roughly 5 liters per person blood is heavier than water (components are made primarily of water...
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Chapter 12: Blood
Roughly 5 liters per person Blood is heavier than water (components
are made primarily of water with other biochemicals added in!)
Varies with:◦ Body size ◦ Changes in fluid and electrolytes/salt◦ Amount of adipose fat tissue◦ Gender (males have more than females!)
Blood Volume
Blood Composition
Def: % of formed elements in blood◦ Mostly red blood cells (RBCs) ◦ WBCs and platelets– less than 1%
Normal values ◦ In males- mid to high 40’s◦ In females- low 40’s
When centrifuged/spun:◦ White blood cells (WBCs) and platelets form a thin
very thin layer on top – called “buffy coat” – between plasma and RBCs
Hematocrit
Hematopoiesis◦Def: process by which immature stem cells
become specialized◦Become either RBC, WBC or platelets◦Location: Occurs in red bone marrow
Formation of Blood cells
Red Blood Cells Also called
erythrocytes Biconcave shape
◦ Increases surface area/volume ratio
Mature cells lack nuclei
1/3 filled with hemoglobin ◦ Oxygen carrying
polypeptide molecule
Hemoglobin Composed of four
chains (polypeptides) Also has iron or “heme”
group attached Called oxyhemoglobin
when oxygen is bound to it (bright red color)
Called deoxyhemoglobin when oxygen is released (darker color)
Red Blood Cell Counts The higher the # of
RBCs = higher oxygen carrying capacity◦Change in # affects
health – greatly!◦Used, in part, to help
diagnose and evaluate diseases
Typical range◦Males: 4,600,000 –
6,200,000 cells per mm3
◦Females: 4,200,000 – 5,400,000 cells per mm3
Hematopoiesis (red blood cell formation)◦ Before Birth: yolk sac, liver, and spleen◦ After Birth: red marrow ◦ Controlled very precisely by homeostatic
mechanisms Production influenced by:
◦ Vitamin B12 ◦ Folic acid◦ iron
Red Blood Cell Life Cycle
Circulate for 120 days Old or damaged RBC’s are destroyed
(removed from blood circulation daily)◦ Phagocytized by macrophages in liver or spleen◦ Hemoglobin is broken into heme and globin◦ Heme is broken into iron and biliverdin
(greenish pigment)◦ Biliverdin is converted to bilirubin ◦ Iron is stored in liver or brought to marrow◦ Biliverdin and bilirubin are secreted in bile
Red Blood Cell Life Cycle (cont)
Control of Red Blood Cell Production
Also called leukocytes Production stimulated by interleukins and colony-stimulating factors
Two groups:◦1) Granulocytes - have granular cytoplasm
Neutrophils Eosinophils Basophils
◦2) Agranulocytes - no cytoplasmic granules Monocytes Lymphocytes
White Blood CellsWBC animation
Granulocyte Average 54-62% of leukocytes Fine cytoplasmic granules that are
light purple in neutral stain
Nucleus: 2-5 lobes Lifespan: about 12 hours Function: phagocytize bacteria and other
particles
Neutrophils
Granulocyte Average 1-3% of leukocytes Coarse cytoplasmic granules that are deep
red in acid stain Nucleus: 2 lobes Lifespan: about 12 hours Function: destroy certain parasites and
control inflammation or allergic reactions
Eosinophils
Granulocyte Average ‹1% of leukocytes Relatively few, irregularly shaped
cytoplasmic granules that are deep blue in basic stain
Nucleus: 2 lobes Lifespan: about 12 hours Function: release heparin and histamine
Basophils
Monocytes Agranulocyte Average 3-9% of
leukocytes Nucleus: Varied
shape Lifespan: several
weeks or months Function:
phagocytize materials
Agranulocyte Average 25-33% of leukocytes Nucleus: Large and round Lifespan: may live for years Function: function in immune response
Lymphocytes
Normal range: 5,000-10,000 mm3
Differential White Blood Cell Count◦ Distinguish how many of each type◦ Can be important for diagnosing some
disorders/problems◦Excessive:
If your WBC count exceeds 10,000, this is leukocytosis (infection)
Ex: Appendicitis◦Deficiency:
If you WBC count is below 5,000, this is leukopenia (low count)
Ex: typhoid fever, influenza, measles, mumps, chickenpox, AIDS, polio
White Blood Cell CountWBC animation
White blood cells are also called leukocytes◦UP!!!
When discussing hematocrit, WBCs make up the majority of your blood.◦DOWN!!!
The more WBCs you have, the better you’re probably feeling.◦DOWN!
Lymphocytes function to assist your immune system◦UP!!!
Thumbs Up, Thumbs Down
Neutrophils are granulocytes.◦YES!!!
Basophils phagocytize materials.◦NO!!!
Monocytes make up the majority of your WBCs.◦NO!!!
Have an excessive WBC count can mean an infection like appendicitis.◦YES!!!
WBC REVIEW!
Also celled thrombocytes Made from megokaryocyte
◦ Large cells in red bone marrow Production stimulated by thrombopoietin
(hormone) Lack nucleus ½ the size of RBC Lifespan: about 10 days Function: form blood clots, help close breaks
in damaged blood vessels Normal range: 130,000-360,000
Blood Platelets
91-2% water Remainder is
mixture of biochemicals◦ Proteins, nutrients,
hormones, electrolytes
Function: ◦ Transporting
nutrients, gases and vitamins
◦ Regulate fluid and electrolyte balance
◦ Maintain proper pH
Blood Plasma
Main component of dissolved substances Remain in plasma (not metabolized/broken
down) Types:
◦1) Albumin (60%) Help establish colloid osmotic pressure Transports lipids and steroid hormones
◦2) Globulins (36%) Transport of ions, lipids and fat-soluble
vitamins and some antibodies◦3) Fibrinogen (4%)
Function in blood coagulation and clotting
Plasma Proteins
Most important blood gases:◦ Oxygen◦ Carbon dioxide
Plasma nutrients:◦ Materials absorbed from digestive tract
Ex: Amino acids, simple sugars, nucleotides, lipids◦ Fats (triglycerides)◦ Phospholipids◦ Cholesterol◦ Lipoproteins
When Fats, phospholipids, cholesterol combine with proteins
Large size
Blood Gases and Nutrients
Nonprotein Nitrogenous Substances◦ Amino acids◦ Urea and uric acid
Electrolytes◦ Various ions (K+, Ca+, Cl-)
Other Blood Substances
Def: the stoppage of bleeding Important when blood vessels are damaged
(following injury) Vasospasm
◦ Contraction of blood vessel walls in response to small break
Platelet plug◦ Platelets adhere to damage and to each other to
create a plug; may release serotonin to cause vasoconstriction
If previous two are unsuccessful, blood clot may form (through coagulation)
Hemostasis
Def: formation of blood clot
Damaged tissue releases tissue thromboplastin (hormone)
After series of rxns, prothrombin activator is created
Prothrombin activator (with Calcium) converts prothrombin to thrombin
Thrombin cuts fibrinogen into fibrin fibers that form a meshwork over the damage
Blood Coagulation
Blood Coagulation (cont)
Blood Disorders Hemophilia
◦Uncontrolled bleeding (hemorrhaging) following injury, frequent nosebleeds, blood in urine
◦Inherited clotting disorder◦Carried on X chromosome (recessive)
Von Willebrand Disease◦Tendency to bleed and bruise easily◦Inherited clotting disorder◦Far less severe than hemophilia
Blood DisordersLeukemia
◦Symptoms: Fatigue, frequent colds/fevers, chills,
sweats, bruising, bone pain◦Diagnosing: Few RBCs and platelets, TOO many WBCs
(notice the prefix “leuk” from leukocytes)◦Cause: Red bone marrow producing too many
granulocytes cancer cells are not controlled – spread
◦Treatment: Stem cell transplants, chemotherapy
drugs
Normal smear
Leukemia smear
Types: A, B, AB, O Typing is based on antigens found on
RBC’s Two most important groups:
◦ 1) ABO group◦ 2) Rh group
+ and – of each type Ex: A-, B-, AB-, O-; A+, B+, AB+, O+
Blood Types
ABO System Blood type is codominant (A and B are BOTH equally dominant)
Possible blood type genotypes (genetic code) ◦A (IAIA or IAi)◦B (IBIB or IBi)◦AB (IAIB)◦O (ii)
ABO Incompatibility
ABO Incompatibility Mixing blood types
can cause agglutination
Rh Blood Group
Possible Rh Blood Types:◦ + (++ or +-)◦ - (--)
Erythroblastosis fetalis
Condition cause by Rh incompatibility between mother and fetus
Blood Typing Review Questions I have O- blood. What type can I receive?◦O- ONLY
I have AB+ blood. What type can I receive?◦ANY!!!
I have B- blood. Who can take my blood?◦B+ or B-; AB+ or AB-
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