antibiotika

Antibiotik Zat kimia yang dihasilkan oleh mikroorganisme jamur/bakteri yang mampu menghambat/membunuh mikroorganisme jenis lain

Bakterisida dan bakteriostatik 1. bacteria are killed—bactericidal

effect; 2. bacteria survive, but do

not multiply—bacteriostatic effect.

Gol. Beta lactam PENICILLINS Amoxicillin Ampicillin Carbenicillin Cloxacillin Dicloxacillin Mezlocillin Nafcillin Oxacillin Penicillin G Penicillin V Piperacillin Ticarcillin

Gol. cephalosporin Cefaclor Cefadroxil Cefamandole Cefazolin Cefdinir Cefepime Cefixime Cefmetazole Cefonicid Cefoperazone Cefotaxime Cefotetan Cefoxitin

Gol. cephalosporin Cefpodoxime Cefprozil Ceftazidime Ceftibuten Ceftizoxime Ceftriaxone Cefuroxime Cephalexin Cephapirin Cephradine

CARBAPENEMS, CARBACEPHEMS, ANDMONOBACTAMS

Aztreonam Imipenem-cilastatin Loracarbef Meropenem

Beta-Lactam Antibiotics in Pregnancy All of the penicillin antibiotics are classified by the U. S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in pregnancy category B, that is, as drugs having either no fetal risk in animal studies but human trials are inadequate, or animal studies show adverse fetal effects but

wellcontrolled human trials reveal no fetal damage. Obstetricians frequently prescribe ampicillin, penicillin G, and penicillin V because they are effective against the infections most frequently encountered in caring for pregnant women (e.g., upper respiratory and lower

urinary tract infections).

Derivat pinicilin yg tahan enzim pinicilinase Methisilin Kloksasilin Dikloksasilin Flukloksasilin Asam klavulanat

Derivat pinicilin broad spektrum Ampicilin Amoksisilin Pivampicilin Bakampicilin Hetacilin Episilin siklasilin

Derivat yg aktif terhadap pseudomonas Karbenicilin Karindacilin Sulbenicilin Ticarcilin Mezlosilin Azlosilin Piperasilin

Aminoglikosida

Streptomisin Gentamisin Kanamisin Neomisin Framisetin Tobramisin Netilmisin Amikasin Dibekasin

Aminoglycosides induce the binding of “wrong” t-

RNA-AA complexes, resulting in synthesis of false proteins. Aminoglycosides are bactericidal. Their activity spectrum encompasses mainly gram-negative organisms. Streptomycin and kanamycin are used predominantly in the treatment of tuberculosis.

Pemerian

Aktifitas bakterisid terhadap bacili gram negatif anaerob (S.aureus, gonococci) dan mycobacteri

Efek samping

Nefrotoksik Ototoksik Gejala pertama efek toksik adalah

nyeri kepala, mual, muntah)

Makrolide

Erytromisin Spiramisin Oleandomisin* Linkomisin*

Pemerian

Bakteriostatik terutama gram positif

Spiramisin memiliki daya penetrasi ke jaringan mulut, tenggorokan dan saluran nafas yang lebih baik drpd erytromisin

Efek samping

Jarang terjadi

Penggunaan

Infeksi usus dan saluran nafas

Polipeptida

Polimiksin Basitrasin Kolistin Gramisidin

Pemerian

Aktifitas bakterisida Polimiksin hanya aktif terhadap

basil gram negatif termasuk pseudomonas, basitrasin dan gramisidin terhadap kuman gram positif

Toksisitas

Sangat toksik bagi ginjal Polimiksin juga toksik terhadap

organ pendengaran

Kloramfenikol/tiamfenikol Bersifat bakteriostatik Farmakokinetika : PP 60% T1/2 2 – 3,5 jam

Bayi yg baru lahir belum memiliki sistem enzim perombahkan yg cukup berkembang maka mdh mengalami keracunan (metabolit glukoronida)

Chloramphenicol

inhibits peptide synthetase. It has bacteriostatic activity against a broad spectrum of pathogens. The chemically simple molecule is now produced synthetically

Efek samping

Kerusakan pd sumsum tulang Terganggunya pembentukan

erytrosit

Penggunaan

Meningitis Pneumonia Typus

Tetrasiklin

Klortetrasiklin Oksitetrasiklin Rolitetrasiklin Lymesiklin

Tetracyclines

inhibit the binding of t-RNA-AA complexes. Their action is bacteriostatic and affects a broad spectrum of pathogens

Derivat long acting

Doksisilin PP 90% T1/2 22 jam

Minosiklin (sangat lipofil) PP 70% T1/2 17 jam

Loading dose: 200 mg Maitenance dose 100 mg/hari

Efek samping Mual Muntah Diarrea Krn rangsangan kimiawi terhadap mukosa

lambung atau oleh perubahan flora usus oleh bagian tetrasiklin yg tak diserap.

Mengendap pd jaringan tulang dan gigi Semua tetrasiklin sebaiknya jangn diberikan

antara bulan ke 4 dari kehamilan dan anak – anak sampai usia 8 tahun.

Fotosensitisasi yaitu kulit menjadi peka untuk cahaya menunjukkan kemerah-merahan dan gatal – gatal.

Penggunaan

Bersifat broad spektrum dan digunakan pada : disentri amuba, pneumonia, kolera dan infeksi saluran empedu.

Kuinolon

Cyprofloxacin Ofloxacin Penfloxacin Levofloxacin

Resistensi

Cara terpenting kuman melindungi diri dari antibiotika

In summary, the early recognition of asymptomatic bacteriuria in pregnant women is an important primary prevention strategy in reducing morbidity and mortality from severe renal infections. Treatment of pregnant women requires careful consideration of medicationswith good efficacy and also low likelihood of risks to the infant. The aminopenicillins, cephalosporins, and nitrofurantoin often are viewed as first-line agents for most indications.