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NOTICES

When Government drawings, specifications, or other data kre used for anypurpose other than in connection with a definitely Government-relatedprocurement, the United States Government incurs no responsibility or anyobligation whatsoever. The fact that the Government may have formulated or inany way supplied the said drawings, specifications, or other data, is not tobe regarded by implication, or otherwise in any manner construed, as licensingthe holder or any other person or corporation; or as conveying any rights orpermission to manufacture, use, or sell any patented invention that may in anyway be related thereto.

The voluntary, fully informed consent of the subjects used in thisresearch was obtained as required by APR 169-3.

The animals involved in this study were procured, maintained, and used inaccordance with the Animal Welfare Act and the "Guide for the Care and Use ofLaboratory Animals" prepared by the Institute of Laboratory Animal Resources -National Research Council.

The Office of Public Affairs has reviewed this report, and it isreleasable to the National Technical Information Service, where it will beavailable to the general public, including foreign nationals.

This report has been reviewed and is approved for publication.

roje rin t

RICHARD L. MILLER, Ph.D.Chief, Crew Technology Division

i Form ApprovedREPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE OMI Nom 0701o88

mHPublic reporting burden for tis colctOn oInorman is estima to average I how per r o Indudfng the time for reviewiwn Instructons, searching eisnog dma sourcsgathering a o a€l taiin gthdel data neededland comie..ng and reviewdg the collection of m a . Sendcomment regardlng this burden estimteor any Othespect of thiscolactin of Intom •ntion, n ng s.ugge or reducing this burden, to Was9hngton eaquarter Servces. DireCtorat for m ion Opertis and Report. 1215 sO s Highway. Suite 1204. ArlUngto. vi 22202-402. and to the Offie of Management and udget. Perork educt Project (0704-0M.Wash.ngton DC 20S03.

1. AGENCY USE ONLY (Leave blank) 2. REPORT DATE 3. REPORT TYPE AND DATES COVERED

I July 1993 Final - M 1989 to November 19924. TITLE AND SUBTITLE • S. FUNDING NUMBERS

Aircrew/Groundcrew Life Support Systems Research C - F33615-89-C-0603Volume 2: CLIN 0002 Task Order Requirements PE - 62202F

PR - 79306 AUTHOR(S) TA - 17

James T. Webb and Robert N. Krutz, Jr. MU - 07

7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) S. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION

KRUG Life Sciences, Incorporated REPORT NUMBER

San Antonio DivisionP.O. Box 790644San Antonio, TX 78279-0644

9. SPONSORING IMONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 10. SPONSORING /MONITORING

Armstrong Laboratory (AFMC) AGENCY REPORT NUMBER

Crew Systems Directorate AL-TR-1993-0012-VOL-2Crew Technology Division2504 D Drive, Suite 1Brooks Air Force Base. TX 78235-5104

11. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES

Armstrong Laboratory Technical Monitor: Larry J. Meeker (210) 536-3337.

12a. DISTRIBUTION /AVALABUT STATEMENT 12b. DISTRIBUTION CODE

Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.

13. ABSTRACT (Maximum 200 words)

USAF Contract F33615-89-C-0603 (SOW Section 3.3; CLIN 0002) with KRUG Life Sciences,Incorporated, San Antonio Division, supported the Armstrong Laboratory by providing forresearch in the form of professional and technical personnel, resources, and when required,facilities necessary to accomplish task orders for research, development, test, and evaluation(RDT&E) to include, but not be limited to, the following topics: Chemical defense,experimental aeromedical and casualty care equipment laboratory support, biochemicallaboratory support, test studies and evaluations, system integration/equipment modification,equipment design package, independent engineering tests, equipment fabrication, design anddevelopment, computer programs, specialized and unique R&D laboratory facilities, andaltitude research. This final report provides summaries of objectives and accomplishmentsincluding citations and abstracts for the publications documenting the work. AL-TR-1993-0012-VOL-i is the final report for the CLIN 0001 portion of this contract.

14. SUBJECT TERMS IS. NUMBER OF PAGESLife support, anti-G suit, chemical defense, biochemistry, 48GLOC, spatial disorientation, acceleration 16. PRICE CODE

17. SECURITY CASSIFICATION B. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION 1t. SECURNI CASSIFICATION 20. LIMITATION OF ABSTRACT

OF REPORT OF THIS PAGE OF ABSTRACT

Unclassified Unclassified Unclassified ULNIN 7540412040 Standard Form 296 (Rev. 2-89)

Prescrnbed by AMU Sid 13z-1e2".0S

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PZrNZ ~and &3iZ *iJWL= T v

LIST OF SYMBOLS. ABBREVIATIONS. AND ACRONYMS . . . . . . . . .- . . . . . Vi

PRTAs.&, INTEDU.CZ.QI . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . 1

PRTLDB2 SUMMIARY OF OBJECTIVES AND ACCOMPLISHMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . 3

note: Task Order Numbers 0006, 0007, 0011, 0022, 0025, 0027, 0029,and 0033 were not activated.

3.1 Task 0001, ATAGS Anti-G Suit Fabrication o . . . . . . 3

3.2 Task 0002, Psychoacoustic Support - AOI . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

3.3 Task 0003, Regulated Emergency Oxygen System (REOS) . . o o o . 5

3.4 Task 0004, 3 Chamber Defrost System Replacement . . . . . . . . 5

B.5 Task 0005, Breathing Resistance Testing/Mask VentilationTolerance . . . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. . 6

B.8 Task 0008, Heart Period Variability Study . . . . . . . . .0. 7

3.9 Task 0009, Neurochemi~cal Correlates of Aerospace Stress ... . 7

3.10 Task 0010, Bends Susceptibility . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 10

3.12 Task 0012, USAFSAI4 Centrifuge Repair . . . . . . . . . . ... . 11

3.13 Task 0013, Metabolic Monitoring of Hypobaric Research Subjects . 11

3.14 Task 0014, Operational Thermal Stress Fatigue Predictions . . . 12

t.15 Task 0015, Skeletal Muscle Respiratory Function Analysis . . . . 12

3.16 Task 0016, Neurochemistry of Photic Entrainment . . . . . . . . 12

8.17 Task 0017, Support of Auditory Spatial Orientation DisplayDevelopment . . * . . . . . . . ......... . . . . 13

3.18 Task 0018, Neuropharmacology of Light-Induced Gene Expressionin the Suprachiasmatic Nucleus. .....................14

3.19 Task 0019, CUD Research Support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

3.20 Task 0020, Chamber 9 Chiller System Modification .. ............. 16

3.21 Task 0021, Non-radioactive Method for the In Situ Quantitationof Specific Messenger RNA using Colloidal Gold . . . 16

3.23 Task 0023, Support of Visual Spatial Orientation DisplayDevelopment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . 17

3.24 Task 0024, Acquisition of Physiological Data During 0-LOC . . . 19

5.26 Task 0026, NASA Anti-G Suit Design, Development, andFabrication . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. ... 22

3.28 Task 0028, Aerospace Cardiovascular Research . . . . . . . . . . 25

iii

3.30 Task 0030, Spatial Disorientationt Visual Flig79t Simulation . . 25

3.31 Task 0031, Support for Development of Visual and AuditoryDisplays of Spatial Orientation Information . . . .. 25

5.32 Task 0032, IPB Mission Ergonomics and Stress .... .......... .. 27

B.34 Task. 0034, Improved ATAGS Anti-C Suits for Flight Test ........ 28

B.35 Task 0035, Acquisition of Physiological Data During G-LOC;Phase II . . . . . . . . . . ....... . . . . . 28

8.36 Task 0036, Neuropharmacology of Light-Induced Gene Expressionin the Suprachiasmatic Nucleus: Phase II ........ .. 29

B.37 Task 0C37, Additional Improved ATAGS Anti-G Suits forFlight Test ..................... 31

PART C: BILIORAPHY . . . ........................ 33

RTD AUTHOR coss- NC . . . . . . . ............... . 37

iv

PREFACE

KRUG Life Sciences, Incorporated, has provided scientific, engineering, andtechnical support for the Armstrong Laboratory in accordance with task orderrequirements under CLIN 0002 of USAF Contract #F33615-89-C-0603. This finalreport provides summaries of objectives and accomplishments including citationsand abstracts for the publications documenting the work. Reports which werenot published in the open literature or as USAF Technical Reports or TechnicalPapers have been presented to the Armstrong Laboratory Technical Monitor forinclusion in the contract file or as attachments to equipment manuals whereappropriate.

The following authors contributed substantially to the contractual effortby publishing the results of their efforts: Mr. F. A. Aldape, Dr. Melchor J.Antunano, Dr. Deborah L. Armstrong, Ms. Nancy J. Balkus, Ms. Judy L. Barber,Mr. Douglas J. Coffee, Ms. Jemett L. Desmond, Mr. William R. Ercoline, Mr.Samuel Galindo Jr., Mr. John R. Garza, Ms. Kathryn Hart, Ms. Cristine L. Heaps,Mr. Richard A. Howard, Dr. Robert W. Krutz, Jr., Mr. Sean A. McLean, Mr. JohnOhlhausen, Dr. Robert M. Olson, Mr. Robert E. Simpson, Dr. Barbara J. Stegmann,Dr. Donald C. Teas, Dr. James T. Webb, Dr. Lisa F. Weinstein, and Ms. Janet F.Wiegman. The author cross-reference in Part D allows the reader to find thwtask report contributions of each author.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We appreciate the organizational suggestions from Ms. Marion Green of theEditing Services Branch and Capt Terrell E. Scoggins of the High AltitudeProtection Function, Armstrong Laboratory, and the typing support from Ms.Dorothy Baskin and Ms. Yolanda Harless.

Aoesiion pop-

NTIS GRA&IDTIC TABUnannounced QJustificatto:

7TIC QUALrI•TY I~2T Diet ribut ton/Availability 60d99

DIDt•••/Speoialv , 1 I or

LIST OF SYMBOLS, ABBREVIATIONS, AND ACRONYMS

AOX Acoustic Orientation Instrument

AL Armstrong Laboratory (formerly USAFSAM)

ATAGS Advanced Technology Anti-G Suit

CFB Cerebral Blood Flow

DCS Decompression Sickness

G-LOC G-Induced Loss of Consciousness

BUD Head-Up Display

LIS Launch-Entry Suit

MSOGS Molecular Sieve Oxygen Generating System

RASP National Aerospace Plane

RDT&Z Research, Development, Test, and Evaluation

REAGS Reentry Anti-G Suit

ROS Regulated Emergency Oxygen System

SAC Small Animal Centrifuge

SON Suprachiasmatic Nucleus

SOAR Space Operations and Applications Research

USAF United States Air Force

USAFSAN United States Air Force School of Aerospace Medicine

VGE Venous Gas EmbolL

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AIRCPZW/GROWIDCP.W LINK SUPPORT SYSTU|S RNSKARCH

VOLUNB 2: CLIN 0002 TASK ORD3R RNQUZRZKKNTS

PART A:

INTRODUCTION

James T. Webb-and Robert W. Krutz, Jr.

USA" Contract F33615-89-C-0603 (SOW Section 3.3; CLIN 0002) with KUUGLife Sciences, Incorporated, supported the Crew Technology Division, ArmstrongLaboratory, by providing for research support in the form of professional andtechnical personnel, resources, and when required, facilities necessary toaccomplish task orders for research, development, test and evaluation (RDT&U),to include, but not be limited to the following topics: chemical defense,experimental aeromedical and casualty care equipment, laboratory support,biochemical laboratory support, test studies and evaluations, systemintegration/equipment modification, equipment design package, independentengineering tests, equipment fabrication, design and development, computerprograms, specialized and unique R&D laboratory facilities, and altituderesearch. This final report is a summary of the contract CLIN 0002 objectivesand accomplishments.

PART B:

SUMMARY OF OBJECTIVES AND ACCOMPLISHMEb'

Notes The objective (or a summary of the objective and description ofwork) and accomplishments for each task order are presented here in thesame sequence as the task order numbers. Task Order Numbers 0006, 0007,0011, 0022, 0025, 0027, 0029, and 0033 were not activated and aretherefore omitted in this outline system to facilitate subparagraphnumbering synonymous with Task Order Numbering.

L�Task.00., ATAGS Anti-G Suit Fabrication

B.1.1 ObjectiveKRUG Life Sciences, Incorporated, was tasked to produce 12 ATAGSsuits incorporating the modifications as specified under theDescription of Work section and any other modifications requiredfor centrifuge and flight test evaluation. KRUG was also tosupport the centrifuge testing of these suits and make furtheradjustments and modifications of the advanced technology anti-Gsuit (ATAGS) suits as defined during testing.

B.1.2 AccomplishmentsThe ATAGS suits were constructed and tested as described in thefollowing technical report.

Simpson RE, Ohlhausen J. Advanced technology anti-G suit(ATAGS) fabrication. (Limited distribution)USAPSAM-TR-90-32. 1990:65pp.

Abstract (abstract [only] released from distributionlimitation): "The development and testing of twelveextended coverage G-suits is addressed in this report.These suits were proven superior to the current CSU-13/BPsuits at Edwards AFS during flight trials in 1988.Utilizing the comments from the pilots in the 1988 flighttrials, the suits discussed in this report improved comfort,donning/doffing and mobility without sacrificingperformance. An account of the conceptual, developmentaland testing stages of the extended coverage G-suits, i.e.,the Advanced Technology Anti-G Suit (ATAGS), is provided."

Tas 0 Psvchoacoustic Suooort - AOL

8.2.1 ObjectiveKRUG Life Sciences, Incorporated, was tasked to provide thescientific quality control needed to efficiently select a set ofcandidate auditory displays that will be evaluated for possibleuse in aircraft. This work is to directly support thedevelopment and evaluation of the Acoustic OrientationInstrument (AOI) by the USAF School of Aerospace Medicine.

B.2.2 AccomplishmentsThe results of this effort are described in the followingreports.

Lyons TJ, Gillingham KK, Teas DC, Ercoline WR, Oakley C. Theeffects of acoustic orientation cues on instrument flightperformance in a flight simulator. AGARD, ConferenceProceedings No. 478, Situational Awareness in Aerospace

3

Operations, L-6, Copenhagen, Denmark 1989. Aviat. SpaceEnviron. Mod. 1990;61:699-706.

Abstract: "An initial version of an acoustic orientationinstrument (AOI), in which airspeed was displayed as soundfrequency, vertical velocity as amplitude modulation rate,and bank angle an right-left lateralization, was evaluatedin a T-40 (Link GAT-3) motion-based simulator. In thisstudy, 15 pilots and 3 non-pilots were taught to use the AOland flew simulated flight profiles under conditions ofneither visual nor auditory instrumentation (NO INPUT), AOIsignals only (AOI), T-40 simulator instrumentation only(VISUAL), and T-40 simulator instrumentation with AOIsignals (BOTH). Bank control under AOI conditions wassignificantly better than under the NO INPUT condition forall flying tasks. Bank control under VISUAL conditions wassignificantly better than under the AOI condition onlyduring turning and when performing certain complex secondarytasks. The pilots' ability to use the AOI to controlvertical velocity and airspeed was less apparent. However,during straight-and-level flight, turns, and descents theAOI provided the pilots with sufficient information tomaintain controlled flight. Factors of potential importancein using sound to convey aircraft attitude and motioninformation are discussed."

Teas DC. Review of audition literature: Selection of acousticsignals for use in the synthesis of auditory space.USAFSAM-TR-90-33. 1990:34pp.

Abstract: "The purpose of this review is to aid pilot interestin psychoacoustics that seem particularly relevant to theproblem of synthesizing auditory space and presentinginformation within it. Included is a historical backgroundwith an orientation toward contemporary psychoacousticinformation. Appendix A lists, with descriptors, thejournal articles reviewed. Appendix 3 is a bibliography."

Teas DC, Ercoline WR, Lyons TJ, Gillingham IX. TheDiscriminability of Aircraft State Mediated by AcousticCues. (Abstract) Aviat. Space Environ. Med. 1990;61:505.

Abstract: "INTRODUCTION: Incidents of pilot disorientationmight be reduced if the state of the aircraft could be madeimmediately evident, for example, by acoustic rather than byvisual signals. METHODS: Voltages representing airspeed,bank angle and vertical velocity from a T-40 Link Trainerwere used to drive a special purpose Acoustic OrientationInstrument (AOI). Repetition rate of a square wave wasdependent upon airspeed, interneural intensity difkerencewas dependent upon bank angle, and an asymmetrical amplitudemodulation was dependent upon vertical velocity. Fifteensubjects were tested, 3 of whom were naive non-pilots.Subjects flew three conditions (primary tasks): levelflight, level right turn at 300 bank, level descent at 1000ft/m. These conditions were flown with NO INPUT, AOI only,VISUAL (the T-40 instruments) and, for the secondexperiment, BOTH visual and auditory. In the secondexperiment, subjects performed two additional (secondary)tasks: (1) change radio frequency and then the ttanspondetcode and (2) looking up a radio frequency a'id changin4 tothat frequency. RULTS: The ASS proyided usefulinformation about airspeed and bank angle. Thirteen Soperformed within 30 with respect to bank angle. The use of

4

both the AO1 and VISUAL inputs led to some degradation inperformance for the more difficult secondary task."

Tas 0 Reaulated Zmeraencv Oxvaen System (REOS0

8.3.1 ObjectiveKRUG Life Sciences, Incorporated, was tasked to deliver aprototype R3O8 based on the furnished general design descriptionand figures. KRUG Life Sciences, Incorporated, was to supportall testing and evaluation of this system and make furthermodifications as defined during testing.

8.3.2 AccomplishmentsZhe results of this effort are described in the followingtechnical paper.

Balkus NJ, Had* 3W, Ohlhausen J. Regulated Emergency OxygenSystem. AL-TP-1992-0041. 1993:34pp.

Abstract "This paper describes the accomplishments of theRegulated Emergency Oxygen System (ROS) task. A trueemergency secondary oxygen system is ionexistent in currentaircraft. The current system is inadequate in regulatingpressure, is ineffective at altitudes below 10,000 ft andprovides no option except to activate the emergency oxygenbottle if a malfunction of the primary regulator occurs.The ROS concept alleviates these inadequacies by providingan option to select a secondary regulated oxygen source,rather than the emergency bottle, if there is a malfunctionof the primary regulator. Also of significance is thataltitude protection has been incorporated in the REOS. Thecontent of this paper provides greater details as to thebackground, development, and testing of the ROS."

Tas 0004. Chamber Defrost System Reolacement

3.4.1 ObjectiveKRUG Life Sciences, Incorporated, was tasked to prepare for theZ chamber defrost system reactivation by designing, fabricating,installing, and testing components of a cooliig coLl defrostsystem to interface with existing cooling coils associated withChamber 9 in Building 160. The system was to include theoperation of the ventilatLon/cLrculatLon fan, the warm-aLrsystem, and a system to view and store control data in realtime.

3.4.2 AccomplishmentsA hydraulic system was installed to interface with Chamber 9 inBuilding 160. The final report consisted of four engineeringdrawings (BHC-PD-0901-1, BHC-PD-0901-2, BHC-AL-0902-1,BHC-AL-0906-1) and documentation (pump manuals included in thetechnical manuals) for the hydraulic system installed under thistask. The drawings and documentation were delivered to AL/CFTS(USAFSAM/VNS) and are located in Building 160 with thedocumentation for Chamber 9 (B Chamber; earlier nomenclature).

5

L. ITask 0005, Breathino Resistance Testino/Mask Ventilation Tolerance

B.5.1 ObjectiveKRUG Life Sciences, Incorporated, was tasked to conduct a study,using contractor-furnished subjects, to assess physiologicalresponses to varying levels of breathing resistance.

B.5.2 AccomplishmentsThe results of this effort are discussed in the followingreport.

Antunano MJ, Constable SH. Human response wearing the MCU-2/Pgroundcrew chemical defense mask. (Abstract) Aviat. SpaceEnviron. Med. 1991;62:471.

Abstract: "INTRODUCTION. Resistance to breathing is a factorthat determines individual tolerance to physical work whilewearing a protective mask. The purpose of this study was todetermine physiological and psychological effects of wearingthe MCU-2/P mask. METHODS. Three mask configurations (MC)were tested: I) mask+l filter, II) mask+2 filters, and III)mask+l filter+powered ai: blower (-3.8 cfm). Six subjectswere tested pedaling a bicycle ergometer at 2 consecutiveworkloads (60 & 120 watts). Each MC was tested at bothworkloads (5 min for each MC) for a total of 30 min.Physiological variables included heart rate, respiratoryrate, minute volume, and inspiratory resistance. Rating ofperceived exertion (RPE) and perceived inspiratory andexpiratory effort were also measured. RESULTS. Heartrates, respiratory rates, minute volumes and RPE's showed adirect relationship with workload intensity but norelationship with any MC. As expected, the lowestinspiratory resistance was observed with MC-III, followed byMC-II and MC-I. Subjects experienced less breathing effortwith MC-Ill, followed by a more modest reduction ofbreathing effort with MC-II. CONCLUSIONS. The bestapproach to reduce the physiological and psychologicalburden imposed by the MCU-2/P mask is to provide poweredventilation to the filter canister. Unfortunately, thiscreates some logistical problems during military operations.On the other hand, a more practical approach to cope withthis problem may be to simply attach a second filtercanister to the mask (even though this is comparatively lesseffective than using a powered air blower)."

Antunano MJ, Chen YT, Constable SH. Acute physiologicalresponses while wearing various configurations of the MCU-2/P groundcrew chemical defense mask. AL-TR-1991-0138.1992:28pp.

Abstract: "Resistance to breathing is a major factor thatdetermines individual tolerance to physical work whilewearing a protective mask. This study evaluated some of theacute effects associated with the use of the MCU-2/P mask.METHODS. Three MCU-2/P mask configurations (MC) weretested: mask + 1 filter (MCU-lF), mask + 2 filters inparallel (MCU-2F), and mask + 1 filter + air blower (MCU-lAB). The air blower provided 65 L-min-1 (2.3 cfm) ofambient air through the filter. Five subjects pedaled acycle ergometer at 2 workloads (60 & 120 watts). Each MCwas tested consecutively for 5 min under each workload, fora total of 30 min per experiment. Each subject repeated theexperiment three times while randomizing the mask/workloadtest order. Variables measured included heart rate,

6

respiratory rate, tidal volume, minute volume, inspiratory& expiratory mask cavity pressures, perceived inspiratory &expiratory effort, and overall breathing discomfort.RESULTS. The lowest inspiratory resistance was observedwith the MCU-lAB, followed by the MCU-2F and MCU-lF.Subjects experienced less breathing effort and discomfortwith the MCU-lAB, followed by a more modest reduction withthe MCU-2F. Heart rates, respiratory rates, tidal volumes,and minute volumes showed no correlation with the threelevels of inspiratory resistance, but were related toworkload. CONCLUSIONS. The best approach to reduce therespiratory burden imposed by the MCU-2/P mask is to providepowered ventilation through the filter. Unfortunately, thisapproach creates logistical problems. A more practicalapproach may simply be to attach a second filter canister tothe mask."

B.8 Task 0008. Heart Period Variability Study

B.8.1 ObjectiveKRUG Life Sciences, Incorporated, was tasked to deliver andinterpret heart period data from vagal tone monitoring, andsupport publication of data results. A written analysis was tobe provided, including methodology and interpretation of theASCII-format heart period data files. The files consisted ofR-R interval data on 8 subjects, 3 flights each, monitored for30 minutes each.

B.8.2 AccomplishmentsThe results of this effort are discussed in a report deliveredto the Systems Research Branch of the Crew Technology Divisionwhich discusses a study of heart period variability during rapiddecompression to 50,000 feet.

L.92 Task 0009. Neurochemical Correlates of Aerospace Stress

B.9.1 ObjectiveKRUG Life Sciences, Incorporated, was tasked to perform therequired research in a biochemical analysis laboratory for thepurpose of determining neurochemical correlates of aerospacestressors. This effort was to include the operation andmaintenance of Waters HPLC units and other neurochemical/physiological analysis equipment.

B.9.2 AccomplishmentsTechnical support was provided for data acquisition resulting inthe following papers.

Rea MA. Light increases fos-related protein immunoreactivity inthe rat suprachiasmatic nuclei. Brain Res. Bull.1989;23:577-81.

Werchan PM, Shahed AR. Brain biochemical factors related to G-LOC. Physiology. 1992;35:143-6.

The results of this technical support effort are included in thefollowing papers.

7

Rea MA, Michel AM. Phase-specific distribution of light-inducedfoe immunoreactivity in the SCN. Soc. Neurosci. Abstr.1990;16:771.

Abstracts "Male, Syrian hamsters were housed individually inactivity cages and maintained under constant darkness for atleast 10 days. Hamsters were exposed to 15 min of whitelight (33 lux) at either circadian time (CT)6, CT13 or CT1B.Light exposure at these times resulted in phase shifts ofthe free running activity rhythm or -0.12 * 0.12 hrs (noshift), -1.0 ± 0.2 hr. (phase delay) and +1.9 * 0.8 hrs(phase advance), respectively. Two hours after stimulation,groups of hamsters (n-8) were anesthetized and perfused with4% paraformaldehyde. Serial 70 micron-thick sectionscontaining the SCN were immunostained. for c-fos protein(FOS) using antiserum provided by Dr M. ladarola (NIDR).Light exposure at both CT13 and CT18 resulted in theappearance of FOS-immunoreactive (FOS-ir) cell nuclei in thesuprachiasmatic hypothalamus. In CT13 animals, FOS-ir cellswere confined to the SCN and concentrated within theventrolateral aspect of the nucleus. In contrast, FOSimmunostaining was more widespread in CT18 animals, withFOS-ir cells present throughout the SCN and extendingdorsally into the surrounding hypothalamus. Stimulation atCT6 did not increase FOS-ir in the SCN. These data indicatethat (1) c-fos expression in the SCN occurs in associationwith light-induced alterations in pacemaker activity and (2)different populations of cells in the suprachiasmatichypothalamus are activated by retinal illumination at phasedelay and phase advance times. Supported by AFOSR 2312W6(MAR)."

Shahed AR, Aldape FA, Barber JA, Werchan PM. Physiological andMetabolic Changes During Gravity (+Gz) Induced Loss ofConsciousness (G-LOC) in Rat Brain. (Abstract) Soc.Neurosci. Abstr. 1990;16:993.

Abstract: "High sustained or rapid onset of +Gz is known tocause G-LOC in pilots of high performance aircraft withpotentially grave consequences. Relatively little is knownabout G-LOC and so approaches to its prevention are limited.In the present study a small animal centrifuge (SAC) wasused to investigate the neurophysiological mechanism of G-LOC. Rats with surgically implanted electrodes for EEG, ECGand heart rate were loaded on a SAC equipped with a freezeblowing device. Control rats received identical surgicaltreatment but were not centrifuged. Rats were centrifugedfor 30s at 1 to 32.5 Gz to determine G-tolerance and timefor G-LOC to occur. Brains were frozen immediately (group1), or 30-60s (group 2) after G exposures and analyzed forenergy metabolites. At 25 ± 1 Gz (n-19), G-LOC was ob-served within 17 ± le and EEG remained isoelectric for 15-24.. Brain glucose decreased (70%) in group 1 and remainedunchanged in group 2 over controls. Brain lactate increased2-2.5 fold over control in both groups. ATP and creatinephosphate levels decreased and AMP, ADP and adenosine levelsincreased significantly in both groups. This is the firstreport to show metabolic changes during G-LOC. Inves-tigations continue to determine if these and/or otherchanges contribute to G-LOC."

Shahed AR, Barber JA, Aldape FA, Werchan PM. Accelerationinduced effects on baboon blood chemistry. (Abstract)Aviat. Space Environ. Med. 1991;62:463.

8

Abstract: "INTRODUCTION. The phenomenon of G-induced loss ofconsciousness (G-LOC) is well recognized in pilots of highperformance aircraft. A complete understanding of themechanism of G-L;OC is essential to prevent G-LOC and itspotential effects on pilots. In this study, effects ofmultiple +Gz exposures on baboon blood chemistry aredescribed. METHODS. Adult baboons (n-4) were anesthetizedwith ketamine and a heparinized PE 250 catheter was insertedinto the jugular vein and connected to a syringe pump. EEGand XCG electrodes were attached the next day. The baboonswere loaded on the USAFSAM centrifuge and exposed to 2, 4and 6 +Gz for 30s with 15 min rest period after each run.The last exposure consisted of 4 consecutive runs of 4 +Gzfor 15s each. Blood samples (3 ml) were collected before,during, 5 and 15 min after each run and for 3 additional hrsat 30 min interval after the last run. Samples wereanalyzed for blood gases, pH, creatine kinase activity,glucose, lactate and pyruvate. RESULTS. All 4 baboonsexperienced G-LOC at 6 G, 10 to 15s after the onset. Bloodglucose, lactate and p02 tended to decrease during the runfollowed by an increase during recovery. There were slightvariations in pH and pCO2 but creatine kinase activity andpyruvate levels remained unchanged. CONCLUSION. The datashow that during +Gz exposure glucose metabolism is altered.However, more work is needed to examine if any of thesechanges contribute to or are associated with G-LOC."

Werchan PM, Barber JA, Aldape FG, Shahed AR. Effect of a singlehigh acceleration exposure of rats in a small animalcentrifuge (SAC) on brain physiology and energy metabolism.(Abstract) J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 1991;2(Suppl.2):5457.

Abstract: "Introduction: The problem of +Gz (head-to-foot)induced loss of consciousness (G-LOC) occurs occasionally inpilots of high performance aircraft, at or above +5 Gz, andresults in about 12-15s of total and 169 of partialincapacitation (1). G-LOC presumably results from thediversion of cerebral blood flow towards the lowerextremities. A centrifuge is used to study effects of highsustained G and G-LOC in humans. Additionally, strainingmaneuvers and G-protective garments are used to enhanceG-tolerance of pilots. However, factors which contribute toG-LOC and its acute and/or chronic effects on brainphysiology and metabolism remain unknown. This reportpresents an animal model to allow investigation of the G-LOCphenomenon at the cellular level. Methods: A 5' diameter,51 tall SAC, capable of achieving +85 G, with +20 G/9 onsetand offset acceleration rate was used. The SAC is fullycomputer controlled and has 8 channels for data collection.The SAC has two tissue collection devices, a freeze brainblower and a 2450 MHz, 10 kW microwave heat inactivationsystem. Fully awake, male Sprague-Dawley rats (250-450g)with previously implanted EEG and ECG electrodes (underhalothane anesthesia) were placed in a restrainer andsecured on the SAC arm. Control rats (n-5) were exposed tobase +1 Gz force for 30s and the brains were collected byfreeze blowing on plates precooled in liquid N2.Experimental groups (n-5-7) were exposed to lOs at base +Gzand 30s at +25G except the G-LOC group. Brains werecollected at the onset of G-LOC, end of the run and 1, 3,and 15 min after the run. G-LOC was defined as the pointwhere EEG was isoelectric. Perchloric acid brain extractswere analyzed for glycolytic intermediates (enzymatic

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methods) and high energy metabolites by ion pair reversephase HPLC. Results: The data show that G-LOC was elicitedafter 14.5 + 3s at +25 Gz and EEG remained isoelectric foran additional 15-34s depending on the time of braincollection. Heart rate was significantly lower immediatelyafter the 30s run than before. A significant increase inbrain lactate, and a decrease in Cr-phos and ATP levelsduring and 1 min after G-LOC was observed. However, Cr-Phos,and ATP returned to control levels after 3 min and lactateby 15 min after the run respectively. The concentration ofadenosine, a vasodilator, increased significantly overcontrol. There was no significant change in glycogen level,but glucose concentration was lower than the control 1 minafter the run. ADP and AMP levels were slightly higher thanthe control. Discussion: This study suggests that the SACis a good tool to study effects of high +Gz on brainmetabolism in rats. This is the first report to showtransient changes in cerebral glucose and energy metabolisminduced by a single high G exposure. These metabolic changesare similar to the results obtained when anesthetized ratswere subjected to 15-60s of global ischemia by a 4-vesselocclusion model (unpublished observation). This suggeststhat G-LOC may result from transient global ischemia."

B.10 Task 0010, Bends Susceptibility

B.10.1 ObjectiveKRUG Life Sciences, Incorporated, was tasked to investigate fivehighly bends-susceptible and five highly bends-resistantindividuals. Blood samples were to be taken by the contractorand assayed for anaphylatoxin levels by two methods and thebetter of these methods was to be identified.

B.10.2 AccomplishmentsThe results of this effort are discussed in the followingtechnical report.

Webb JT, Pilmanis AA. Complement proteins and susceptibility toaltitude-induced decompression sickness. (Abstract) UnderseaBiomed. Res. 1992;19(Suppl.):52 and AL-TR-1992-0068.1992:16pp.

Abstract: "Previous work implicated activation of complementproteins C5a and C3a by venous gas emboli (VGE) in theetiology of decompression sickness (DCS). The currenteffort used enzyme-immunoassay (EIA) methodology in additionto the radio-immunoassay (RIA) method previously used todetermine the level of complement activation in blood plasmasamples exposed to bubbles of air. Eight healthy malesubjects who had histories of VGE-susceptibility whenexposed to simulated altitudes above 20,000 ft were includedin the study. Four subjects were DCS-resistant and fourwere DCS-susceptible. Ethylene-diamine-tetraacetic acid(EDTA) plasma samples from these subjects were split intoequal parts and incubated for 30 min in polypropylene tubesat 370 C. Test samples were incubated in the presence ofair bubbles, and control samples were incubated withoutbubbles. C3a (RIA) and iC3b (EIA) in bubbled samples wereactivated to levels of 386 ng/ml and 21.2 pg/ml(approximately 36% more than controls; p < 0.05).Significant activation of other proteins by bubbles orzymosan may have been inhibited by lack of sufficient

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magnesium due to use of BDTA. Results from this limitedsampling did not suggest a difference between complementactivation in DCS-susceptible subjects and DCS-resistantsubjects. The findings suggest a potential for use of ZIAmethodology in studying the effects of bubbles on humanplasma and stress the need for further study to clarify therequirement for magnesium ions by proteins of the complementpathways."

Ta12 0012. USAPSAM Centrifuog Repair

B.12.1 ObjectiveKRUG Life Sciences, Incorporated, was tasked to install, adjust,and test a new set of drive gears and necessary seals on theUSAFSAM Centrifuge to restore and/or improve this equipment tooriginal design specification goals by contract effort. KRUGLife Sciences, Incorporated, was to ensure that all work inassociation with this task was in accordance with Governmentrequirements to include proper centrifuge operation at theconclusion of the effort. Specifications per these Governmentrequirements was to be provided to KRUG Life Sciences,Incorporated, by the Government at the beginning of the taskorder.

B.12.2 AccomplishmentsThe drive gears were installed and tested as described above.Documentation of the calculations, engineering drawings,specifications, test results, and modifications accomplishedduring this effort are filed with the Armstrong LaboratoryCentrifuge Technical Orders which are kept in the centrifugedata collection area.

Ta lk 0013. Metabolic Monitoring of Hvoobaric Research Sublects

B.13.1 ObjectiveKRUG Life Sciences, Incorporated, was tasked to quantify themetabolic activity of subjects during isometric and isotonicexercise in order to develop individualized procedures forexercise performance during simulated high altitude exposures.

B.13.2 AccomplishmentsThe results of this effort are described in the followingtechnical report.

Wiegman JF, McLean SA, Olson RM, Pilmanis AA. Metabolicmonitoring of hypobaric research subjects. AL-TR-1991-0057.1993:44pp.

Abstract: "The objective of Task Order No. 0013, amendment toUSAP Contract No. F33615-89-C-0603, was to quantify themetabolic activity of subjects during isometric and isotonicexercise to develop procedures for individualized exerciseperformance during simulated high altitude exposures. Tosatisfy the stated objective, KRUG Life Sciences,Incorporated, performed the following tasks: 1) designedand instrumented a stack-weight machine suitable forisometric or isotonic exercise performed with the arm orlegs; 2) provided and operated an advanced metabolicmeasurement system capable of breath-by-breath analysis oflow-level oxygen consumption data; 3) provided foradministration of criterion tests for maximal oxygen

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consumption (VO2 max) and maximal voluntary contraction; 4)developed procedures for equating and individualizing theisometric and isotonic work by means of oxygen consumption(% of VO2max); and 5) provided procedures for trainingsubjects on the individual exercise programs."

B Tas 0014. Operational Thermal Stress Fatioue Predictions

B.14.1 ObjectiveKRUG Life Sciences, Incorporated, was tasked to accomplish athorough review of AFR 355-8 and supporting documents; makingrecommendations for revision of AFR 355-8.

B.14.2 AccomplishmentsThis effort reviewed A? Regulation 355-8 (work/rest cycleguidance in MOPP), current US Army guidance, and calculated newW/R cycle estimations using the MIPPS thermal model (ComfortTechnology, Inc.). The effects of both personal microclimatecooling and dehydration/fluid intake on physiologicalperformance were addressed. Some of this information waspresented in various formats for comparison purposes. Anattempt was also made to extrapolate the predicted level of heatstorage to estimates of thermal casualties. Selectedinformation from this work will be included in a forthcomingtechnical report which will recommend revisions to APR 355-8.

1 ITask 0015. Skeletal Muscle Respiratory Function Analysis

B.15.1 ObjectiveKRUG Life Sciences, Incorporated, was tasked to provide a betterunderstanding of the physiology and potential pathophysiology ofthermal stress at the cellular level.

B.15.2 AccomplishmentsTechnical support was provided for acquisition of data whichwere incorporated in the following report.

Walters TJ, Constable SH. The effect of intermittent coldexposure on the fiber type composition of selected skeletalmuscles in rats. (Abstract) Med. Science. Sports Exerc.1991;23(Suppl.):S130.

.1 2 & Task 0016, Neurochemistry of Photic Entrainment

B.16.1 ObjectiveKRUG Life Sciences, Incorporated, was tasked to acquireneurophysiological data relating to the viability and structuralintegrity of the RHT and SCN in individual hypothalamic slices.

B.16.2 AccomplishmentsThe results of this effort are described in the followingtechnical report.

Armstrong DL, Hart K, Rea MA. Suprachiasmatic nucleus responsesto retinohypothalamic tract stimulation in a rat brain slicepreparation. AL-TP-1992-0008. 1992:20pp

Abstract: "Field potentials in the suprachiasmatic nucleus(SCN) were evoked by stimulation of the optic tract using anin vitro slice preparation of the rat hypothalamus.

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Stimulation of the contralateral optic nerve producedresponses that consisted of a short latency negative wavefollowed by a second, longer-lasting negative wave.Experiments conducted under low calcium conditions in theslice perfusate established that the second negative waverepresented potentials generated postsynaptically. Bothpro- and postaynaptic components of the response wereabolished in the presence of 1 pM tetrodotoxin. Bathapplication of 0.5 mM phaclofen increased the SCN responseamplitude. These results suggest that SCN neuron responsesto retinohypothalamic tract excitatory input are modulatedby ganmna-aminobutyric acid (GABA) B receptor activity."

.17 Task 0017. Suyvort of Auditory Spatial Orientation Display Development

8.17.1 ObjectiveKRUG Life Sciences, Incorporated, was tasked to conceive,generate, and psychophysically analyze candidate auditorydisplays that will be evaluated for possible use in aircraft.This work was to be directly in support of the development andevaluation of the Acoustic Orientatioi, Instrument (AOI) byUSAPSAM/VNBB.

8.17.2 AccomplishmentsThe results of this effort are described in the followingtechnical report.

Gillingham KK, Teas DC. Flight evaluation of an AcousticOrientation Instrument (AOI). (Abstract) Aviat. SpaceEnviron. Med. 1992;63:441.

Abstract: "INTRODUCTION: The AOI provides an auditory displayof primary flight parameters, in theory allowing the pilotto maintain spatial orientation while visually occupied withother tasks. A flight simulator-tested AOI, which displaysairspeed and vertical velocity as variable auditory images,and bank angle as lateralization of those images, wasevaluated in flight in a Beech Queen Air aircraft. METHODS:The performance of 8 instrument-rated pilots during fiveexperimental maneuvers (straight and level, 300 banked turn,steep turn, level-off from descent, and recovery from adisorienting and blind + AOI) was measured with respect toabsolute vertical velocity and bank angle deviations (mean,RMS, and variance). ANOVA and post-hoc statisticalcomparisons of the four conditions were accomplished.RESULTS: In all maneuvers the blind + AOI conditionresulted in significantly better (p<O.05) bank angle controlthan was obtained in the blind-only condition, and bankangle control in the blind + AOI condition was notsignificantly different from that obtained under either hoodcondition. Although vertical velocity control tended to bebetter in the blind + AOI than in the blind only conditionin most maneuvers, statistical significance was reached onlyin straight and level flight. CONCLUSION: The AOI enablesa pilot to maintain bank angle control in the absence ofvision. Its potential to aid in vertical velocity control isalso evident, but the vertical velocity display needs to beimproved."

Neubauer JC, Teas DC, Gillingham KK, Murphy P. Reference modeeffect on the auditory display of aircraft bank angle. AL-TR-1991-0121. 1992:36pp.

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Abstract: "This report describes a study which examined flightperformance of instrument-rated pilots using only anauditory bank angle display with outside-in and inside-outdisplay reference modes. In Part I, the subjects maintainedstraight and level flight of the T-40 simulator for 2 min.In Part II, the subjects returned the simulator to straightand level flight from a pseudo-random sequence of presetbank angles. Display reference mode made little differenceon performance; however, stimulus factors were found to beimportant determiners of an auditory frame of referencewithin which events are placed."

8.18 Task 0018. Neuropharmacologv of Light-Induced GeneExoression in theSuprachiasmatic Nucleus

B.18.1 ObjectiveKRUG Life Sciences, Incorporated, was tasked to conduct adetailed investigation of the neurochemical basis oflight-induced and optic nerve stimulation-induced geneexpression in the SCN of intact hamsters and rat brainhypothalamic slices, respectively. KRUG Life Sciences,Incorporated, was to be specifically concerned with the effectsof (1) excitatory amino acid agonists and antagonists, (2) GABAagonists and antagonists, and (3) cyclic nucleotide,phosphoinositide, and arachidonic acid derived second messengerson stimulated expression of the c-fos proto-oncogene using boththe in vivo and in vitro models. Finally, KRUG was to conductexperimentation concerning the biochemical nature of the daytimeperiod of insensitivity of the circadian pacemaker to lightstimulation.

B.18.2 Accomplishments

Technical support was provided for data acquisition resulting inthe following papers.

Rea MA. Different populations of cells in the suprachiasmaticnuclei express c-fos in association with light-induced phasedelays and advances of the free-running activity rhythm inhamsters. Brain Res. 1992;579:107-12. [T.O. 18]

Rea MA, Buckley B, Lutton LM. The neurochemical basis of photicentrainment of the circadian pacemaker. Proceedings of theFifth Annual Space Operations and Applications Research(SOAR '91) Symposium, NASA Conf. Pub. 3127. 1992;2:476-81.

Rea MA, Buckley B, Lutton LM. Local administration of EAAantagonists blocks light-induced phase shifts and c-fosexpression in the hamster SCN. Am. J. Physiol. 1993 (InPress].

The results of this effort are described in the followingreport.

Rea MA, Buckley B, Michel AM, and Lutton LM. Localadministration of CNQX attenuates light-induced phaseadvances of the circadian activity rhythm and fos expressionin the hamster SCN. (Abstract) Soc. Neurosci. Abstr.1991;17:668.

Abstract: "Male, Syrian hamsters were fitted with guidecannulas stereotaxically aimed at the SCN and were housed in

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constant darkness. Five minutes prior to photic stimulation(10 min pulse; 20-40 lux) at CT18.5, animals received 300 nlinjections of either 1 mM CNQX or vehicle into thesuprachiasmatic hypothalamus. Light pulses induced phaseadvances of 81 ± 8 min. Vehicle injections reduced shifts(p<O.01) by 33% to 54 ± 10 min. However, CNQX completelyblocked light-induced phase advances in most animals (12 ±9 min; n=9). Furthermore, CNQX reduced the number of c-fosprotein (FOS)-immunoreactive cells in the SCN of light-stimulated hamsters by 30% (p<0.05). This effect was mostpronounced on the side of the injection (329 1 63 vs 548 ±55 cells). Vehicle injections did not affect light-inducedc-fos expression in the SCN. These results are consistentwith the hypothesis that light-induced phase alterations ofthe SCN circadian pacemaker are mediated by excitatory aminoacids and may require the expression of FOS-dependent genes.Supported by AFOSR 2312W6 (MAR)."

.12 Tasll 0019. CWD Research Support

B.19.1 ObjectiveKRUG Life Sciences, Incorporated, was tasked to evaluate theoptimal effects of work/rest cycles, breathing resistance,protective ensemble modifications, and personal microclimatecooling on human performance. The two experimental approacheswere to include both in vivo human or small animal testing andcomputer modeling.

B.19,2 AccomplishmentsThe results of this effort are described in the followingreport.

Antunano MJ, Baumgardner FW, Chen YT, Constable SH.Characterization of chemical defense mask breathingresistance tolerances. AL-TP-1992-0061. 1993:44pp.

Abstract: "The purpose of this study was to evaluate theeffects of wearing MCU-2/P and M-17 groundcrew chemicaldefense masks during steady-state work. Five MCU-2/P maskconfigurations (MC) were tested: mask without filter (MCU-OF), mask + 1 filter (MCU-lF), mask + 2 filters (MCU-2F),mask + 1 filter + air blower A (MCU-ABA), and mask +1 filter+ air blower B (MCU-ABB). Ten subjects walked on atreadmill (3 mph - 5.0% grade) for 1 hr wearing each MC.Variables measured included inspiratory and expiratory maskcavity pressures (IMCP & EMCP), mask cavity pressure-swing(MCPS), peak inspiratory airflow rate (PIAFR), respiratoryrate (RR), peak tidal volume (PTV), minute volume (MV),heart rate (HR), rating of perceived exertion (RPE),perceived inspiratory and expiratory effort (PIE & PEE), andoverall breathing discomfort (OBD). Each MC wascharacterized by a significantly different IMCP. The MCU-ABA produced the lowest IMCP, while MCU-lF produced thehighest. The MCU-2F reduced inspiratory resistance by about47%. There were no significant differences in PIAFR, RR,PTV, MV, RPE, PIE, PEE and OBD among the various MC. Thenew MCU-2/P mask does improve total breathing resistanceover the standard M-17 mask. Neither mask should inducesignificant cardiorespiratory strain providing the physicalwork is of low intensity. A very effective (butlogistically difficult) approach to reduce the level ofinspiratory resistance imposed by the MCU-2/P mask is to

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provide powered ventilation as compared to the relativelysimple installation of a second filter."

Heaps CL, Howard RA, Constable SH. An exercising primate modelfor the evaluation of selected occupational stressors.(Abstract) Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 1992;24(Suppl.):S132.

Abstract: "The purpose of the present research was tocharacterize the physiological effects of some potentialmilitary stressors such as work and increased environmentalheat load in rhesus monkeys. This multi-dimensional primatemodel has been developed for safety and ethical reasons ashuman research in this area cannot always be performed.These primates (N-6) were behaviorally conditioned toexercise in a wheel ergometer at a3 METs. On separate days,each monkey attempted six work/rest cycles (10 min work:lmin rest) at 15, 25 and 35 DC (Ta), vapor pressure < 10 mmHg. Rectal temperature (Te), body weight (EW) and bloodsamples were taken immediately before and after exercise.Excessively high heat storage rates dictated that the 35 OCtrial be limited to three work/rest bouts. The change inT,, (mean * SE) during exercise was significantly differentin the 35 OC trial than during 15 and 25 eC (+1.69 ± 0.3 eCvs. -0.46 * 0.2 eC and +0.19 ± 0.2 °C, respectively). Sweatrate, as determined by the change in BW over time, wassignificantly greater during the 35 °C trial as compared tothe 15 and 25 OC trials (2.39 ± 0.2 vs. 0.97 ± 0.1 and 1.33* 0.1 g/min, respectively). No significant differences infasting blood glucose existed between trials. However, postblood glucose in the 35 OC trial differed significantly fromthe 15 and 25 OC values: a result of the shortened exercisetime. Pooled blood glucose levels (15 and 25 OC trials)significantly declined during exercise from 79.5 * 4.8 mg/dlto surprisingly low levels of 31.9 ± 3.5 mg/dl. Very modestincreases in blood lactate (A a 1-2 mmol) were observedindependent of environmental temperature. The findings ofthis study indicate that the increased heat storage observedat higher environmental heat loads appears to limit theamount of work these primates can perform, possibly theresult of a limited maximal sweat production capacity.Additionally, blood glucose following exercise decreased tolevels not typically seen in humans."

L Tas 0020, Chamber 9 Chiller System Modification

B.20.1 ObjectiveKRUG Life Sciences, Incorporated, was tasked to design,fabricate, install, and test a chiller system modification inChamber 9 to interface with the existing cooling coils. Thesystem was to include a cooling media defrost subsystem and achiller compressor control subsystem.

8.20.2 AccomplishmentsThe chiller system modification was accomplished anddocumentation on equipment and software was incorporated in theChamber 9 operating manuals.

Ta2 1 0021. Non-radioactive Method for the In Situ Quantitation of

Specific Messenoer RNA usina Colloidal Gold

5.21.1 Objective

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KRUG Life Sciences, Incorporated, was tasked to conduct studiesdirected toward the development of a nonradioactive techniquefor in situ quantitation of specific messenger RNA in brainslices using colloidal gold particles.

8.21.2 AccomplishmentsThe results of this effort are described in the followingtechnical paper.

van den Pol AN, Rybczinski R. Nonradioactive approaches to genedetection. AL-TP-1993-0007. 1993224pp.

Abstract: "Several now procedures for nonradioactive in situdetection of mRNA both in fixed histological sections and inliving cells were evaluated. The use of cDNA and cRKAprobes labeled with: (a) colloidal gold, *(b) the B-galreporter, (c) alkaline phosphatase, or (d) luciferase werecompared. Colloidal gold-labeled probes did not penetratetissue and were not suitable for quantitative in situdetection. None of the methods tested using fixed tissuegave results that approached the sensitivity and resolvingability of techniques employing radioactive probes.However, both alkaline phosphatase and luciferase-basedtechnologies show promise as potential reporters of geneexpression in living cells."

B T2 a 0023, SugOort of Visual Soatial Orientation Disolay DeveloOment

B.23.1 ObjectiveKRUG Life Sciences, Incorporated, was tasked to conceive,generate, and psychophysically analyze candidate visual displaysthat will be evaluated for possible use in aircraft. Inaddition, KRUG Life Sciences, Incorporated, was to providescientific expertise in support of inflight head-up display(HUD) and head-down display (HDD) research conducted incoordination with the USAFSAM and the USAF IFC.

B.23.2 AccomplishmentsThe results of this effort are described in the followingreports and publications.

Previc F, Weinstein L, Breitmeyer B. Visual attention andperception in three-dimensional space. AL-TR-1991-0119.1992:22pp.

Abstract: "The effects of shifting attention to targets in 3-dimensional (3-D) visual space were investigated. Theperceptibility of crossed-disparity (near) and uncrossed-disparity (far) targets located in the upper-left, upper-right, lower-left, and lower-right visual quadrants wasmeasured during attention shifts that were directed by meansof centrally presented arrows to the left or right, upper orlower, and near or far fields. Although left-rightattention cues produced the expected perceptibilitybenefits, upper-lower cues produced no benefits and near-farones produced attentional costs. The effect of shiftingattention along the up-down axis using peripheral cues wasalso investigated; in this case, significant benefits wereobtained, especially in the upper visual field. Theseresults and those from basic detectability experiments pointto the existence of important inhomogeneities in perceivingand attending to targets in 3-D visual space."

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Simpson C, Lyons T, Weinstein L, Previc F, Gillingham K. Theeffect of thumb and index finger control in overcoming avisual analogue of the giant hand illusion. (Abstract)Aviat. Space Environ. Med. 1991;62:495.

Abstract: "INTRODUCTION. Anecdotal evidence suggests that athumb and index finger grip might facilitate recovery fromthe giant hand phenomenon, a manifestation of spatialdisorientation in flight. METHODS. Sixteen pilotvolunteers used an F-16 side-arm force-stick controller toperform a roll-tracking task in a visual flight simulatorwith a 115x105-degree field of view. The subjects attemptedto maintain an unstable attitude display at perceived wings-level orientation under two different conditions; (1) thebackground scene moving (rolling) with the attitude display(congruent) and (2) the scene rotating independently of thedisplay (incongruent). The incongruent scene condition wassufficiently disorienting to create a semblance of the gianthand phenomenon. Control accuracy was tested alternatelywith a whole hand grip and the thumb and index finger grip.RESULTS. The incongruent visual scene produced a powerfulbias in all subjects' tracking behavior, ranging from 8 to25 degrees. Thumb and index finger control produced greaterstability, but there was no significant difference in themean roll tracking bias for the two types of grip.CONCLUSIONS. The thumb and index finger technique wasineffective in overcoming the visually-induced motor biasthat resembles the giant hand phenomenon. Varioushypotheses to explain this result are discussed. Furtherresearch is needed to determine the nature of the giant handphenomenon and to demonstrate effective countermeasures.

Weinstein L, Ercoline W. HUD climb/dive ladder configurationand unusual attitude recovery. Proceedings 35th Annual Mtgof the Human Factors Society. San Francisco, CA, HumanFactors Society. 1991:12-6.

Abstract: "Twelve head-up display (HUD) experienced pilotsparticipated in a study that examined the effects ofarticulated lines versus parallel, tapered lines in the topand bottom halves of the climb/dive ladder for recoveringfrom nose-down unusual attitudes in a flight simulator.These configurations were assessed using a moving climb/divemarker (CDM) on half of the trials and a fixed pitchreference for the remaining trials. The results indicatedthat the climb/dive ladder configuration did not affect apilot's reaction time to initiate a recovery. However interms of accuracy of the initial, significant stick input,the articulated lines in the bottom half of the HUD with amoving CDM resulted in significantly poor performance (about12% worse) than that associated with the other threeconfigurations. Subjective data suggest that pilotspreferred the articulated lines in the bottom half of theHUD even though their preferences did not correlate withtheir performance. These findings suggest that articulatedlines in the bottom half of the HUD are detrimental to apilot's ability to recover from nose-down unusualattitudes."

Weinstein L, Ercoline W. The standardization of military head-up display symbology. In: R. Jensen (Ed.), Proceedings ofthe Sixth International Symposium on Aviation Psychology,Columbus, OH. 1991:210-5.

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Abstract: "Although initially intended for the presentation oflanding and weapons delivery information, the HUD hasevolved into a flight instrument that researchers and pilotsclaim is successfully replacing many of the traditionalpanel instruments. Since the Attitude Awareness Workshop of1985, the United States Air Force (USAF) has conductednumerous research projects to determine the most effectiveway to integrate the HUD with the other mission-essentialinstrument displays. The requirement to use the HUD forinstrument flight, as well as a need to determine theoptimal layout for the HUD symbols, has prompted asignificant portion of that research. This paper summarizesmany of the research efforts conducted, conclusions reached,and issues yet to be resolved. In addition, the paperoutlines the current USAF position for using the HUD.Suggested standardization guidelines based on empiricalfindings are discussed, including: the use of vertical andhorizontal asymmetry for pitch-ladder configurations,quickening, and counter-pointers for airspeed and altitudeindicators. Current research efforts that will be completedin the coming year are also described. These effortsinclude simulator studies and inflight validation."

Weinstein L, Previc F, Simpson C, Lyons T, Gillingham K. Atest of thumb and index finger control in overcoming avisual analogue of the giant hand illusion. Aviat. SpaceEnviron. Med. 1991;62:336-41.

Abstract: "Anecdotal evidence suggests that a thumb and indexfinger grip might facilitate recovery from the manifestationof spatial disorientation known as the giant handphenomenon. Sixteen pilots volunteered as subjects in anexperiment that compared the effectiveness of the thumb andindex finger versus the whole hand technique to overcome avisually-induced analogue of the giant hand phenomenon.Thumb and index finger control produced greater stabilityoverall, but did not overcome the specific tracking biasinduced by a background visual roll stimulus. Varioushypotheses are discussed as to why the thumb and indexfinger technique was ineffective in the present instance."

B.24 Task 0024. Acquisition of Physiological Data Durino G-LOC

B.24.1 ObjectiveKRUG Life Sciences, Incorporated, was tasked to develop a dataacquisition system for the SAC and the TCD and perform requiredresearch into the hemodynamic/biochemical alterations duringG-LOC. This task shall include the daily operation andmaintenance of the SAC and Waters HPLC units.

B.24.2 Accomplishments

Technical support was provided for data acquisition resulting inthe following papers.

Shahed AR, Werchan PM. Cerebral biochemical basis of +Gzinduced loss of consciousness (G-LOC). (Abstract) Aviat.Space Environ. Med. 1992;63:424.

Werchan PM, Dietz NJ, Waller S8, Shahed AR. Decelerationassociated loss of consciousness: a new component of G-LOC?(Abstract) Aviat. Spara Environ. Med. 1991;62:477.

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Werchan PM, Shahed AR. Investigations of G-Induced loss ofconsciousness (G-LOC) using the rodent centrifuge model.(Abstract) Aviat. Space Environ. Med. 1992;63:424.

Other results of this effort are described in the followingreports.

Barber JA, Shahed AR, Werchan PM. Rat brain edema aftermultiple +Gz exposures. (Abstract) Aviat. Space Environ.Med. 1992;63:425.

Abstracti "INTRODUCTION. Phenomena of acceleration or +Gzinduced loss of consciousness (G-LOC) is known to occur inpilots of high performance aircraft and has been reproducedin animal models in the laboratory. It has beendemonstrated that during +Gz exposure cerebral blood flow issignificantly reduced resulting in brain ischemia. Thissituation could be repeated several times by pilots duringflight maneuvers. Unfortunately, we know little aboutpathological effects on the brain. One of the earliestpathologic changes of ischemic stress is brain edema. Inthe present study occurrence of brain edema in the rat after+Gz exposure was investigated. METHODS. Male rats (n-4)were exposed to 6, +25 Gz runs with 5 min rest period[s)between each run. Brains were removed 15 min, 30 min, 3 hr,and 24 hr. (n=5 in each group), after the last centrifugerun, and weighed (wet weight) and then oven dried toconstant dry weight. The ratio of wet to dry weight wasused to assess % change in brain's water content (edema).RESULTS. The data show that % of water in brain tissueincreased significantly up to 3 hr after the centrifuge run,but not after 24 hr. The largest increase in water (2%) wasobserved at 15 min. CONCLUSION. These results show thatmultiple +Gz exposurels] can cause brain edema. Edema canresult in post +Gz exposures hypoperfusion and could causesecondary ischemia thus exacerbating the functional effectsrelated to G-LOC."

Desmond JL, Werchan PM. Transcranial Doppler stabilizationduring acceleration and maximal exercise tests. 29th AnnualSAFE Symposium Proceedings. 1991:272-3.

Abstract: "The transcranial Doppler (TCD) is used as a non-invasive technique to measure cerebral blood flow (CBF)velocity. It has been applied to the clinical anddiagnostic settings, although the measurement could beuseful in aerospace physiology research as well. Initial useof TCD during acceleration stress and maximal-effort cyclingexercise revealed that the commercially available probeassembly did not provide: 1) adequate stabilization of theTCD probe to prevent movement during centrifugation andmaximal exercise, 2) ease of focusing on middle cerebralartery (MCA) and, 3) [a] secure locking mechanism to preventprobe dislocation during head movement. Because of the abovedifficuljies, a functional TCD probe, probe support, andheadgear assembly was designed and fabricated. The criteriaconsisted of the following: 1) subject comfort, 2) focusingability, 3) signal maintenance and 4) compatibility withother monitoring devices used during acceleration andexercise related research. This paper will discussfabrication, instrumentation techniques, and stabilizationmethods for transcranial Doppler use in aerospacephysiologic research at the Armstrong Laboratory, BrooksAFB, TX."

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Galindo S Jr, Werchan PM, Shahed AR. Estimation of cerebralblood flow volume in rats during +Gi stress. (Abstract)Aviat. Space Environ. Med. 1992;63:424.

Abstract: "INTRODUCTION. +Gz induced loss of consciousness (G-LOC) has been proposed to result from a critical reductionof cerebral blood flow (CBF) during high +Gz stress.However, an accurate measurement of CBF during +Gz has beendifficult to accomplish. Methods such as transcranialDoppler and radiolabelled microspheres have been used inhumans and primates to measure CBF, but neither methodestimates residual blood in the brain during +Gz stress. Inthe present study, 3 other methods to estimate CBF in ratsand mice were used. METHODS. Rats were exposed to a single+25 Gz [acceleration] and brain samples were collected byfreeze fixation at desired times. Mice, similarly wereexposed to +15 to 35 Gz for 30 s and brains were fixed bymicrowave. Brain tissue hemogenates were analyzed for totalprotein, hemoglobin (Hb) and iron (Fe). RES , Totalprotein (25%) and Hb (38%) content decreased maximally 15 safter onset of +25 Gz in rats. Total FE content showed asimilar decrease. Total protein concentration in mice braindecreased at +20 Gz and higher. Hb and Fe content in micebrain tissue are being investigated. CONCLUSION. Thedecreases in total protein and Hb are indicators of adecrease in total blood flow to the brain. But the presenceof Hb suggests that trapped blood remains in the brain. Webelieve that this residual blood acts as an energy pool thatcould delay the onset of G-LOC in a high +Gz environmentthat follows a decrease in carotid artery blood pressure."

Garcia SK, Garza JR, Coffey DJ, Werchan PM. Use of EEG spectralanalysis to identify G-induced loss of consciousness (G-LOC)in the rat. (Abstract) Aviat. Space Environ. Med.1992;63:425.

Abstract: "INTRODUCTION. Despite numerous technologicaladvances to improve G-tolerance, loss of consciousness dueto +Gz stress continues to be a problem with fighter pilots.In recent years, research has focused on the use of EEGrelating G-LOC with cerebral activity. It has been shownthat with G-LOC, EEG amplitude decreases and can becomeisoelectric. However, the isoelectric point may occurbeyond useful consciousness. Thus changes in EEG frequencycomponents during this period may be a more sensitiveindicator of the level of consciousness. MN=ODS. Malerats (250-350g), with surgically implanted bipolar parietalelectrodes, were exposed to +25 Gz in a small animalcentrifuge until loss of EEG amplitude (G-LOC). EEGrecordings were obtained for each rat and subjected to EEGspectral analysis. R&SULTZ. Preliminary results suggestthat during baseline and onset of acceleration EEG activityconsisted of all component frequencies from 0-30 Hz. Earlyin the G exposure there was a significant shift towards thedelta frequency band (0-4 Hz). At the point of isoelectricEEG, delta frequency disappeared along with otherfrequencies. Early recovery following G exposure was againmarked by a pronounced increase in delta activity.C Spectral analysis of EEG provides a moreobjective/sensitive approach to G-LOC detection byidentifying changes in component frequencies."

Shahed AR, Stavinoha BB, Barber JA, Werchan PM. The use ofmicrowave (MW) fixation for the determination of mouse brain

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metabolites during high +Gz (head-to-foot) exposure in asmall animal centrifuge (SAC). (Abstract) Soc. Neurosci.Abstr. 1991;17:1262.

Abstract: "The mechanism or effects of acceleration inducedloss of consciousness (G-LOC) observed in pilots of highperformance aircraft are not fully understood. It has beenproposed that cerebral blood flow may cease due to zerocarotid artery pressure within 2s after >5 +Gz exposure.HYPOTHESIS: G-LOC may result from global ischemia andsubsequent energy depletion. METHODS: A SAC equipped with a2450 MHz, 10 KW, MW system with rotating waveguide was usedfor brain fixation. Mice were exposed to either varying+Gz (15 to 35) forces or duration (0-35s) and brains werefixed at specific time points during and 60s post run. Brainglycolytic and high energy phosphates were measured.RESULTS: The G-tolerance data show that the levels ofglucose, C-P and ATP decreased and lactate accumulated as+Gz force increased. The time curve shows significantchanges in glucose (-85%), C-P (-73%) and ATP (-22 %),lactate (+220%), AMP (+67%) and adenosine (+10 fold) 35safter the onset of 35 +Gz. The level of these metaboliteswere not restored 60s after the SAC run. CONCLUSION~s (1)MW is an ideal tool for brain fixation during +Gz exposure.(2) G-LOC may occur to conserve energy resources during thecessation of cerebral blood flow in a high +Gz environment."

Werchan PM, Garcia SK, Shahed AR, Barber JA, Coffey DJ, DesmondJL, Galindo S Jr, Garza JR. Acquisition of physiologicaldata during G-induced loss of consciousness (G-LOC). AL-TP-1992-0053. 1993:12pp.

Abstract: "The objective of this study was to develop a dataacquisition system for the small animal centrifuge (SAC) andthe transcranial Doppler (TCD) and to perform requiredresearch into the hemodynamic/biochemical alterations duringG-induced loss of consciousness (G-LOC). This effort was toinclude the daily operation and maintenance of the SAC andWaters High Performance Liquid Chromatography units. T heoriginal data were turned over to the Flight Motion EffectsBranch. The results of this effort were published as thearticle and abstracts included in this technical paper."

.26 ITask Q026. NASA Anti-G Suit Desion. Development. and Fabrication

B.26.1 ObjectiveKRUG Life Sciences, Incorporated, was tasked to: (a) Determinewhether an extended coverage anti-G suit to be developed by KRUGLife Sciences, Incorporated, offers better protection than thestandard CSU-13B/P anti-G suit in preventing the symptoms ofpost-shuttle flight orthostatic intolerance; (b) Determine therelative comfort and mobility offered by the two suit concepts;(c) Determine the degree of +Gz protection provided with andwithout an inflated abdominal bladder during simulated shuttlereentry profiles; (d) Determine when the suit should beinflated, i.e, before or after onset of symptoms; (e) Determinethe optimal inflation pressure of the selected suit; (f) Design,develop and fabricate two anti-G suits for evaluation purposesand two suits for use in space flight testing which meet allapplicable NASA flight requirements.

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B.26.2 AccomplishmentsFour suits-were delivered. Extensive modifications of the twosuits originally planned to meet NASA flight requirementsobviated their use in flight as agreed by NASA and KRUG LifeSciences, Incorporated. The results of this effort have beenincorporated in the following publications.

Krutz RW, Stegmann BJ, Burton RR, Sawin CF. An evaluation ofthree anti-G suit concepts for shuttle reentry. 29th AnnualSAFE Symposium Proceedings. 1991:24-6.

Abstract: "Crewmembers during reentry from space flight areexperiencing discomfort from the anti-G garment installed inthe current launch-entry suit (LES). For this and otherreasons, NASA is developing a new LES with an improved anti-G suit (both protection and comfort) as an integral yetseparable component. With the above criteria in mind, thisstudy was conducted to compare the standard LES anti-G suitwith a reentry full-coverage anti-G suit (REAGS) and a REAGSwithout an abdominal bladder (AB). (The inflated AB is themost uncomfortable G-suit component.) Intravenous Lasix, adiuretic, was used to induce the fluid loss seen duringspace flight. Using the Armstrong Laboratory Centrifuge,data collected from seven subjects have shown that lessanti-G suit pressure is required to maintain eye-levelsystolic blood pressure above 70 mmlHg when the REAGS orREAGS without AB is worn during simulated shuttle reentry G-profiles when compared to the current LES G-suit. The REAGSwithout AB was significantly more comfortable than thestandard anti-G suit."

Krutz RW Jr, Stegmann BJ, Burton RR, Sawin CF. Effect ofpreacceleration inflation or tolerance to simulated SpaceShuttle re-entry G profiles in dehydrated subjects. AL-TP-1992-0022. 1993 (In Preparation).

Abstract: "The study reported in this technical paper examinedthe benefits (if any) of inflation of a standard 5-bladderanti-G suit 10 minutes prior to a simulated space shuttle Greentry using Lasix-dehydrated subjects. The drug wasintravenously administered approximately 6h prior toexposure to the simulated reentry acceleration profile usingthe Armstrong Laboratory Centrifuge. The subjects underwenttwo separate G exposures. During one exposure, the suit wasinflated over a period of one minute to 1.5 psig beginning10 minutes prior to acceleration onset (preinflation).During the second exposure the suit was not preinflated butwas pressurized in 0.5 psig increments if the peripheral(green) lights on the centrifuge light bar dimmed to 50% oftheir original intensity (PLD; symptomatic inflation). Eye-level systolic blood pressure JELBP) was monitored by a non-invasive technique (Finapres ) which is based on bloodvolume changes in a segment of a finger supported at heartlevel. A water column was used to correct readings forELBP. Heart rate (HR) was obtained from a two-lead ECG andcardiotachometer. Results showed that slow (60s)preinflation of the standard 5-bladder anti-G suit to 1.5psig beginning 10 minutes prior to acceleration onset tendsto maintain ELBP at a higher level and maintains maximum HRat a lower level during exposure to simulated space shuttlereentry G-levels when compared to symptomatic (PLD)inflation."

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Stegmann BJ, Krutz RW, Burton RR, Swain CF. Comparisons ofthree anti-G suit configurations during long duration, lowonset, +Gz. (Abstract) Aviat. Space Environ. Med.1992;63:420.

Abstract: "INTRODUCTION: Little physiologic data exist on theeffects of long duration, low onset, +G,. Space shuttlecrewmembers are subjected to low +G, forces (less than +3G,) for upwards of 30 minutes during reentry. A similarreentry profile is predicted for the National AerospacePlane (NASP). The physiologic effects of this accelerationstress are compounded by the loss of body water experiencedduring microgravity. Currently, (a] standard 5 bladderanti-G suit is being used during shuttle reentry. Therehave been complaints of discomfort using this suit, mainlydue to the abdominal bladder. This study compared theeffectiveness of three anti-G suit configurations in volume-depleted subjects during a simulated space shuttle reentryprofile. METHODQS Seven male subjects were givenintravenous Lasix in a dose from 20-40 mg to induce a totalbody weight loss of 3+/- 1.5%. Approximately six hoursafter the injection, the subjects donned one of three anti-Gsuits--a standard 5 bladder anti-G suit, an extendedcoverage anti-G suit (the Advanced Technology Anti-G suit orATAGS), or an extended coverage anti-G suit without anabdominal bladder (the reentry anti-G suit or REAGS). Allsubjects were exposed to a simulated space shuttle reentryprofile. Non-invasive eye-level blood pressure (ELBP) wasmonitored throughout the +G, exposure. When systolic ELBPdropped below 70 mmHg, the anti-G suit was inflated in 0.5psig increments to the pressure required to maintain 70 mmHgELBP. Each subject rode with all three suits. Comparisonswere made between the final pressure required in each suitto maintain ELBP and subjective reports of comfort.RESULTS: The mean final suit pressure required to maintainELBP was 1.1 psi in both the ATAGS and REAGS vs. 1.8 psi inthe standard suit. In addition, the subjects rated theREAGS suit highest on the comfort scale, citing the absenceof the abdominal bladder as the main reason. CONCLUSIONS:Overall, the REAGS suit was the superior anti-G suit duringlong duration, low onset +G,. This is based on its abilityto maintain ELBP and still remain comfortable when inflatedfor prolonged periods of time."

Stegmann BJ, Krutz RW Jr, Burton RR, Sawin CF. An evaluation ofthe lower coverage anti-G suit without an abdominal bladderafter three days of seven-degree head down tilt. IAF/IAA-92-0264. 43rd Congress of the International AstronauticalFederation. 1992:4pp.

Abstract: "During space shuttle reentry, volume-depletedastronauts experience slow onset, long duration, low level+Gz. In Phase 2, we determined that an extended coverageanti-G suit without an abdominal bladder (Reentry Anti-GSuit: REAGS) was the most effective anti-G suit in subjectsdehydrated with furosemide (Lasix). The present study(Phase 3) verified that REAGS provided effective protectionfor subjects dehydrated with 7 degrees head down tilt (HDT).Twelve healthy male subjects were placed at 7 degrees HDTfor 3 days, and then subjected to an acceleration profilesimulating shuttle reentry while wearing the REAGS suit.Six subjects had their anti-G suit inflated when their eyelevel blood pressure (ELBP) fell below 60 mmHg, while six

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subjects had their suit inflated when they experiencedperipheral light dim (PLD). Average REAGS pressure requiredto maintain ELBP at or above 60 mmHg after HDT was 0.85 psigvs 1.0 psig in subjects dehydrated with Lasix. One subjectin the PLD group experienced G-LOC; however, this may havebeen related to the greater cardiovascular stress induced byHDT."

BTas 0028.. Aerospace Cardiovascular Research

8.28.1 ObjectiveKRUG Life Sciences, Incorporated, was tasked to provide, test,and evaluate a custom-designed noninvasive blood pressuremeasuring device.

8.28.2 AccomplishmentsA BMI-TNO Portapres with built-in TEAC recorder was purchased,tested, and delivered. The four gloves constructed for use withthe pressure cuff were delivered and performed satisfactorily.Test results, filed with the unit, include information aboutlimitations regarding use of automatic calibration duringacceleration and subject hand position and motion duringacceleration.

D. Tas 0030.. SPatial Disorientation: Visual Flight Simulation

B.30.1 ObjectiveKRUG Life Sciences, Incorporated, was tasked to provide computersystems analysis and software development needed to implementflight simulation and instrument displays for research effortsin spatial disorientation causes and countermeasures.

B.30.2 AccomplishmentsProgramming, systems analysis, and documentation support wasprovided for development of visual flight simulation software.A user's guide and programmer's guide for the flight simulatorprogram and programmer's guide for the "energy" programdeveloped under this task were submitted to the Flight MotionEffects Branch.

31 ~Task 003l.. Supoort for Develooment of Visual and Auditory Displays ofSpatial Orientation information

B.31.1 ObjectiveKRUG Life Sciences, Incorporated, was tasked to conceive,generate, and scientifically evaluate visual and auditorydisplay symbologies for possible use in aircraft.

9.31.2 AccomplishmentsThe results of this effort are described in the followingreports.

Teas DC. A special-purpose virtual audiometer. AL-TR-1992-0124. 1993:34pp.

Abstract: "A Virtual Audiometer is described. The audiometeris designed so that the users can measure their ownthresholds and binaural loudness balances in a moderatelynoisy environment for a range of frequencies from 250 to6000 Hz. Operator supervision required is minimal. The

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audiometer is constructed with a computer-assisted softwareengineering base called LabVIEW. Several users-aids areavailable from the virtual Front Panel of the instrumentthat contribute to the accuracy of the subject'sdeterminations. The organization of the virtual instrumentis illustrated and discussed. Sample data from foursubjects of contrasting ages are included."

Teas DC. A virtual acoustic orientation instrument. AL-TR-1992-0157. 1993:50pp.

Abstract: "Virtual instrumentation developed to create acousticstimuli for use as orientation signals and the rationale forselecting these target signals are described. Acommercially available computer-assisted software engineeredprogramming system, LabVIEW, was used to develop theacoustic signals and the manner of their presentation. Twodifferent acoustic signals are presented. One sound seemsto change pitch without limit, and the other is a narrowband-pass noise. The pitch, loudness and lateral positionof the signals are controlled by different functions.Listeners can control the variations in pitch andlateralization and also the rate at which these featureschange. Programs to generate the signals with sinusoids orwith noise bands are described. LabVIEW representations ofthe programs are included with text descriptions."

Weinstein LF, Ercoline WR. The standardization of USAF head-updisplay symbology. 30th Annual SAFE Symposium Proceedings.1992:106-8.

Summary: Researchers and pilots throughout the world continueto examine and debate the utility of the head-up display(HUD) for presenting instrument flight information.Although initially intended for the presentation of landingand weapons delivery information, the HUD has evolved intoa flight instrument that researchers and pilots claim issuccessfully replacing many of the traditional panelinstruments. Since the Attitude Awareness Workshop of 1985,the United States Air Force (USAF) has conducted numerousresearch projects to determine the most effective way tointegrate the HUD with the other mission-essentialinstrument displays. The requirement to standardize the HUDsymbology for instrument flight, as well as a need todetermine the optimal layout for the HUD symbols, hasprompted a significant portion of that research. Thispresentation summarizes many of the research effortsconducted, conclusions reached, and issues yet to beresolved including the use of: vertical and horizontalasymmetry for pitch-ladder configurations, counter-pointersfor airspeed and altitude indicators, acceleration andangle-of-attack cues for energy management, and quickeningfor flight-path markers. The results of an inflightvalidation of the proposed HUD standard indicate that it issafe and useable in fighter class aircraft during instrumentmeteorological conditions.

Weinstein LF, Ercoline WR. The standardization of head-updisplay symbology for the reduction of spatialdisorientation. (Abstract). Aviat. Space Environ. Med.1992;63:443.

Abstract: "INTRODUCTION. Researchers and pilots continue todebate the utility of the head-up display (HUD) forpresenting adequate and easily assimilable control and

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performance information for use during instrument weatherconditions. The HUD has evolved into, a flight instrumentthat is being used to replace many of the traditional panelinstruments. METHOD. Since the Attitude Awareness Workshopof 1985 the United States Air Force (USAF) has conductednumerous research projects to determine the optimalconfiguration for the HUD symbology set to increase spatialorientation and reduce mental workload during instrumentflight. Many of the research efforts conducted, conclusionsreached and issues yet to be determined are addressed.RESULTS. Suggested standardization guidelines based onempirical findings are discussed, including: counter-pointers for airspeed and altitude, integration of altitudeand vertical velocity information, vertical and horizontalasymmetry for the climb/dive ladder, and the utility ofarticulated climb/dive bars. CONCLUSIONS. A standardsymbology set, based on the findings from these and otherlaboratories' studies, has been proposed for use duringinstrument flight conditions. The inflight validation ofthis proposed standard has been completed. The standard isscheduled to be included in MIL STD 1787, Aircraft DisplaySymbology."

Weinstein L, Ercoline W, Evans R. The utility of analogvertical velocity information during instrument flight witha head-up display (HUD). AL-TP-1992-0021. 1992:26pp.

Abstract: "The United States Air Force (USAF) is attempting tocreate a standard symbol set for use with the HUD as aprimary flight reference. As part of that effort, eightHUD-experienced pilots and twelve non-HUD-experienced pilotsparticipated in a study that examined the effects ofvariations in vertical velocity indicators (VVI) for useunder instrument flight conditions in a simulator. Fiveconfigurations were assessed: digital readout, boxed digitswith tape, dial, altimeter arc, and altimeter arc withdigital readout. The results clearly indicated that thealtimeter arc with digital readout, and the altimeter arcalone, resulted in significantly more accurate maintenanceof flight parameters (i.e., vertical velocity and altitude)than did the digital readout alone, the boxed digits withtape, or the dial. Subjective data supported the objectivefindings, in that pilots preferred either configuration thatincluded the altimeter arc. These findings suggest thatanalog vertical velocity information is useful on the HUD,particularly when it is located in proximity to thealtimeter."

Ta2 s 0032, IPE Mission Ergonomics and Stress

B.32.1 ObjectiveKRUG Life Sciences, Incorporated, was tasked to evaluate optimaleffects of work/rest cycles, breathing resistance, protectiveensemble near-term options, and personal air blowers on humanperformance. Experimental approaches were to include both invivo human or applied physiological model along with computermodeling.

B.32.2 AccomplishmentsThe results of this effort are described in the followingtechnical report.

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Antunano MJ, Baumgardner FW, Chen YT, Constable SH.Physiological responses to varying workloads andconfigurations of the MCU-2/P chemical defense mask. AL-TP-1992-0042. 1993:42pp.

Abstracts "An objective of this study was to evaluate thebreathing resistance characteristics of MCU-2/P and M-17chemical defense masks during individual exposures to 8consecutive incremental workloads. Other objectivesincluded: evaluation of cardiorespiratory and subjectiveresponses and testing of two commercially available blowers.Five MCU-2/P mask configurations were tested: mask withoutfilter (MCU-OF), mask + 1 filter (MCU-lF), mask + 2 filters(MCU-2F), mask + 1 filter + blower A (MCU-1F-AABA), and mask+ blower B + 2 filters (MCU-ABB-2F). An M-17 mask was alsotested. Each subject walked on a treadmill for 5 min ateach of 8 consecutive incremental workloads (ranging from 26to 77% of VO 1 ) for a total of 40 min, while wearing eachmask configuration. Variables measured included inspiratoryand expiratory mask cavity pressures (IMCP & EMCP), maskcavity pressure-swing (MCPS), peak inspiratory airflow(PIAF), respiratory rate (RR), tidal volume (VT), minutevolume (VE), heart rate (HR), perceived inspiratory &expiratory effort (PIE & PEE), and overall breathingdiscomfort (OBD). The MCU-1F and M-17 masks imposed thesame magnitudes of inspiratory resistance at any givenworkload. The highest inspiratory resistance was imposed bythe MCU-lF and M-17 masks, while the lowest corresponded tothe MCU-ABB-2F and MCU-2F. Either of these two masks can beexpected to decrease individual tolerance to sustainedphysical work. The MCU-ABB-2F and the MCU-2F were the mosteffective methods to reduce the magnitude of inspiratoryresistance at any given workload."

5.34 Task 0034, Improved ATAGS Anti-G Suits for Flight Test

B.34.1 ObjectiveKRUG Life Sciences, Incorporated, was tasked to construct eight(8) improved ATAGS anti-G suits suitable for flight testing.

B.34.2 AccomplishmentsEight improved ATAGS and patterns were delivered to the AirForce. Pressure tests were accomplished on all eight of thedelivered suits and they were successfully tested during anearly operational demonstration.

B.35 Task 0Q35. Acquisition of Phvsiological Data During G-LOC: Phase II

B.35.1 ObjectiveKRUG Life Sciences, Incorporated, was tasked to continue thework in the areas of blood flow and other physiologicalparameters related to G-LOC in both humans and rodents.

B.35.2 AccomplishmentsSoftware was designed, developed, and implemented to create aSAC Data Acquisition System. The Integrated Acquisition,Storage, Display, Analysis, and Data Transport System softwarewas designed to measure and record the electrical impulsesgenerated by the CFT Small Animal Centrifuge System. Thesoftware was created within the National Instruments LabVIEWGraphical Programming Environment and makes extensive use of the

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languages optimized C-Language routines to perform its tasks.The system has four areas of operation: 1) Data Acquisition,configuration for a wide range of Sample speeds, number ofchannels, individual channel gains, etc.; 2) Data Retrieval &Display, accessing, scaling, and display of desired data files;3) EEG Frequency Analysis, routines which produce both standardX-Y Power Spectrum displays as well as 3-Dimensional EEG surfacecontour plots; 4) Utilities & Data Transport, routines to createASCII files of large, unscaled, binary data files created by theacquisition program for export to other CFT processingplatforms.

The results of this effort are described in the followingreport.

Shahed AR, Galindo S Jr, Barber JA, Werchan PM. Mice brainregional metabilites and blood volumes (BV) after 30 sac ofglobal ischemia in a small animal centrifuge (SAC).(Abstract) Soc. Neurosci. Abstr. 1992;18:1582.

A: "Recently we have used a SAC to study the effect ofhigh +Gz (head-to-foot) exposure on cerebral metabolism andto understand the mechanism of gravity induced loss ofconsciousness (G-LOC). G-LOC has been proposed to resultfrom a critical reduction in cerebral blood flow (CFB)during +Gz exposure. We have shown that a 30 sac +35Gzexposure caused G-LOC and global ischemia in mice. (Soc.Neurosci. Abstr., Vol. 17(2):1262, 1991). We proposed thatG-LOC may occur to conserve energy and minimize acidosisduring +Gz exposure. Measurement of CBF in the dynamicenvironment of SAC is difficult. The brain is heterogeneousin structure, function and CBF. Therefore the objective ofthe present study was to measure BV and regional energymetabolism during +Gz stress. Methods: Fully awake micewere exposed to +35Gz for 30 sac in the SAC (to induceglobal ischemia) and brain sampled at various time pointsduring and after decceleration by microwave fixation. Thebrain was dissected in 5 regions and tissue extracts wereanalyzed for metabolites and total iron to determine the BV.Control mice were exposed to 0.5 Gz for 30 sac and the brainsampled. Results: Data show that the level of lactateincreased and glucose, Cr-P and ATP decreased significantlyin all regions after 30 sac except the cerebellum (CB). Thelevel of metabolites did not return to control levels 60 sacafter decceleration. BV decreased more than 50% in allregions except the mid brain (25%) and CB (no change).There was a pronounced hyperemic response in thehippocampus, brain stem and mid brain 30 sac afterdecceleration. Discussion: It is concluded that high +Gzexposure effects regional metabolism uniformly. Thepresence of BV, although reduced, indicated trapped blood inthe brain circulation. We propose that during +Gz exposuretrapped blood may prolong the onset of G-LOC after CBFceases."

L Ts 0036, Neurooharmacolocv of Light-Induced Gene Expression in theSuorachiasmatic Nucleus: Phase II

B.36.1 ObjectiveKRUG Life Sciences, Incorporated, was tasked to research theneurochemical basis 6f specific genetic expression in the SCN ofintact hamsters and rat brain hypothalamic slices in response to

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either retinal illumination or optic nerve stimulation.Emphasis on specific effects involving (1) excitatory amino acidagonists and antagonists, (2) GABA agonists and antagonists, and(3) cyclic nucleotide, phosphoinositide, and arachidonic acidderived second messengers will be made concerning the stimulatedexpression of the c-fos proto-oncogene using both the in vivoand in vitro models. Additionally, experimental research willbe conducted to assess the biochemical nature of insensitivityduring daytime periods of light stimulation on the circadianpacemaker.

B.36.2 AccomplishmentsSoftware was designed, developed, and implemented to create aSuprachiasmatic Nucleus (SCN) Data Acquisition System. TheIntegrated Acquisition, Storage, Display, Analysis, and DataTransport System software was designed to measure and record theelectrical impulses generated by the SCN Data AcquisitionSystem. This software will measure and record the electricalimpulses generated by the CFT Neurosciences Electro-PhysiologySpecimen Preparation System. The software was created withinthe National Instruments LabVIEW Ver. 2.2.1 GraphicalProgramming Environment and makes extensive use of the optimizedC-Language routines to perform its tasks. The system has fourareas of operation: 1) Environment Configuration, A/D cardconfiguration and configuration of the RAM locations where datais stored; 2) Acquisition, sampling and storage of data inmemory; 3) Data Display and Interaction, plotting of theparameters on an X-Y plot with signal amplitude (Volts) on thevertical axis and time (seconds) on the horizontal; 4) Utilities& Data Transport, routines to create ASCII files of large,unscaled, binary data files created by the acquisition programfor export to other CFT processing platforms.

Technical support was provided for data acquisition resulting inthe following papers.

Glass JD, Hauser UE, Randolph WW, Rea MA, and De Vries MJ. Invivo microdialysis of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid andglutamic acid in the hamster suprachiasmatic nuclei. Am. J.Zool. 1993 [In Press).

Glass JD, Randolph WW, Ferreira SA, Rea MA, Hauser UE, Blank JL,De Vries JD. Diurnal variation in 5-hydroxyindoleaceticacid output in the suprachiasmatic region of the Siberianhamster assessed by in vivo microdialysis: Evidence fornocturnal activation of serotonin release.Neuroendocrinolgy. 1992;56:582-90.

Rea MA. Light, gene expression and entrainment of circadianrhythms. Photochem. Photobiol. 1992;55:20S.

Rea MA, Michel AM, Lutton LM. Effects of local administrationof excitatory amino acid agonists on circadian phase and c-fos expression in the hamster SCN. (Abstract) Soc.Neurosci. Abs. 1992;18:3.

Other results of this effort are described in the followingreport.

Senseman DM, Hart K, Solis J, Gonzalez G, and Rea MA.Functional organization of the hamster SCN visualized with

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voltage-sensitive dyes. (Abstract) ,Soc. Neurosci. Abs.1992;18:878.

Abstract: "How afferent input from the retinohypothalamic tract(RHT) can phase shift the circadian oscillator is stilllargely unknown. Spatial differences in SCN fieldpotentials have been observed in response to optic nervestimulation (Shibata et al., Brain Res. 12:377, 1984)suggesting a possible functional organization to the SCN'sintrinsic neural circuitry that might be related to theentrainment process. To investigate this possibility, weare using multiple-site optical recording techniques (Obaidet al., Neurosci. Abstr. 16: 1185, 1990) to visualize andmap spatiotemporal differences in neuronal activity in thehamster SCN. The figure below shows three (of 124) opticaltraces recorded from a 400 pm horizontal slice stained withthe dye RH155 following electrical stimulation of the opticnerve. These traces were recorded from adjacent 120x120 pmregions of the SCN and illustrate the degree ofspatiotemporal variation observed. Supported by: RDL 18, GM08194, GM07717 & AFOSR 2312W6."

A2_7 Task 0037. Additional Improved ATAGS Anti-G Suits for Flight Test

B.37.1 ObjectiveKRUG Life Sciences, Incorporated, was tasked to construct twelveimproved Advanced Technology Anti-G Suits (ATAGS) suitable forflight testing.

B.37.2 AccomplishmentsTwelve improved ATAGS were pressure tested, delivered, and usedfor flow and filling-time evaluations.

The following publication describes the results of technical andscientific research support of ATAGS RDT&E.

Meeker LJ, Olhausen JH, Ripley GL. System parameters of theadvanced technology anti-G suit (ATAGS). A progress report.30th Annual SAFE Symposium Proceedings. 1993:345-50.

Abstract: "Previous centrifuge and flight testing have shownthat the ATAGS offers superior G endurance protection evenwhen operated at lower pressures than the standard anti-Gsuit. All of the previous ATAGS testing was done, however,using human test subjects for the purpose of evaluating Gprotection. The purpose of the parametric tests was toprovide basic system data such as volumes, fill rates, andpressure differentials for the ATAGS. In order to allowdirect comparison with data taken previously on the AFstandard anti-G suit (CSU-13A/P), these tests were based onprocedures detailed in SAM-TR-78-12, Engineering Test andEvaluation During High G, VOL III: Anti-G Suits. ATAGSvolumes were measured using pressure change during expansionfrom a known volume. The volumes of several suit sizes weretaken, both with the suit unmounted and mounted on amannequin to a proper fit. Total flow was measured with aflowmeter in the main fill hose. Differential pressure invarious parts of the suit during rapid fill was measured attest points located on both sides of the abdominal bladder,on each thigh, and at the bottom of each leg. Preliminarydata from these rests are presented."

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PART C:

Antunano NJ, Baumgardner FW, Chen YT, Constable SH. Characterization ofchemical defense mask breathing resistance tolerances. AL-TP-1992-0061.1993:44pp. (T.O. 19]

Antunano MJ, Baumgardner FW, Chen YT, Constable SH. Physiological responses tovarying workloads and configurations of the MCU-2/P chemical defense mask.AL-TR-1992-0042. 1993:42pp. (T.O. 32]

Antunano NJ, Chen YT, Constable SH. Acute physiological responses whilewearing various configurations of the MCU-2/P groundcrew chemical defensemask. AL-TR-1991-0138. 1992:28pp. [T.O. 5]

Antunano NJ, Constable SH. Human response wearing the MCU-2/P groundcrewchemical defense mask. (Abstract) Aviat. Space Environ. Med. 1991;62:471.(T.O. 5)

Armstrong DL, Hart K, Rea MA. Suprachiasmatic nucleus responses toretinohypothalamic tract stimulation in a rat brain slice preparation. AL-TP-1992-0008. 1992:20pp [T.O. 16]

Balkus NJ, Hade EW, Ohlhausen J. Regulated Emergency Oxygen System. AL-TP-1992-0041. 1993 [In Preparation). [T.O. 3]

Barber JA, Shahed AR, Werchan PM. Rat brain edema after multiple +Gzexposures. (Abstract) Aviat. Space Environ. Med. 1992;63:425. (T.O. 24)

Desmond JL, Werchan PM. Transcranial Doppler stabilization during accelerationand maximal exercise tests. 29th Annual SAFE Symposium Proceedings.1991:272-3. (T.O. 24)

Galindo S Jr, Werchan PN, Shahed AR. Estimation of cerebral blood flow volumein rats during +Gz stress. (Abstract) Aviat. Space Environ. Med.1992;63:424. (T.O. 241

Garcia SK, Garza JR, Coffey DJ, Werchan PN. Use of EEG spectral analysis toidentify G-induced loss of consciousness (G-LOC) in the rat. (Abstract)Aviat. Space Environ. Med. 1992;63:425. [T.O. 24]

Gillingham KK, Teas DC. Flight evaluation of an Acoustic OrientationInstrument (AOI). (Abstract) Aviat. Space Environ. Med. 1992;63:441. [T.O.17]

Heaps CL, Howard RA, Constable SH. An exercising primate model for theevaluation of selected occupational stressors. (Abstract) Med. Sci. SportsExerc. 1992;24(Suppl):S132. (T.O. 19]

Krutz RW Jr, Stegmann BJ, Burton RR, Sawin CF. An evaluation of three anti-Gsuit concepts for shuttle reentry. 29th Annual SAFE Symposium Proceedings.1991:24-6. (T.O. 26]

Krutz RW Jr, Stegmann BJ, Burton RR, Sawin CF. Effect of preaccelerationinflation or tolerance to simulated Space Shuttle re-entry G profiles indehydrated subjects. AL-TP-1992-0022. 1993 [In Preparation]. (T.O. 26)

Lyons TJ, Gillingham KR, Teas DC, Ercoline WR, Oakley C. The effects ofacoustic orientation cues on instrument flight performance in a flight

33

simulator. AGARD, Conference Proceedings No. 478, Situatiunal Awareness inAerospace Operations, L-6, Copenhagen, Denmark 1989 and Aviat. SpaceEnviron. Med. 1990;61:699-706. (T.O. 2]

Meeker LJ, Othausen JH, Ripley GL. System parameters of the advancedtechnology anti-G suit (ATAGS). A progress report. 30th Annual SAFESymposium Proceedings. 1993:345-50. (T.O. 371

Neubauer JC, Teas DC, Gillingham KK, Murphy P. Reference mode effect on theauditory display of aircraft bank angle. AL-TR-1991-0121. 1992:36pp. (T.O.17)

Previc F, Weinstein L, Breitmeyer B. Visual attention and perception in three-dimensional space. AL-TR-1991-0119. 19 9 2:22pp. [T.O. 231

Rea MA, Buckley B, Michel AM, Lutton LM. Local administration of CNQXattenuates light-induced phase advances of the circadian activity rhythmand fos expression in the hamster SCN. (Abstract) Soc. Neurosci. Abstr.1991;17:668. (T.O. 18]

Rea MA, Michel AM. Phase-specific distribution of light-induced fosimmunoreactivity in the SCN. Soc. Neurosci. Abs. 1990;16:771. jT.O. 9]

Senseman DM, Hart K, Solis J, Gonzalez G, and Rea MA. Functional organizationof the hamster SCN visualized with ,oltage-sensitive dyes. (Abstract) Soc.Neurosci. Abs. 1992;18:878. (T.O. 36]

Shahed AR, Aldape FA, Barber JA, Werchan PM. Physiological and metabolicchanges during gravity (+Gz) induced loss of consciousness (G-LOC) in ratbrain, (Abstract) Soc. Neurosci. Abstr. 1990;16:993. [T.O. 9]

Shahed AR, Barber JA, Aldape FA, Werchan PM. Acceleration induced effects onbaboon blood chemistry. (Abstract) Aviat. Space Environ. Med. 1991;62:463.[T.O. 9]

Shahed AR, Galindo S Jr, Barber JA, Werchan PM. Mice brain regionalmetabilites and blood volumes (BV) after 30 sec of global ischemia in asmall animal centrifuge (SAC). (Abstract) Soc. Neurosci. Abstr.1992;18:1582. [T.O. 35]

Shahed AR, Stavinoha BB, Barber JA, Werchan PM. The use of microwave (MW)fixation for the determination of mouse brain metabolites during high +Gz(head-to-foot) exposure in a small animal centrifuge (SAC). (Abstract)Soc. Neurosci. Abstr. 1991;17:1262. (T.O. 24]

Simpson C, Lyons T, Weinstein L, Previc F, Gillingham K. The effect of thumband index finger control in overcoming a visual analogue of the giant handillusion. (Abstract) Aviat. Space Environ. Med. 1991;62:495. [T.O. 23]

Simpson RE, Ohlhausen J. Advanced technology anti-G suit (ATAGS) fabrication.(Limited distribution) USAFSAM-TR-90-32. 1990:65pp. [T.O. 1]

Stegimann BJ, Krutz RW Jr, Burton RR, Sawin CF. An evaluation of the lowercoverage anti-G suit without an abdominal bladder after three days ofseven-degree head down tilt. IAF/IAA-92-0264. 43rd Congress of theInternational Astronautical Federation. 1992:4pp. [T.O. 26]

Stegmann BJ, Krutz RW Jr, Burton RR, Swain CF. Comparisons of three anti-Gsuit configurations during long duration, low onset, +Gz. (Abstract)Aviat. Space Environ. Med. 1992;63:420. [T.O. 26]

34

Teas DC. Review of audition literature: Selection of acoustic signals for usein the synthesis of auditory space. USAFSAM-TR-90-33. 19 9 0: 3 4 pp. (T.O. 23

Teas DC. A special-purpose virtual audiometer. AL-TR-1992-0124. 1993:34pp.[T.O. 31)

Teas DC. A virtual acoustic orientation instrument. AL-TR-1992-0157.1993:50pp. [T.O. 31)

Teas DC, Ercoline WR, Lyons TJ, Gillingham KK. The discriminability ofaircraft state mediated by acoustic cues. (Abstract) Aviat. Space Environ.Med. 1990;61:505. [T.O. 21

van den Pol AN, Rybczinski R. Nonradioactive approaches to gene detection.AL/CF-TP-1993-0007. 1993:24pp. [T.O. 21)

Webb JT, Pilmanis AA. Complement proteins and susceptibility toaltitude-induced decompression sickness. (Abstract) Undersea Biomed. Res.1992;19(Suppl.):52 and AL-TR-1992-0068. 19 9 2 :1 6 pp. (T.O. 103

Weinstein L, Ercoline W. HUD climb/dive ladder configuration and unusualattitude recovery. Proceedings 35th Annual Mtg of the Human FactorsSociety. San Francisco, CA, Human Factors Society. 1991:12-6. [T.O. 233

Weinstein L, Ercoline W. The standardization of military head-up displaysymbology. In: R. Jensen (Ed.), Proceedings of the Sixth InternationalSymposium on Aviation Psychology, Columbus, OH. 1991:210-5. [T.O. 23]

Weinstein LF, Ercoline WR. The standardization of head-up display symbologyfor the reduction of spatial disorientation. (Abstract). Aviat. SpaceEnviron. Med. 1992;63:443. [T.O. 311

Weinstein LF, Zrcoline WR. The standardization of USAF head-up displaysymbology. 30th Annual SAFE Symposium Proceedings. 1992:106-8. [T.O. 31]

Weinstein L, Ercoline W, Evans R. The utility of analog vertical velocityinformation during instrument flight with a head-up display (HUD). AL-TP-1992-0021. 1992:26pp. [T.O. 313

Weinstein L, Previc F, Simpson C, Lyons T, Gillingham K. A test of thumb andindex finger control in overcoming a visual analogue of the giant handillusion. Aviat. Space Environ. Med. 1991;62:336-41. [T.O. 23]

Werchan PM, Barber JA, Aldape FG, Shahed AR. Effect of a single highacceleration exposure of rats in a small animal centrifuge (SAC) on brainphysiology and energy metabolism. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab.1991;2(Suppl.2):5457. (T.O. 93

Werchan PM, Garcia SK, Shahed AR, Barber JA, Coffey DJ, Desmond JL, Galindo SJr, Garza JR. Acquisition of physiological data during G-induced loss ofconsciousness (G-LOC). AL-TP-1992-0053. 1993:12pp. [T.O. 243

Wiegman JF, McLean SA, Olson RM, Pilmanis AA. Metabolic monitoring ofhypobaric research subjects. AL-TR-1991-0057. 1993:44pp. (T.O. 13]

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PART D:

AUTHOR CROSS-REFERENCE

The contractor-authors cited in Part B are listed here in alphabetical order,cross-referenced to the Task Order Number in Part B where citations andabstracts of their published report/s are printed.

Author Part B Section (T.O. Number/s)

Aldape FA 9Antunano MJ 5,19,32Armstrong DL 16

Balkus NJ 3Barber JA 9,24,35Coffee DJ 24

Desmond JL 24Ercoline WR 2,23,31Galindo S Jr 24,35

Garza JR 24Hart K 16,36Heaps CL 19

Howard RA 19Krutz RW Jr 26McLean SA 13

Ohlhausen J 1,3,37Olson RM 13Ripley GL 37

Simpson RE 1Stegmann BJ 26Teas DC 2,17,31

van den Pol AN 21Webb JT 10Weinstein LF 23,31

Wiegman JF 13

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