ADVANCED BATTERY ADVANCED BATTERY TECHNOLOGYTECHNOLOGY

HYBRIDHYBRID33

AUXILIARY ALT POWER AUXILIARY ALT POWER UNITSUNITS

Paul Baumann: Pbaumann@enerteksolutions.com 971-998-3899

ADVANCED BATTERY ADVANCED BATTERY CONSIDERATIONSCONSIDERATIONS

Sophisticated BMS ( Battery Mgmt. Sys )Sophisticated BMS ( Battery Mgmt. Sys ) Avoid Catastrophic Power FailuresAvoid Catastrophic Power Failures Superior performance - scenarios/environsSuperior performance - scenarios/environs Very few Large Safer Lithium SystemsVery few Large Safer Lithium Systems Long prototype lead times and high costs.Long prototype lead times and high costs.

ACB 3209

Lithium Battery Specifications:• 12V 6kwh 130lbs• 400Ah = 600Ah Lead Acid• 3000+ cycles 80%DOD• Charge 115V AC / 230V AC• Lightweight, Modular • 12V- 1,000V Configurable

Recent Innovations

JMEC 1

Advantages of Advantages of Lithium Batteries vs. Lead AcidLithium Batteries vs. Lead Acid

Superior Cycle Life: 10,000+ cycles at 50% DODSuperior Cycle Life: 10,000+ cycles at 50% DOD Less Self Discharge Rate / Higher Discharge PowerLess Self Discharge Rate / Higher Discharge Power Less Charging TimeLess Charging Time Considerably Less Weight and Size (~1/6Considerably Less Weight and Size (~1/6 thth)) High Temp - Low Temp Auto Cutouts High Temp - Low Temp Auto Cutouts Completely Maintenance FreeCompletely Maintenance Free Configurable in 12V to 1,000V DCConfigurable in 12V to 1,000V DC Widely accepted 48V Standard Telephony IndustryWidely accepted 48V Standard Telephony Industry

InfiniGen: Lithium12V, 6kWh,130lbs

Lead Acid Equivalent (900lbs)

InfiniGenR: Lithium 48V, 6kWh,150lbs

Lead Acid Equivalent ( >1000lbs)

ItemItem

Cell TypesCell Types

Lead AcidLead Acid Ni-CdNi-Cd Ni-MHNi-MH Lithium High Lithium High PowerPower

Lithium High Energy

Energy DensityEnergy Density Wh/kgWh/kg 3535 4040 5050 140140 200

Power DensityPower Density W/kgW/kg 100100 120120 13001300 24002400 550

Comparison among Cell Comparison among Cell Chemistry Chemistry EnergyEnergy Density Density

Ni-Cd

Lead Acid

Ni-MH

Battery Chemistry Energy Density

LithiumHigh Energy

True Cost Comparison Lead Acid vs. LiTrue Cost Comparison Lead Acid vs. Li

At all times, the lithium outperforms the AGM at a lower amortized At all times, the lithium outperforms the AGM at a lower amortized cost.cost.

In any application that will fully utilize the capacity of the batteries, In any application that will fully utilize the capacity of the batteries, lithium is more cost effective.lithium is more cost effective.

Cylindrical TypeCylindrical Type

Prismatic TypePrismatic Type

Stacking TypeStacking Type

S L P B TYPES L P B TYPE

New technology for SLPB process

o. Size flexibility

o. Z-folding structure

Li-ion

o. Mass production

o. High Energy density

(by using steel can)

Li-Polymer

o. Ultra High power

o. High safety

o. Low weight

(by using Al Film)

Continuous Automated Cell Assembly Processes Improved Safety High Discharge Rate Capability (20C-rate continuous) Faster Recharge Rate Various Capacity Prismatic (6mAh to 240Ah cell in production) Automation for better quality and cost control

Combining Process Advantages of Li-ion Combining Process Advantages of Li-ion and Li-Polymerand Li-Polymer

Principle of SLPB Principle of SLPB (WORLDWIDE PATENT) (WORLDWIDE PATENT)

① : Al Foil

② : Positive Electrode Based Transition Metal Oxide

③ : Separator Based Porous Polyethylene(PE)+ polymer④ : Negative Electrode Based Artificial Graphite LiC6 ⑤ : Cu Foil

<cross-section profile of the bi-cell>

SLPB technology contains no metal lithium.

Only Li-ion passes between the positive and negative poles leaving the

cathode and anode materials unchanged.

The principle operation is fundamentally different and safer than that of

a rechargeable lithium metal battery.

The patented folder to folder design reduces IR significantly

Abusive overcharge and explosion control are built into cell design:

Enhanced Safety with Patented DesignEnhanced Safety with Patented Design

Tabs and plate foil are specially designed patented for safety

Continuous folder to folder with Separator patented design

Low internal impedance design = low heat generation 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

110

120

Cell T

em

pera

ture

(℃

)

Drained Current (C-rate)

High Power Cell

High Energy Density Cell Ultra High Power Cell

Time Lapse Video of Cell under 2C Time Lapse Video of Cell under 2C Discharge (200 Amps)Discharge (200 Amps)

Positive Terminal is on the right hand side of videoActual Discharge Time = 30 minutes

National Renewable Energy Laboratory

Bullet Penetration Field Test Bullet Penetration Field Test

External short test on SLPB80460330 [100Ah, @SOC100%]

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 1400

5

10

15

20

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Volta

ge(V

)

Time(min)

Temperature(¡É)

0 1 2 3 4 50

5

10

15

20

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Volta

ge(V

)Time(min)

Temperature(¡É)

0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.02.4

2.6

2.8

3.0

3.2

3.4

3.6

3.8

4.0

4.2

4.4

Cell V

olt

age [

V]

Discharge Capacity [Ah]

0.33C 5.0C 0.5C 8.0C 1.0C 10.0C 2.0C 15.0C

■ Charge : CC-CV, 1.0C, 4.2V, 1/20C cut off @ 25 ±3℃

■ Discharge : CC, Each C-rate, 2.7V cut off @ 25 ±3 ℃

Discharge CharacteristicsDischarge Characteristics

>93% of capacity at 15C on High Power Cell

Charge CharacteristicsCharge Characteristics

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 1403.0

3.2

3.4

3.6

3.8

4.0

4.2

0.5C 1.0C 2.0C 3.0C

Charging Time [min]

Cell V

olt

age [

V]

0

15

30

45

60

75

90

Current→

Voltage←

Curre

nt [A

]■ Charge : CC-CV, Each C-rate , 4.2V, 1/20C cut off @ 23±3℃

>95% recharged in 15 minAt 3C!

0 20 40 60 80 1002.4

2.6

2.8

3.0

3.2

3.4

3.6

3.8

4.0

4.2

4.4

Cell V

olt

age [

V]

Relative Capacity [% ]

@ 25oC

@ -10oC

@ -20oC

@ -30oC

■ Charge : CC-CV, 0.5C, 4.2V, 1/20C cut off @23±3℃■ Discharge : CC, 0.5C, 2.7V cut off @ Each Temperature■ Soaking time : 2hrs

Temperature CharacteristicsTemperature Characteristics

Approx. 60% oforiginal capacityat -30Con High Energy Cell~70% on high Power

Cycle Cycle TimesTimes

Relative Relative

Capa.(%)Capa.(%)

11 100.0100.0

100100 99.099.0

300300 97.297.2

500500 94.994.9

700700 92.392.3

900900 89.889.8

10001000 87.887.8

12001200 84.684.6

14001400 82.082.0

14371437 81.781.7

■ Charge : CC-CV, 1.0C, 4.2V, 1/20C cut off @ 25 ±3℃

■ Discharge : CC, 1.0C, 3.0V cut off @ 25 ±3 ℃

Cycle Life @DOD100%Cycle Life @DOD100%

Do1 ▶ 1cycle [DOD 100%] Cha : CC-CV, 1.0C, 4.2V, 1/20C cut off Disch : CC, 1.0C, 3.0V cut off ▶ 49cycles [DOD 80%] Cha : CC-CV, 1.0C, 4.14V, 1/20C cut off Disch : CC, 1.0C, 3.35V cut offLoop1

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 35000

20

40

60

80

100

Rela

tive C

apacit

y [

%]

Cycle [Times]

DOD 80 CYCLE DOD 100 Capacity check

CycleCycle

TimesTimesRelative Relative Capa.(%)Capa.(%)

11 100.0100.0

501501 101.1101.1

10011001 99.899.8

15011501 97.597.5

20012001 95.795.7

25012501 94.194.1

Cycle Life @DOD80%Cycle Life @DOD80%

Cycle Life @DOD20%Cycle Life @DOD20%

Do1 ▶ 1cycle [DOD 100%] Cha : CC-CV, 1.0C, 4.2V, 1/20C cut off Disch : CC, 1.0C, 3.0V cut off ▶ 49cycles [DOD 20%] Cha : CC-CV, 1.0C, 4.14V, 1/20C cut off Disch : CC, 1.0C, 3.98V cut offLoop1

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 35000

20

40

60

80

100

Rela

tive C

apacit

y [

%]

Cycle [Times]

DOD 20 discharge Capacity check

CycleCycle

TimesTimesRelative Relative Capa.(%)Capa.(%)

11 100100

501501 99.2699.26

10011001 98.5398.53

15011501 92.7492.74

20012001 97.8797.87

25012501 97.5797.57

30013001 97.1897.18

ResultsResultsCriteriaCriteriaTest MethodTest Method

Level 2Level 2

Level 1Level 1

Level 0Level 0

Level 0Level 0

Level 1Level 1

Level 2Level 2

Level 2Level 2

Level 3Level 3UL1642UL1642 ● ● Hot Oven(@150 )℃Hot Oven(@150 )℃

Thermal AbuseThermal Abuse

Level 3Level 3SBA G1101SBA G1101 ● ● Nail PenetrationNail PenetrationLevel 3Level 3UL1642UL1642 ● ● CrushCrushLevel 3Level 3UL1642UL1642 ● ● ImpactImpact

Level 3Level 3UL1642UL1642 ● ● External ShortExternal Short

Mechanical AbuseMechanical Abuse

Level 3Level 3UL1642UL1642 ● ● Forced DischargeForced DischargeLevel 3Level 3UL1642UL1642 ● ● Overcharge(@1.0CmA)Overcharge(@1.0CmA)

Electrical AbuseElectrical Abuse

LevelLevel Level 0Level 0 Level 1Level 1 Level 2Level 2 Level 3Level 3 Level 4Level 4 Level 5Level 5

CriteriaCriteria No ChangeNo Change LeakLeakSmoke,Smoke,

<200℃<200℃Smoke,Smoke,

>200℃>200℃FireFire ExplosionExplosion

Safety Test ResultsSafety Test Results