antibiotika
TRANSCRIPT
Antibiotik Zat kimia yang dihasilkan oleh mikroorganisme jamur/bakteri yang mampu menghambat/membunuh mikroorganisme jenis lain
Bakterisida dan bakteriostatik 1. bacteria are killed—bactericidal
effect; 2. bacteria survive, but do
not multiply—bacteriostatic effect.
Gol. Beta lactam PENICILLINS Amoxicillin Ampicillin Carbenicillin Cloxacillin Dicloxacillin Mezlocillin Nafcillin Oxacillin Penicillin G Penicillin V Piperacillin Ticarcillin
Gol. cephalosporin Cefaclor Cefadroxil Cefamandole Cefazolin Cefdinir Cefepime Cefixime Cefmetazole Cefonicid Cefoperazone Cefotaxime Cefotetan Cefoxitin
Gol. cephalosporin Cefpodoxime Cefprozil Ceftazidime Ceftibuten Ceftizoxime Ceftriaxone Cefuroxime Cephalexin Cephapirin Cephradine
CARBAPENEMS, CARBACEPHEMS, ANDMONOBACTAMS
Aztreonam Imipenem-cilastatin Loracarbef Meropenem
Beta-Lactam Antibiotics in Pregnancy All of the penicillin antibiotics are classified by the U. S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in pregnancy category B, that is, as drugs having either no fetal risk in animal studies but human trials are inadequate, or animal studies show adverse fetal effects but
wellcontrolled human trials reveal no fetal damage. Obstetricians frequently prescribe ampicillin, penicillin G, and penicillin V because they are effective against the infections most frequently encountered in caring for pregnant women (e.g., upper respiratory and lower
urinary tract infections).
Derivat pinicilin yg tahan enzim pinicilinase Methisilin Kloksasilin Dikloksasilin Flukloksasilin Asam klavulanat
Derivat pinicilin broad spektrum Ampicilin Amoksisilin Pivampicilin Bakampicilin Hetacilin Episilin siklasilin
Derivat yg aktif terhadap pseudomonas Karbenicilin Karindacilin Sulbenicilin Ticarcilin Mezlosilin Azlosilin Piperasilin
Aminoglikosida
Streptomisin Gentamisin Kanamisin Neomisin Framisetin Tobramisin Netilmisin Amikasin Dibekasin
Aminoglycosides induce the binding of “wrong” t-
RNA-AA complexes, resulting in synthesis of false proteins. Aminoglycosides are bactericidal. Their activity spectrum encompasses mainly gram-negative organisms. Streptomycin and kanamycin are used predominantly in the treatment of tuberculosis.
Pemerian
Aktifitas bakterisid terhadap bacili gram negatif anaerob (S.aureus, gonococci) dan mycobacteri
Efek samping
Nefrotoksik Ototoksik Gejala pertama efek toksik adalah
nyeri kepala, mual, muntah)
Makrolide
Erytromisin Spiramisin Oleandomisin* Linkomisin*
Pemerian
Bakteriostatik terutama gram positif
Spiramisin memiliki daya penetrasi ke jaringan mulut, tenggorokan dan saluran nafas yang lebih baik drpd erytromisin
Efek samping
Jarang terjadi
Penggunaan
Infeksi usus dan saluran nafas
Polipeptida
Polimiksin Basitrasin Kolistin Gramisidin
Pemerian
Aktifitas bakterisida Polimiksin hanya aktif terhadap
basil gram negatif termasuk pseudomonas, basitrasin dan gramisidin terhadap kuman gram positif
Toksisitas
Sangat toksik bagi ginjal Polimiksin juga toksik terhadap
organ pendengaran
Kloramfenikol/tiamfenikol Bersifat bakteriostatik Farmakokinetika : PP 60% T1/2 2 – 3,5 jam
Bayi yg baru lahir belum memiliki sistem enzim perombahkan yg cukup berkembang maka mdh mengalami keracunan (metabolit glukoronida)
Chloramphenicol
inhibits peptide synthetase. It has bacteriostatic activity against a broad spectrum of pathogens. The chemically simple molecule is now produced synthetically
Efek samping
Kerusakan pd sumsum tulang Terganggunya pembentukan
erytrosit
Penggunaan
Meningitis Pneumonia Typus
Tetrasiklin
Klortetrasiklin Oksitetrasiklin Rolitetrasiklin Lymesiklin
Tetracyclines
inhibit the binding of t-RNA-AA complexes. Their action is bacteriostatic and affects a broad spectrum of pathogens
Derivat long acting
Doksisilin PP 90% T1/2 22 jam
Minosiklin (sangat lipofil) PP 70% T1/2 17 jam
Loading dose: 200 mg Maitenance dose 100 mg/hari
Efek samping Mual Muntah Diarrea Krn rangsangan kimiawi terhadap mukosa
lambung atau oleh perubahan flora usus oleh bagian tetrasiklin yg tak diserap.
Mengendap pd jaringan tulang dan gigi Semua tetrasiklin sebaiknya jangn diberikan
antara bulan ke 4 dari kehamilan dan anak – anak sampai usia 8 tahun.
Fotosensitisasi yaitu kulit menjadi peka untuk cahaya menunjukkan kemerah-merahan dan gatal – gatal.
Penggunaan
Bersifat broad spektrum dan digunakan pada : disentri amuba, pneumonia, kolera dan infeksi saluran empedu.
Kuinolon
Cyprofloxacin Ofloxacin Penfloxacin Levofloxacin
Resistensi
Cara terpenting kuman melindungi diri dari antibiotika
In summary, the early recognition of asymptomatic bacteriuria in pregnant women is an important primary prevention strategy in reducing morbidity and mortality from severe renal infections. Treatment of pregnant women requires careful consideration of medicationswith good efficacy and also low likelihood of risks to the infant. The aminopenicillins, cephalosporins, and nitrofurantoin often are viewed as first-line agents for most indications.