中華電信公司北區分公司 基隆營業處 數機二股

中華電信公司北區分公司基隆營業處 數機二股

有線傳輸概述

黃首勳

PDH 傳輸基本架構

光終端機

M13

M13

M13 M13

M13

M13

SDH

市話交換機

HDSL

FOM

MSDSL

交換機

HDSL

FOM

MSDSL

DXCE1-MUX

行動交換機 SDH

SDH

光終端機

局間光纜

同軸電纜

同軸電纜

對絞線

對絞線

T1 或E1

DS3 45 MHz

PDH 傳輸基本架構

光終端

機 光終端

機

DS3

跳 線 架

光配線箱

M13

M13

M13 M13

M13

M13

市話交換機

DS1 跳線架

HDSL

FOM

MSDSL

局間光纜

光配線箱

交換機

HDSL

FOM

MSDSL

DS1 跳線架

DXC

E1-MUX行動交換機

SDH

SDH

SDHDS3

45 MHz

T1 或E1

DS3

跳 線 架

各種傳輸設備介面 - 光終端機• 光終端機

– 用戶介面為 DS3– 傳輸介面為光信號

光終端機

光終端機

2 芯局間光纜

各種傳輸設備介面 -FOM

• FOM– 用戶介面為 T1/E1/DS3– 傳輸介面為光信號

FO

M

FO

M

2 芯用戶光纜

DS1跳線架

DSU Router

基地台

網咖

各種傳輸設備介面 -HDSL

• HDSL– 用戶介面為 DS1/E1– 傳輸介面為 HDSL

HD

SL-R

HD

SL-C

4 芯銅纜

DS1跳線架

DSU Router

基地台

網咖

或

各種傳輸設備介面 -MSDSL

• MSDSL– 用戶介面為 DS1/E1– 傳輸介面為 MSDSL

MS

DS

L-R

MS

DS

L-C

2 芯銅纜

DS1跳線架

DSU Router

基地台

網咖

或

光纖跳線• 光配線箱 :OLDF

• 背面為局間光纜 , 或用戶光纜 , 或 SDH, 不須更動 .

• 前面為光纖跳線 , 一芯 OUT , 一芯 IN,

• 接頭種類 :FC: 圓形 ,SC: 方形 ,LC: 小方形• 單模 : 黃色 • 多模 : 橘色• 防塵 : 使用保護套防塵 , 必要時以高壓除塵氣除塵 , 或光纖專用之清潔用具除塵

– 勿折彎，勿壓迫 , 勿拉扯

FC: 圓形

SC: 方形

LC: 小方形

Synchronous Digital Hierarchy

STM - 16 2.488 Gbit/s

byte - multiplexing 4 byte - multiplexing

STM - 1155.52 Mbit/s

STM - 1155.52 Mbit/s

STM - 1155.52 Mbit/s

STM - 1155.52 Mbit/s

STM - 4 622.08 Mbit/s

STM - 4 622.08 Mbit/s

STM - 4 622.08 Mbit/s

STM - 4 622.08 Mbit/s

Bit Rates and Level Designations

Level

ETSISignal

Designation

STS-1STS-3STS-9STS-12STS-18STS-24STS-36STS-48

OC-1OC-3OC-9OC-12OC-18OC-24OC-36OC-48

BitRate

Mbit/s

51.840155.520466.560622.080933.120

1244.1601866.2402488.320

1

4

16

STM-1

STM-4

STM-16

Level SignalDesignation

SONET

STS = Synchr.Transport SignalOC = Optical CarrierSTM = Synchr.Transport ModuleBit Rates in Mbit/s

SDH ETSI Multiplex Scheme

STM-N AUG

xN X1

X3

X1

X3

X1

X7

POINTER

POH/SOH

TUG-3

TUG-2

AU-4 C-4

C-3

C-12

C-11

TU-3

140 Mbit/s

34 Mbit/s45 Mbit/s

2 Mbit/s

1,5 Mbit/s

VC-4

VC-12

VC-11

VC-3

TU-2 VC-2

TU-12 VC-12

VC-12VC-11

STM-1 Frame Structure

STM 1 : 155 Mbit/sSTM 4 : 622 Mbit/sSTM 16 :

D12D11D10

A1 A2 C1

B1

D1

E1

D2

F1

D3

B2

D4

D7

Z1

K1

D5

D8

Z2 E2

D9

D6

K2

Pointer Area

270

9

Payload

RSOH

MSOH

2,5 Gbit/s

SDH Network Element• Line Regenerator (LR)

•Local Cross Connect (LXC)•Digital Cross Connect System (DXC)

•Terminal Multiplexer (TM)

•Add-Drop Multiplexer (ADM)

STM-N STM-N

LR-N

STM-M2M34/45M140M

STM-N

TM-N/M

STM-M, 2M, 34/45M, 140M

STM-N

ADM-N/M

STM-N

STM-M2M34/45M140M

LCX/DXC

STM-M2M34/45M140M

SDH Network Topology model

Transport Switching

Tier 1 Core Network

Tier 2 Regional Network

Tier 3 Local/ Access Network

Large Urban Area

Metro AreaRural Area Urban Area

Trunk Network

Junction Network

Local Network

Regional Area

Distribution Network

Taffic Patterns

Adjacent

Dual Hubbed,

hubs max apart

Uniform Single Hub

Dual Hubbed,

hubs adjacent

STM-1/4

STM-16

With 1 access ring.

LO Routing Granularity

LO Routing Granularity

Two Transport Tiers,low traffic volume

With 2 or 3 access rings!

STM-16/64 HO Routing Granularity

LO Routing Granularity

STM-1/4/16

Two Transport Tiers,high traffic volume

1-2 access rings : SDH ADM> 2 access rings : DCS

Three Transport Tiers

STM-1 / 4

STM-16 / 642 or 3 regional rings

LO Routing Granularity

HO Routing Granularity

LO Routing Granularity

STM-4 /16

?

Before Using DXC?

Switching NE #1

TransmissionNE#1

DDF DDF

TransmissionNE#n

Switching NE#2

Thousands of Circuit Connect Manually!

What is DXC?CIT(GUI)Managed by Management System

Switching NE #1

TransmissionNE#1

TransmissionNE#n

Switching NE#2

DXC is like this one!

Digital Cross Connect EvolutionFrom Digital Distribution Frame to Digital

Cross Connect

DigitalDistribution

Frame

DigitalDistribution

Frame

PDH/SDH

PDH/SDH Digital

CrossConnect

DigitalCross

Connect

PDH/SDH

PDH/SDH

What is DXC? (continuous)

• DXC M/NN: Internal Cross-connect Level, VC-4, VC-3, VC-12 etc.M: Input port signal Level, VC-4, VC-3, VC-12 etc.

• DXC Capacity: Number of Input/Output port

For Example: DASC II 1/0DASC V 4/4DASC VI 4/1WaveStar DASC 4/4/3/1

For Example: DASC V: 256 x 256 STM-1DASC VI: 64 x 64 STM-1 WaveStar DASC 4/4/3/1: 256 x 256 STM-1,

can be upgraded to 512 x 512 STM-1

What is DXC? (continuous)

DXC 4/4 + DXC 4/1configuration

DXC 4/4(HO XC)

DXC 4/1(LO XC,

LO Grooming)

DXC 4/4/1configuration

DXC 4/4/1(HO, LO XC,

LO Grooming)

WaveStar™ DACS 4/4/1 Control Architecture

MainController

STM-1/ESTM-1/O

I/OSubrackSTM-0

I/OSubrack

STM-1/OI/O

Subrack

STM-1/E

I/OSubrack

622 Mb/s SwitchCore

622 Mb/s

CIT(GUI)

2 Mbps

34 Mbps

45 Mbps

140 Mbps

ITM-NM

BCLAN

OfficeITM-SC

WaveStar™ DACS 4/4/1 Transport Architecture

Integration of External Multiplexers

PDHPDH

2 Mbps

34 Mbps

45 Mbps

140 Mbps

2 Mbps

34 Mbps

45 Mbps

140 Mbps

PDHPDH

SDHSDH

1

64

STM-1 E/OSTM-4 /O

1

64

1

64

1

64

I/O I/ON Switch Matrix2

SDH Mux/LineSDH Mux/Line

STM-1 E/O

STM-4 /O

STM-16 /O

STM-1 E/OSTM-4 /O

SDH Mux/LineSDH Mux/LineSTM-1

E/OSTM-4 /OSTM-16 /O

Office boundery Office boundery

N2 cross-point matrix diagram

N x Inputs

N x Outputs

Total N2 cross-point

WaveStar™ DACS 4/4/1 N2 Matrix Concept

N2

matrix

12

256

1 2

256

Single Stage Matrix

WaveStar™ DACS 4/4/1 Conventional Matrix Architecture

Center StageInput Stage Output Stage

# n

# 1

# 2

# 1

# 2

# n # n

# 2

# 112

256

12

256

WaveStar™ DACS 4/4/1 Cross-Connect Architecture

N2 XCON

P U

P U

Single Stage, Triple Matrix Redundancy and Less Matrix-to-I/O Interconnect

BSIU

BSIU

BSIU

BSIU

BSIU

BSIU

BSIU

BSIU

BSSU

BSIU

BSIU

BSIU

BSIU

BSIU

BSIU

BSIU

BSIU

b1

b2

p1

b3

b4

b5

b6

b7

b8

p2

IU IU

I/O subrack I/O subrackCC subrack

BSIU

BSIU

BSSU

BSSU

BSSU

BSSU

BSSU

BSSU

BSSU

BSSU

BSSU

BSIU

BSIU

WaveStar™ DACS 4/4/1 N2 Bit-Slice Switch Concept

Bit Slic

e

Bit 1

Bit 2

Bit 3

Bit 4

Bit 5

Bit 6

Bit 7

Bit 8

Protection Bit 1

Protection Bit 22:8 Shared Protection

Input Signal

LXC

PDH Access

2, 34, 45, 140 Mbps

MUXPDH Access

ADMPDH Access

2, 34, 45, 140 Mbps

WS DACS

STM-1E

STM-1ESTM-1E

2, 34, 45, 140 Mbps

WaveStar™ DACS 4/4/1

WaveStar™ DACS 4/4/1

ADM

ADMADM

ADMADM

ADM

PDH or Lower-Order SDH

STM-4/16/64 Rings

ADM

ADMADM

ADMADM

ADM

PDH or Lower-Order SDH

STM-4/16/64 Rings

ADM

ADMADM

ADMADM

ADM

PDH or Lower-Order SDH

STM-4/16/64 Rings

WS DACS

STM-1E

STM-1ESTM-1E

Undersea Cable Network

WS DACS

STM-1E

STM-1ESTM-1E

ADM

ADMADM

ADMADM

ADM

PDH or Lower-Order SDH

STM-4/16/64 Rings

ADM

Backbone Regional Network

STM-16/64 Lines

ADM

STM-16/64 Lines

Optical Line Systems

Optical Line Systems

WaveStar™ DACS 4/4/1

ADM

ADMADM

ADMADM

PDH or Lower-Order SDH

STM-4/16/64 RingsADM

ADMADM

ADMADM

PDH or Lower-Order SDH

STM-4/16/64 RingsWS DACS

WaveStar™ DACS 4/4/1

DACS Application: Easy Path Set-up

ITM SC

Service path example

ISM

ISM

ISM

DACS4/4/1

ISM

ISM

SLM

SLM

SLM

SLM

SLM

SLM

SLM

SLM

ISM

ISM ISM

ISM

ISM

ISM ISM

ISM

ISM

ISM

DACS4/4/1

ITM SCPSDN

ISM

ITM NM/XM

光交接機 (OXC)

SDH

SDH SDH

SDH

GbE

GbE

SDH

SDH

GbEClient:STM-1/4/16/64GbE

GbE

現有 SDH/OADM 骨幹傳輸網路

STM64-ADM/OADM

1. 由 STM-64/OADM Ring 在機房 內 BACK-TO-BACK 提供電路2. 不同 SDH 系統互連亦以光纖 BACK-TO-BACK 連接

SDH

GbE

GbE

SDH

SDH

GbEClient:STM-1/4/16/64GbEGbE

傳輸網路將由 STM-64 Ring 逐漸演進為 OXC Mesh, Ring 退居 Access

SDH

SDH

SDH

STM64-ADM/WDM

CWDM

SDH

ROADM

IP + Optical hardware integration

Colored Optics in IP

WDM (W) WDM (W)

Open Switched Optical MeshWDM Transport

WDM (W) WDM (W)

Separate IP & Optical

OXC/WDM

O/EElectricSwitchFabric

E/O

O/E/OPhotonicSwitchFabric

O/E/O

PhotonicSwitchFabric

a) Opaque EXC(OXC) 

b) Opaque PXC

 c) Transparent PXC

貳、光交接機分類

鐘源 電源 告警 控制

交換矩陣640Gbit/s

λ

交換矩陣640Gbit/s

λ

輸 入 輸 出

鐘訊 電源 告警 控制

光交接機 (OXC)光交接機構成

未來引進 OXC 後之 CHT 骨幹傳輸網路

DWDM DWDM

DWDMDWDM

OXCOXC

OADMOADM

OADMOADM

OXCOXC

OADM

OADM

OADM

MSSP

MSSP

MSSP

SANIP/IEthernetATMDSLAMT1/T3STM-N

OXCOXC

ADM

ADM

ADM

長網系統

區網系統

都會系統

迎接傳輸網路變革與挑戰

1. IP 訊務與快速服務已成主流，傳輸網路變革：• 應兼具備 GE Crossconnect 與 granularity 功能與快

速 Restoration 機制， OXC+NG SDH/OADM 符合潮流2. 因應競爭，未來是否提供 Managed wavelength 出租3. 3. 採購時程採購時程 :: 總公司將於總公司將於 9595 年年 66 月委託邁肯錫顧問公司探月委託邁肯錫顧問公司探

討網路討網路 IPIP 化報告後做出決策，並擬定是否開放與開放化報告後做出決策，並擬定是否開放與開放時程時程

4. OXC4. OXC 單獨採購效益不易評估單獨採購效益不易評估 , , 應與應與 NG-SDHNG-SDH ㄧ起採購，避ㄧ起採購，避免免

不同廠牌網管互連與維運問題，並藉減少廠牌，降低不同廠牌網管互連與維運問題，並藉減少廠牌，降低 CAPEXCAPEX 與與 OPEXOPEX

44

Next Generation SDH

NG SDH 簡介NG SDH( 下一代 SDH) 簡介

1 GFP (Generic Framing Procedure - G.7041)

2 Virtual Concatenation( 虛擬複聯 ) (VCAT - G.707)

3 LCAS (Link Capacity Adjustment Scheme - G.7042) 鏈路容量調整機制

為什麼需要 NG SDH ( 下一代 SDH)數據服務的迅猛發展彙整 語音和數據服務可同時傳送 packet 和 TDM 服務傳統 SDH 的演進支援多種的 TDM ports 和多種的 data 接取介面

STM-1/4/16/64

TDM

IP/ATM1000M

10M300M

500M

IP ATM SDH

MSTPMSTP

NG SDH ( 下一代 SDH) 的主要技術

可為 TDM 和 data 服務提供有彈性頻寬分配的下一代 SDH 的主要技術。

1. GFP 封裝技術 (Generic Framing Procedure - G.7041)

2. Virtual Concatenation( 虛擬複聯 ) (VCAT - G.707)3. LCAS (Link Capacity Adjustment Scheme - G.7042) 鏈路

容量調整機制

NG SDH 功能方塊圖

SONET/SDH

SO

NE

T M

UX

/DE

MU

X

Nat

ive

In

terf

aces ?

That’s “ NG SDH “

VC

VirtualConcatenation

LCAS

Link Capacity

Adjustment Scheme

1.GFP

Generic Frame

Procedure

2.LAPS

Ethernet

Ficon

Escon

Fibre Channel

Edge Core SDHAdaptation

1.Customer IP 3.Operator2.Edge NE

(NG SDH)

GFP 之目的及基本原理

Variable Client Rate

GFP-FConstant Transport Rate

FIFOt

Mbit/sIDLEs

GFP-F Mapper

+

Mapper t

Mbit/s

GFP-FIDLEs

ClientEthernetFast EthernetGigabit EthernetIPPPP

GFP-F Client vs. Transport Rate

GFP 之目的及基本原理

GFP-T

t

Mbit/s

Effective Payload

Constant Client Data Rate

GFP-T Mapper

Mapper

Decoder/ Coder

t

Mbit/s

100 % 100+x %

+Client IDLEsGFP Overhead

Effective Payload

Client IDLEs

Fibre ChannelESCONFICONGigabit Ethernet10 GigEAnything!

Constant Transport Rate

GFP-T Client vs. Transport Rate

虛擬複聯 (Virtual Concatenation) 之優點

100M Ethernet STM-1= 63 x VC-12

VC-12-5vVC-12-5v

VC-12-46v

2x 10M Ethernet VC-12-5v

7x E1 Services

Example:

利用 VCat (Virtual Concatenation) 將更多的 services 整合在一起。

Ethernet

ATM

ESCON

Fibre Channel

Fast Ethernet

GigabitEthernet

data 10 Mbit/s

25 Mbit/s

200 Mbit/s

1,062 Mbit/s2,125 Mbit/s

100 Mbit/s

1 Gbit/s

VC-12-5v

VC-12-12v

VC-12-46vVC-3-2v

VC-3-4v

VC-4-6vVC-4-16v

VC-4-7v

VirtualConcatenation

92%

98%

100%100%

100%

100%89%

95%

VirtualConcatenation

efficiency

VC-3

VC-3

VC-4

VC-4-4c

VC-4-16cVC-4-16c

VC-4-16c

ContiguousConcatenation

20%

50%

67%

33%

44%89%

35%

ContiguousConcatenation

efficiency

更好的頻寬效率

虛擬複聯 (Virtual Concatenation) 之優點

提高電路使用效率

虛擬複聯 (VC-n-Xv) 的每個 VC-n 可以獨立傳輸，選擇不同的路徑。

電路 provision 時，可選擇不同的路徑，提高電路使用效率。各 VC-n 傳輸所通過的路徑有可能不同，各 VC-n 之間可能出現傳輸時差 (differential delay) ，因此在收端可利用 Buffers 來補償傳輸時差。

對中間傳輸設備無特殊需求，完全透通 ( transparent) 。 僅僅對兩端設備有特殊的協定 (Virtual Concatenation)

支援要求。

虛擬複聯 (Virtual Concatenation) 之架構圖

End to end traffic: VC-n-Xv

Transport Network

VC-n#1VC-n#2VC-n#3

VC-n#4VC-n#5VC-n#6

相鄰複聯 (Contiguous Concatenation)

- 在 SDH payload 中，相鄰複聯所組成之區塊 (block) 之起始 virtu

al container 位置，必須符合規定 (defined positions) 。- 複聯多個相鄰的 VC-4 ，形成一個整體結構進行傳輸。- 只有一組 pointer ，指示 POH 起始位置。- 要求所經網路的所有設備均支援該項技術 ( 相鄰複聯 ) 。

AU-4 Pointers

MSOH

RSOH

VC-4-5 VC-4-6 VC-4-7 VC-4-8

VC-4-9 VC-4-10 VC-4-11 VC-4-12

VC-4-13 VC-4-14 VC-4-15 VC-4-16

VC-4-1 VC-4-2 VC-4-3 VC-4-4

STM-16

相鄰複聯VC-4-4c

AU-4 Pointers

MSOH

RSOH

VC-4-1 VC-4-2 VC-4-3 VC-4-4

VC-4-5 VC-4-6 VC-4-7 VC-4-8

VC-4-9 VC-4-10 VC-4-11 VC-4-12

VC-4-13 VC-4-14 VC-4-15 VC-4-16

虛擬複聯 (Virtual Concatenation)STM-16

虛擬複聯VC-4-7v

AU-4 Pointers

MSOH

RSOH

VC-4-5 VC-4-6 VC-4-7 VC-4-8

VC-4-9 VC-4-10 VC-4-11 VC-4-12

VC-4-13 VC-4-14 VC-4-15 VC-4-16

VC-4-1 VC-4-2 VC-4-3 VC-4-4

AU-Pointers

MSOH

RSOH VC-4-1 VC-4-2 VC-4-3 VC-4-4

VC-4-5 VC-4-6 VC-4-7 VC-4-8

VC-4-9 VC-4-10 VC-4-11 VC-4-12

VC-4-13 VC-4-14 VC-4-15 VC-4-16

- 在 SDH payload 中，虛擬複聯之各個區塊 (block) 之 virtual contai

ner 位置，可以指定任一未用位置 (any position) 。- 各個區塊 (block) 有自己的識別碼 (identifier) ，以表示各個區塊的 V

CG(Virtual Concatenated Group) 編號 (MFI) 與 VCG 成員序列號碼(SQ) 。

- 每個容器 (container) 有它自己的 pointer 。

LCAS 架構圖

Transport Network

NGSDH

NGSDH

ISPCustomer’s LAN

Network Management

VC-12-3v

+VC-12

LCAS

LCAS 之應用Bandwidth on demand 1. “Call-by-Call”

Customer 1. rents a 6M Internet connection (VC-12-3v) 2. calls to get additional 2M!Operator will provision additional VC-12 path ..and will hitless add it to existing connection via LCAS!

Transport Network

NG NG

ISPCustomer’s LAN

Network Management

VC-12-3v

+VC-12

LCAS

LCAS 之應用Bandwidth on demand 2. on Schedule

Transport NetworkNG NG

Location A Location B

100M

Offer a fixed bandwidth schedule: 1. Virtual Local Area Network service at

100M Ethernet 2. Every night for one hour - additional 900M

ESCON service for data backup New revenue opportunities at low

traffic hours!

100M

900M900M

100M

900M