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SURABHI GADKARI

FOURTH YEAR I.D

ADVANCED

CONSTRUCTION ANDMATERIALS.



COMPACTORS

A compactor is a machine or mechanism used to reduce the size

of waste material or soil through compaction. A trash compactor is

often used by homes and businesses to reduce the volume of trash.

Normally powered by hydraulics, compactors take many shapes

and sizes. In landfill sites for example, a large bulldozer with spikedwheels called a landfill compactor is used to drive over waste

deposited by waste collection vehicles (WCVs).

WCVs themselves incorporate a compacting mechanism which is

used to increase the payload of the vehicle and reduce the number

of times it has to empty. This usually takes the form of hydraulicallypowered sliding plates which sweep out the collection hopper and

compress the material into what has already been loaded.

Different compactors are used in scrap metal processing, the most

familiar being the car crusher.



HISTORY

Prior to the invention of the earth compactor, filled areas wereeither compacted by humans and animals (usually horses

pulling a heavy roller) or left to stabilise naturally. This was

not always an ideal situation as voids left in the fill could

subside over time, sometimes with disastrous

consequences.It was not always practical to wait severalyears before the filled land has compressed enough to be

used.

The first purpose built earth compactor was designed and

manufactured in 1928 by RG LeTourneau Inc, a companywhose innovations in the earthmoving industry are legend.

This first roller was known as a “sheepsfoot” compactor (after

the design of its feet) and consisted of two oscillating welded

steel drums with a series of spaced welded rods projecting

from it. Although quite heavy in its own right, extra weightcould be added to increase compacting effort. This device



COMMERCIAL USE Many retail and service businesses, such as fast food,

restaurants, and hotels, use compactors to reduce thevolume of non-recyclable waste as well as curb nuisancesuch as rodents and smell. In the hospitality industrytolerance for such nuisances is particularly low. Thesecompactors typically come in electric and hydraulic operation,with quite a few loading configurations. Most popular loadingconfigurations fall under the following:

Ground-Access;

Walk-On; Secured Indoor Chute.

These compactors are almost exclusively of welded steelconstruction for two reasons: durability under pressure andexposure to the elements, as compactors are installed either

completely outdoors or sometimes under a covered loadingdock.

USES OF COMPACTORS



RESIDENTIAL USE There are also trash compactors, hydraulic or

manual, designed for residential use. Likewise,they reduce the volume of garbage. For example,

some compactors reduce the volumeof polysterene to 1/30.

MUNICIPAL USE In addition to the waste vehicle and landfill use,

there are solar-powered trash compactors thatcan hold the equivalent of 200 gallons of trashbefore they need to be emptied. The primarymanufacturer of these devices is Bigbelly Solar.



CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY In construction, there are three main types of compactor:

the plate compactor, the "Jumping Jack" and the roadroller.

The roller type compactors are used for compactingcrushed rock as the base layer underneath concrete or stone foundations or slabs.

The plate compactor has a large vibrating baseplate andis suited for creating a level grade.

the jumping jack compactor has a smaller foot. The jumping jack type is mainly used to compact the backfillin narrow trenches for water or gas supply pipes etc.Road rollers may also have vibrating rollers.



WHEEL LOADERS

A loader is a heavy equipment machine often used

in constuction, primarily used to load material (such

as asphalt, demolition debris, dirt, snow, feed,gravel, logs,

raw minerals, recycled material, rock, sand, and woodchips)

into or onto another type of machinery (such as a dumptruck, conveyor belt, feed-hopper, or railcar).

A loader is a type of tractor, usually wheeled, sometimes on

tracks, that has a front mounted square

wide bucket connected to the end of two booms (arms) to

scoop up loose material from the ground, such as dirt, sand

or gravel, and move it from one place to another without

pushing the material across the ground. A loader is commonly

used to move a stockpiled material from ground level and

deposit it into an awaiting dump truck or into an open trench

excavation.



DETAILS OF A WHEEL

LOADER



PARTS OF A WHEEL LOADER



FRONT LOADERS Front loaders are commonly used

to remove snow especially fromsidewalks, parking lots, and other areas too small for using snowplowsand other heavy equipment. They are

sometimes used as snowplows witha snowplow attachment but commonlyhave a bucket or snowbasket, whichcan also be used to load snow into therear compartment of a snowplow or dump truck.

High-tip buckets are suitable for lightmaterials such as chip, peat and lightgravel and when the bucket is emptiedfrom a height.

Unlike backhoes or standard tractorsfitted with a front bucket, many large

loaders do not use automotive steeringmechanisms. Instead, they steer by a



TRACTOR FRONTLOADERS

These loaders are a popular addition to tractors from 50 to

200 hp. Its current 'drive-in' formwas originally designed anddeveloped in 1958 by a companycalled Quicke. They weredeveloped to perform a multitudeof farming tasks, and are popular

due to their relatively low cost andhigh versatility. Tractor loaderscan be fitted with manyattachments such as hydraulicgrabs and spikes to assist withbale and silage handling, forks for pallet work, and buckets for more



COMPACT FRONT ENDLOADERS

Semi-curved compact loader on aJohn Deere compact utility tractor

Visibility comparison of differentloader designs

Popular additions to compact utilitytractors and farm tractors are FrontEnd Loaders, also referred to asa FEL. Compact utility tractors,

also called CUTs are small tractors,typically with 18 to 50 horsepower (37 kW) and used primarily for grounds maintenance andlandscape chores. There are 2primary designs of compact

tractor FELs, the traditional doglegdesigned style and the curved arm



ARMORED WHEELLOADERS

The Israeli CombatEngineering Corps use

armored Caterpillar 966wheel loader for constructionand combatengineering missions inhostile territories such asthe West Bank. They are

often seen building or removing road blocks,building basesand fortifications and startingin 2005, demolishing smallhouses. TheIDF added armor

plating for the loader,protecting it against rocks,



SKID LOADERS &TRACK LOADERS

A skid loader is a small loader utilizing four wheels with

hydraulic drive that directspower to either, or both, sides of the vehicle. Very similar inappearance and design is thetrack loader, which utilizes acontinuous track on either sideof the vehicle instead of the

wheels. Since the expirationof Bobcat's patent on its quick-connect system, newer tractor models are standardizing onthat popular format for front endattachments.



SWINGLOADERS A swing loader is a rigid frame

loader with a swinging boom. Theboom can swing 180 degrees or more.

Swingloaders are primarily usedby the railroad industry to lay rail.Like other loaders manyattachments can be attached tothe boom such as magnets, forks,and buckets. Smaller

swingloaders are used in farmingapplications for loading out.

A swinging boom isadvantageous where space islimited. The loader is able to lifton all sides and dump off on allsides.

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