AIRPORT PLANING

& LAYOUT Instructor:

Dr. Yahya R. Sarraj

Introduction

The air age began on December 17, 1903 at Kitty Hawk beach in North Carolina, USA.

Wilbur and Orville Wright (Wright Brothers) tried their first heavier than-air craft.

Air transportation, the most recent mode in modern technology, has vastly changed world travel

Improved opportunities to reach distant places in minimum travel time for business and recreational communities.

Introduction

First flight of the Wright Flyer I, December 17, 1903,

Orville piloting, Wilbur running at wingtip Wright brothers in 1910

Introduction

Air Transportation and Airports

Basic requirements

Forecast future traffic for airports

Capacity of an airport

Winds and runway orientation

Delay for operations

Introduction Basic requirements (continued)

Runway length

Allowable takeoff weight

Landside components including the

terminal, parking and curbside

Airfreight

Introduction

Air side

Landside components

including the terminal,

parking and curbside

Airport Demand

After making forecasts of annual air passengers,

this figure must be converted to a peak hour flow.

The following empirical equations can be used:

Average monthly

passengers = 0.08417 x annual passenger flow (1/12)*1.01

Average daily

passengers = 0.03226 x average monthly flow 1/31

Peak-day flow = 1.26 x average daily passengers

Peak-hour flow = 0.0917 x Peak-day flow

Airport Demand Peak hour passenger flow can be used to estimate

peak hourly aircraft movements, using estimates of

average passenger load/aircraft

Aviation is growing fast In the USA:

11 September 2001 had a major impact on the growth

of aviation in the U.S. However it is gradually returning

to previous levels.

Year Revenue Passenger Miles (RPM)

1945 005.3 Billion

1970 104.1 Billion

1999 668.0 Billion

Selection of Airport Site

This is the most important aspect of the planning and design of airports.

Procedure:

I. Desk study of the area

1. review of existing land-use plans

2. analysis of wind data (runway orientation)

3. study of national survey,

4. road maps

5. study of land costs

Selection of Airport Site

II. Physical inspection

Site visits for potential sites for the

airport

III. Evaluation and recommendations

Factors that should be considered when

analyzing potential airport sites:

1. convenience to users

2. availability of land and land costs

3. design and layout of the airport

4. airspace obstructions

Selection of Airport Site

5. engineering factors (level, topography, soil ..)

6. social and environmental factors (noise, …)

7. availability of utilities

8. atmospheric conditions

9. hazards due to birds

10.coordination with other airports

Runway Orientation Runways are oriented in the direction of

prevailing winds.

Crosswind is not very safe for the operation

of aircraft.

Limits for crosswind is 12 mph – 15 mph.

Runways should be oriented so that aircraft

may be landed at least 95% of the time

without exceeding the allowable crosswind.

Runway Orientation

Wind Rose Method:

A graphical procedure utilizing a wind rose

is used to determine the best runway

orientation.

10 years of wind observations are

required.

Wind data are arranged according to

velocity, direction and frequency as shown

in Table 16-1 page 554 (Paquette)

Runway Orientation

Runway Orientation

The table indicates the % of time wind velocity can be expected.

Typical Wind Data

Wind

Direction

Percentage of Winds

4-15 mph 15-31 mph 31-47 mph Total

N 4.8 1.3 0.1 6.2

NNE 3.7 0.8 4.5

NE 1.5 0.1 1.6

ENE 2.3 0.3 2.6

E 2.4 0.4 2.8

ESE 5.0 1.1 6.1

SE 6.4 3.2 0.1 9.7

SSE 7.3 7.7 0.3 15.3

Runway Orientation Typical Wind Data (continued)

Wind

Direction

Percentage of Winds

4-15 mph 15-31 mph 31-47 mph Total

S 4.4 2.2 0.1 6.7

SSW 2.6 0.9 3.5

SW 1.6 0.1 1.7

WSW 3.1 0.4 3.5

W 1.9 0.3 2.2

WNW 5.8 2.6 0.2 8.6

NW 4.8 2.4 0.2 7.4

NNW 7.8 4.9 0.3 13.0

Calms 0 –4 mph 4.6

Total 100.0%

Runway Orientation

These data are plotted on the wind rose by

placing the percentages in the appropriate

segments of the graph.

On the graph:

Circles represent wind

Velocity Radial lines

indicate wind direction

Wind speed Wind direction

Runway Orientation

Wind

direction

Runway Orientation Steps to determine the best runway orientation and to

determine the percentage of time that orientation

conforms to the cross-wind standards:

1. Place the template on the wind rose so that the

middle line passes through the center of the wind

rose.

2. Rotate the template to get the maximum sum of

percentages between the outside lines of the

template.

3. Read the bearing of runway on the outer scale of

the wind rose, beneath the centerline of the

template.

4. Check cross-wind

Objects affecting navigable airspace

The required space around the airport

should be with controlled building heights.

This is important for safety during landings

and takeoffs of aircrafts.

Objects affecting navigable airspace

Runway Capacity

Runway capacity is the determining

element of airport capacity.

Definition:

Runway capacity refers to the ability of a

runway system to accommodate aircraft

operations (landings and takeoffs).

It is expressed in operations per unit time.

i.e. operation per hour or per year.

Runway Capacity

Ultimate or saturation capacity:

It is based on the assumption of a continuous backlog of aircraft waiting to take off and land.

Definition:

Ultimate or saturation capacity is the maximum number of aircraft operations that can be handled during a given period under conditions of continuous demand.

Runway Capacity

Factors that affect capacity:

minimum safe allowable separation

between aircraft during landing and takeoff

size of aircraft

weather conditions

over all layout and design of airport.

Runway configuration

single

non-intersecting divergent runway

parallel runway

offset parallel

intersecting runway

Single Runway

Divergent runway

Parallel Runway

Offset parallel

Intersecting runway

Number of gates

The required number of gates at an airport can

be determined using the following equation:

Where:

n = number of gates required

v = design hour flow for departures or arrivals

(aircraft / hour)

t = mean stand occupancy (hour)

u = utilization factor 0.6 – 0.8

n = v t

u

Number of gates Example:

Determine the number of gates required at an airport which has 30 arrival aircraft / hour. The mean time for stand occupancy is 45 minutes. Assume that the airport has a utilization factor of 0.8.

Solution:

Use 29 gates.

n = 30 x 0.75

0.8

28.1

Kansai Airport – Japan

construction (step by step)

Kansai Airport – Japan

construction (step by step)

Kansai Airport – Japan

construction (step by step)

Kansai Airport – Japan

construction (step by step)

Kansai Airport – Japan

construction (step by step)

Kansai Airport – Japan

construction (step by step)

Kansai Airport – Japan

construction (step by step)

Kansai Airport – Japan

construction (step by step)

How do Airplanes fly ?

This video demonstrates the airplane operation in a

logical manner with help of animation. Please check out

a video by a Cambridge professor to clear your

misconception about the lift generation.

Published on Oct 17, 2015

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