5. 双折射 double refraction

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5. 双折射 Double Refraction. unpolarized light 自然光. 1) 双折射现象. e- 光. calcite 方解石. O 光. 双折射. The “double-bending” of a beam transmitted through calcite, is called double refraction. 2 ) the ordinary ray (O-ray) and the extra ordinary ray (e-ray). ( 1687 年惠更斯研究). - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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5. 双折射 Double Refraction

1) 双折射现象

unpolarized light自然光

O 光e- 光

双折射 calcite方解石

The “double-bending” of a beam transmittedthrough calcite, is called double refraction.

2 ) the ordinary ray (O-ray) and the extraordinary ray (e-ray). ( 1687 年惠更斯研究)a ) two beams are polarized light with their planes of vibration at right angles to each other.

constnr

io

0

0

sin

sin

O 光e 光

b ) O-ray obey the refraction law. The crystal has a single index of refraction no.c ) The e –ray index of refraction varies with direction from no

to a smaller value (for calcite) ne.

constinr

ie

e

e )(sin

sin (与入射角有关 且不为定值)

对 O 光:

对 e 光:

(与入射角无关 且为定值)

e 光在晶体中传播,光速是一变值。

nv

C

r

i

sin

sin为什么?

自然光 方解石

3 ) optic axis 光轴

78º

78º68º

102º

a ) optic axis 光轴 ---

光轴

The direction at which a beam transmitted through calcite without double refraction called optic axis.

b) The optic axis is found by erecting a line at either of the two corners

where three obtuse angles meet (the “blunt ” corners),

making equal angles 68º with the crystal edges. Any line in the crystal parallel to this line is also an optic axis.

光轴

4 ) principal section 主截面

The principal section is consist of the normal to crystal surface and optic axis.

Any section in the crystal parallel to this section is also the principal section.

注意:

when incident ray lie in the principal section, the vibration of O-ray normal to the principal section and the vibration of e-ray parallel to the principal section.

n̂102º

78º

78º

78º

光轴

入射面在主截面内时, o 光 e 光的振动面互相垂直Two planes of vibration at right angles to each other.

且 o 光为振动面垂直于主截面的偏振光;

e 光为振动面平行于主截面的偏振光;

5 )正晶体与负晶体Positive crystal and negative crystal

oe nn 也可可以Negative crystal: ne < no

oe vv 也可可以Positive crystal: ne > no

78º

78º

6 )用惠更斯原理解释双折射现象

evv 0

因 O 光沿各向传播的速度是相同的,故 O 光的波面是球面。而 e 光在晶体内沿各向传播的速度不相同,所以 e 光的波面 是椭球面。

正晶体 --负晶体 -- evv 0

在晶体内一个点波源发光的波阵面:

78º

光轴

正晶体负晶体

o 光

e 光光轴

(负晶体) incident ray lie in the principal section :A ) There is a angle between optic axis and crystal surface 光轴与晶体表面有一夹角(正入射 )

自然光optic axis光轴

B ) optic axis is parallel to the crystal surface 光轴与晶体表面平行(正入射)

自然光

o 光e 光

光轴

O e 二光通过厚度 d 的光程差: dnn oe )( 4/ 2/

四分之一波片 二分之一波片(半波片)

结论: evv 0 enn 0 有双折射。

自然光

o 光e 光

光轴

C ) optic axis is normal to the crystal surface 光轴与晶体表面垂直(正入射)

(负晶体) 无双折射现象

o 光 e 光

晶体

光轴 光轴

D) There is a angle between optic axis and crystal surface

光轴与晶体表面有一夹角(斜入射)

A’A

B CC’

7 ) polarizing prism 偏振棱镜

自然光

光轴

68º71º

W·Nicol prism 尼科尔棱镜( 1928 年)

no=1.658ne=1.486 o 光

e 光N 加拿大 =1.550

O 光以 76º 入射到加拿大树胶,产生全反射后被吸收。

76º

70658.1

550.1arcsin 临介i

e 光出射成为偏振光

A’

C’

Calcite方解石

A

DC

B

光轴

光轴o 光

e 光

O 光

e 光

eo vv

eo vv ''

Wouaston prism 渥氏棱镜光轴

o 光

e 光

when incident ray lie in the principal section, the vibration of O-ray normal to the principal section and the vibration of e-ray parallel to the principal section.

nv

C

r

i

sin

sin

O 、 e 二光通过晶体后被分得很开,从而获得偏振光。

8 ) Applications of polarization 偏振光的应用

汽车车灯与窗玻璃用同一偏振化方向的透明膜a) 防止对面来的灯光耀眼

2 )放立体电影原理:利用人眼的双眼效应

Ó¦ÓóÌÐò

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