african currency

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Adolfo Bartolomucci

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There is a wide-spread revival of interest in artifacts that served for many centuries as legal tender in Sub-Saharan Africa, and this richly illustrated catalogue, edited by Adolfo Bartolomucci, purports to present and investigate the extraordinary range of objects concerned. Contributions by scholars of African lore situate these expressions of native ingenuity in an historical context and document their connection to everyday living conditions and the beliefs prevailing among the different ethnic groups that produced them. The many questions raised by the monetary use of artifacts of this type were of necessity examined from different angles. The more widely known examples of African currencies date back to early West African cultures, but lesser-known types, such as those introduced by European colonial powers or found in areas far off the beaten tracks of commerce, deserve no less attention. In his introduction the editor communicates his experiences over decades of field-trip

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Page 1: African Currency

Adolfo Bartolomucci

Monete tribali dell’Africasubsahariana

AfricanCURRENCY

Page 2: African Currency

Sommario

Premessa IVAdolfo Bartolomucci

Introduzione VIIAdolfo Bartolomucci

Regina Pecunia IXAdolfo Bartolomucci

Le monete primitive d’Africa XVPiero Voltolina e Mary Beni

Il fabbro metallurgista XVIIILidia Calderoli

Declino e resurrezione delle monete africane XXIVAldo Tagliaferri

Area Guinea 1

Area Nigeria 30 Area Gabon 79

Area Congo 87

Anche queste erano monete 125

La leggendaria moneta cauri 126Piero Voltolina e Mary Beni

L’utilizzo delle perle di vetro come monete 132Piero Voltolina e Mary Beni

Pesi moneta delle popolazioni Akan 141Adolfo Bartolomucci

Bibliografia generale 149

Ringraziamenti 152

Page 3: African Currency

PREFACEAdolfo Bartolomucci

The making of this book, the result of more than 50 years of research and study in South-Saharan Africa, required courage, great efforts and, above all, perse-verance in dedicating the major part of time spent in Africa on a subject held to be unimportant by most.The story begins in 1961 with my arrival in West Afri-ca on the Ivory Coast. My interest in African art was immediate, and it grew rapidly since I could count on a small baggage of knowledge acquired in France in the African art galleries that flourished in Paris and Lyons where I had lived for three years. At that time I was de-eply involved with earthenware as I had had the oppor-tunity to closely follow various archaeological discove-ries between 1965 and 1975 when important remains were brought to light from the cultures of the Djenné, Bambara, Bura Asinda, Komaland, Sokoto and Nok (already known about in 1933). I took a trip through the Nok area where I was shown a forged iron, shovel-shaped object and told that it was a currency used in commercial transactions in the 1920’s and ‘30’s. I promptly bought it. That was the beginning of my interest in these strange metal objects, which we called ethnic currency. Some time later, going through the frontier zone between the Ivory Coast and Libe-ria, I found a big bronze ankle bracelet with bells that weighed 4 kg, It belonged to a woman and the fact that she was the wife of the village chief conferred particu-lar importance to this currency. Bought after lengthy negotiations, this ankle bracelet also became part of my currency collection, and from that moment on I began to systemically look for these currencies in every count-ry or area that I visited. Consulting old books written by European explorers, I realized that all the nations and all the ethnic groups in the Sub-Saharan region had produced metal objects in various shapes and si-zes which were used for commercial exchanges in place of minted money. Their value depended principally on shape and weight. Over time I discovered that there was glass bead cur-rency and that artefacts of ivory, shells, pieces of fabric and other objects could also be employed as currency. I collected most of the currencies proposed in this book on site from families or from local vendors who sold these materials; however they had scarce information about how or when they were made and how they were used. I saw my first real Luba exemplar, an X shape in copper, during the first trip I took in Katanga: I was already aware of the shapes because in 1961 the provi-sory Katanga government had minted two official coins

PREMESSAAdolfo Bartolomucci

La realizzazione di questo libro, risultato di ricerche e studi durati più di 50 anni nell’Africa Sud-Sahariana, ha richiesto coraggio, fatica e soprattutto perseveranza nel dedicare larga parte del tempo trascorso in Africa a un argomento ritenuto dai più trascurabile. La mia storia comincia nel 1961 con l’arrivo in Afri-ca occidentale, per la precisione in Costa d’Avorio. L’interesse per l’arte africana fu immediato e crebbe rapidamente anche perché potevo contare su un pic-colo bagaglio di conoscenze acquisite in Francia presso gallerie d’arte africana fiorenti a Parigi e Lione, dove avevo soggiornato per tre anni. Allora mi occupai con assiduità di terrecotte, poiché avevo avuto occasione di seguire da vicino varie scoperte archeologiche che eb-bero luogo tra il ’65 e il ’75, quando furono portati alla luce importanti resti delle culture di Djenné, Bambara, Bura Asinda, Komaland, Sokoto, Nok (già conosciute nel 1933). In un viaggio effettuato nella zona Nok, quando ebbi modo di vedere un oggetto a forma di badile in ferro forgiato e mi venne detto che era una vecchia moneta usata nelle transazioni commerciali negli anni ’20-‘30, l’acquistai. Così iniziò il mio interesse per questi stra-ni oggetti in metallo, chiamati da noi monete etniche. Qualche tempo dopo, di passaggio nella zona fronta-liera fra Costa d’Avorio e Liberia, trovai una grande cavigliera a sonaglio in bronzo, del peso di 4 kg, ap-partenente a una donna. Il fatto che si trattasse della moglie di un capovillaggio conferiva a questa moneta una particolare importanza. Acquistata dopo una lunga negoziazione, anche questa cavigliera entrò a far par-te della mia raccolta di monete, che a partire da quel momento cominciai a cercare sistematicamente in ogni paese e zona che visitavo. Consultando vecchi libri di esploratori europei mi resi conto che tutti i paesi e tut-te le etnie della zona Sud-Sahariana avevano prodotto oggetti in metallo di varie forme e dimensioni usati per gli scambi commerciali al posto delle monete coniate. Il loro valore dipendeva soprattutto dalla loro forma e dal loro peso. Col tempo scoprii che esistevano anche monete in pa-sta di vetro e che come monete potevano essere impie-gati manufatti d’avorio, conchiglie, pezzi di tessuti e altri oggetti. Gran parte delle monete proposte nella presente pubblicazione sono state raccolte da me local-mente presso famiglie, o presso rivenditori locali che commerciavano questi materiali disponendo di scarse informazioni precise intorno alla fabbricazione, all’uso e all’epoca di fabbricazione delle monete. Conobbi i

Page 4: African Currency

primi esemplari Luba, a forma di X in rame, nel primo viaggio che feci nel Katanga: ne conoscevo già le for-me perché nel 1961 il governo provvisorio del Katanga aveva fatto coniare due monete ufficiali sulle quali era riprodotta la vecchia moneta a forma di X. L’impatto più sorprendente con queste monete l’ho avuto con le Guinzé, chiamate dagli europei Kissi penny e diffuse tra i Kissi e i Loma della Liberia e della Guinea Co-nakri. Nel corso di un mio viaggio dalla Costa d’A-vorio al Malì decisi di seguire l’asse Abidjan - Man - Zérékoré - Sigiri – Bamako. Fu a Zérékoré, territorio della Guinea, che vidi materialmente le prime Kissi penny. La svolta del mercato delle monete è avvenuta negli anni 1995-2000. Tanto grande fu l’interesse dei mer-canti europei che le piazze di Lomé, Abidjan, Duala e Acra si riempirono di ogni sorta di oggetti definiti mo-nete. Proprio a Lomé, quando rividi in grande quantità le pesanti lastre in ferro forgiato a sbalzo a forma di zappa ricurva, del peso di 8-15 kg, provenienti dalla Nigeria, mi fu detto che le monete Angas erano usate come regalo per il padre di una sposa al momento del matrimonio e per acquistare animali, schiavi, armi. Sul mercato di Abidjan, in Costa d’Avorio, trovai notevoli quantità di Liganda, oggetti simili a lunghe lance in ferro forgiato, cavigliere in rame Mbole, gambiere in bronzo Ekonda, tutte provenienti dal Congo Leopol-ville, come era chiamata in quel periodo la R.D.C.A differenza di altri testi che hanno trattato l’argo-mento, questo verte su oggetti da noi raccolti, di nostra proprietà e in esposizione nella nostra galleria a dispo-sizione di chiunque sia interessato a scoprire l’affasci-nante mondo delle monete etniche.

on which the old X-shaped currency was reproduced. The most surprising impact I had in regard to this cur-rency was with the Guinzé, called Kissi penny by the Europeans and used among the Kissi and the Loma of Liberia and the Conakri in Guinea. During a trip from the Ivory Coast to Malì I decided to take the Abidjan - Man - Zérékoré - Sigiri – Bamako route. I actually saw my first real Kissi pennies in Zérékoré, a territory of Guinea. From 1995-2000 there was a turning point in the cur-rency market The interest of European traders was so strong that the market squares in Lomé, Abidjan, Dua-la and Acra were overflowing with every sort of object defined as currency. When I was in Lomé I saw em-bossed, forged iron sheets weighing from 8-15 kg. that were hoe.shaped-shaped. They camefrom Nigeria, and I was told that these Angas currencies were used as a gift for the father of the bride during the wedding and also for buying animals, slaves and weapons. In the Abidjan market on the Ivory Coast, I found notable quantities of Liganda, forged iron objects similar to long lances, Mbole copper ankle bracelets and bronze Ekonda leg shields, all coming from Congo Leopoldville, as the D.R.C. was called at the time.Unlike other catalogues dealing with the same subject, this catalogue is focused on objects I collected and which belong to me. They are on exhibit and the gal-lery is open to anyonec interested in discovering the fascinating world of ethnic currencies.

Page 5: African Currency

African currency Monete tribali dell’Africa subsahariana

Author: Adolfo Bartolomucci Test:

Aldo Tagliaferri Piero Voltolina e Mary Beni Giorgio Teruzzi Lidia Calderoli Language: Italian and English Copyright 2012 by African Art Gallery – Milan 23x30,5 cm, 189 pages 320 color photographs 7 black and white photographs Hardbound cover Price: € 40 ISBN 978-88-904469-1-7

There is a wide-spread revival of interest in artifacts that served for many centuries as legal tender in

Sub-Saharan Africa, and this richly illustrated catalogue, edited by Adolfo Bartolomucci, purports to present and investigate the extraordinary range of objects concerned. Contributions by scholars of African lore situate these expressions of native ingenuity in an historical context and document their connection to everyday living conditions and the beliefs prevailing among the different ethnic groups that produced them. The many questions raised by the monetary use of artifacts of this type were of necessity examined from different angles.

The more widely known examples of African currencies date back to early West African cultures, but lesser-known types, such as those introduced by European colonial powers or found in areas far off the beaten tracks of commerce, deserve no less attention.

In his introduction the editor communicates his experiences over decades of field-trips through Africa. The essays that follow address various aspects of the problem: Lidia Calderoli illustrates how much these objects owe to the skill and versatility of African smiths, Aldo Tagliaferri comments on the relationship between function and inherent meaning, while others provide further background and explain the use of specific items, such as conch shells and glass beads, known to have played an important role in the economic systems of Africa. NB. All the currency presented in this book – 227 kinds, 361 pieces – is part of a collection belonging to the African Art Gallery of Milan. The collection may be viewed on site in Milan at 28 Via Caterina da Forli. All the objects are mounted on iron. All collection is on sale.

African Art Gallery di Adolfo Bartolomucci Via Caterina da Forlì, 28 - 20146 Milano - Italia - tel. 0039-02.40.07.16.84 - www.africanartgallery.it

Page 6: African Currency
Page 7: African Currency

Monete in ferro Kissi, Guinea Moneta in bronzo Kru, Liberia Moneta in ferro Mambila, Nigeria

Monete in bronzo Yoruba, Nigeria Moneta in bronzo Mbole,R.D.C. Moneta in ferro Mambila, Nigeria

Monete in ferro Kirdi, Nigeria Moneta in ferro Nkutshu, R.D.C. Moneta in ferro Topoke, R.D.C.

Page 8: African Currency

Monete in bronzo Ekonda, R.D.C. Moneta in ferro Ngbaka, R.D.C. Moneta in rame Luba, R.D.C.

Monete in ferro Angas, Nigeria Moneta in ferro Bakwele, R.D.C. Moneta in bronzo Ibo, Nigeria

Monete inbronzo N’gelimaR.D.C.

Monete inbronzo KotaGabon

Monete inrame NkutshuR.D.C.

Monete inbronzo TekeR.D.C.