active galactic nuclei in low surface brightness galaxies weimin yuan yunnan observatory based on...
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Active galactic nuclei in low surface brightness galaxies
Weimin Yuan Yunnan Observatory
Based on Master thesis work of Lin MeiIn collaboration with X.B. Dong (USTC)astro-ph/0902.0862
Questions to address
What is the fraction of LSBG that host an AGN?
How the AGN fraction depends on the properties of LSBG?
Low surface brightness galaxies
Disk central surface brightness μ0(B) significantly faint
er than the classical Freeman value μ0(B) ≈21.65mag
arcsec−2
definition: μ0(B) of galactic disk >22-23 mag arcsec−2
(μ(B) of night sky background) A significant constitution of all galaxies in the Universe,
could be over 50% (e.g., Freeman 1970; McGaugh et al. 1995, Bothun et al. 1997)
Comparison with high surface
brightness galaxies (HSBG)
Low star-formation rate Low surface gas density (Auld et al.) Low metallicity, ~1/3 solar (Impey & Bothun 1997)
low dust Rich in HI gas Less evolved system
prevents enrichment of the ISM, prevents cooling and resulting in a less evolved system
Bulges in LSBG
Most LSBG are either bulgeless, late-type "normal-sized" galaxies, or giant galaxies with a significant bulge component
Bulge and disk relation bulge and disk scale length are correlated bulge-to-disk ratio is independent of galaxy type
(Galaz. 2006)
A prototype LSBG: Malin 1
μ0 (B) = 25.5mag arcsec−2
Size >100kpc
HI mass ~1011 Msun
Seyfert nuclear activity (Impey 1989)
Why study AGN in LSBG?
A census of central SMBH in LSBG May provide a complementary clue to understanding
the formation and growth of SMBH As LSBG may have experienced a different route in
the formation and evolution from HSBGfew or no merging history ?
Feedback from powerful AGN may have ecological effects on the evolution LSBG
Hints from comparing AGN properties in LSBG and in HSBG Dependence of AGN activity on host galaxy
properties AGN triggering mechanism
studies of AGN in LSBG --- rare and controversial
Not well studied: only a few cases of secured AGN detections
A high AGN detection rate was ever suggested for LSBG
Sprayberry et al. (1993) found 5 AGN (4 Seyfert1 + 1 Seyfert 2) in 10 giant LSBG Schombert (1998) claimed ~50% of large, HI-rich LSBG have signatures of low-L AGN (based on [NII] and [SII], plus [OI]) But cannot be confirmed by Impey et al. (2001), who found AGN in only <~ 5% LSBG
previous work suffered from problems of: sample: small size, strong biases, etc. low quality data: low R and S/N spectra data analysis: e.g. no proper subtraction of host galaxy light
Sample and data
parent LSBG sample: Impey et al. 1996 UK Schmidt survey plate scanned by APM 693 LSBG within 786 sqr.deg. in the local universe (z
<0.1) largest and homogeneous LSBG sample in northern s
ky our sample: spectroscopically observed in SDSS DR5
194 LSBG comparative HSBG sample:
need reliable morphological classification and matching distributions in distances, magnitudes, etc.
3rd Reference Catalogue of Bright Galaxies (RC3) (de Vaucouleurs et al. 1991) --- a catalogue of typical HSBG 142 HSBG with SDSS spectra
SDSS-APM LSBG sample and comparative HSBG sample
Compatible at z<0.04
Analysis of SDSS spectra
Using the algorithm developed by Tinggui Wang’s group at USTC (Zhou et al. 2006)
Spectral decomposition: AGN + host galaxy Self-consistent modeling of host stellar spectrum and AGN
(emission line + continuum) spectrum (Lu et al. 2006) Spectral fitting (Dong et al. 2005, zhou et al. 2006)
de-blending of broad and narrow emission lines Also available: stellar velocity dispersion σin the central
part (bulge) of the galaxy (by modeling stellar absorption features)
Example of AGN found in LSBG:broad line (type1) AGN in SDSS J122912.9+004903.7
Original SDSS spectrum
stellar spectrum
AGN continuum
AGN emission lines
Broad Ha
Narrow Ha
[NII]
Example of AGN found in LSBG:narrow line (type 2) AGN
Spectral classification of emission line nuclei: AGN vs. star-formation
A significant fraction (~50%) of LSBG have ongoing central star-formation
fraction ofemission line galaxies ~ 68%
AGN
starformation
Kewley et al. 2001
Kauffmann et al. 2003
AGN= Seyfert+ LINER + transition
Spectral classification of emission line nuclei: Seyfert vs. LINER
We regard LINER as powered by AGN
Kewley et al. 2006
Demography of nuclear activity in LSBG
The AGN fraction is lower than 40% found for HSBG in the local universe (Ho 1997)
AGN found across morphological types for LSBG
AGN fraction
• Lower for later types of galaxies
• but significantly higher for interacting galaxies• the same as HSBG
All emission line LSBG
Star-formation nuclei
AGN
Comparison with HSBG at z<0.04
comparative HSBG sample LSBG sample at z<0.04
All emission line galaxies
nuclearStar-formation
AGN
Conclusion: LSBG have a smaller AGN fraction than HSBG, and a comparable or even higher fraction of nuclear star-formation
robust results: the same data set and analysis algorithm
47% consistent with the result of Ho (1997)
Dependence of AGN fraction on size of galaxy
physical size of galaxies (kpc)
AGN tend to reside in galaxies of larger size
AGN fraction
Dependence of AGN fraction on central stellar velocity dispersion
Central stellar velocity dispersion
AGN tend to reside in galaxies with larger central σ For both LSBG and HSBG
LSBG HSBG
AGN fraction in LSBG depends on size of galaxy central stellar velocity dispersion ( of bulges)
Since bulge and disk scale length are correlated (Galaz. 2006), galaxies with more massive bulges have a higher AGN fraction consistent with result for general AGN (e.g.Kauffmann et al. 2003) Reason for different AGN fraction btw. LSBG/HSBG: they occupy different parts of the bulge distribution for given mo
rphological types of galaxies LSBG: lower end of bulge distribution low AGN chance HSBG: higher end of bulge distribution high AGN chance But possibly not due to disk surface brightness
hinted from observations but should be tested explicitly
What causes the difference in AGN fraction between LSBG and HSBG?
Some properties of AGN in LSBG
Vast majority are weak, low-luminosity AGN L[OIII]<1040erg/s
Less dust extinction than HSBG nuclei, based on Balmer decrement of narrow lines, for both AGN and nuclear HII
Lower electron density of narrow line region than that of HSBG AGN ([SII]6717/[SII]6731 line ratio)
Both types found, radio-loud (~20%) and radio-quiet
Kinematics of NLR
The same as AGN in normal HSBG, the kinematics of NLR traces well the galactic bulge potential
Cen
tral
ste
llar
V
disp
ersi
on
Width of narrow line ([NII])
black hole growth in LSBG
3 LSBG AGN with detected broad Ha emission line
Bla
ck h
ole
m
ass
Central stellar V dispersion
Tremaine et al. (2002)
HSBG with AGN follow the well known M-σ relation for normal galaxies
Is SMBH-galaxy co-evolution also happening in LSBG?How do black holes grow in LSBG? More data are needed!
M-σ relation
conclusion I -- demography of nuclear activity in LSBG
Emission-line nuclei are common (68%), mostly star-forming nuclei (52%)
Similarity to HSBG: AGN found in a wide range of morphological types from Sa
to latter types. Interacting galaxies have the highest fraction AGN tend to reside in galaxies with larger/massive bulges
difference in AGN fraction btw LSBG and HSBG Overall fraction of AGN in LSBG is ~15%, smaller than
~40% for normal HSBG may be due to different bulge distribution for the same
morphological type likely NOT due to the difference in disk surface brightness
conclusion II -- AGN properties
some similar properties to AGN in HSBG NLR kinematics traces well the bulge gravitational potential Both radio-loud and radio-quiet (similar fraction)
Differences from AGN in HSBG Less nuclear dust extinction lower electron density of NLR
More data are needed to constrain BH and bulge growth in LSBG
Questions raised
How do SMBH grow in LSBG, which experience little or no merging?
Are all SMBH grow via galaxy merging?
Next step
Deep imaging of LSBG for bulge/disk decomposition (using the YNAO Lijiang 2.4m)
Distribution of black hole mass and Eddington ratio Better constraint to the BH growth and M-σrelation for L
SBG Select new LSBG samples from SDSS and other imagi
ng survey data
Thank you for your attention