Структура атмосфере
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? atmos(=)+ sfaira(=) ( ) () .
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, ( ). =5780 . ( 10 ) ( ) ( , ).
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99% 50 9 . ,
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H He ( 4 ) + , , ...H2O, CO2, SO2, CO, S2, Cl2, N2, H2, NH3, CH4 ! Cyanobacteria 400
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90% 20 , 99,9% 50 1000 (-) 6/ ( 15- ) . 0,05/ ( ).
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. , - .
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? I~1/l4 (104 km), (0,8% ).
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6 20 km 7 17 trepw- 80% 17 -52 -
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50 +10 , ( ) 99 % " 1000 m 11%
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85 km -80
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200 500 km , 400 2000 , 14.00 (10-8mb 500km )
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100-200 , , () - 80 - 400 km ( )
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aurora - aurora borealis - aurora australis ( ) e- ( Ei)+ AB*+ e- ( Ef) DE=Ei-Ef hn=DE
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( ) - (300 ~1 MHz) . ( ) ( ) (3 m~100 MHz) .
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( )
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(500 1.000 ) ,
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1000 , ( ) 1958. 11959. 10 () , , , ,
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, , . .
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( , , , ), ,
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? , ( 35 ) :78,1 % 20,9 % 0,9 % 0,03 % 0,002 % 0,0005 % 0,0001 % : , , ,
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parts per milion ppm - ()
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(20.2.2012.) ,
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=5,21018 ( , =61024 )
R=6378 ,
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, ...
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. . .
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10 000 !!! ? , 1643. . (=5,21018 , =61024 , ) ? ( )
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(P=F/S). . m2 ~10,000kg.
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- 1657. , 40 , 12150 ~ 1215 .
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=N/m2 , , , , , ... 1 atm = 101.325 kPa 1 atm = 760 mmHg1 atm = 760 torr1 bar = 105 Pa (1 bar ~ 1 atm) , 1 mb 100 atm=14.7 psi
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- ( ) . , PV=nmRT (P-, V-, nm- , R- , T- )nm=m/Mm- , M- r=m/VP=rRT/M
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- ( . ) ,P=P1+P2+=RTm1/(M1V)+ RTm2/(M2V) += RTr1/M1+ RTr2/M2+ : r1+r2+=rxi / ( ).
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-
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z P. (m=rV=rSDz)PS = r g S Dz + (P+DP) S jeDP = -r g Dz . . r(z), z- . ( , ) Dz, S, ..
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dz DP = -r g Dz
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: ( , , )Msr P0- , . z=0,h = RT/gMsr
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: 80%, 20% . 28 32 / : 0,755 0,231 28,96 288 K (150C). h = RT/gMsr = 8,4 . h 1/e (=0,37) . 2/3 ( ) . ! , . -
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()
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, , N2/O2 4:1 100 (), . . . ( ) 20-30 ( 0,03%)
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- ( ) !
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:
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:
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10 , 100 65 !
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....
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m . = = m (gMz / Rz) ( ) (A=-DEp) g- Mz , Rz- v ,
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: g=9,81m/s2, Rz=6400 km (2. ) ! ! ?
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(0,). , . , , ... James Clerk Maxwell (1831-1879) : DN (v) v v + Dv, N .
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. . 100,000 300 K 900 K: * * vm . vksk > v > vm
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! 288 ,
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! 109 ,
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msr- ,Fsr- / ( kg/s) , t, () ()
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t () ( .) - (. - : --- 10 ) , t ( ) , , ( )- t (CH4, N2O, CO, CFC)- t (3- , 2 ( ), SO2 H2S ( ) NH3 ,
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1772. : , .
2 CO2 CO2 2 CO2 ( ) . ( ) .
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, , . () 100% !
2nCO2 + 2nH2O + 2(CH2O)n + nO2
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CO2 E=2,34x10-18J=14,6 eV. a, a=680 nm b , b=644 nm - ! Ea=ha =hc/a=(6,625x10-34Js)(3x108m/s)/(680x10-9m)=2,92x10-19JEb=hc/b=(6,625x10-34Js)(3x108m/s)/(644x10-9m)=3,09x10-19J () ( )na=Ea/E=8nb=Eb/E=7,60
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( ) , ...) ,
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, , () NOx - - , (), H2S ( ) , , -
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- ( ) ( ) ( ) -103cm-3 104cm-3 105cm-3
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( ) 61% 28% 5% 4% 2%
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pHpH < 7 - + pH > 7 - pH = -log10 (10-7)=-(-7)=7[H+(aq)][OH- (aq)]=10-14 mol2dm-6 pH (potential of hydrogen) [H+ (aq)] = [OH- (aq)] [H+ (aq)] = 10-7 mol dm-3 pH = -log10 ([H+ (aq)]) :
- - (CO2) ( ) - (pH) 5,6. , (pH
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( )
Demonstration 1. , 1657, . , 40 . 2700 4,5 =12150 , 1215 !. 2000 `
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