adolescencia mems

8/2/2019 Adolescencia mems

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Adolescence


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Physical Development

Puberty- a period of rapid physicalgrowth and sexual maturation that

signals the start of adolescence.


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ADOLESCENCE: A DEVELOPMENTALTRANSITION

Adolescence: Developmental transitionbetween childhood and adulthoodentailing major physical, cognitive, and

psychosocial changes.

Puberty: Process by which a personattains sexual maturity and the ability to

reproduce.

Pubescence: Term meaning puberty.


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PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT

PUBERTY: THE END OFCHILDHOOD

How Puberty Begins

Timing, Sequence, and Signs ofMaturation

Secular trend: Trend that can be seen

only by observing several generations,such as the trend toward earlierattainment of adult height and sexualmaturity, which began a century ago.


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Physical changes occurring inmales and females

growth spurt


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Physical changes occurring inmales and females

growth spurt

axillary hair

pubic hair deeper voice

increased hormone levels

testosterone estrogen


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Physical changes occurring inmales

enlargement of penisand testes

spermarche (first

ejaculation of livesperm)

nocturnal emissions


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Physical changes occurring infemales

development of

breasts rounding of hips

menarche (firstmenstrual period)


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Cognitive Development

Piaget


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COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT

ASPECTS OF COGNITIVE MATURATION

Piagets Stage of Formal Operations

Formal operations: Piagets final stage of

cognitive development, characterized by theability to think abstractly.

Hypothetical-Deductive Reasoning

Hypothetical-deductive reasoning: Ability,

believed by Piaget to accompany the state offormal operations, to develop, consider, and testhypotheses.


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Formal Operational Thought

Abstract thought

Deductive logic

Systematic problem solving


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Evaluating Piagets Theory

Metacognition: Awareness andmonitoring of ones own mental

processes and strategies.

Language Development

Social perspective-taking: The ability tounderstand another persons point of

view and level of knowledge and tospeak accordingly.


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Elkind: Immature Characteristics ofAdolescent Thought

Six Characteristics ofImmatureAdolescent Thought:

Idealism andCriticalness

Argumentativeness

Indecisiveness Apparent Hypocrisy


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Cont.

Self-consciousness

Imaginary audience: Elkinds term for anobserver who exists only in an adolescents

mind and is as concerned with theadolescents thoughts and actions as theadolescent is.

Specialness and Invulnerability

Personal fable: Elkinds term for theconviction that one is special, unique, and notsubject to the rules that govern the rest of theworld.


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Moral Reasoning: Kohlbergs Theory

Kohlbergs Levels and Stages Level I: Preconventional morality: First level of

Kohlbergs theory of moral reasoning, in which controlis external.

Level II: Conventional morality (or morality ofconventional role conformity): Second level ofKohlbergs theory of moral reasoning, in whichstandards of authority figures are internalized.

Level III: Postconventional morality (or morality ofautonomous moral principles): Third level ofKohlbergs theory of moral reasoning, in which peoplefollow internally held moral principles and can decideamong conflicting moral standards.


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Evaluating Kohlbergs Theory

Family Influences

Validity for Women and Girls

Cross-cultural Validity Female genital mutilation: Female

circumcision.


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Adolescent egocentrism

Imaginary Audience

Invincibility fable

Personal fable


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Identity Formation


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Identity Status: Marcia

Crisis

questioning of previous identity and beliefs,

goals, & values Commitment

involves a dedication to and acceptance of

ones identity and beliefs, goals, & values


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Figure 11.16

Marcias four identity statuses.

According to Marcia (1980), the occurrence of an identity crisis and the development

of personal commitments can combine into four possible identity statuses, as shown

in this diagram.


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Identity diffusion

No crisis No commitment

Identity foreclosure

No crisis Commitment

Identity moratorium

Crisis

No Commitment Identity achievement

Crisis

Commitment


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Peer Relationships

Peers become very important inadolescence.

Friendships are most intense in earlyadolescence.

Conformity peaks in early adolescence.


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Adolescent Peer-group Structure

Cliques

Crowds


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Adolescent Sexuality

Adolescent sexual activity is the norm.

Society discourages adolescent sexual activityyet promotes many images of adolescent

sexuality.

Despite the restrictive attitudes of the U.S.toward adolescent sexuality, we have the highestteen pregnancy rate of any developed nation.

The younger the adolescent, the more likely thatintercourse will occur without contraceptiveprotection.


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PHYSICAL AND MENTAL HEALTH

Physical Fitness

Sleep Needs

Circadian timing system:The naturalsleep-wake cycle of the brain, lasting 24

hours.

Melatonin: A hormone secreted by thepineal gland which promotes sleep.

N i i d E i Di d


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Nutrition and Eating Disorders

Obesity

Body Image and Eating Disorders

Body image: Descriptive and evaluative beliefs aboutones appearance.

Anorexia nervosa: Eating disorder characterized byself-starvation.

Bulimia nervosa: Eating disorder in which a personregularly eats huge quantities of food and then purges

the body by laxatives, induced vomiting, fasting, orexcessive exercise.

U d Ab f D


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Use and Abuse of Drugs

Risk Factors for Drug Abuse

Poor impulse control and sensation-seeking

Family influences

Difficult temperament

Early and persistent behavior problems

Academic failure and lack of commitment to education

Peer rejection

Associating with drug users

Alienation and rebelliousness

Favorable attitudes toward drug use

Early initiation into drug use

G D


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Gateway Drugs

Gateway drugs: Drugs such as alcohol,tobacco, and marijuana, the use of whichtends to lead to use of more addictive

drugs.

D i


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Depression

What does it look like

Who may be at risk

How is depression treated

D th i Ad l


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Death in Adolescence

Deaths from VehicleAccidents andFirearms

Suicide


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Parental Involvement and Parenting Styles

Authoritative parents: Those who are warm,involved, and encourage their adolescents tobe independent while maintaining reasonablecontrol and discipline.

Authoritarian parents: Those who arecontrolling without warmth, rigid, overlypunitive, and discourage inquiry.

Permissive parents: Those who seem not tocare about adolescent grades and make norules, and who are relatively uninvolved withtheir adolescents.

S h l F t


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School Factors

Dropping Out of High School

Active engagement: Involvement inschooling.

Educational and Vocational Preparation

Influences on Students Aspirations

Guiding Students Not Bound for College Should High School Students Work Part

Time?

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