ADVERBIAL ADVERBIAL CLAUSESCLAUSES

CONJUNCTIONSCONJUNCTIONSTRANSITIONSTRANSITIONS

Sözcük ve cümleler arasındaki ilişkileri belirtmek için çeşitli bağlayıcı yapılar kullanılır.

Bunları şöyle gruplayabiliriz:

Conjunctions Transition Words

A)Coordinating Conjunctions

(and,but,so….)

B) Correlative (paired) Conjunctions

(either…or, both….and,etc)

C) Subordinating Conjunctions(because,although,when

etc)

HoweverThereforeIn addition

etc

1) Coordinating Conjuntions

Bu yapılar; isim, zamir, sıfat, fiil, zarf, cümle ve phrase ile ana cümle arasında bağlantı kurarlar.

FANBOYS

orndorutreto

Coordinating conjunctions

FANBOYS yapıları genelde önüne virgül (,) alarak kullanılırlar.

Sentence + , +

forandnorbutoryetso

+ Sentence

COORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS AND, OR, BUT ve YET, sözcükleri ya da cümleleri bağlamak için kullanılır.

AND aynı doğrultuda anlama sahip sözcükleri birleştirir (her ikisi de olumlu ya da her ikisi de olumsuz): beautiful and clever, sunny and warm, crowded and noisy, etc.

DİKKAT!!!İki Cümle “and” kullanılarak bağlandığında bu iki cümle arasında sebep-sonuç ilişkisi de kurulabilir.

“and” bu anlamda kullanıldığında, ana cümle genelde EMİR CÜMLESİ olur.

Call him a coward and you’re a dead man. (If you call him coward, he will kill you)

BUT ve YET "fakat, ama" anlamına gelir ve zıtlık vurgulayan, çelişen sözcükleri birleştirir: beautiful but/yet stupid, cheap but/yet good, warm but/yet windy, etc.

OR seçenek sunarken "ya da" anlamında kullanılır: sooner or later, my parents or my sister,…

ÖRNEK SORU:2007 MAYIS KPDSSeveral species of birds in Vietnam vanished during the war, …. they began to reappear in 1980s and their gradual return has been encouraged by Vietnamese villagers.

a) but b) since c) unless

d) when e) if

-

+

ZITLIK 2. TEKNİK: , VİRGÜL SONRASI

since,unless,when,if GELMEZ!

• noun + and/but/or + noun

Cats and dogs don't get along well.

adj/adv + and/but/yet/or + adj/adv

He drove the car slowly and carefully. He drove the car fast but/yet carefully.

He is sleepy or bored.

infinitive/gerund + and/but/or + infinitive/gerund

• I'd like to watch TV or (to) listen to some music.

• I've decided to quit school and (to) find a job.

• I like walking but not running.

verb + and/but/yet/or + verbverb + and/but/yet/or + verb

• She opened her purse, took out some change and paid for the ticket.

• I looked everywhere for my glasses but couldn't find them.

• She will stay in a dormitory or rent a house with friends.

AND, BUT, YET (fakat), OR, NOR, SO bu yüzden) ve FOR (çünkü) iki bağımsız cümleyi bağlayabilir.

• İki tam cümleyi araya virgül koyarak arka arkaya ifade etmek mümkün değildir. Ancak birinci cümleyi noktalayıp ikinci cümleye geçebiliriz ya da arada bir bağlaç kullanırız.

• Bağlaçlar ikinci cümlenin başına gelir ve genellikle kendilerinden önce virgül kullanılır.

And, but ve or büyük harfle cümle başlatabilir ancak yine kendinden önceki cümleyle

bağlantılıdır.• The children were playing. The parents were

chatting. • The children were playing and the parents

were chatting. • The children were playing, and the parents

were chatting. • The children were playing. And the parents

were chatting.

Yet, so ve for bağlaç olarak kullanıldıklarında kendilerinden önce virgül gelir.

• She didn't feel well, so she didn't go to work.

Kendini iyi hissetmiyordu bu yüzden işe gitmedi.

• She didn't go to work ,for she didn't feel well. İşe gitmedi çünkü kendini iyi hissetmiyordu.

• She didn't feel well, yet she still went to work. Kendini iyi hissetmiyordu ama yine de işe gitti.

*** Bu yapılardan “nor” kendinden önceki cümlenin ya yapı olarak OLUMSUZ olmasını, ya “hardly, never,..” gibi OLUMSUZ yapan yapılar ya da “refuse, deny,..” gibi OLUMSUZluk ifade eden fiiller içermesini gerektirir ve kendinden sonra gelen cümle DEVRİK olur.

She doesn’t like you, ___ does she pity you.

OLUMSUZ DEVRİK

nor

He doesn't like meat, nor does he like fish.

Eti sevmediği gibi balığı da sevmez.

He refuses to take exercise, nor does he try to eat less.

Egzersiz yapmayı reddettiği gibi az yemeye de çalışmıyor.

ÖRNEK SORU:2006 EKİM ÜDS FEN It was not obvious to scientists what the solution would be to the cosmic radiation astronauts are exposed to; ….. was it obvious that there would be any solution at all.

a) either b) so c) and

d) but e) nor

devrik yapı

CORRELATIVE CONJUNCTIONS Bu gruptaki bağlaçlar ikili olarak kullanılır: both... and, either...or, neither...nor, not only…. but also.

Bu bağlaçlar iki özne, nesne, sıfat, zarf ve fiili, sözcük öbeğini (phrase) ya da cümleciği (clause) bağlayabilir.

2) Correlative Conjunctions Bu bağlaçların ortak özelliği paralel yapılar gerektirmeleridir.

NOT ONLYBOTHEITHERNEITHER

BUT ALSOANDORNOR

NOUN

VERB

ADJECTIVE

ADVERB

Ving

PREP.PHRASE

TO INF.

NOUN

VERB

ADJECTIVE

ADVERB

Ving

PREP.PHRASE

TO INF.

ÖZNE-YÜKLEM UYUMU!!!BOTH…..AND……. HER ZAMAN

ÇOĞUL FİİL

NEITHER…..NOR…EITHER…….OR….NOT ONLY...BUT ALSO…..

İKİNCİ BAĞLAÇTAN

SONRA GELEN İSME UYGUN

FİİL

BOTH…… AND…..NEITHER…..NOR…

NOT ONLY...BUT ALSO…..

HER ZAMAN OLUMLU CÜMLEde KULLANILIR

EITHER…… OR….

HEM OLUMLUHEM OLUMSUZ

CÜMLEde KULLANILIR

NOUN or PHRASE PARALELLİĞİ

N.P

TO INF

Ving

ADJECTIVE

ADVERB

THAT+SVO

PREP.PHRASE

YET

OR

AND

BUT

N.P

TO INF

Ving

ADJECTIVE

ADVERB

THAT+SVO

PREP.PHRASE

Ayrıca “but, and, or” ve “yet” yerine kullanılan PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE yapılarında da

durum aynıdır. N.P N.PVing Ving

OR AND BUT

other thanrather thaninstead of

as well asin addition to

besidesapart from

in contrast tounlike

as opposed to

He walked slowly AS WELL AS cautiously.

İki ayrı cümleyi bağlaçlı tek bir cümleye dönüştürürken dikkat etmemiz gereken noktalar şunlardır:

Önce cümlelerin ortak ve farklı olan öğeleri belirlenir.

Farklı olan öğelerden birinin başına bağlacın birinci bölümü, diğerinin başına ikinci bölümü getirilir.

Ali will come with us. Ayşe will come with us.

Yukarıdaki örnekte farklı olan öğeler öznelerdir. Bu durumda kullanacağımız bağlaç bu iki sözcüğü birleştirecektir.

Both Ali and Ayşe will come with us.

Not only Ali but also Ayşe will come with us.

She is beautiful. She is clever. (both and)

She is both beautiful and clever.

She isn't tall. She isn't short. (neither...nor)

She is neither tall nor short.

Bağlaçla elde ettiğimiz yapının cümle içindeki yeri bağladığı öğenin yeriyle aynıdır.

Yani iki özneyi bağladıysa cümlenin başında,

iki nesneyi bağladıysa yüklemden sonra yer alır.

Ali will help me or Ayşe will help me. (subject + subject)

Either Ali or Ayşe will help me.

I didn't buy a shirt. I didn't buy a skirt. (object + object)

I bought neither a shirt nor a skirt.

Both ... and iki özneyi bağlıyorsa fiil daima çoğuldur.

Diğer bağlaçlarla yükleme yakın olan özne yani ikinci özne temel alınır.

Eğer ikinci özne tekilse tekil bir fiil, çoğulsa çoğul bir fiil kullanılır.

Both my parents and my sister are coming tomorrow.

Not only my parents but also my sister is coming tomorrow.

Neither my colleagues nor the manager approves of the plan.

Either the teacher or the students have made a mistake.

Both ... and Türkçeye hem ... hem de biçiminde çevrilir ve olumlu cümlelerde

kullanılır.

Both the driver and the passengers were badly injured.

Hem sürücü hem de yolcular ağır yaralandı.

Yesterday I both cleaned the house and went to the cinema.

Dün hem evi temizledim hem de sinemaya gittim.

Not only ... but also da olumlu cümlelerle kullanılır. Both ... and den daha vurgulu bir ifadedir. Not only the driver but also the passengers were injured. (Sadece sürücü değil yolcular da yaralandı.)I not only cleaned the house but also went to the cinema.

Sadece evi temizlemekle kalmadım, sinemaya da gittim.

Neither ... nor Türkçeye ne ... ne de biçiminde çevrilir. Kendisi olumsuz bir yapı olduğu için olumlu fiille kullanılır ancak cümlenin anlamı olumsuzdur.

She didn't study. She didn't watch TV.

She neither studied nor watched TV. (Ne ders çalıştı ne de televizyon izledi.)

Either ... or, «ya ...ya da» anlamındadır. Genellikle olumlu cümlede kullanılır. Olumsuz cümlede kullanıldığı zaman neither ... nor ile aynı anlamı verir.

She can't either speak or walk. (She can neither speak nor walk.)

Ne konuşabiliyor ne de yürüyebiliyor.

Not only ... but also iki cümleyi bağlıyorsa, ve «Not only» Cümle başında kullanılıyorsa not only'nin bağlı bulunduğu cümle devrik, ikinci cümle düz olur.

The hotel was marvellous. The hotel was cheap.

The hotel was not only marvellous but also cheap.

Not only was the hotel marvellouswas the hotel marvellous, but it was also cheap.

Not only…., but also… dizilimleri“Not only… but also” kalıbında “only” yerine “just”, “merely”, “solely”, “simply” zarfları da kullanılır.

Not only , but (also)

simplymerelysolelyjust

, but ,as well / too.

ÖRNEK SORU:2005 MART ÜDS SAĞLIK

Health is not merely the absence of disease and infirmty, …. complete physical, mental and social well-being.

a) as for b) as well as c) as if

d) including e) but also

Dikkat! “Not only… but also” yapısını “Not….but” ile karıştırmayınız!

Not …. but… yapısında HER İKİ EYLEM DE GERÇEKLEŞMEZ!

SADECE “….but…”SONRASI GERÇEKLEŞİR!!!

Ancak Not only….but also da İKİ EYLEM DE GERÇEKLEŞİR!!!

She went abroad not to have a vacation but to improve her English.

(O, yurtdışına tatil için değil, İngilizcesini geliştirmek için gitti.)

She went abroad not only to have a vacation but also to improve her English.

(O, yurtdışına sadece tatil yapmak için değil, İngilizcesini geliştirmek için de

gitti.)

ÖRNEK SORU: 2003 YDSMany ordinary people don’t realize that fat is not digested in the stomach, ____ in the small intestine.

a) although b) but c) because

d) but also e) while

EXERCISE: Combine the following sentences. Use both ... and.

The Island of Grenada has unspoilt beaches. It also has beautiful forests. ……………………………………………

Agatha Christie wrote murder mysteries. Colin Dexter wrote murder mysteries. ……………………………………………

The Island of Grenada has both unspoilt beaches and beautiful forests.

Both Agatha Christie and Colin Dexter wrote murder mysteries .

Use not only ... but also.The new library will contain twice as many books. The new library will provide computer facilities.

The new library will not only contain twice as many books but also provide computer facilities

FARKLI ÖĞELERFİİL ve NESNELER

The Chef arrived late. Two of the waiters arrived late.

Use neither ... nor.He didn't file the reports properly. He didn't fill

out the forms correctly.

Not only the chef but also two of the waiters arrived late.

He neither filed the reports properly nor filled out the forms correctly.

Use either ... or.We'll replace the item, or we’ll refund your money, whichever you prefer.

The road is closed. The workmen might be repairing it, or an accident might have occurred.

We'll either replace the item or refund your money, whichever you prefer.

Either the workmen are repairing it, or an accident has occurred.

Choose the correct one in parentheses.• Either the director or the actors (was /

were) not professional enough for a Shakespeare play.

• Both the sailors and the captain (is / are) ready for a holiday.

• Neither the builders nor the architect (understand / understands) the plan.

• Neither the architect nor the builders (think / thinks) a glass floor is possible.

• Both their determination and their hard work (has / have) contributed to their success.

• Either the brakes or the steering (is / are) causing my car to judder when I'm driving downhill.

• Either our children or the boy from next door (has / have) pulled up all the flowers in our garden.

• Not only the population of France but also lorry drivers in England (is / are) demonstrating against the high price of fuel.

• Both lack of sponsorship and a low rate of attendance (has / have) added to the Millennium Dome's failure.

SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS

Bir yan cümleyi temel cümleye bağlayan when, before, because, although gibi sözcükler subordinating conjunctions diye isimlendirilir.

Bağlacın bulunduğu cümle (adverbial clause) temel cümleden önce ya da sonra gelebilir.

Adverbial clause temel cümlenin önünde yer alırsa iki cümle arasında virgül kullanılır.

Temel cümleden sonra geliyorsa genellikle virgül kullanılmaz.

YAN CÜMLE BAĞLAÇLARI

YAN CÜMLE TEMEL CÜMLE ,

Although it was raining, she went out for a walk.

TEMEL CÜMLE YAN CÜMLE

She went out for a walk although it was raining.

Because she was tired, she went straight to bed.

She went straight to bed because she was tired.

After she made a phone call, she left home.

She left home after she made a phone call.

Bu bağlaçları, cümleler arasında kurduğu ilişki

bakımından gruplandırarak şöyle

sıralayabiliriz:

TIMEafter,

before, by the time (that),

until / till, since / ever since

as long ashardy/barely/scarcely..when

No sooner..than

while, as,

when, whenever,

once, the momentas soon as,

immediately, now (that)

PLACE

where

wherever

as far as

as

as if

as though

how

MANNER

PURPOSE

so thatin order that

for the purpose that

for fear that

lest

Concession and Contrastalthoughthough

even thoughwhile

whereasmuch as

however + adj. /adv. no matter + question word

ConditionIf, unless, only if, whether or not,

even if, providing (that), provided (that), in case,

as/so long as, suppose (that),

supposing (that)

RESULT

such (a/an) + adj. + noun + that

so + adj. /adv. that

ADVERBIAL CLAUSES OF TIME

After (“-den sonra”)After I finish/have finished this

report, I will go out for lunch.

After I finished/had finished the report, I went out for lunch.

After

,YAN

CÜMLE TEMEL

CÜMLE

V1 have-has V3

Will be going to

After

V2

Had V3 V2

Before (“-meden önce”)

Before I go out for lunch, I will finish this report.

Before I went out for lunch, I finished / had finished the report.

Before

,YAN

CÜMLE TEMEL

CÜMLE

V1 will be going to

Before

V2 V2

Had V3

****DİKKAT****““Before bağlacının Before bağlacının

yan cümlesinde yan cümlesinde NEGATİF YAPI NEGATİF YAPI

GELMEZ!!!!GELMEZ!!!!

Before

,YANCÜMLE

TEMEL CÜMLE

NOT,

NEVER,

HARDLY..

Yan cümlede “not, never, hardly..”gibi negatif anlam ifadeleri varsa

BEFORE İŞARETLEME!!!BEFORE İŞARETLEME!!!

when (“-diğinde, -diği zaman)

When I got home, they were eating dinner.

When I got home, they ate dinner.

When I got home, they had eaten dinner.

when

,YAN

CÜMLE TEMEL

CÜMLE

V 2

Was/were Ving

V2

Had V3

When I get home, they will be eating dinner.

When I get home, they will eat dinner.

When I get home, they will have eaten dinner.

when

,YAN

CÜMLE TEMEL

CÜMLE

V 1

will be V ing

will + V1

will have V3

When I finish / have finished this report, I will go out for lunch.

When I finished / had finished the report, I went out for lunch.

When + V1 / have-has V3, will / be going to

When + V2 / had V3 , V2

while, as, just as (“-iken”)• My friend will look after my plants while

I am on holiday.

• They were playing cards as I was working hard on my thesis.

• The alarm was activated just as / as / when the woman pressed the red button.

ANA CÜMLE ile ZARF CÜMLESİ’ndeki

eylemler EŞ ZAMANLI İSE

“when” değil, WHILE KULLANILIR !

I watched the TV while Fulya cooked dinner for us.

EŞ ZAMANLI EYLEMLER WHEN KULLANILMAZ!!!

by the timeby the time (-e kadar, -e gelindiğinde, -den önce)Bir eylemin diğer eylemden daha önce gerçekleştiğini ya da gerçekleşeceğini belirtmek için kullanılır.

• By the time he comes back, we will have finished the work.

• By the time he comes back, it will be too late. • By the time he came back, we had finished

the work. • By the time he came back, it was too late.

By the time + V1 Will have + V3 Simple Future

(with “be”)

By the time + V2had + V3

had been +Ving

until, till (“-e kadar, -e değin”)• She will wait for me until/tilluntil/till I finish/have

finished my work.

• She waited for me until/till I finished/had finished my work.

• I had never heard of that author until/tilluntil/till you told me about her.

UNUTMAYINIZ!!!““before, after, till, until”before, after, till, until” yapıları hem bağlaç hem de edat olarak kullanılabilirler.

Diğer bir deyişle kendilerinden sonra hem bir cümlecik hem de bir isim / isim öbeği alabilirler.

Before

After

Until

Till

S V O

NOUNNOUN

PHRASE

Since – Ever Since (-den beri)

The old man has been receiving a psychological treatment (ever) since(ever) since he lost his family in a car accident.

(ever) Since +V 2

have – has V3

have – has been Ving

as soon as, once, the moment, immediately (“-r….-mez”)

As soon as / Once / The moment / Immediately I saw him, I understood that something was wrong.

As soon as I finished / had finished my work, I went out.

As soon as I finish / have finished my work, I will go out.

as long as, so long as(…müddetçe, sürece)

I won't forgive him as/so long as I live.

I never bought anything from that shop as/so long as I lived there.

whenever, every time(“her..-diğinde, ne zaman ..-se)

Whenever you get into a trouble, you are always calling me!

I greeted (used to greet) him whenever/every time I saw him

the first time, the second time, the next time, the last time, etc.

• The first time I went to İzmir, I attended YDS ACADEMY English Courses.

• The next time I go there, I won't stay at the same hotel.

• The last time I went to Aydın, I visited many friends.

now (that) (..-dığına göre/ mademki…)

Now that we have finished our work, we can go out for a walk.

Now that school is over, he can start to look for a job.

Now that SADECE V1 ve HAVE - HAS V3

ile KULLANILIR!

no sooner ... than, hardly/scarcely/barely ... when

• I had no sooner received his letter than he himself arrived.

• I had scarcely / hardly received his letter when he himself arrived

DİKKAT!Bu yapılar cümle başında

kullanıldıklarında DEVRİK YAPI olarak devamlarında BİR YARDIMCI FİİL

ALIRLAR. I had hardly fallen asleep when a crash woke me. (Tam uykuya dalmıştım ki bir kaza beni uyandırdı.)

Hardly

hadI

fallen asleep when a crash woke me

***TEKNİK***No sooner…. than

Hardly

Scarcely

Barely

when

CÜMLE TAMAMLAMA SORULARINI SEVER

***TEKNİK***

than

when

No sooner

Hardly

Scarcely

Barely

+had V3

V 2

***TEKNİK***

Paraphrasing ve translation sorularında;

No sooner…thanHardlyScarcely …whenBarely

as soon as

ADVERBIAL CLAUSES SHOWING CAUSE

AND EFFECT RELATIONSHIPS

Neden-Sonuç ilişkisi açıklayan bağlaçlar

BecauseSince

AsAs/so long asInasmuch asSeeing that,

Seeing asOn the grounds that

Now that

a clause

SVO SVO ,

Because of

On account of

Thanks to

Owing to

Due to

Noun

Pronoun,

Gerund

Main

Clause

sinceas

becauseseeing thatseeing as

inasmuch as

She couldn’t understand what he

said

it was very noisy.

RESULT MAIN CLAUSE

REASON ADV. CLAUSE

SVO + SVO BAĞLAÇ +

Because she was ill, she couldn't go to school.

(BECAUSE+SVO)(BECAUSE+SVO)

Because of Because of her illnessher illness, , she couldn't go to school.

(BECAUSE OF + NOUN PHRASE)(BECAUSE OF + NOUN PHRASE)

• As prices rise dramatically, it's difficult to make ends meet.

(AS+SVO)• Owing to dramatically rising

prices, it's difficult to make ends meet.(OWING TO + NOUN PHRASE)

It was a good decision inasmuch as it worked for you. (Senin işine yaradığına göre bu iyi bir karardı.)

Seeing that / Seeing as we need to arrive there by nine o’clock, we had better leave at six.

(Saat 9’a kadar oraya varmamız gerektiğine göre saat 6’da ayrılsak iyi ederiz)

They oppose the bill on the on the grounds thatgrounds that it is too restrictive.

( Kanun tasarısına çok kısıtlayıcı olduğu gerekçesiyle karşı çıkıyorlar.)

Now (that) you are settled, why don’t you take up a serious study?

Yerleştiğine göre neden biraz ciddi çalışmaya başlamıyorsun?

Now (that) yapısında sonra past gelmez. Genelde V1 / have-has V3 gelir!

Now (that) + V1 veya Now (that) + have – has V3

***TEKNİK***Cümle tamamlama sorularında seçeneklerde Tense Uyumu aranmadan önce

AS, BECAUSE, SINCE, cümlelerinin iki tarafında AYNI

ÖZNE KULLANIMI ARANMALIDIR!

As Since

Because ,X X

AYNI ÖZNE

Because ofDue to

Owing to On account of

In view of Thanks to

As a result of As a consequence of

-dığı için-den dolayı

-nın yüzünden-sayesinde

-nın sonucu olarak

+ NP/NC/Ving

+ SVO

Cümle içindeki yerleri ve noktalama işaretleri ile kullanımları

X_______________________ , ________________________

_______________________ X ________________________

Because ofDue to

Owing to On account of

In view of Thanks to

As a result of As a consequence of

+SVO

Cümle içindeki yerleri ve noktalama işaretleri ile kullanımları

X_______________________ , ________________________

_______________________ X ________________________

the fact that

CONCESSION AND CONTRAST

(ZITLIK BAĞLAÇLARI)

Karşıtlık bildiren bağlaçlar şunlardır:

although, though, even though, while, whereas, much as,

however + adj./adv., no matter + question word

Bu bağlaçlar, Bu bağlaçlar, belirtilen bir belirtilen bir durumdan beklenmeyen bir durumdan beklenmeyen bir sonucun çıktığını ifade sonucun çıktığını ifade etmemizi sağlar.etmemizi sağlar.

• Because Because she studied hard, she passed she studied hard, she passed the exam.the exam. (expected result) (expected result)

• AlthoughAlthough she studied hard, she didn't she studied hard, she didn't pass the exam. (unexpected result)pass the exam. (unexpected result)

Karşıtlık bildiren bağlaçlar, neden-sonuç ilişkisi bildiren bağlaçlarda

da olduğu gibi, tense uyumu gerektirmez.

Although it was cold yesterday, it is quite warm today.

Although, though, even thoughBu bağlaçların üçü de aynı anlamı verir. Even though biraz daha vurgulu bir anlatımdır. Bağlacın bağlı bulunduğu cümle temel cümleden önce ya da sonra gelebilir.

AlthoughThough

Even though

althoughthough

even though

, she is quite good

at music.

She doesn't want to be a musician

She is quite good

at music

she doesn't want to be a musician

Though iki bağımsız cümleyi birleştirmek için de kullanılabilir.

Bu kullanımıyla though, "but, yet" anlamını verir ve genellikle ikinci cümlenin sonunda kullanılır ama ikinci cümlenin başında da yer alabilir.

I didn't like the film, though I liked its background music.

I didn't like the film; I liked its background music, though.

I didn't like the film, but/yet I liked its background music. (Filmi beğenmedim ama fon müziğini beğendim.)

AlthoughThough

Even thoughWhereasEven if While

S V O

in spite of irrespective

of regardless of notwithstand

ingDespite

Noun Ving

Although he tried hard, he couldn't persuade his father.

Much as he tried, be couldn't persuade his father.

(Çok uğraştığı halde babasını ikna edemedi.)

As, karşıtlık bildiren bir bağlaç olarak, bir sıfat ya da zarftan sonra kullanılır ve kendisini bir cümle izler.

Aynı yapıda though da kullanılır.

Adj. / Adv. + as / though + S V O312

KURALI

Although she is rich, she doesn’t share her prosperity.

1 2 3

rich, as she is she doesn’t share her prosperity.

TRANSLATION ve RESTATEMENT SORULARINI SEVER

ALTHOUGH, THOUGH, EVEN THOUGH+SVO

= adj/adv+AS / THOUGH + SVO

• Hard as I try, my cooking is not so good as yours.

• Hard though I try, my cooking is not so good as yours.

• Though / Although I try hard, my cooking is not so good as yours.

Çok uğraştığım halde benim yemeklerim seninkiler kadar iyi olmuyor.

However + adj./adv.no matter + question word

However late it is, you can call me for help.

No matter how late it is, you can call me for help.

Ne kadar geç olursa olsun, yardım için beni arayabilirsin.

• You must know how to stand alone however many friends you have.

• You must know how to stand alone no matter how many friends you have.

Ne kadar çok arkadaşın olursa olsun kendi başına ayakta durmayı bilmelisin.

No matter + question word yapısının verdiği anlamı wherever, whatever, whoever gibi sözcüklerle de verebiliriz.

• No matter where you go, keep some money in reserve.

• Wherever you go, keep some money in reserve.

• Nereye gidersen git, kenarda biraz para bulundur.

• No matter what you do, don't join a street gang.

• Whatever you do, don't join a street gang.

• Ne yaparsan yap ama bir gençlik çetesine karışma.

• No matter who has taken my book, I want it back at once.

• Whoever has taken my book, I want it back at once.

• Kitabımı kim aldıysa hemen geri vermesini istiyorum.

Whereas, While, Whilst (oysa, -iken, halbuki)

Bu bağlaçlar iki taraf arasındaki doğrudan bir zıtlığı ifade eder.

While WhereasWhilst

X + V + O Y + V + O

FARKLI ÖZNETEKNİĞİ

- CÜMLE TAMAMLAMA!!!

He is around sixty ,whereas his wife looks about thirty.

Aylin is very self-confident while Mert is shy and quiet.

ÖRNEK SORU: 2003 MAYIS KPDS Geographical Information System tools provide specialized functions for spatial data input, processing, analysis and output, ____________________ Database Management System tools provide more advanced functions for storing and managing large spatial databases.

a) that b) due to c) while d) whether e) in that

FARKLI ÖZNELER X – Y TEKNİĞİ

(TAM ZITLIK-ÖZNE-TARAF ZITLIĞI)

ÖRNEK SORU: 2007 MART ÜDS SOSYAL Research evidence suggests that, in their games, girls show preference for home-centered interests _______ boys drawn to more naughty and dangerous themes and plots. a) unless b) when c) as though

d) whereas e) now that

Özne Zıtlığı Direct Contrast

EXPRESSING PURPOSE

so that, in order that, for the purpose that,

for fear that, lest

So that ve in order that aynı anlama sahiptir ve kullanım kuralları da aynıdır.

So that / in order that temel cümle ile yan cümle arasında tense uyuşması gerektirir.

Past

Main clause am/is/are doing

do/does be going to will do

have/has done

+so that +

Subordinate Clause do/does am/is/are

be going to can will

will be able tomay

Temel cümle ile yan cümlede kullanabileceğimiz tense ve modal' lar:

Present / Future

Main clause V2

Had V3+so that +

Subordinate Clause wouldcould

would be able to

might

She is studying very bard this year so that she can pass the university exam.

She went to İzmir so that she could see her friends.

I want to finish all the work today so that I will be free tomorrow.

(…olsun diye) – (..olması için) – (..ki böylece)

• Lest "for fear that, in case" anlamındadır ve genellikle should ile kullanılır.

• Temel cümlenin Tense' ine uygun olarak Simple Present ve Simple Past tense de kullanılabilir.

• Lest Türkçeye olumsuz olarak çevrilir.

• We all spoke in quiet voices lest we should wake the baby.

• Bebeği uyandırmayalım diye hepimiz alçak sesle konuştuk.

• We all spoke in quiet voices for fear that we might wake the baby.

• Bebeği uyandırırız korkusuyla hepimiz

alçak sesle konuştuk.

SO THAT’e DİKKATPURPOSE

So that + can-may-will

AS A RESULT ,so that

RESULTso_________ that

I studied so thatso that I could pass.Sınıfı geçebilmek için çalıştım

I studied ,so that,so that I could pass.Çalıştım ve sonuç olarak

sınıfı geçebildim.

I studied so hard thatso hard that I could pass.

öylesine çok çalıştım ki sınıfı geçebildim.

ADVERBIAL CLAUSES OF MANNER

(DURUM BAĞLAÇLARI)

Bu zarflar bir olayın nasıl olduğunu ya da eylemin

nasıl yapıldığını anlatırken kullanılan zarf tümceleri

(Adverbial Clause of Manner) olarak adlandırılır.

(Just) As: “-dığı gibi”(Just) as raiway bridges were the great structural symbols of the 19th century, so highway bridges became engineering embles of the 20th century.

(Just) as raiway bridges were the great structural symbols of the 19th century, so did highway bridges become engineering embles of the 20th century.

(Just) as raiway bridges were the great structural symbols of the 19th century, highway bridges become engineering embles of the 20th century.

So + normal cümle

So + devrik cümle

So almadan kullanım

ÖRNEK SORU:2008 EKİM ÜDS SOSYAL_____English contains a vast lexical inheritance from Latin, Persian has absorbed a great number of Arabic loanwords.

a) As long as b) Because c) Even ifd) Just as e) Whether

As if / as though: “gibi; sanki; -mış gibi”

Gerçek Durum:Tercüme: “gibi”

Tense: Olayın gerçek zamanı Örnek:

Take an umbrella. It looks as if it is going to

rain. -Şemsiye al. Yağmur yağacak gibi görünüyor.

Gerçek Dışı Durum:Tercüme: “sanki –mış gibi” Tense: ONE TENSE BACKONE TENSE BACK

Örnek:

He has broken the vase, buthe behaves as if nothing

happened.

Vazoyu kırdı ama hiçbirşey olmamış gibi davranıyor.

V1 V2

ONE TENSE BACK

DİKKAT!!!!“As if / As though” yapısının bağlı bulunduğu tarafta “be” fiili kullanılmışsa gerçek dışı durum anlamı ile olsa bile “had been” yapısı değil; “were” yapısı kullanılır.

They listened to him as if he were a king. had been

“As if / as though” yapılarından önce gelen fiiller:

SeemLook

AppearBehave

Act Treat

Describe Feel

As if As though

TRANSITIONS(CÜMLE ZARFLARI)

• Transition, bir düşünceden başka bir düşünceye geçişi sağlayan sözcük ya da sözcük grubudur.

• Transition ikinci cümlenin yani sonuç cümlesinin başına gelir ve iki cümle yer değiştiremez.

CONTRAST: ”zıtlık”(BEKLENTİ TERSİ ZITLIK)

Concessive Contrast However: ancak, ama, yine de

Still: yine deEven so: “yine de” , “böyle olsa bile”

Nevertheless: “ama- yine de”Nonetheless: “ama-yine de”

All the same: “buna rağmen”

The first part of the essay was easy; however, the second took hours.

(İlk kısım kolaydı, ancak ikinci kısım saatler sürdü.)

He had studied hard. Even so, he failed. (O, çok çalıştı, ama yine de başarısız oldu.)

We disliked each other ; nevertheless, we agreed.

(Birbirimizi sevmiyoruz, ama yine de anlaştık.)

Direct Contrast:

Conversely : diğer yandan, aksine On the other hand : diğer yandan In contrast : oysaki, diğer yandan By contrast : oysaki, diğer yandan

Gamze does whatever her teacher assigns; on the other hand, Erol doesn’t.

(Gamze, öğretmeni ne ödev verirse yapar, oysaki Erol yapmaz / öyle değil.)

Turkey’s economy has expanded enormously, while Spain’s, in/by contrast, declined.

(Türkiye’nin ekonomisi aşırı derece büyüdü, aksine İspayanınki düşüş gösterdi.)

Bu yapılarla aynı anlamı olan fakat kullanımı farklı olan yapılar:

Unlike her sister, she is tall. (Kızklardeşinin aksine, o uzun boylu.)

In contrast to office workers, the working hours of farmers are quite flexible.

(Ofis çalışanlarının aksine, çiftçilerin çalışma saatleri oldukça esnektir.)

unlike in contrast to/with

contrary to

+ NP , NC, Ving (-nın aksine)

RESULT

Therefore : “ bu yüzden, bundan dolayı, dolayısıyla”Thus : “ bu yüzden, bundan dolayı, dolayısıyla”Hence : “ bu yüzden, bundan dolayı, dolayısıyla”Accordingly : “ bu yüzden, bundan dolayı, dolayısıyla”Consequently : “ bu yüzden, bundan dolayı, dolayısıyla”As a consequence : “sonuç olarak”As a result : “sonuç olarak”*Thereby : “öylelikle, o suretle, böylece”

****bu yapılardan “thereby” devamında CÜMLE ALMAZ.

Ya “and” bağlacından sonra ya devamında Ving alarak ya da cümle başı HARİÇ cümlede herhangi bir yerde kullanılır.

She hadn’t studied, and thereby failed. (O, çalışmadı ve bu yüzden başarısız oldu.)

She hadn’t studied. She thereby failed.

***TEKNİK***Herhangi bir cümlede virgülden sonra herhangi bir sonuç zarfı varsa, bu zarf devamında Ving ile devam eder; bu tür durumlar için formülümüz : “________, sonuç zarfı + Ving”

ÖRNEK SORU: 2007 MAYIS KPDSThe British govenment____ details of the next stage of its genetically modified cropfield trials, thus ___ off a now familiar cycle of debate and demonstration.

a) has released / settingb) will release / to set c) would have released / having set d) is releasing / to have set e) released / to be set

thus+Ving

ADDITION ”EKLEME”

AlsoBesidesFurtherMoreoverFurthermoreIn addition

What’s more

Dahası Üstelik

The whole report is badly written. Moreover, it’s inaccurate.

The hotel was not comfortable; besides, it was not reasonably priced.

Otel konforlu değildi, üstüne üstlük fiyatı da makul değildi.

I’m cold, and I’m also hungry and tired. Üşüdüm ve ayrıca açım ve yorgunum.

TIMEAt first / initially : ilk olarak Afterwards : daha sonraIn the meantime : bu süre içinde, bu aradaMeanwhile : bu arada

We had the tea, and afterwards we sat in the garden for a while.

At first, I thought he was joking but then I realized he wasn’t.

EXEMPLIFICATION(ÖRNEKLEME)

For instanceFor example

To illustrateAs an exampleAs an illustrationTo exemplify

mesela örneğin

Unemployment problem is getting more and more serious. In the electronics industry, for instance, 5000 people were made redundant.

- İşsizlik problemi giderek ciddileşiyor. Örneğin, elektronik endüstrisinde 5000 kişi işini kaybetti.

***UNUTMAYINIZ!***Öncesindeki isme örnek vermek için “such as, like” yapılarının yanı sıra “including” edatı da kullanılabilir.

Turkey has a number of problems, including heavy traffic and over

population. Türkiye’nin yoğun trafik ve aşırı nüfus gibi bir çok problemi var.

PARTICULARIZATION:ÖZELE İNDİRGEME

In particular

Particularly

Specifically

Especially

Notably

özellikle

On the whole, I love music, especially rock.

-Genel olarak müziği severim, özellikle de rock müziği.

EXPLANATION: açıklama

That is : yaniNamely : yani In other words : başka bir deyişleThat is to say : yani To put it in a different way: başka bir deyişle To put it in another way: başka bir deyişle

SIMILARITY: benzerlikLikewise,

Similarly,

Correspondingly,

By the same token,

In the same way,

aynı şekilde

EMPHASIS: vurgulamaIn fact,

In deed,

As a matter of fact,

Actually,

As such,

aslındagerçekte

gerçektendoğrusu

hatta

TRANSITION:konuyu değiştirmek için

“- e gelince” “..ile ilgili olarak /-e dair”

As for When it comes to

With regard to With respect to

In case of

aboutas to

concerningregarding

as regards pertaining to

SUMMATION-CONCLUSIONÖzetleme – Sonuç çıkarma

In summary özet olarak, kısacası

In brief / In short kısacası - kısaca

In conclusion Sonuç olarak

To sum up Özet olarak

All in all Özet olarak, herşey hesaba kattığımızda

EXCEPTIONEXCEPTIONHariç tutmaHariç tutmaExcept that

Save thatExcept (for)

ButSaving

Apart from

..den başka…hariç…dışında

Except that But + SVO Save that

All my students but Deniz were in the class. Deniz hariç tüm öğrencilerim sınıftaydı.

Apart from the salary / Salary apart, it’s not a good job. Maaşı düşünmezsek, iyi bir iş değil.

ByVia

ThroughWith the help of

By means of

aracılığıylavasıtasıyla

The thieves escaped by means of that plan. Hırsızlar o plan aracılığıyla kaçtılar.

Irrespective of =

Regardless of

“-e bakılmaksızın”

TEKNİKÇeviri sorularında“No matter + QW” veya “–ever word”

ler aranır.

Regardless of what they say ……..

Irrespective of what they say ……..

Whatever they say ……..

No matter what what they say ……..

REDUCTION of ADVERBIAL CLAUSES

to MODIFYING PHRASES

Bir zarfı şu biçimde kısaltabiliriz.

Kısaltma yapabilmenin temel koşulu, yan cümle ile temel cümledeki öznenin aynı

olmasıdır.

Özneler farklı ise kısaltma yapamayız.

Kısaltma yapabileceğimiz bağlaçlar ve kısaltma biçimleri şöyledir:

After, before, while• Active: While I was reading a book last

night, I fell asleep.

• While reading a book last night, I fell asleep.

• Reading a book last night, I fell asleep.

• Active: After we ate / had eaten dinner, we went out for a walk.

• After eating / After having eaten dinner, we went out for a walk.

• Having eaten dinner, we went out for a walk.

• Passive: After he was / had been promoted, he became more interested in his job.

• After being / having been promoted, he became more interested in his job.

• Having been promoted, he became more interested in his job.

• Passive: While it was being carried, the table got broken.

• While being carried, the table got broken.

• Active: Before she came to this city, she lived in the country.

• Before coming to this city, she lived in the country.

• Passive: Before she was elected Prime Minister, she worked as a university teacher.

• Before being elected Prime Minister, she

worked as a university teacher.(Note:Kısaltma yaparken "before" atılamaz.)

WhenWhen, arka arkaya yapılmış eylemleri ifade eden iki cümleyi bağlıyorsa; active cümlede when + clause yerine on /upon + doing kullanılır.

• When she finished her report, she left the office.

• On/upon finishing her report, she left the office.

PassivePassive cümlede ya da "be" fiilinin asıl fiil olduğu cümlede,

özne ve "be" fiili atılır: when + past participle/a noun

kullanılır.

• When he was a young man, he was very ambitious.

• When a young man, he was very ambitious.

• When they are used too often, sedative drugs may cause addiction.

• When used too often, sedative drugs may cause addiction.

When, bazı cümlelerde "while" anlamında kullanılır.

Yani temel cümle ile yan cümledeki eylemler aynı zamanlıdır. aynı zamanlıdır.

Bu durumda kısaltma, when + doing biçiminde yapılır.

• When you are travelling abroad, make sure you have traveller's cheques with you.

• When travelling abroad, make sure you have traveller's cheques with you.

UNTIL – SINCE • Until, genellikle passive cümlelerde

kısaltılabilir.

• Prepositions must be studied until they are learnt by heart.

• Prepositions must be studied until learnt by heart

Since, "...den beri" anlamındaysa since + doing biçiminde kısaltılır.

• Since I came to this city. I hare lived in the same house.

• Since coming to this city. I have lived in the same house.

Neden - sonuç ilişkisi bildiren clause'larda as, since, because gibi bağlaçlar atılarak doing / having done kullanılır.

• Because she is married now, she has more responsibilities.

• Being married now, she has more responsibilities.

• Since she was tired, she went to bed early. • Being tired, she went to bed early.

• Eğer adverbial clause'daki eylem temel cümledeki eylemden önce gerçekleşmişse having done kullanılır.

• Because I sprained my ankle yesterday, I now have difficulty walking.

• Having sprained my ankle yesterday, I now have difficulty walking.

• Because I had sprained my ankle, I could hardly walk.

• Having sprained my ankle, I could hardly walk.

Adverbial clause'da be + adjective kullanılmışsa, bu yapıyı being + adjective ya da sadece adjective biçiminde kısaltabiliriz.

• Because she is responsible for opening the office, she has to be there early.

• Being responsible for opening the office, she has to be there early.

• Responsible for opening the office, she has to be there early.

Olumsuz cümlelerde not doing/not having done kullanılır.

• Because I don't know her phone number, I can't call her.

• Not knowing her phone number, I can't call her.

• Because she hadn't slept well the night before, she felt tired in the morning.

• Not having slept well the night before, she felt tired in the morning.

Neden-sonuç ilişkisi bildiren cümlelerde, temel cümleyle yan cümlenin özneleri farklıyken de kısaltma yapmak mümkündür.

Ancak kısaltmada her iki cümlenin de öznesini belirtmek gerekir.

• Because our car is broken-down, we have been travelling to work by bus since last week.

• Our car being broken-down, we have been travelling to work by bus since last week.

As the weather was cold, we had to cancel the picnic.

The weather being cold, we had to cancel the picnic.

• Koşul cümlesi oluşturan bağlaçlardan if, unless, as if, ve whether...or kısaltılmış yapıyla kullanılabilir.

• If they were collected together, his poems would fill a volume.

• If collected together, his poems would fill a volume.

• Unless this case is explained properly, it will continue to confuse people.

• Unless explained properly, this case will continue to confuse people.

• She was speaking strangely, as if she was trying to conceal something from us.

• She was speaking strangely, as if

trying to conceal something from us.

ADVERBIAL CLAUSE KISALTMA TABLOSU

1- V ing …… , özne …… : Eş zamanlı AKTİF

2- V3 / Being V3.. , özne.. : Eş zamanlı PASİF

3-HavingV3... , özne.. : Farklı zamanlı AKTİF

4-Having beenV3... , özne.. : Farklı zamanlı PASİF

TEST YOURSELF

Change the adverbial clauses to modifying phrases.

Unless they are protected by security guards, empty factories usually get vandalised.

Unless protected by security guards, empty factories...

While she was working as a representative for a holiday company, she learnt a bit of Spanish.

While working as a representative for a holiday company, she learnt...

After we had been robbed, we just wanted to fly home as quickly as possible.

After being robbed, we...

He had better find a new job before he leaves his present employment.

He had better and a new job before leaving his present employment.

If it is kept under control, diabetes doesn't affect one's daily life dramatically.

If kept under control, diabetes...

CONTINUING THE SAME IDEA

Herhangi bir konuda belirttiğimiz bir görüşe ilave yaparken "also" anlamında moreover, furthermore, in addition ve besides kullanırız.

Bu sözcükler "ayrıca, yanı sıra, ilaveten" anlamlarını verir.

Bu yapıları kullanırken dikkat etmemiz gereken nokta, önce belirttiğimiz ifade ile çelişmeyen görüşler ilave etmemizdir.

Yani bir şeyin iyi bir özelliğini belirtmişsek, bir başka iyi özelliğini ekleyebiliriz.

I want to rent that house.

It's very large, with four rooms.

Moreover, Furthermore,In addition,

Besides,

it has a wonderful sea view.

Running a big car has certain disadvantages.First of all, it's expensive to run because it uses more petrol than the smaller models;

moreover, furthermore,in addition,

besides,

it's difficult to park.

• In addition to ve besides, preposition olarak kullanılır ve kendilerinden sonra isim gelir.

• In addition to / Besides her beauty, she has intelligence and charm.

In addition to / besides + noun / Verb ing

MINI TEST

When the fire alarm sounded, we left the building immediately, without taking our coats. It was raining and, ........ we got absolutely soaking wet.

A) regardless B) otherwise C) nevertheless D) on the contrary

E) consequently

The footballer was hired by the Spanish club ……… his performance during the European Cup.

A) in case B) even though C) besides D) on account ofE) in addition to

He is a member of the same political party, …….. he doesn’t agree with the minister on this occasion.

A) as B) for C) yet D) such

E) so

....... how secure you make your house, thieves can always find a way to break in.

A) No matter B) Whatever

C) Nevertheless D) Otherwise

E) As though

......... measures are taken, Formula One car racing will, by its nature, remain a dangerous sport.

A) So that B) Because C) Whatever D) As thoughE) No matter

Despite having told the waiter that we were vegetarians, ......... .A) he continued to recommend; us dishes containing meat

B) we were only offered a rather disgusting green saladC) he said the chef could make us something special

D) he told us they had a good selection of meat-free dishes

E) we wouldn't be tipping him due to the poor service

Unlike the head chef, he thinks adding fresh cream to tomato soup makes it more delicious.

A) Both himself and the head chef are of the opinion that tomato soup tastes better when a little fresh cream is added.

B) In his opinion, which is contrary to the head chefs, the flavour of tomato soup is enhanced by adding fresh cream.

C) Although be added fresh cream to the tomato soup to enhance the flavour, the head chef didn't like it.

D) The head chef advised him to add some fresh cream to the tomato soup, but he doesn't think this will improve the flavour of the dish.

E) As any head chef will tell you, you can improve tomato soup by adding some fresh cream just before serving.

"Küçük Kadınlar"ın yazarı Louisa May Alcott, Amerikan İç Savaşı sırasında hemşire olarak görev yapmıştır.

A) Louisa May Alcott was both an author, writing "Little Women", and a nurse, serving in the American Civil War.

B) "Little Women" was written by Louisa May Alcott, a former nurse from the American Civil War.

C) Louisa May Alcott was the author of "Little Women", which was about a nurse serving during the American Civil War.

D) Louisa May Alcott's novel "Little Women" told the story of a nurse who served during the American Civil War.

E) Louisa May Alcott, the author of "Little Women", served as a nurse during the American Civil War.

........... while St Bernard is an excellent ski resort for competent skiers.

A) There are some very exciting runsB) I had only been skiing on two other occasionsC) Rock climbing has become quite popular with

studentsD) She learnt rock climbing in Germany last year E) St Moritz is one of the best resorts for

beginners