarekItman CaTMrg;epSg²énkarbMBarbMBanxagpøÚvePT RBmTaMgbriyakasEdlminsVaKmn_RsIþkñúgcMenamGñkEdl)an bBa©b;karsikSa RtUv)aneKsMKal;eXIjmankñúgvKÁbNþúHbNþalburs . manPaBeCaKC½yxøH²Edr kñúgkarbegáItCMnajfµI²sMrab;RsþI . mCÄmNÐlbNþúHbNþal VTC extþ)at;dM bg)anpþl;vKÁe)aHBum<Gav sMrab;EtRsþI . CMnaje)aHBum<Gav enAeBlbc©úb,nñ KWCakargar rbs;burseRcInCagRsþI b:uEnþedaysarvaCaCMnajfµI eKGacpøas;bþÚrTsSn³enH)an . RkumdMbUg énsisS EdleronkñúgCMnajenHkMBugEtbnþkarsikSa . ehIyvanwgeFVIeGayBYkeKcab;GarmµN_enAeBlEdleK)an eCaKC½ykñúgkarEsVgrkkargar . mankarekIneLIgéncMnYnburs nigRsþIpgEdr Edl)ancuHeQµaHeronvKÁ kMBüÚT½r . CMnajkMuBüÚT½rKWCaCMnajfµImYyeTotsMrab;RbeTskm<úCa EdlkarBarkMueGaymanEtCMnajsMrab; ePTEtmçag ehIynigCMrujeGayRsþImankMritesµInwgburskñúgCMnajenH. 5>2> Gnusasn_ ³ sar³sMxan;énvKÁbNþúHbNþalCMnajsMrab;RsþI minRtUv)aneKbriyayeGayhYsBIkarBiteLIy . edIm,I CYyBRgwgRbsiT§PaBénkarbNþúHbNþalCMnajsMrab;RsþI kñúgkarTTYl)annUvkargarsmrmüenAkm<úCa eK)aneFVIGnusasn_dUcxageRkam ³

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5>2>1> vKÁbNþúHbNþalGkSrsaRsþ ³ tamkarsÞabsÞg;rbs;raCrdæaPi)alkm<úCa)anelIkeLIgfa kMritecHdwgBitR)akdrbs;RbCaCnkm<úCa CaBiessRsþI GacmancMnYnTabCagcMnYnEdl)anbgðajénsßitirbs;Cati EdlmancMnYn63°énRbCaCn srubehIymanRsþIcMnYnCag 70° RtUveKyl;faCaGñkminecHGkSr b¤ecHGkSrxøH² . GRtaenHeFVIeGay RsþImankarlM)akya:gxøaMgkñúgkarGPivDÆn_CMnaj . mCÄmNÐl PTC )anEksMrYll½kçx½NÐénkareRCIs eGaymanPaBgayRsYl edIm,IeGayRsþIEdlminecHGkSr nigecHGkSrtictYcGaccUleronkñúgvKÁbNþúH bNþal)an . karEksMrYlenHeFVIeGayRsIþEdlminecHGkSrman»kascab;ykCMnaj . PTC KYrEt bEnßmvKÁbNþúHbNþalGkSrsMrab;RsþIEdlminecHGkSr nigecHGkSrtictYc enAkñúgkmµviFIrbs;xøÜn . 5>2>2> karRtYtBinitüRkumeKaledAsMrab;vKÁbNþúHbNþalviC¢aCIv ³ sikçakambc©úb,nñrbs; PTC mankarGb;rMx<s;CageBlmun EdlmankMritx<s;CagkMritmFümrbs;Cati . RsþITaMgGs;EdleronkñúgvKÁbNþúHbNþalenAmCÄmNÐlmkBITIrYmextþ . cMnYnenHbgðajfa PTC BMuGac pþl;vKÁbNþúHbNþaldl;Rkumgay)at;bg;»kaseRcInEdleKcg;eroneLIy . RkumeKaledABiess bc©úb,nñrbs; PTC KW³ RsþIemRKYsar CnBikar eyaFarMsay Gñkpøas;TIlMenAkñúgRsuk GñkeFVImatuPUminivnþn_ kUnRsIc,geKkñúgRKYsar kumarkMRBa Gñke)aHbg;ecalsala nigRkumRKYsarEdlman kUneRcInCag 4nak; . ninñakarbc©úb,nñKWfa kñúgcMenamRkumbMr:ugBiess² RkumGñkEdle)aHbg;ecalsala mancMnYnekIneLIg cMEnkGRtaénkarcuHeQµaHmankarFøak;cuH . vaKWCakarmYyd¾lM)aksMrab;GñkTaMgLay dUcCa emRKYsarRsþI kUnRsIc,geK nigemRKYsarEdlmankUneRcInCag 4nak; kñúgkarecjq¶ayBIpÞHeRcInEx edIm,ImkcUleronvKÁbNþúHbNþal . BYkRkumeKaledATaMgenHmankargarenApÞHeRcIn ehIymanParkic© kñúgkarrkR)ak;edIm,IpÁt;pÁg;esdækic©RKYsar ehIyBYkeKBMuGacecalkargarrksIurbs;eK)aneLIy sUm,IEt ry³eBl 1 s)þah_ . dUecñH manEtvKÁbNþúHbNþalmYyRbePTb:ueNÑaH EdlRkumTaMgenHGacTTYl)an KW vKÁbNþúHbNþalcl½tEdleKpþl;eGaytamPUmiRsukkñúgry³eBl 1 b¤ 2éf¶ b¤vKÁbNþúHbNþaleBlyb; ehIyRsþIGacTTYl)annUvvKÁTaMgenH enACitpÞHrbs;eK . viFIsaRsþ nigCMnajsMrab;beRgondl;Gñke)aHbg;ecalsala nigRkumeKaledAv½ycMNas; EdlFøab; manbTBiesaFn_kargareRcInkñúgCIvit GacmankarxusKña . GñkEdle)aHbg;ecalsala Gacmankar

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cab;GarmµN_eRcInkñúgCMnajeRkABIksikmµ ehIycg;eTArkkargarykR)ak;QñÜl ehIyBYkeKGacmaneBl eRcIncUlrYmvKÁbNþúHbNþal EdlQrelImUldæanenAmCÄmNÐl . cMEnkRkumeKaledAEdlmanv½ycas; mancMnYneRcIn cg;EkERbCMnajEdleKeRbIsBVéf¶ Cagcg;eronCMnajfµI . mCÄmNÐl PTC KYrEtyk citþTukdak;cMeBaHRkumeKaledA edaykMNt;fa etIRkumNamYyKYrepþatkarykcitþTukdak;xøaMg ehIyRtUv RtYtBinitüvKÁEdlRtUvpþl;eGay ry³eBl nigTItaMgénvKÁbNþúHbNþalEdlRtUvpþl; . dUcEdl)anerobrab;rYcehIyenAkñúgCMBUkTI2 emRKYsarRsþI BMuEmnCaRkumEdleTogTat;eT . RkumEdl lM)akCageKkñúgcMeNamRkumemRKYsarRsþI KWGñkEdlenATIRkugmankUneRcIn b¤emRKYsarRsþIEdlmanv½y cas;CraEdlenAmñak;Ég . KYreGaykt;sMKal;pgEdrfa GRtaénRsþIGt;kargareFVIenATIRkugPñMeBj KWcMnYn eRcInCagburs ehIytMélR)ak;QñÜlrvagbursnigRsþIk¾manPaBxusKñaxøaMgCagtMbn;epSg²eTot . enAeBl bc©úb,nñenHedIm,IbMeBjtMrUvkardl;RsþIEdllM)akTaMgenH eK)anpþl;vKÁsikSaya:gRsYlkñúgry³eBl 2-3 ema:gkúñgrdUvsMrakBIkargar ¬]TahrN_³ vKÁéf¶Rtg;sMrab;Gñklk;dUrtUctac vKÁeBlyb;sMrab;kmµkreFVI kargareBjema:g ¦ enAkñúgTIRkugPñMeBj . RksYgGb;rMyuvCn nigkILakMBugpþl;nUvvKÁbNþúHbNþalviC¢aCIv³ eRkARbB½n§ enAkñúgTIRkugPñMeBj . edaysarEtmankMenInénkarhUrcUlkñúgTIRkug ehIynigmankMenIn énemRKYsarRsþIEdlRkIRkkan;EteRcInenATIRkugPñMeBj eKRtUvEtKitKUrelIRkumRsþITaMgenH . 5>2>3> karsMrYldl;RsþIRkIRkeGay)ancUleronkñúgvKÁbNþúHbNþalCMnaj ³ edIm,IsMrYldl;GñkTaMgLayEdlrs;enACnbTdac;Rsyal nigGñkEdlmankarTTYlxusRtUvx<s;kñúgkar ra:b;rgRKYsarTaMgkargarkñúgpÞH nigkarrkR)ak;cMNUl eGay)ancUleronkñúgvKÁbNþúHbNþalviC¢aCIv³ eK)an pþl;nUvvKÁbNþúHbNþalcl½tdl;PUmiRsukTaMgenH . edaysarEtPaBRkIRk nigkgVHeBlevla RbCaCn RkIRk PaKeRcInBMuGaccMNayeBleRcInéf¶edIm,ImkcUleronkñúgvKÁbNþúHbNþalenHeLIy eTaHeK)an GnuvtþvKÁenHenAkñúgPUmiRsukk¾eday . karbNþúHbNþalTaMgenHKYrEteFVIeGay)aneRcInvKÁ edaykñúgmYy vKÁ²KYrEteFVIeGay)aneRcInéf¶ . edIm,IsMrYldl;RsþIEdle)aHbg;ecalkarsikSaenATICnbTq¶ay²eGayTTYl)annUvvKÁbNþúHbNþalviC¢aCIv³ enH eKRtUvEterobcMCaBiessnUvkEnøgsñak;enA nigmeFüa)ayeFVIdMeNIrsMrab;RsþITaMgenH . eTaH bIenAeBlmanTIkEnøgsñak;enArYcehIy b:uEnþ«Bukmþayrbs;eK BMumanTMnukcitþelIsnþisux nigsuvtßiPaB

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sMrab;kUnrbs;eKenaHeT TIkEnøgsñak;enATaMgenH nwgBMumanRbeyaCn_eLIy . eKKYrEterobcMeGay)an RKb;RKan; edIm,IFanacMeBaHTaMgsikçakam nig«Bukmþayrbs;eKeGaymankareCOCak;fa TIkEnøgsñak;enA mansuvtßiPaBRKb;RKan; . ebIkarsñak;enAvaBMuecaTCabBaðaenHeT eKKYrEterobcMeGaymanmeFüa)ayeFVI dMeNIrsMrab;RsþIEdlmkBICnbTq¶ay ² . vaBitCaeFVIeGaymankarpøas;bþÚr ebIsinCamCÄmNÐl PTC ykcitþTukdak;xøaMgcMeBaHmeFüa)ayeFVIdMeNIr nigCYyeGayRsþITaMgenHCMn³)ancMeBaHkardak;kMNt;elI karbgçaMgRsþImineGayedIrehIr. RkumEdllM)akCageKbMputkñúgcMenamRkumGñkRkIRk KWRsþIemRKYsarEdlrs;enAkñúgTIRkugmankUntUc² b¤Ca RsþIcMNas;rs;enAmñak;Ég . edIm,ICYydl;GñkTaMgenH eK)anpþl;nUvvKÁbNþúHbNþalry³eBlxøI ya:g gayRsYl enAkñúgTIRkugPñMeBjdl;GñkTaMgenH kñúgeBlEdlTMenrBIkargar. bc©úb,nñenH RksYgGb;rM yuvCn nigkILaBMu)anpþl;vKÁbNþúHbNþaleRkARbB½n§dl;GñkTaMgenHeT . edaymankarhUrcUlkñúgTIRkug kan;EteRcIn ehIymankMenInkan;eRcInénRsþIemRKYsar enAkñúgcMenamRbCaCnRkIRkenAkñúgTIRkug CagenA CnbT eKKYrEtcat;viFankarKitKUrdl;RkumRsþIemRKYsarRkIRkTaMgenH . 5>2>4> viFIsaRsþedIm,ICMrujRsþIeGaycab;ykmuxCMnajfµI ³ kargarrbs;bursEtgEtTTYl)anR)ak;ExRbesIr ehIyEtgEtTTYl)annUvtYnaTIx<s; . kargarRsþIRtUv)an eKKitfaTTYl)anR)ak;ExTab dUecñH vaKWCakarcaM)ac;Nas;EdlRsþIRtUv)aneKpþl;eGaynUv»kas nig ry³ eBlsMrab;EkERbCMnaj nigR)ak;cMNUlrbs;eK . RKUbgðat; nignaykmCÄmNÐlCaeRcInEtgEt yl;fa vaKWCakarcaM)ac;Nas;kñúgkarCYyRsþIeGayTTYl)annUvCMnajrbs;burs . EteTaHCaya:gNa manbBaða cMnYnbI KW ³ 1-karCYyRsþIedIm,IeGayTTYl)annUvkarbNþúHbNþalCMnajbursKWBMumanEcgc,as; enAkñúg eKalkarN_ nigesckþIENnaM rbs;mCÄmNÐl CaBiess PTCs/. 2-BMumanyuT§saRsþc,as;las; edIm,ICYyRsþIelImuxCMnajkargarburs nig 3- enAEtmanTsSn³minRsbKñaCaeRcInénRKUbgðat; . RKU bgðat;cMnYn70° eCOfaRsþIGaceFVIkar)anedaycMeBaHb:ueNÑaH . dUecñH mCÄmNÐl PTC/VTC

KYrEtbBa¢ak;eGay)anc,as;fa karbNþúHbNþalRsþIkñúgCMnajrbs;burs nigkargarbs;burs Cakargar GaTiPaB.

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¬1¦ kareRCIserIsbuKÁlik ³ enAeBlEdlRKUbgðat;cuHeTACnbTedIm,IeRCIserIssikçakam eK)anCMrujRKUbgðat;CaeRcIn edIm,I eGayeRCIserIssikçakamRsIþcUleronkñúgvKÁbNþúHbNþalCMnajburs . dUcEdl)aneXIjrYcehIy enAkñúgCMBUkTI2 KWfa ekµgRsIcUlrYmkargarBlkmµ munekµgRbus cMEnkekµgRbusbnþkarsikSarbs; eK . eTaHbICaGRtacUlrYmkMlaMgBlkmµrbs;RsIþmankMritx<s; ehIyRsþIKWCaGñkCYyesdækic© RKYsarya:gsMxan;k¾eday k¾RKYsarmYycMnYnBMu)anerobcMRsþIeGayeFVIkargareRcIndUcbursEdr . KYrEtmankarpøas;bþÚrTsSn³Edlyl; faRsþICaGñkrkR)ak;cMNUlbnÞab;bnSMkñúgRKYsar ehIyKYrEt CMnHTsSn³énkarEbgEcktYnaTIEdlyl;eXIj cMeBaHEtePTmçag . enAkñúgshKmn_ «BukmþayKWCaTIRbwkSa nigCaGñksMerccitþd¾sMxan;sMrab;RsþIkñúgkarcUlrYmvKÁbNþúH bNþalCMnaj . BYkeKKYrEteFVIyuT§nakarepþatcMeBaH«Bukmþay edIm,ICMrujeGayeKpþl;esdækic© dl;RsþI sMrab;karGb;rM ehIyCMrujeGayeKbBa¢ÚnkUnRsIeTAcUleronvKÁbNþúHbNþalCMnajfµI sMrab;RsþI . RbB½n§bNþúHbNþalviC¢aCIv³rbs;RksYgGb;rM yuvCn nigkILa GaceFVIeLIgCamYy yuT§nakarenH edayBRgwgkarGb;rMelIPaBesµIKñaxageynD½r tamry³kmµviFIsMrab;mnusScas;Edl manrYceRscrbs;xøÜn ¬xitb½NÑkarRbCMuTMnak;TMngpÞal;CamYybuKÁlikRKUbeRgon nigbuKÁlik mCÄmNÐl¦ .

¬2¦ karekIneLIgénRKUbgðat;RsþI kñúgCMnajfµIsMrab;RsþI ³

kñúgcMeNamRKUbgðat;RsþITaMgGs; manEtRsþImñak;b:ueNÑaHEdlbeRgonCMnajfµIsMrab;RsþI . BMumanRKU bgðat;fµI² beRgonCMnajfµIsMrab;RsþIeLIy. vaBitCamansar³sMxan;Nas;EdlmanRKUbeRgon eRcInkñúgEpñkCMnajfµIsMrab;RsþI ehIyvaBitCamansar³sMxan;Nas; EdlRbB½n§bNþúHbNþalviC¢aCIv³ KaMRTedayraCrdæaPi)al eRCIserIsykRsþIEdlmanKuNsm,tþiRKb;RKan;eFVICaRKUbeRgonkñúgCMnaj fµIEdlvaminRKan;EtCaKMrUbgðaj BItYnaTId¾sMxan;rbs;RsþIsMrab;sikçakamRsþIEtb:ueNÑaHeT b:uEnþEfm TaMgbgðajBItYnaTIkñúgsgÁmeTotpg .

¬3¦ begáItbriyakasrak;Tak;cMeBaHRsþIeBlsikSaCMnajfµI ³

karsikSa)anrkeXIjfa RsþIBMusUvmanPaBgayRsYleLIy kñúgbriyakassikSa Edlmanburs ehIyEdlEtgEtniyayerOgkMEbøgTak;TgnigerOgsiuc nigkaremIlgaykñúgbriyakasTaMgenH.

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karekIneLIgéncMnYnsikçakamRsþIkñúgvKÁbNþúHbNþalCMnajfµI KWvamansar³sMxan;Nas; . buKÁlik RKUbeRgonTaMgbursTaMgRsþIKYrEtbNþúHbNþalbEnßmGMBIrebobbeRgon edIm,ICYyCMrujeGayRsþI bnþkarsikSaCMnajfµIsMrab;eKbnþeTot nigecHbegáIteGaymanbriyakasrak;Tak;kñúgkarsikSa dl;RsþI .

¬4¦ BRgIk»kaskargarsMrab;RsþIEdlmanCMnajf µ I ³

edaysarmankarEbgEckePTenAkñúgsgÁm RsþIEdlmanCMnajfµI mankarlM)akeRcInkñúgkar RKb;RKgelIkargarrbs;burs TaMgkñúgkargarR)ak;QñÜl nigkargarrksIupÞal;xøÜn . vaBitCaman sar³sMxan;Nas; kñúgkarCMnHelIkarEbgEckePTkñúgkargar dUcenH edIm,ICMnHbBaðaenH)an eK)an sMNUmBreGaymanyuT§saRsþdUcxageRkam ³

k- pþl;»kaskñúgkarbNþúHbNþalCMnajcMeBaHRsþIelICMnajkargarf µ I ³

]TahrN_ mCÄmNÐl VTC extþ)at;dMbg)anpþl;vKÁe)aHBum<elIGavsMrab;EtRsþI edIm,ICYy karBarkMueGaymankaryl;eXIjfa CMnajenHCakargarrbs;burs nigedIm,Ipþl;»kasdl; RsþIkñúgkarTTYl)annUvkargard¾smrmü nigEdlGacrkkMér)an.

x- begáItRkumbec©keTssMrab;EtRsþI ³ RsþIEdl)anbBa©b;karsikSa GacbegáItCaRkum)an ehIymCÄmNÐl VTCs/PTCs GaceFVIkar KaMRTdl;BYkeK edaypþl;nUvkic©snüakargar . eFVIdUecñHvanwgkøayCaKMrUkargarmYy edIm,IbgðajsgÁmfa RsþIk¾GaceFVIkargarrbs;burs)anEdr . ehIyvak¾nwgpþl;dl;RsþInUv bTBiesaFn_elIkargar edIm,IeGayeKmanTMnukcitþelIkarbnþkargarrbs;eK . bc©úb,nñenH eKeXIjmankarerobcMEbbenHsMrab;EtGñkbec©seTsRbus nigGñktm,ajEtb:ueNÑaH b:uEnþeKBMueXIjmansMrab;Gñk bec©keTsRsIþeLIy .

K- kareFVIyuT§nakarpSBVpSay ³

RbB½n§pSBVpSayEdlbgðajBIkargarrbs;RsþIelImuxCMnajfµI EdlRsþIeFVIkargarelICMnajburs vanwgGacCYyeFVIeGaypøas;bþÚrTsSn³rbs;sgÁm)an.

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X- EsVgrkshRKasEdlCYlRsþIeGayeFVIkarelICMnajburs ³ eyIgRtUvxMRbwgERbgedIm,IEsVgrknieyaCkEdlmankarTTYlxusRtUvkñúgsgÁm edIm,IeGayeK CYlRsþIeFVIkarkñúgmuxCMnajfµI . eKGacCMrujnieyaCksaFarN³edIm,ICaKMrUmYykñúgTsSn³ enH.

5>2>5> karelIkkMBs;R)ak;cMNUl l½kçx½NÐkargar nigtYnaTIrbs;RsþIkñúgkargarRsþI ³ karelIkkMBs;kargarrbs;RsþI eFobnwgkargarCMnajfµIrbs;RsþI eKBMueXIjmannayk b¤RKUbeRgon ykcitþ Tukdak;xøaMgkñúgbBaðaenHeLIy . kargarCMnajRsþI eKBMueXIjmanCabBaðaGVIeLIy BIeRBaHmanRsþICaeRcIn man kargareFVIrYceTAehIy . EteTaHCaya:gNa eKKYrEtkt;sMKal;pgEdrfa kargarRsþIEtgEtTTYl)an R)ak;QñÜlTab nigmanzan³Gn;CageK. vKÁbNþúHbNþalCMnajTaMgenHEtgEtmanry³eBlxøI. eK)an sMNUmBreGaymanviFankaredIm,IelIkkMBs;RbB½n§bNþúHbNþalviC¢aCIv³cMeBaHzan³énkargarrbs;RsþI dUcxageRkam ³

¬1¦ karRbkaseKalkarN_ nigkarBRgIkkmµviFIsikSa ³ mCÄmNÐl VTC/PTC KYrEteFVIeGaymaneKalkarN_c,as;las;mYyedIm,IelIkkMBs;zan³ nigtYnaTIénkargarrbs;RsþI. ehIyCagenHeTAeTot eKKYrEtBRgIkkmµviFIbNþúHbNþalEfm eTot . eRkABIvKÁbNþúHbNþalGkSrsaRsþ sikçakamRsþI EdleronCMnajRsþIcg;)ankar bNþúHbNþalEdlmanrcnasm<½n§Tukcitþ mankarBieRKaHeyabl; nigkargarsuvtßiPaB edIm,I eGayBYkeKGacEfrkSa siT§iCakmµkrrkR)ak;hUbcuk nigsiT§iEfrkSasuxPaB .

¬2¦ vKÁbNþúHbNþalbnþ ³ vKÁenHnwgCYyFanafa sikçakamnwgmansmtßPaBBitR)akdkñúgkarBRgwgCMnaje)aHBum<elIGav nigCMnajepSg²eTot EdlTak;Tgnwgkargar . vKÁenHminRKan;EtbegáIteGaymanCMnaj sMrab;RsþIkñúgkargarb:ueNÑaHeT b:uEnþvanwgCYyeGayRsIþGacecHCYyxøÜnÉg nigrkSabNþaj TMnak;TMng énkargarRsþIEfmeTotpg .

¬3¦ begáItsmaKmviC¢aCIv ³ mCÄmNÐl VTCs/PTCs GacCYyRsþIkñúgkarbegáItsmaKmviC¢aCIv³ nigRkumkargarCMnaj ]sSahkmµ. karbegáItRkumTaMgenH kñúgcMenamsikçakamRsþI GaceFVIkñúgeBlbNþúHbNþal

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dMbUgkñúgcMenamGñkEdlcg;eFVIkarykR)ak;QñÜlkñúg]sSahkmµsMelokbMBak; nigGñkEdlcg; eFVIkarxøÜnÉg dUcCakargartm,aj CaBiessRtUvCMrujeGayeKbegáIt ebIsinCaeKenAkñúgtMbn; CamYyKña . smaKmviC¢aCIv³ nigRkumkargarCMnaj]sSahkmµ GacCYyeGayBYkeK GacrkSa nigBRgwgCMnaj énsmaCikrbs;eK begáIteGaymanTsSn³yl;dwgkan;EteRcInkat;bnßykar plit nigtMél TIpSaredayeFVIkarrYmKña nigeFVIeGaysmaCikecHCYyxøÜnÉg .

5>2>6 begáIn»kaskargarrkR)ak;QñÜl ³ sikçakamcMnYn70° CaBiessRsþIv½yekµgEdlminTan;erobkarcg;eFVIkarykR)ak;QñÜl . kargarykR)ak; QñÜlpøÚvkarenAkm<úCa KWmankMNt;enAeBlbc©úb,nñenH ehIytMrUveGaymankarxMRbwgERbgya:gxøaMgTaMgenA kñúgRksYgepSg² nigvis½yÉkCn . ¬1¦ bNþajkargar ³

eTaHCamCÄmNÐl VTCs/PTCs manTMnak;TMngCamYyRkumh‘unCMnYjeRcInk¾eday k¾bNþaj Bt’manminmanlkçN³l¥dUckarsgÇwmTukeLIy . shRKasÉkCnmYycMnYnBMucg;pþl;Bt’man eGay PTCs eT edayxøacmanplb:HBal;GviC¢mancMeBaHRbeyaCn_rbs;eK nigxøacb:HBal; dl;TIpSarrbs;eK . dUecñHBYkeKmincg;eGaymanTMnak;TMngkñúgshRKasrbs;eKeT . vaCakar caM)ac;Nas;kñúgkarbegáItTMnak;TMngl¥CamYyRkumh‘unCMnYj edIm,IeGayBYkeKeXIjfa PTCs KWCa TIkEnøgmYyEdleKGacTTYl)annUvkargarl¥ . eyabl; ³ RtUvbgðaj nigerobcMeGaymanBiFI ebIksem<aFmCÄmNÐl edayGeBa¢IjshRKasÉkCn edIm,ImkTsSnaemIlsisSCMnaj . mCÄmNÐlRtUvBRgIkTMnak;TMngCMnYjrbs;xøÜneGay)aneRcIn edIm,ITTYl)anRbPBBt’manGMBI kargar .

¬2¦ karTTYl)anGMBIBt’manelIkargar ³ kgVHxatBt’manTIpSarKWCabBaðamYyd¾FMcMeBaHRsþI . CaBiessBt’manGMBIkargarEdlRsþIenAtam CnbTesÞIrEtBMu)andwg . mCÄmNÐl PTCs EtgEtmanTMnak;TMngCamYyGgÁkareRkArdæaPi)al CaeRcIn tamry³kareFVIsißitirbs;xøÜnCaerogral;BIrqñaMmþg . EteTaHCaya:gNa Bt’manEdlTTYl )anBIshRKasÉkCn GacnwgkøayCaBt’manhYssm½y . KYrEtmanmeFüa)aykñúgkar TMnak;TMngBt’manGMBIkargareGay)anelOn edIm,Ipþl;CUndl;GñkEdlbBa©b;karsikSamanCMnaj

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Bak;B½n§ . RtUvbegáItTMnak;TMngBt’manTIpSar sMrab;bNþajsisSEdl)anbBa©b;karsikSa CaBiessRsþIenAkñúgPUmi .

¬3¦ karpþl;eyabl;elIGaCIB ³ karpþl;eyabl;elIGaCIBkñúgkargarbc©úb,nñenHRtUveKeFVIeLIgkñúgkMriteRkApøÚvkar . RKUbgðat;mYy cMnYn)anpþl;eyabl;dl;sikçakam dUcCakarpþl;eyabl;GMBIGtþcrikenAkEnøgkargar nigBIrebob eFVIxøÜneGayl¥kñúgeBlcUlsmÖas. karpþl;eyabl; GMBIviFIl¥²eGay)aneRcInelIkargar KWmansar³sMxan;Nas; .

¬4¦ eKalkarN_CYyshRKasxñattYc nigmFüm ¬SMEs¦

eKalkarN_enHGacbegáIteGaymankargareFVIsMrab;sisSEdlbBa©b;karsikSa . bc©úb,nñenH ¬SMEs¦ BMu)anykcitþTukdak;cMeBaHkarGeBa¢IjRkumh‘unbreTs nigCMrujRkumh‘unkñúgRsuk eLIy. eKalneya)ayrbs;Cati edIm,ICMruj nigKaMRT ¬SMEs¦ KWmanPaBsaMjaMú . karKaMRT elIkarGPivDÆn_bec©kviTüa kar]btßmÖhirBaØvtßú nigkarCYyBn§cMeBaH ¬SMEs¦ CMnYy\NTan karpþl;Bt’manGMBITIpSarkargar nigkarsMrYldl; ¬SMEs¦ edIm,ITTYl)annUvkarcuHeQµaHtam c,ab; KYrEtRtUv)aneKpþl; .

5>2>7> begáIn»kaskargaredayxøÜnÉg ³ eTaHbImansikçakamcMnYneRcIncg;rkkargareFVIk¾eday k¾manGñkmYycMnYncg;rksIuxøÜnÉgEdr . sMrab; RsþIEdlmanRKYsarrYcehIy eKcUlcitþeFVIkargarpÞal;xøÜn BIeRBaHkargarenHpþl;eGayeKnUvPaBgayRsYl kñúgkarsMrYlelIkargarrbs;eKCaeRcIn . edIm,ICMrujeGayGñkEdlbBa©b;karsikSaman»kasbegáItCMnYj eK)ansMNUmBreGaymanviFankardUcxageRkam ³ ¬1¦ vKÁbNþúHbNþalbnþ b¤vKÁbMb:n ³

sisSCaeRcIn CaBiesssisSEdlmkBImCÄmNÐl ¬PTCs¦ Etgyl;favKÁbNþúHbNþalviC¢aCIv³ sMrab;ry³eBlxøI KWminRKb;RKan;sMrab;eKeT ehIyBYkeKminGacmankareCOCak;kñúgkarbegáIt CMnYjeLIy . enAkñúgmCÄmNÐl ¬PTCs¦ mYycMnYnkMBugGnuvtþvKÁbNþúHbNþalbEnßmelI kargar dUcCakargartm,aj . vaBitCamansar³sMxan;Nas;kñúgkarbegáItnUvvKÁbNþúHbNþal TaMgenH

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edIm,IeFVIeGaysisSmanCMenOcitþelIkarbegáItCMnYjrbs;eK. BYkeKk¾cg;eGaymanvKÁ bMb:npgEdr edIm,IeKGacedaHRsaybBaðaEdleKRbQmkñúgkarrksIuRbcaMéf¶rbs;eK nigedIm,IBRgIkshRKas bc©úb,nñrbs;eKeTotpg .

¬2¦ karbNþúHbNþal-karpþl;eyabl;elIkarGPivDÆn_shRKas ³

edIm,IrkSaeGayCMnYjrbs;eKrIkcMerIn sikçakamminRKan;EtRtUvkarCMnajbec©keTsb:ueNÑaHeT b:uEnþEfmTaMgmanCMnajRKb;RKgCMnYj nigCMnajTMnak;TMngeTotpg . bc©úb,nñenHenAkñúg mCÄmNÐlbNþúHbNþal RKUbgðat;)anpþl;vKÁbNþúHbNþalCMnajRKb;RKgCMnYjdl;sikçakam muneBleKbBa©b;karsikSa . karbNþúHbNþalminRtUvepþateTAelIEtmUldæankñúgesovePA nigelI karRtYtBinitüCMnYjb:ueNÑaHeT b:uEnþRtUvpþl;karbNþúHbNþalbEnßmelICMnajRKb;RKgTIpSar Edl nwgpþl;RbeyaCn_dl;sisS eRBaHsisSGacRbQmnwgbBaðaRKb;RKgTIpSar nigkarRKb;RKgCMnYj enAeBlEdleKbegáItCMnYj.

¬3¦ \NTan ³

mCÄmNÐl ¬PTCs¦pþl;\NTandl;sisSEdlbBa©b;karsikSafµI² cab;taMgBI qñaM 2000. EteTaHCaya:gNa karpþl;\NTanenH RtUv)anpþl;CUnEtmþg cMeBaHGñkEdlbBa©b;karsikSafµI² Etb:ueNÑaH. cMeBaHGñkEdlrs;enACnbTq¶ay²BMuGacTTYl\NTanrbs; PTCs )anRsYleLIy TaMgkarx©I nigkarsg. kareFVICMnYj tMrUveGaymankarbEnßmR)ak;edImTun dUecñHehIysisSEdl )anbBa©b;karsikSa R)akdCaRtUvkar\NTan. ebIsinCasikçakamEdlbBa©b;karsikSa BMuGacx©I luyBIbgb¥Ún b¤mitþPkþ½)an BYkeKGacx©IluyBIviTüasßanhirBaØvtßúxñattUc b¤BIGñkrksIucgkarR)ak; )an . GRtakarR)ak; nigrebobbg;karR)ak;rbs;eK KW PaKeRcInsmRsbsMrab;CMnYjry³eBlxøI . vaBMusmrmüsMrab;kargarksikmµeLIy . RtUvbegáIteGayman PaBgayRsYlcMeBaHRbPB \NTansMrab;CMnYjRKb;RbePT . karTTYl)annUv\NTanKWmansar³sMxan;Nas;sMrab;RsþI . dUc)aneXIjrYcehIyenAkñúgCMBUk2 KWfa RsþImanGMNactictYcNas;kñúgkarsMerccitþ dUecñHehIy BYkeKk¾BMusUvmanGMNackñúgkareRbIR)as;hirBaØvtßúpÞal;xøÜnrbs;eKeLIy .

148

¬4¦ karpþl;eyabl;xagpøÚvc,ab; ¬Legal Advice ¦ ³ karRbkbmuxrbrxñattUc CaBiessenATIRkug KWEtgEtTTYlkarKMramkMEhgBIb:UlIs nigBITMrg; epSg² . vaBitCamansar³sMxan;Nas; ebIsinmCÄmNÐlGacpþl;vKÁsikSaGMBIc,ab;dl; sikçakam edIm,IedaHRsaybBaðaTaMgenH .

5>2>8> karsRmbsRmYlCamYyRksYgnana ³ vaBitCamansar³sMxan;xøaMgNas;RbsinebImCÄmNÐlbNþúHbNþalviC¢aCIv³ nigRksYgGb;rM yuvCn nig kILa manTMnak;TMngCamYyRksYgepSg² kñúgkarGPivDÆn_eKalneya)ay nigepþatkarykcitþTukdak; CamYyRksYgmYycMnYndUcCa RksYgksikmµ rukçaRbmaj; nigensaT RksYgeTscrN_ RksYgBaNiC¢kmµ RksYg]sSahkmµEr: nigfamBl . ]TahrN_ vKÁbNþúHbNþalCMnajksikmµ nwgmanRbsiT§PaBl¥ ebImanTMnak;TMngCamYyRksYgksikmµ . eday)anTTYldMNwgGMBIplRbeyaCn_énnaykdæanClpl kñúgkarGPivDÆn_plvb,kmµ nigBt’manTIpSar EdlRtUvkarnaMecjénRtIEkécñ mCÄmNÐl GacbNþúHbNþalRbCaCnkñúgCMnajtamvis½yEdlnaykdæanClplkMBugEtbegáItkareFVIplvb,kmµ nig karciBa©wmRtI . karTTYldMNwgBIRksYg]sSahkmµGMBIvis½yGaTiPaBénkarGPivDÆn_]sSahkmµ eFVIeGay eKGacpþl;nUvkarbNþúHbNþal edIm,IGPivDÆFnFanmnusScaM)ac; . karbNþúHbNþalTaMgenH ebIsinCa GacepþatcMeBaHEtRsIþ)an vaBitCaeFVIeGayeKGaccUlrYmkñúgTIpSarkargar)anya:gl¥RbesIr .

bc©úb,nñenH mCÄmNÐl ¬PTCs¦ kMBugGnuvtþkarbNþúHbNþal EdlCYy]btßmÖBIRksYgksikmµ . karsRmbsRmYl nwgeFVIeGaymankarxMRbwgERbgCaeRcIn kñúgkarEkERbkmµviFIsikSa sMPar³bNþúHbNþal RBmTaMgRsavRCavBt’mansMrab;karbNþúHbNþal .

5>2>9> karRbmUlsßitielIRbePTkargar ³ dUc)anbgðajenAkñúgCMBUk 2 rYcehIyKWfa cMnYnénGñkeFVIkarkñúgRKYsarEdlBMu)anTTYlR)ak;QñÜlKWman kMritx<s; dUecñHehIy)anCaeFVIeGaymancMnYnERbRbYlenAkñúgcenøaHqñaMEdl)aneFVIsßiti . bBaðaenH edaysarEtkargarrbs;RsþIBMuRtUv)aneKerobcMeGaysmrmü . enAeBlEdlbþI nigRbBn§ Rbkbrbr ksikmµ b¤ rksIuCamYyKña eKEtgEtcat;TukRsþICaGñkeFVIkarEdlKµanR)ak;QñÜl cMEnkbþIKWCaGñkrkR)ak; cMNUl . pøas;bþÚrTsSn³kñúgsgÁm BITinñn½yEdlRbmUl)an edIm,IkMueGayeKyl;faRsþICaGñkrksIu bnÞab;bnSM b:uEnþRtUveGayeKyl;fa RsþICaGñkrkR)ak;edayxøÜnÉgkñúgsiT§ipÞal;xøÜnrbs;eK Gaccab;epþIm tamkarRbmUlTinñn½y .

149

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Economist Intelligence Unit (2002) r)aykarN_RbcaMRbeTs³ RbeTskm<úCa nig Lav / Ex]sPa Gender and Development Network (GDN) and NGO Forum’s Women Working

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karsikSaTIpSarkargarenAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa³ eyagkarkat;bnßyPaBRkIRk/ karlUtlas; nig karEkéxeGaysmrmüeTAtamvibtþi , Éksarkargarelx 18/ viTüasßanGPivDÆn_FnFankm<úCa.

Gordon, Gill (2000) { r)aykarN_sMeyaKBIkarGegátelItMrUvkarmUldæansMrab;karpþl; esvasuxPaBdl;GñkRkIRkmYyPaKtamTIRkug} / PñMeBj/ KMeragesvasuxPaBenAtamtMbn;TIRkug

Gorman, Srobhan, Pon Donna and Sok Kheng (1999) GeynDr½ nig karGPivDÆn__enARbeTskm<úCa³ karBinitüsrubeLIgvij /Éksarkargarelx 10/ viTüasßan RsavRCavedIm,IkarGPivDÆn_kñúgRbeTskm<úCa/ PñMeBj

Hall, John A. (2000) u{ siT§imnusS nig ]sSahkmµkat;edrEdlRsbKñanwgRbeTskm<úCa}/ Éksarmine)aHBum<pSay.

GgÁkarBlkmµGnþrCati ¬1997¦{kic©shRbtibtþikaredIm,IelIkkMBs;vis½ykargar nig karbNþúHbNþalenAGnutMbn;TenøemKgÁ} , ILO East Asia Multidisciplinary Advisory Team (ILO EASMAT), ILO Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific, Bangkok.

GgÁkarBlkmµGnþrCati ¬1999¦{ eq<aHeTArksmPaBeynD½rkñúgBiPBkargarenAtMbn;GasuI nig )a:suIhVik} , Technical report for discussion at the Asian Regional Consultation on Follow-up to the Fourth World Conference on Women, Manila, 6-8 October.

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GgÁkarBlkmµGnþrCati ¬2000¦{r)aykarN_sþIBIkarGPivDÆn_shRKasFuntUc nigmIRkUsMrab; cUlrYmcMENkkat;bnßyPaBRkIRkenAkm<úCa} , East Asia Multidisciplinary Advisory Team, Bangkok, Thailand.

GgÁkarBlkmµGnþrCati ¬2001¦ { karpþl;GMNaceGayRsþItamry³karGPivDÆn_CMnaj nig shRKasenAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa} , ILO, Geneva/Bangkok.

Ledgerwood (1990) karpøas;bþÚrTsSnTanExµréneynDr½³ RsþI erOgra:v nig sNþab;Fñab;sgÁm Ph.D. Thesis, Cornell University.

Kusakabe, Kyoko (1999) { karcUlrYmrbs;RsþIkñúgTIpSar³ krNIsikSaénRsþICMnYj kñúgkarERbRbYlesdækic©enAPñMeBj/ RbeTskm<úCa}. Ph.D. dissertation, Asian Institute of Technology, Thailand

Kusakabe, Kyoko (2001a) {sßanPaBbMRBYjénRbeTskm<úCa}/ GtßbTerobcM sMrab;KaMRTGtßbTniBn§RbeTskm<úCaEdlRtUv)aneKeFVIbgðajkñúgsikçasalakmµkreRkARbB½n§én KN³kmµkarsMrab;RsþIGas‘an/ Exvicäika . Kusakabe, Kyoko (2001b) ‘Gender Assessment for ADESS’, unpublished report for IFAD, August.

Kusakabe, Kyoko, Chan Monnyrath, Chea Sopheap and Theng Chan Chham (2001) { mUlniFisgÁmsMrab;RsþIlk;dUrtUctactampSarenAPñMeBj ¬RbeTskm<úCa¦³ karsikSaBIsmaKm Gñklk;}, UMP-Asia Occasional Paper, No. 53, Urban Management Programme Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific, Bangkok.

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152

Ministry of Education, Youth and Sport (1999) { karsÞabsÞg;)a:n;RbmaN tMrUvkarbNþúHbNþalnigkargarsMrab;tMbn;TIRbCuMCn}, Prepared by the TENA Unit.

Ministry of Education, Youth and Sport (2000) { eKalneya)ayCayuT§saRsþ sMrab;vis½yGb;rMbNþúHbNþalbec©keTsnigviC¢aCIv³enARbeTskm<úCa} , Basic skills project, National Training Board.

Ministry of Education, Youth and Sport (MoEYS) (2001) { KMeragCMnajmUldæan 2001 sMrab;GPivDÆn_vis½yGb;rMbNþúHbNþalbec©keTsnigviC¢aCIv³enARbeTskm<úCa}

Ministry of Industry, Mines and Energy (1998) {r)aykarN_skmµPaB]sSahkmµ Er: nig EpñkfamBl nig EpnkarsMrab;qñaM1999}

Ministry of Planning(1998a) r)aykarN_GPivDÆn_mnusSsMrab;RbeTskm<úCa 1998

Ministry of Planning (1998b) {karsÞg;mtiBIsgÁm-esdækic©RbeTskm<úCa 1997}

Ministry of Planning (1999a) r)aykarN_GPivDÆn_mnusSsMrab;RbeTskm<úCa 1999

Ministry of Planning (1999b) {karsÞg;mtiBIsgÁm-esdækic©RbeTskm<úCa 1999}/ PñMeBj/ viTüasßanCatisßiti/ RbeTskm<úCa.

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action research on the gender dimension of skills development in … · 2014. 6. 9. ·...

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