23770 ppts ch09
Post on 15-Mar-2022
7 Views
Preview:
TRANSCRIPT
Aqu
atic
Eco
syst
ems
•A
quat
ic li
fe e
cosy
stem
s pr
ovid
e fo
od fo
r m
illio
ns o
f peo
ple
•E
ach
supp
orts
a s
peci
fic ty
pe o
f spe
cies
•F
our
type
s:–
Riv
ers
and
stre
ams
–La
kes
–F
resh
wat
er w
etla
nds
–C
oast
al o
r m
arin
e
Typ
es o
f Wat
er
•S
altw
ater
(97
% o
f Ear
th’s
wat
er)
–O
cean
s an
d se
as–
Tra
nspo
rtat
ion
and
dum
ping
pol
lute
the
wat
ers
•F
resh
wat
er (
3% o
f Ear
th’s
wat
er)
–F
ound
in r
iver
s, s
trea
ms,
lake
s, p
onds
, and
un
derg
roun
d aq
uife
rs–
2% is
una
vaila
ble
(fro
zen
glac
iers
and
ice
caps
)–
It is
bei
ng p
umpe
d ou
t fas
ter
than
it is
re
plen
ishe
d–
Wat
er s
carc
ity je
opar
dize
s th
e fo
od s
uppl
y
Wat
er
•W
ithou
t wat
er, h
uman
s w
ould
sur
vive
3-4
day
s•
Onl
y 1%
of t
he E
arth
’s w
ater
sup
ply
can
be
cons
umed
by
hum
ans
•T
he s
uppl
y is
jeop
ardi
zed
by:
–R
apid
pop
ulat
ion
grow
th–
Incr
ease
s in
mun
icip
al w
ater
con
sum
ptio
n–
Glo
bal w
arm
ing
and
drou
ght
–In
crea
ses
in ir
rigat
ion
–P
ollu
tion
Wat
er S
ourc
es
•S
urfa
ce w
ater
–O
cean
wat
er–
Est
uarie
s–
Riv
ers,
str
eam
s–
Lake
s, p
onds
–W
etla
nds
•G
roun
dwat
er–
Aqu
ifers
are
un
derg
roun
d re
serv
oirs
–B
roug
ht to
the
surf
ace
by s
prin
gs–
Wat
er ta
bles
are
un
der
tops
oil
Est
uarie
s
•W
here
sal
twat
er a
nd fr
eshw
ater
mee
t•
The
oce
an p
rovi
des
the
saltw
ater
•R
iver
s an
d st
ream
s pr
ovid
e th
e fr
eshw
ater
•P
rovi
des
a ha
bita
t for
man
y sp
ecie
s to
bre
ed,
spaw
n, a
nd g
row
Wet
land
s
•A
tran
sitio
n zo
ne b
etw
een
wat
er a
nd la
nd•
Abs
orb
larg
e qu
antit
ies
of w
ater
bec
ause
of t
heir
spon
ge-li
ke c
apab
ilitie
s•
Fou
r ty
pes
–M
arsh
es (
e.g.
Flo
rida
Eve
rgla
des)
–S
wam
ps (
know
n fo
r st
andi
ng w
ater
, tre
es, a
nd
shru
bs; a
.k.a
. bay
ous)
–B
ogs
(kno
wn
for
ever
gree
n tr
ees,
shr
ubs,
pe
at, a
nd s
phag
num
)–
Fen
s (k
now
n fo
r gr
asse
s, r
eeds
, and
w
ildflo
wer
s)
Aqu
ifers
•A
res
ervo
ir of
wat
er th
at is
rec
harg
ed b
y ra
infa
ll, r
iver
s, a
nd la
kes
•D
eple
tion
of w
ater
from
aqu
ifers
is a
maj
or
conc
ern
–O
galla
la a
quife
r–
Spa
rta
aqui
fer
Wat
ersh
eds
•A
n ar
ea o
f lan
d th
at d
rain
s to
a b
ody
of
wat
er to
pro
tect
sur
face
wat
er•
Wat
ersh
eds
depe
nd o
n w
etla
nds
to fi
lter
nutr
ient
s an
d m
edia
te w
ater
and
soi
l ch
emis
try
•S
ome
wat
ersh
ed p
roje
cts
prot
ect f
ish
•S
ome
have
dam
s th
at c
aptu
re th
e w
ater
•In
urb
an a
reas
, wat
ersh
ed p
onds
cat
ch
stor
m w
ater
run
off
The
Use
of F
resh
wat
er
•W
ater
usa
ge is
mon
itore
d by
the
U.S
. G
eolo
gica
l Sur
vey
(US
GS
)•
The
use
of s
urfa
ce w
ater
is c
lass
ified
as
in-s
trea
m o
r of
f-st
ream
•T
he la
rges
t use
s of
wat
er:
–A
gric
ultu
re–
Indu
stry
–H
ouse
hold
use
Agr
icul
tura
l Use
s
•C
rop
irrig
atio
n–
Tw
o-th
irds
of w
ater
use
wor
ldw
ide
–S
ingl
e bi
gges
t use
of w
ater
con
sum
ptio
n in
th
e U
.S.
•Li
vest
ock
•P
arks
and
gol
f cou
rse
mai
nten
ance
Indu
stria
l Use
•C
oolin
g of
f gen
erat
ors
for
pow
er p
lant
s•
Pro
cess
es in
man
ufac
turin
g–
Maj
or p
ollu
ters
incl
ude
solv
ent,
mer
cury
, and
di
oxin
s
•M
inin
g op
erat
ions
Hou
seho
ld U
ses
•T
he ty
pica
l per
son
uses
100
–150
gal
lons
pe
r da
y or
23,
000
gallo
ns p
er y
ear
–F
lush
ing
the
toile
t–
Per
sona
l bat
hing
and
han
d w
ashi
ng–
Laun
dry
–K
itche
n ta
sks
–W
ater
ing
the
law
n–
Was
hing
the
car,
etc
.
Aqu
acul
ture
•A
n en
viro
nmen
t to
grow
food
, pet
s, b
ait,
and
fish
for
spor
t•
U.S
. Fis
h an
d W
ildlif
e S
ervi
ce is
re
spon
sibl
e fo
r re
gula
ting
fres
hwat
er fi
sh
and
recr
eatio
nal f
ishi
ng•
Priv
ate
hatc
herie
s vs
. pub
lic h
atch
erie
s•
It is
a p
rofit
able
bus
ines
s fo
r fin
fish,
sh
ellfi
sh, c
rust
acea
ns, r
eptil
es, a
nd
vario
us a
quat
ic p
lant
s
Hyd
roel
ectr
ic G
ener
atio
n
•H
ydro
elec
tric
pla
nts
requ
ire a
dam
and
a
rese
rvoi
r•
Hoo
ver
Dam
was
con
stru
cted
on
the
Col
orad
o R
iver
in th
e 19
30s
to g
ener
ate
pow
er, c
ontr
ol fl
oods
, use
for
irrig
atio
n,
and
recr
eatio
n•
Inse
rt F
ig. 1
1-9
Glo
bal W
arm
ing
Issu
es•
Glo
bal w
arm
ing
chan
ges
surf
ace
and
grou
nd
wat
er s
uppl
ies
with
cha
nges
in a
quat
ic li
fe•
Whe
n w
ater
tem
pera
ture
s ris
e, a
lgae
flou
rish
•T
hen
phot
osyn
thes
is in
crea
ses
so p
lant
s gr
ow
fast
er a
nd d
ie•
Incr
ease
d w
ater
tem
pera
ture
incr
ease
s m
etab
olic
rat
es o
f aqu
atic
ani
mal
s an
d th
e de
man
d fo
r ox
ygen
•T
he w
arm
er w
ater
s pr
ovid
e lo
wer
con
cent
ratio
ns
of d
isso
lved
oxy
gen
(DO
)•
Som
e sp
ecie
s ar
e un
able
to r
epro
duce
in w
arm
w
ater
and
are
mor
e su
scep
tible
to d
isea
se
Oce
an P
ollu
tion
•S
ewag
e, to
xic
was
te, a
nd o
ther
har
mfu
l m
ater
ials
wer
e du
mpe
d in
to th
e oc
ean
until
198
8•
Sed
imen
t mus
t be
dred
ged
for
boat
s to
pa
ss th
roug
h ch
anne
ls•
Boa
ts le
ave
behi
nd o
il, g
asol
ine,
hum
an
was
te, a
nd o
ther
mat
eria
ls•
Oil
spill
s ar
e co
mm
on o
ccur
renc
es
Law
s A
gain
st O
cean
Pol
lutio
n
•19
72 M
arin
e P
rote
ctio
n, R
esea
rch,
and
S
anct
uarie
s A
ct•
The
EP
A, U
.S. A
rmy
Cor
ps o
f Eng
inee
rs,
Nat
iona
l Oce
anic
and
Atm
osph
eric
A
dmin
istr
atio
n, a
nd U
.S. C
oast
Gua
rd
regu
late
per
mits
and
enf
orce
the
ban
on
dum
ping
•19
90 O
il P
ollu
tion
Act
(P
L 10
1-38
0)
requ
ires
plan
ts to
cle
an u
p oi
l spi
lls
Fre
shw
ater
Pol
lutio
n
•A
lead
ing
caus
e of
pol
lutio
n is
sed
imen
t car
ried
by w
ind
or r
unof
f fro
m u
rban
dev
elop
men
ts•
Fis
h su
ffoca
te o
r di
e fr
om d
isea
se a
nd
vege
tatio
n be
com
es o
verg
row
n•
Bio
chem
ical
oxy
gen
dem
and
(BO
D)
is a
n in
dica
tor
for
oxyg
en n
eede
d by
aqu
atic
spe
cies
•A
hig
h B
OD
indi
cate
s m
icro
orga
nism
s ar
e in
the
wat
er tr
ying
to m
anag
e po
llutio
n an
d de
cay
Flo
odin
g
•T
he m
ost c
omm
on o
f all
envi
ronm
enta
l ha
zard
s•
Cau
sed
by h
eavy
rai
ns, e
spec
ially
in a
reas
w
ith a
hig
h w
ater
tabl
e•
Drin
king
wat
er s
uppl
ies
are
pollu
ted
•S
tagn
ant w
ater
poo
ls p
rovi
de b
reed
ing
grou
nd fo
r m
osqu
itoes
•F
lood
wat
ers
also
car
ry s
ewag
e, fe
rtili
zers
, pe
stic
ides
, and
oth
er p
ollu
tant
s
Agr
icul
tura
l Pol
lutio
n
•Ir
rigat
ion
carr
ies
runo
ff–
Pes
ticid
es–
Fer
tiliz
ers
–A
nim
al w
aste
•A
ll co
ntam
inat
e dr
inki
ng w
ater
sup
plie
s
Urb
an R
unof
f
•G
asol
ine,
oil,
rub
ber,
and
oth
er m
ater
ials
le
ft on
str
eets
and
hig
hway
s fr
om
auto
mob
iles
•E
xcre
men
t fro
m a
nim
als
and
bird
s is
als
o ca
rrie
d in
the
runo
ff•
Som
e ci
ties
by th
e co
ast c
arry
the
runo
ff to
th
e oc
ean
•S
wim
mer
adv
isor
ies
indi
cate
hig
h ba
cter
ia
coun
ts in
the
wat
er
Gro
undw
ater
Pol
lutio
n
•G
roun
dwat
er in
aqu
ifers
or
wel
ls a
re
cont
amin
ated
by
pollu
tant
s th
at p
erco
late
or
leac
h th
roug
h th
e so
il•
Und
ergr
ound
sto
rage
tank
s, le
akin
g pi
ts,
pond
s, a
nd la
goon
s ar
e so
urce
s of
gr
ound
wat
er p
ollu
tion
•W
hen
rain
fall
is h
eavy
sew
ers
and
sept
ic
tank
s ov
erflo
w
Sou
rce
Pol
lutio
n
•P
oint
sou
rce
pollu
tion
–F
acto
ries
acco
unt f
or
the
maj
ority
of i
t–
Mer
cury
, dio
xins
, and
ot
her
harm
ful
pollu
tant
s–
Byp
rodu
cts
are
disc
harg
ed in
to th
e w
ater
–E
PA
has
set
tota
l m
axim
um d
aily
load
s (T
MD
Ls)
stan
dard
s
•N
on-p
oint
sou
rce
pollu
tion
–A
gric
ultu
re a
ccou
nts
for
50-7
0% o
f it
–F
ertil
izer
s, p
estic
ides
, so
il er
osio
n, a
nd
man
ure
–E
xces
s ni
trog
en a
nd
phos
phor
us c
ause
ve
geta
tion
to g
row
out
of
con
trol
–M
any
diffe
rent
sou
rces
of
this
pol
lutio
n
Wat
er L
aws
•19
48 F
eder
al W
ater
Pol
lutio
n C
ontr
ol A
ct•
1977
Cle
an W
ater
Act
•19
74 S
afe
Drin
king
Wat
er A
ct•
1976
Res
ourc
e C
onse
rvat
ion
and
Rec
over
y A
ct•
1980
Com
preh
ensi
ve E
nviro
nmen
tal R
espo
nse,
C
ompe
nsat
ion,
and
Lia
bilit
y A
ct•
1996
Fed
eral
Inse
ctic
ide,
Fun
gici
de, a
nd
Rod
entic
ide
Act
Rec
reat
iona
l Wat
ers
•T
he N
atur
al R
esou
rce
Com
mis
sion
wor
ks
with
loca
l hea
lth d
epar
tmen
ts to
pro
mot
e w
ater
shed
pro
tect
ion
and
cont
rol w
ater
ru
noff
•E
nsur
es th
at r
ecre
atio
nal w
ater
is s
afe
for
swim
min
g an
d fis
hing
•A
cidi
ty, a
lkal
inity
, and
turb
idity
are
im
port
ant i
ndic
ator
s
Drin
king
Wat
er Q
ualit
y
•“P
otab
le w
ater
” is
saf
e fo
r dr
inki
ng a
nd
cook
ing
•C
an b
e co
ntam
inat
ed w
ith b
acte
ria,
chem
ical
s (n
itrat
es),
met
als
(Pb
and
Hg)
, ra
dioa
ctiv
e pa
rtic
les,
and
pha
rmac
eutic
als
Drin
king
Wat
er S
yste
ms
•R
ural
–R
ural
wat
er
syst
ems
–C
iste
rns
–P
rivat
e w
ells
•D
ug w
ells
•D
riven
wel
ls•
Dril
led
wel
ls
Drin
king
Wat
er S
yste
ms
(con
tinue
d)
•M
unic
ipal
–Wat
er tr
eatm
ent
plan
ts a
nd w
ater
to
wer
s
Min
eral
Con
tent
of D
rinki
ng W
ater
•S
ome
min
eral
s en
hanc
e w
ater
qua
lity
•O
ther
s co
ntrib
ute
to b
ad ta
ste
(sul
fur)
or
colo
r (ir
on, c
oppe
r, m
anga
nese
)•
Som
e m
ake
the
wat
er “
hard
” (m
agne
sium
or
cal
cium
)
Reg
ulat
ing
Drin
king
Wat
er
•19
74 S
afe
Drin
king
Wat
er A
ct•
The
EP
A r
egul
ates
con
tam
inan
ts th
at
pres
ent h
ealth
ris
ks•
Max
imum
con
tam
inan
t lev
els
(MC
Ls)
are
set b
y th
e E
PA
•19
96 S
afe
Drin
king
Wat
er a
men
dmen
ts
requ
ire c
omm
uniti
es to
test
drin
king
wat
er
to m
ake
sure
it is
saf
e
MC
Ls
•S
ix c
ateg
orie
s:–
Mic
roor
gani
sms
–D
isin
fect
ants
–D
isin
fect
ion
by-p
rodu
cts
–In
orga
nic
chem
ical
s–
Org
anic
che
mic
als
–R
adio
nucl
ides
Fut
ure
Wat
er S
uppl
y S
trat
egie
s
•T
he h
ydro
logi
c cy
cle
help
s re
stor
e w
ater
su
pplie
s, b
ut n
ot p
rodu
ce n
ew o
nes
•N
o on
e ha
s fo
und
a w
ay t
o ge
nera
te w
ater
w
ithou
t har
min
g so
met
hing
els
e•
The
bes
t str
ateg
y is
to g
et th
e m
ost o
ut o
f ea
ch d
rop
of w
ater
•W
aste
wat
er c
an b
e re
cycl
ed to
mak
e it
drin
kabl
e
top related