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ENG 2003 - 언어학개론Historical Linguistics
ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 1 / 28
Historical Linguistics
the study of how language changes of time and of the historicalrelationships between languages and dialects
Old English: 450CE – 1100CE (Beowulf)And ic cyðe eow, þæt ic wylle beon hold hlaford and unswicende togodes gerihtum and to rihtre woroldlage. [royal proclamation]And I make known to you, that I will be a civilized lord faithful toGod’s rights and to the worldly laws.
Middle English: 1100 – 1500 (Chaucer)
Whan that Aprille with his shoures soote. . .When April with its sweet showers
Early Modern English: 1500 – 1700 (Shakespeare)
Wherefore art thou Romeo? Deny thy father and refuse thy name. . .
ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 2 / 28
Historical Linguistics
the study of how language changes of time and of the historicalrelationships between languages and dialectsOld English: 450CE – 1100CE (Beowulf)
And ic cyðe eow, þæt ic wylle beon hold hlaford and unswicende togodes gerihtum and to rihtre woroldlage. [royal proclamation]And I make known to you, that I will be a civilized lord faithful toGod’s rights and to the worldly laws.
Middle English: 1100 – 1500 (Chaucer)
Whan that Aprille with his shoures soote. . .When April with its sweet showers
Early Modern English: 1500 – 1700 (Shakespeare)
Wherefore art thou Romeo? Deny thy father and refuse thy name. . .
ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 2 / 28
Historical Linguistics
the study of how language changes of time and of the historicalrelationships between languages and dialectsOld English: 450CE – 1100CE (Beowulf)
And ic cyðe eow, þæt ic wylle beon hold hlaford and unswicende togodes gerihtum and to rihtre woroldlage. [royal proclamation]And I make known to you, that I will be a civilized lord faithful toGod’s rights and to the worldly laws.
Middle English: 1100 – 1500 (Chaucer)Whan that Aprille with his shoures soote. . .When April with its sweet showers
Early Modern English: 1500 – 1700 (Shakespeare)
Wherefore art thou Romeo? Deny thy father and refuse thy name. . .
ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 2 / 28
Historical Linguistics
the study of how language changes of time and of the historicalrelationships between languages and dialectsOld English: 450CE – 1100CE (Beowulf)
And ic cyðe eow, þæt ic wylle beon hold hlaford and unswicende togodes gerihtum and to rihtre woroldlage. [royal proclamation]And I make known to you, that I will be a civilized lord faithful toGod’s rights and to the worldly laws.
Middle English: 1100 – 1500 (Chaucer)
Whan that Aprille with his shoures soote. . .When April with its sweet showers
Early Modern English: 1500 – 1700 (Shakespeare)
Wherefore art thou Romeo? Deny thy father and refuse thy name. . .
ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 2 / 28
Historical Linguistics
the study of how language changes of time and of the historicalrelationships between languages and dialectsOld English: 450CE – 1100CE (Beowulf)
And ic cyðe eow, þæt ic wylle beon hold hlaford and unswicende togodes gerihtum and to rihtre woroldlage. [royal proclamation]And I make known to you, that I will be a civilized lord faithful toGod’s rights and to the worldly laws.
Middle English: 1100 – 1500 (Chaucer)Whan that Aprille with his shoures soote. . .When April with its sweet showers
Early Modern English: 1500 – 1700 (Shakespeare)Wherefore art thou Romeo? Deny thy father and refuse thy name. . .
ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 2 / 28
Historical Linguistics
the study of how language changes of time and of the historicalrelationships between languages and dialectsOld English: 450CE – 1100CE (Beowulf)
And ic cyðe eow, þæt ic wylle beon hold hlaford and unswicende togodes gerihtum and to rihtre woroldlage. [royal proclamation]And I make known to you, that I will be a civilized lord faithful toGod’s rights and to the worldly laws.
Middle English: 1100 – 1500 (Chaucer)Whan that Aprille with his shoures soote. . .When April with its sweet showers
Early Modern English: 1500 – 1700 (Shakespeare)
Wherefore art thou Romeo? Deny thy father and refuse thy name. . .
ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 2 / 28
Historical Linguistics
the study of how language changes of time and of the historicalrelationships between languages and dialectsOld English: 450CE – 1100CE (Beowulf)
And ic cyðe eow, þæt ic wylle beon hold hlaford and unswicende togodes gerihtum and to rihtre woroldlage. [royal proclamation]And I make known to you, that I will be a civilized lord faithful toGod’s rights and to the worldly laws.
Middle English: 1100 – 1500 (Chaucer)Whan that Aprille with his shoures soote. . .When April with its sweet showers
Early Modern English: 1500 – 1700 (Shakespeare)Wherefore art thou Romeo? Deny thy father and refuse thy name. . .
ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 2 / 28
Historical Linguistics
Old Korean (before 1000 AD) – very little known
woraka (used by ruling class)/kici (used by commoners) – ‘king’kuti – ‘falcon’tohel – ‘field’
Middle Korean (approx 1000 – 1700)
Middle Korean Modern Korean Englishnamo namu 나무 treekamakoj kkamaky/4i 까마귀 crowtalO talW 다르 differentskum-Wl kkum-Wl 꿈을 dream-ACCmuzwu mu: 무 turnip (length distinction lost)
ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 3 / 28
Historical Linguistics
Old Korean (before 1000 AD) – very little knownworaka (used by ruling class)/kici (used by commoners) – ‘king’kuti – ‘falcon’tohel – ‘field’
Middle Korean (approx 1000 – 1700)Middle Korean Modern Korean Englishnamo namu 나무 treekamakoj kkamaky/4i 까마귀 crowtalO talW 다르 differentskum-Wl kkum-Wl 꿈을 dream-ACCmuzwu mu: 무 turnip (length distinction lost)
ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 3 / 28
Historical Linguistics
Old Korean (before 1000 AD) – very little knownworaka (used by ruling class)/kici (used by commoners) – ‘king’kuti – ‘falcon’tohel – ‘field’
Middle Korean (approx 1000 – 1700)
Middle Korean Modern Korean Englishnamo namu 나무 treekamakoj kkamaky/4i 까마귀 crowtalO talW 다르 differentskum-Wl kkum-Wl 꿈을 dream-ACCmuzwu mu: 무 turnip (length distinction lost)
ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 3 / 28
Historical Linguistics
Old Korean (before 1000 AD) – very little knownworaka (used by ruling class)/kici (used by commoners) – ‘king’kuti – ‘falcon’tohel – ‘field’
Middle Korean (approx 1000 – 1700)Middle Korean Modern Korean Englishnamo namu 나무 treekamakoj kkamaky/4i 까마귀 crowtalO talW 다르 differentskum-Wl kkum-Wl 꿈을 dream-ACCmuzwu mu: 무 turnip (length distinction lost)
ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 3 / 28
History of Historical Linguistics
Sir William Jones in the late 18th century (and withGaston-Laurent Cœurdoux).
Both scholars proposed that the languages of India (includingHindi, Gujarati, Marathi, Punjabi, etc.) were related to thelanguages of EuropeThe languages of southern India are NOT related to the languagesof Europecareful study of Sanskrit, Latin and Greek → Indo-Europeanlanguages.Sir Williams Jones later hypothesized that Persian was also relatedto the Indo-European languages → correct
ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 4 / 28
History of Historical Linguistics
Sir William Jones in the late 18th century (and withGaston-Laurent Cœurdoux).Both scholars proposed that the languages of India (includingHindi, Gujarati, Marathi, Punjabi, etc.) were related to thelanguages of Europe
The languages of southern India are NOT related to the languagesof Europecareful study of Sanskrit, Latin and Greek → Indo-Europeanlanguages.Sir Williams Jones later hypothesized that Persian was also relatedto the Indo-European languages → correct
ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 4 / 28
History of Historical Linguistics
Sir William Jones in the late 18th century (and withGaston-Laurent Cœurdoux).Both scholars proposed that the languages of India (includingHindi, Gujarati, Marathi, Punjabi, etc.) were related to thelanguages of EuropeThe languages of southern India are NOT related to the languagesof Europe
careful study of Sanskrit, Latin and Greek → Indo-Europeanlanguages.Sir Williams Jones later hypothesized that Persian was also relatedto the Indo-European languages → correct
ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 4 / 28
History of Historical Linguistics
Sir William Jones in the late 18th century (and withGaston-Laurent Cœurdoux).Both scholars proposed that the languages of India (includingHindi, Gujarati, Marathi, Punjabi, etc.) were related to thelanguages of EuropeThe languages of southern India are NOT related to the languagesof Europecareful study of Sanskrit, Latin and Greek → Indo-Europeanlanguages.
Sir Williams Jones later hypothesized that Persian was also relatedto the Indo-European languages → correct
ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 4 / 28
History of Historical Linguistics
Sir William Jones in the late 18th century (and withGaston-Laurent Cœurdoux).Both scholars proposed that the languages of India (includingHindi, Gujarati, Marathi, Punjabi, etc.) were related to thelanguages of EuropeThe languages of southern India are NOT related to the languagesof Europecareful study of Sanskrit, Latin and Greek → Indo-Europeanlanguages.Sir Williams Jones later hypothesized that Persian was also relatedto the Indo-European languages → correct
ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 4 / 28
Regularity of Sound Change
cot/caught merger affects all words with [O] and [A]
not just ‘cot’ and ‘caught’Northern Cities Vowel Shift (in US) - [A] → [æ] “socks” [sæks]gives rise to sound correspondences – Consistent and pervasiveall words with [æ] in Northern Cities dialects have [A] in otherdialects
ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 5 / 28
Regularity of Sound Change
cot/caught merger affects all words with [O] and [A]
not just ‘cot’ and ‘caught’
Northern Cities Vowel Shift (in US) - [A] → [æ] “socks” [sæks]gives rise to sound correspondences – Consistent and pervasiveall words with [æ] in Northern Cities dialects have [A] in otherdialects
ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 5 / 28
Regularity of Sound Change
cot/caught merger affects all words with [O] and [A]
not just ‘cot’ and ‘caught’Northern Cities Vowel Shift (in US) - [A] → [æ] “socks” [sæks]
gives rise to sound correspondences – Consistent and pervasiveall words with [æ] in Northern Cities dialects have [A] in otherdialects
ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 5 / 28
Regularity of Sound Change
cot/caught merger affects all words with [O] and [A]
not just ‘cot’ and ‘caught’Northern Cities Vowel Shift (in US) - [A] → [æ] “socks” [sæks]gives rise to sound correspondences – Consistent and pervasive
all words with [æ] in Northern Cities dialects have [A] in otherdialects
ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 5 / 28
Regularity of Sound Change
cot/caught merger affects all words with [O] and [A]
not just ‘cot’ and ‘caught’Northern Cities Vowel Shift (in US) - [A] → [æ] “socks” [sæks]gives rise to sound correspondences – Consistent and pervasiveall words with [æ] in Northern Cities dialects have [A] in otherdialects
ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 5 / 28
Historical Changes in English
Great Vowel Shift ca. 1400-1600
i → [aI“]
æ a:
E:E
e: eI“
I
i: u:
U
o:oU“
O:
aI“aU“
ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 6 / 28
Historical Changes in English
Great Vowel Shift ca. 1400-1600i → [aI
“]
æ a:
E:E
e: eI“
I
i: u:
U
o:oU“
O:
aI“aU“
ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 6 / 28
Historical Changes in English
Great Vowel Shift ca. 1400-1600i → [aI
“]
æ a:
E:E
e: eI“
I
i: u:
U
o:oU“
O:
aI“aU“
ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 6 / 28
Trisyllabic Laxing
tense vowels become lax in words of three syllables or more.(sometimes two syllables)
often with addition of suffixBefore GVS After GVS
‘divine’ [divin@] [d@vaI“n]
‘divinity’ [d@vIn@ti] [d@vIn@ti]
ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 7 / 28
Trisyllabic Laxing
tense vowels become lax in words of three syllables or more.(sometimes two syllables)often with addition of suffix
Before GVS After GVS‘divine’ [divin@] [d@vaI
“n]
‘divinity’ [d@vIn@ti] [d@vIn@ti]
ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 7 / 28
Trisyllabic Laxing
tense vowels become lax in words of three syllables or more.(sometimes two syllables)often with addition of suffix
Before GVS After GVS‘divine’ [divin@] [d@vaI
“n]
‘divinity’ [d@vIn@ti] [d@vIn@ti]
ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 7 / 28
Some Historical Changes in English
Loss of verb-second (V2)
Germanic languages exhibit a phenomenon called verb-secondthe tensed verb (or auxiliary if there is one) must appear after thefirst major constituent in the sentence.(1) [preamble=German]
a PeterPeter
hathas
dasthe
Brotbread
gegesseneaten
‘Peter ate the bread.’b Das
theBrotbread
hathat
PeterPeter
gegesseneaten
‘Peter ate the bread.’c Heute
todayhathas
PeterPeter
dasthe
Brotbread
gegesseneaten
‘Peter ate the bread today.’
ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 8 / 28
Some Historical Changes in English
Loss of verb-second (V2)Germanic languages exhibit a phenomenon called verb-second
the tensed verb (or auxiliary if there is one) must appear after thefirst major constituent in the sentence.(1) [preamble=German]
a PeterPeter
hathas
dasthe
Brotbread
gegesseneaten
‘Peter ate the bread.’b Das
theBrotbread
hathat
PeterPeter
gegesseneaten
‘Peter ate the bread.’c Heute
todayhathas
PeterPeter
dasthe
Brotbread
gegesseneaten
‘Peter ate the bread today.’
ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 8 / 28
Some Historical Changes in English
Loss of verb-second (V2)Germanic languages exhibit a phenomenon called verb-secondthe tensed verb (or auxiliary if there is one) must appear after thefirst major constituent in the sentence.
(1) [preamble=German]
a PeterPeter
hathas
dasthe
Brotbread
gegesseneaten
‘Peter ate the bread.’b Das
theBrotbread
hathat
PeterPeter
gegesseneaten
‘Peter ate the bread.’c Heute
todayhathas
PeterPeter
dasthe
Brotbread
gegesseneaten
‘Peter ate the bread today.’
ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 8 / 28
Some Historical Changes in English
Loss of verb-second (V2)Germanic languages exhibit a phenomenon called verb-secondthe tensed verb (or auxiliary if there is one) must appear after thefirst major constituent in the sentence.(1) [preamble=German]
a PeterPeter
hathas
dasthe
Brotbread
gegesseneaten
‘Peter ate the bread.’
b Dasthe
Brotbread
hathat
PeterPeter
gegesseneaten
‘Peter ate the bread.’c Heute
todayhathas
PeterPeter
dasthe
Brotbread
gegesseneaten
‘Peter ate the bread today.’
ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 8 / 28
Some Historical Changes in English
Loss of verb-second (V2)Germanic languages exhibit a phenomenon called verb-secondthe tensed verb (or auxiliary if there is one) must appear after thefirst major constituent in the sentence.(1) [preamble=German]
a PeterPeter
hathas
dasthe
Brotbread
gegesseneaten
‘Peter ate the bread.’b Das
theBrotbread
hathat
PeterPeter
gegesseneaten
‘Peter ate the bread.’
c Heutetoday
hathas
PeterPeter
dasthe
Brotbread
gegesseneaten
‘Peter ate the bread today.’
ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 8 / 28
Some Historical Changes in English
Loss of verb-second (V2)Germanic languages exhibit a phenomenon called verb-secondthe tensed verb (or auxiliary if there is one) must appear after thefirst major constituent in the sentence.(1) [preamble=German]
a PeterPeter
hathas
dasthe
Brotbread
gegesseneaten
‘Peter ate the bread.’b Das
theBrotbread
hathat
PeterPeter
gegesseneaten
‘Peter ate the bread.’c Heute
todayhathas
PeterPeter
dasthe
Brotbread
gegesseneaten
‘Peter ate the bread today.’
ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 8 / 28
Some Historical Changes in English
V2 in Shakespeare:
Now is the winter of our discontent made glorious summer. . . [RichardIII]Now the winter of our discontent is made glorious summer. . .
ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 9 / 28
Some Historical Changes in English
V2 in Shakespeare:Now is the winter of our discontent made glorious summer. . . [RichardIII]
Now the winter of our discontent is made glorious summer. . .
ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 9 / 28
Some Historical Changes in English
V2 in Shakespeare:Now is the winter of our discontent made glorious summer. . . [RichardIII]Now the winter of our discontent is made glorious summer. . .
ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 9 / 28
Some Historical Changes in Korean
Loss of [z]
Middle Korean /muzu/ → mu: (무)musu 전라, 충청, 강원도, 함경남도musi: 전라, 경상남도mu: 충청남도, 강원도, 경기도, 황해, 평안북도, 함경남도mui: 강원도, 황해mu.yu: 경기도, 황해
ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 10 / 28
Some Historical Changes in Korean
Loss of [z]Middle Korean /muzu/ → mu: (무)
musu 전라, 충청, 강원도, 함경남도musi: 전라, 경상남도mu: 충청남도, 강원도, 경기도, 황해, 평안북도, 함경남도mui: 강원도, 황해mu.yu: 경기도, 황해
ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 10 / 28
Some Historical Changes in Korean
Loss of [z]Middle Korean /muzu/ → mu: (무)
musu 전라, 충청, 강원도, 함경남도musi: 전라, 경상남도mu: 충청남도, 강원도, 경기도, 황해, 평안북도, 함경남도mui: 강원도, 황해mu.yu: 경기도, 황해
ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 10 / 28
Words over Time
Formation of new words
synchronic (active in the mind of the speaker)from morphology (at the beginning of the semester)mechanize → mechanization; 일반 → 일반적으로
back-formation - The re-analysis of a sequence of phones as anaffixbabysitter → babysitcherries → cherry (cf. Modern French cérise historically withinitial /
>tS/)
ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 11 / 28
Words over Time
Formation of new wordssynchronic (active in the mind of the speaker)
from morphology (at the beginning of the semester)mechanize → mechanization; 일반 → 일반적으로
back-formation - The re-analysis of a sequence of phones as anaffixbabysitter → babysitcherries → cherry (cf. Modern French cérise historically withinitial /
>tS/)
ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 11 / 28
Words over Time
Formation of new wordssynchronic (active in the mind of the speaker)from morphology (at the beginning of the semester)
mechanize → mechanization; 일반 → 일반적으로
back-formation - The re-analysis of a sequence of phones as anaffixbabysitter → babysitcherries → cherry (cf. Modern French cérise historically withinitial /
>tS/)
ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 11 / 28
Words over Time
Formation of new wordssynchronic (active in the mind of the speaker)from morphology (at the beginning of the semester)mechanize → mechanization; 일반 → 일반적으로
back-formation - The re-analysis of a sequence of phones as anaffixbabysitter → babysitcherries → cherry (cf. Modern French cérise historically withinitial /
>tS/)
ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 11 / 28
Words over Time
Formation of new wordssynchronic (active in the mind of the speaker)from morphology (at the beginning of the semester)mechanize → mechanization; 일반 → 일반적으로
back-formation - The re-analysis of a sequence of phones as anaffix
babysitter → babysitcherries → cherry (cf. Modern French cérise historically withinitial /
>tS/)
ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 11 / 28
Words over Time
Formation of new wordssynchronic (active in the mind of the speaker)from morphology (at the beginning of the semester)mechanize → mechanization; 일반 → 일반적으로
back-formation - The re-analysis of a sequence of phones as anaffixbabysitter → babysit
cherries → cherry (cf. Modern French cérise historically withinitial /
>tS/)
ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 11 / 28
Words over Time
Formation of new wordssynchronic (active in the mind of the speaker)from morphology (at the beginning of the semester)mechanize → mechanization; 일반 → 일반적으로
back-formation - The re-analysis of a sequence of phones as anaffixbabysitter → babysitcherries → cherry (cf. Modern French cérise historically withinitial /
>tS/)
ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 11 / 28
Words over Time
Clipping is the removal of part of a word to create a shortenedform of the word.
end of word being removed - (apocope)beginning of a word removed - (apheresis)middle of the word removed - (syncope).clipping in Korean: 모과 < 목과 (‘quince’), 가난 < 간난(‘hardship’), 기저기 < 기저귀 (diaper)English: advertisement < ad, mutt < muttonhead, pub < publichouseclipped compound : sci-fi < science-fiction, 교카충 <교통카드충전backformation versus clipping
• backformation makes a new word of a different category: edit < editor• clipping makes a shortened form of the same word: gym < gymnasium
ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 12 / 28
Words over Time
Clipping is the removal of part of a word to create a shortenedform of the word.end of word being removed - (apocope)
beginning of a word removed - (apheresis)middle of the word removed - (syncope).clipping in Korean: 모과 < 목과 (‘quince’), 가난 < 간난(‘hardship’), 기저기 < 기저귀 (diaper)English: advertisement < ad, mutt < muttonhead, pub < publichouseclipped compound : sci-fi < science-fiction, 교카충 <교통카드충전backformation versus clipping
• backformation makes a new word of a different category: edit < editor• clipping makes a shortened form of the same word: gym < gymnasium
ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 12 / 28
Words over Time
Clipping is the removal of part of a word to create a shortenedform of the word.end of word being removed - (apocope)beginning of a word removed - (apheresis)
middle of the word removed - (syncope).clipping in Korean: 모과 < 목과 (‘quince’), 가난 < 간난(‘hardship’), 기저기 < 기저귀 (diaper)English: advertisement < ad, mutt < muttonhead, pub < publichouseclipped compound : sci-fi < science-fiction, 교카충 <교통카드충전backformation versus clipping
• backformation makes a new word of a different category: edit < editor• clipping makes a shortened form of the same word: gym < gymnasium
ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 12 / 28
Words over Time
Clipping is the removal of part of a word to create a shortenedform of the word.end of word being removed - (apocope)beginning of a word removed - (apheresis)middle of the word removed - (syncope).
clipping in Korean: 모과 < 목과 (‘quince’), 가난 < 간난(‘hardship’), 기저기 < 기저귀 (diaper)English: advertisement < ad, mutt < muttonhead, pub < publichouseclipped compound : sci-fi < science-fiction, 교카충 <교통카드충전backformation versus clipping
• backformation makes a new word of a different category: edit < editor• clipping makes a shortened form of the same word: gym < gymnasium
ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 12 / 28
Words over Time
Clipping is the removal of part of a word to create a shortenedform of the word.end of word being removed - (apocope)beginning of a word removed - (apheresis)middle of the word removed - (syncope).clipping in Korean: 모과 < 목과 (‘quince’), 가난 < 간난(‘hardship’), 기저기 < 기저귀 (diaper)
English: advertisement < ad, mutt < muttonhead, pub < publichouseclipped compound : sci-fi < science-fiction, 교카충 <교통카드충전backformation versus clipping
• backformation makes a new word of a different category: edit < editor• clipping makes a shortened form of the same word: gym < gymnasium
ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 12 / 28
Words over Time
Clipping is the removal of part of a word to create a shortenedform of the word.end of word being removed - (apocope)beginning of a word removed - (apheresis)middle of the word removed - (syncope).clipping in Korean: 모과 < 목과 (‘quince’), 가난 < 간난(‘hardship’), 기저기 < 기저귀 (diaper)English: advertisement < ad, mutt < muttonhead, pub < publichouse
clipped compound : sci-fi < science-fiction, 교카충 <교통카드충전backformation versus clipping
• backformation makes a new word of a different category: edit < editor• clipping makes a shortened form of the same word: gym < gymnasium
ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 12 / 28
Words over Time
Clipping is the removal of part of a word to create a shortenedform of the word.end of word being removed - (apocope)beginning of a word removed - (apheresis)middle of the word removed - (syncope).clipping in Korean: 모과 < 목과 (‘quince’), 가난 < 간난(‘hardship’), 기저기 < 기저귀 (diaper)English: advertisement < ad, mutt < muttonhead, pub < publichouseclipped compound : sci-fi < science-fiction, 교카충 <교통카드충전
backformation versus clipping
• backformation makes a new word of a different category: edit < editor• clipping makes a shortened form of the same word: gym < gymnasium
ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 12 / 28
Words over Time
Clipping is the removal of part of a word to create a shortenedform of the word.end of word being removed - (apocope)beginning of a word removed - (apheresis)middle of the word removed - (syncope).clipping in Korean: 모과 < 목과 (‘quince’), 가난 < 간난(‘hardship’), 기저기 < 기저귀 (diaper)English: advertisement < ad, mutt < muttonhead, pub < publichouseclipped compound : sci-fi < science-fiction, 교카충 <교통카드충전backformation versus clipping
• backformation makes a new word of a different category: edit < editor• clipping makes a shortened form of the same word: gym < gymnasium
ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 12 / 28
Words over Time
Clipping is the removal of part of a word to create a shortenedform of the word.end of word being removed - (apocope)beginning of a word removed - (apheresis)middle of the word removed - (syncope).clipping in Korean: 모과 < 목과 (‘quince’), 가난 < 간난(‘hardship’), 기저기 < 기저귀 (diaper)English: advertisement < ad, mutt < muttonhead, pub < publichouseclipped compound : sci-fi < science-fiction, 교카충 <교통카드충전backformation versus clipping
• backformation makes a new word of a different category: edit < editor
• clipping makes a shortened form of the same word: gym < gymnasium
ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 12 / 28
Words over Time
Clipping is the removal of part of a word to create a shortenedform of the word.end of word being removed - (apocope)beginning of a word removed - (apheresis)middle of the word removed - (syncope).clipping in Korean: 모과 < 목과 (‘quince’), 가난 < 간난(‘hardship’), 기저기 < 기저귀 (diaper)English: advertisement < ad, mutt < muttonhead, pub < publichouseclipped compound : sci-fi < science-fiction, 교카충 <교통카드충전backformation versus clipping
• backformation makes a new word of a different category: edit < editor• clipping makes a shortened form of the same word: gym < gymnasium
ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 12 / 28
Words over Time
Portmanteaus (similar to clipped compounds)
portmanteau gives rise to a new word with a new meaningclipped compound is an abbreviation for a longer expressionEnglish: motel (from motor + hotel), intercom (from internal +communication)Japanese: karaoke is a portmanteau of kara (Japanese for ‘empty’)and okesutora (borrowed from Greek, meaning ‘orchestra’).
ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 13 / 28
Words over Time
Portmanteaus (similar to clipped compounds)portmanteau gives rise to a new word with a new meaning
clipped compound is an abbreviation for a longer expressionEnglish: motel (from motor + hotel), intercom (from internal +communication)Japanese: karaoke is a portmanteau of kara (Japanese for ‘empty’)and okesutora (borrowed from Greek, meaning ‘orchestra’).
ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 13 / 28
Words over Time
Portmanteaus (similar to clipped compounds)portmanteau gives rise to a new word with a new meaningclipped compound is an abbreviation for a longer expression
English: motel (from motor + hotel), intercom (from internal +communication)Japanese: karaoke is a portmanteau of kara (Japanese for ‘empty’)and okesutora (borrowed from Greek, meaning ‘orchestra’).
ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 13 / 28
Words over Time
Portmanteaus (similar to clipped compounds)portmanteau gives rise to a new word with a new meaningclipped compound is an abbreviation for a longer expressionEnglish: motel (from motor + hotel), intercom (from internal +communication)
Japanese: karaoke is a portmanteau of kara (Japanese for ‘empty’)and okesutora (borrowed from Greek, meaning ‘orchestra’).
ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 13 / 28
Words over Time
Portmanteaus (similar to clipped compounds)portmanteau gives rise to a new word with a new meaningclipped compound is an abbreviation for a longer expressionEnglish: motel (from motor + hotel), intercom (from internal +communication)Japanese: karaoke is a portmanteau of kara (Japanese for ‘empty’)and okesutora (borrowed from Greek, meaning ‘orchestra’).
ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 13 / 28
Words over Time
Borrowing - widespread
earliest English borrowings (6th and 7th centuries): wine, butter,fork, kitchen, and inch (from Latin)thousands of borrowing to present day (kimchi, moose, safari, etc.)Korean - borrowed historically from Chinese and currently fromAmerican Englishalso from Mongolian (업진), Portuguese (빵), etc.
ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 14 / 28
Words over Time
Borrowing - widespreadearliest English borrowings (6th and 7th centuries): wine, butter,fork, kitchen, and inch (from Latin)
thousands of borrowing to present day (kimchi, moose, safari, etc.)Korean - borrowed historically from Chinese and currently fromAmerican Englishalso from Mongolian (업진), Portuguese (빵), etc.
ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 14 / 28
Words over Time
Borrowing - widespreadearliest English borrowings (6th and 7th centuries): wine, butter,fork, kitchen, and inch (from Latin)thousands of borrowing to present day (kimchi, moose, safari, etc.)
Korean - borrowed historically from Chinese and currently fromAmerican Englishalso from Mongolian (업진), Portuguese (빵), etc.
ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 14 / 28
Words over Time
Borrowing - widespreadearliest English borrowings (6th and 7th centuries): wine, butter,fork, kitchen, and inch (from Latin)thousands of borrowing to present day (kimchi, moose, safari, etc.)Korean - borrowed historically from Chinese and currently fromAmerican English
also from Mongolian (업진), Portuguese (빵), etc.
ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 14 / 28
Words over Time
Borrowing - widespreadearliest English borrowings (6th and 7th centuries): wine, butter,fork, kitchen, and inch (from Latin)thousands of borrowing to present day (kimchi, moose, safari, etc.)Korean - borrowed historically from Chinese and currently fromAmerican Englishalso from Mongolian (업진), Portuguese (빵), etc.
ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 14 / 28
Words over Time
Reanalysis - creation a novel representation for a linguistic form.
morphological reanalysis: alcoholic - alcohol-ic.string -aholic reanalyzed as a morpheme: workaholic and chocoholicpease - historically a mass noun - monomorphemicreanalyzed as pea-s.apron was historically napronreanalysis with the indefinite article: a napron → an apron(cf.nape of the neck)
ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 15 / 28
Words over Time
Reanalysis - creation a novel representation for a linguistic form.morphological reanalysis: alcoholic - alcohol-ic.
string -aholic reanalyzed as a morpheme: workaholic and chocoholicpease - historically a mass noun - monomorphemicreanalyzed as pea-s.apron was historically napronreanalysis with the indefinite article: a napron → an apron(cf.nape of the neck)
ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 15 / 28
Words over Time
Reanalysis - creation a novel representation for a linguistic form.morphological reanalysis: alcoholic - alcohol-ic.string -aholic reanalyzed as a morpheme: workaholic and chocoholic
pease - historically a mass noun - monomorphemicreanalyzed as pea-s.apron was historically napronreanalysis with the indefinite article: a napron → an apron(cf.nape of the neck)
ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 15 / 28
Words over Time
Reanalysis - creation a novel representation for a linguistic form.morphological reanalysis: alcoholic - alcohol-ic.string -aholic reanalyzed as a morpheme: workaholic and chocoholicpease - historically a mass noun - monomorphemic
reanalyzed as pea-s.apron was historically napronreanalysis with the indefinite article: a napron → an apron(cf.nape of the neck)
ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 15 / 28
Words over Time
Reanalysis - creation a novel representation for a linguistic form.morphological reanalysis: alcoholic - alcohol-ic.string -aholic reanalyzed as a morpheme: workaholic and chocoholicpease - historically a mass noun - monomorphemicreanalyzed as pea-s.
apron was historically napronreanalysis with the indefinite article: a napron → an apron(cf.nape of the neck)
ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 15 / 28
Words over Time
Reanalysis - creation a novel representation for a linguistic form.morphological reanalysis: alcoholic - alcohol-ic.string -aholic reanalyzed as a morpheme: workaholic and chocoholicpease - historically a mass noun - monomorphemicreanalyzed as pea-s.apron was historically napron
reanalysis with the indefinite article: a napron → an apron(cf.nape of the neck)
ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 15 / 28
Words over Time
Reanalysis - creation a novel representation for a linguistic form.morphological reanalysis: alcoholic - alcohol-ic.string -aholic reanalyzed as a morpheme: workaholic and chocoholicpease - historically a mass noun - monomorphemicreanalyzed as pea-s.apron was historically napronreanalysis with the indefinite article: a napron → an apron(cf.nape of the neck)
ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 15 / 28
Early Indo-European Studies
Sound correspondences noted for Sanskrit, Latin and Greek
These survive in modern languages – extensively studied by JakobGrimm
English Frenchfather pèrefoot piedfish poisson
Romance: /k/ ‘softened’ to /s/ in French and Portuguese beforefront Vhundred: Latin ‘centum’ with /k/; French ‘cent’ with /s/hemp/cannibis; hound/canineMandarin: /k/ softened to /
>tC/ before /i/ (cf. Mandarin ‘Beijing’
to Cantonese /b5k^gIN/ and Korean 북경.)
ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 16 / 28
Early Indo-European Studies
Sound correspondences noted for Sanskrit, Latin and GreekThese survive in modern languages – extensively studied by JakobGrimm
English Frenchfather pèrefoot piedfish poisson
Romance: /k/ ‘softened’ to /s/ in French and Portuguese beforefront Vhundred: Latin ‘centum’ with /k/; French ‘cent’ with /s/hemp/cannibis; hound/canineMandarin: /k/ softened to /
>tC/ before /i/ (cf. Mandarin ‘Beijing’
to Cantonese /b5k^gIN/ and Korean 북경.)
ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 16 / 28
Early Indo-European Studies
Sound correspondences noted for Sanskrit, Latin and GreekThese survive in modern languages – extensively studied by JakobGrimm
English Frenchfather pèrefoot piedfish poisson
Romance: /k/ ‘softened’ to /s/ in French and Portuguese beforefront Vhundred: Latin ‘centum’ with /k/; French ‘cent’ with /s/hemp/cannibis; hound/canineMandarin: /k/ softened to /
>tC/ before /i/ (cf. Mandarin ‘Beijing’
to Cantonese /b5k^gIN/ and Korean 북경.)
ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 16 / 28
Early Indo-European Studies
Sound correspondences noted for Sanskrit, Latin and GreekThese survive in modern languages – extensively studied by JakobGrimm
English Frenchfather pèrefoot piedfish poisson
Romance: /k/ ‘softened’ to /s/ in French and Portuguese beforefront V
hundred: Latin ‘centum’ with /k/; French ‘cent’ with /s/hemp/cannibis; hound/canineMandarin: /k/ softened to /
>tC/ before /i/ (cf. Mandarin ‘Beijing’
to Cantonese /b5k^gIN/ and Korean 북경.)
ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 16 / 28
Early Indo-European Studies
Sound correspondences noted for Sanskrit, Latin and GreekThese survive in modern languages – extensively studied by JakobGrimm
English Frenchfather pèrefoot piedfish poisson
Romance: /k/ ‘softened’ to /s/ in French and Portuguese beforefront Vhundred: Latin ‘centum’ with /k/; French ‘cent’ with /s/
hemp/cannibis; hound/canineMandarin: /k/ softened to /
>tC/ before /i/ (cf. Mandarin ‘Beijing’
to Cantonese /b5k^gIN/ and Korean 북경.)
ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 16 / 28
Early Indo-European Studies
Sound correspondences noted for Sanskrit, Latin and GreekThese survive in modern languages – extensively studied by JakobGrimm
English Frenchfather pèrefoot piedfish poisson
Romance: /k/ ‘softened’ to /s/ in French and Portuguese beforefront Vhundred: Latin ‘centum’ with /k/; French ‘cent’ with /s/hemp/cannibis; hound/canine
Mandarin: /k/ softened to />tC/ before /i/ (cf. Mandarin ‘Beijing’
to Cantonese /b5k^gIN/ and Korean 북경.)
ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 16 / 28
Early Indo-European Studies
Sound correspondences noted for Sanskrit, Latin and GreekThese survive in modern languages – extensively studied by JakobGrimm
English Frenchfather pèrefoot piedfish poisson
Romance: /k/ ‘softened’ to /s/ in French and Portuguese beforefront Vhundred: Latin ‘centum’ with /k/; French ‘cent’ with /s/hemp/cannibis; hound/canineMandarin: /k/ softened to /
>tC/ before /i/ (cf. Mandarin ‘Beijing’
to Cantonese /b5k^gIN/ and Korean 북경.)
ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 16 / 28
Comparative Reconstruction
Comparative Reconstruction
track sound changes to determine relationships among dialects andlanguagesconstruct a cladogram of how langauges are relatedEnglish, German, Dutch, etc. have once common ancestorFrench, Spanish, Portuguese have another common ancestor.Along with Hindi, all these languages have one common ancestor:Proto-Indo-European (PIE)
ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 17 / 28
Comparative Reconstruction
Comparative Reconstructiontrack sound changes to determine relationships among dialects andlanguages
construct a cladogram of how langauges are relatedEnglish, German, Dutch, etc. have once common ancestorFrench, Spanish, Portuguese have another common ancestor.Along with Hindi, all these languages have one common ancestor:Proto-Indo-European (PIE)
ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 17 / 28
Comparative Reconstruction
Comparative Reconstructiontrack sound changes to determine relationships among dialects andlanguagesconstruct a cladogram of how langauges are related
English, German, Dutch, etc. have once common ancestorFrench, Spanish, Portuguese have another common ancestor.Along with Hindi, all these languages have one common ancestor:Proto-Indo-European (PIE)
ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 17 / 28
Comparative Reconstruction
Comparative Reconstructiontrack sound changes to determine relationships among dialects andlanguagesconstruct a cladogram of how langauges are relatedEnglish, German, Dutch, etc. have once common ancestor
French, Spanish, Portuguese have another common ancestor.Along with Hindi, all these languages have one common ancestor:Proto-Indo-European (PIE)
ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 17 / 28
Comparative Reconstruction
Comparative Reconstructiontrack sound changes to determine relationships among dialects andlanguagesconstruct a cladogram of how langauges are relatedEnglish, German, Dutch, etc. have once common ancestorFrench, Spanish, Portuguese have another common ancestor.
Along with Hindi, all these languages have one common ancestor:Proto-Indo-European (PIE)
ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 17 / 28
Comparative Reconstruction
Comparative Reconstructiontrack sound changes to determine relationships among dialects andlanguagesconstruct a cladogram of how langauges are relatedEnglish, German, Dutch, etc. have once common ancestorFrench, Spanish, Portuguese have another common ancestor.Along with Hindi, all these languages have one common ancestor:
Proto-Indo-European (PIE)
ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 17 / 28
Comparative Reconstruction
Comparative Reconstructiontrack sound changes to determine relationships among dialects andlanguagesconstruct a cladogram of how langauges are relatedEnglish, German, Dutch, etc. have once common ancestorFrench, Spanish, Portuguese have another common ancestor.Along with Hindi, all these languages have one common ancestor:Proto-Indo-European (PIE)
ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 17 / 28
PIE
ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 18 / 28
Historical Sound Changes
Regularity of Sound Change - all sounds equally affected
(actually a bit more complicated, but we’ll assume that it’suniversal)Assimilation - changing a sound to take on the features of aneighbouring soundTotal assimilation - all features change: Latin /okto/ → Italian/otto/ (‘eight’)Partial assimiliation - only some features change: PIE/swep-nos/ → Latin /somnus/ (synchronic in Korean: 춥다/춥네)Dissimilation - changing a sound to become more distinct from aneighbouring soundverb → verbal; luna → lunar (cannot have two /l/ sounds)
ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 19 / 28
Historical Sound Changes
Regularity of Sound Change - all sounds equally affected(actually a bit more complicated, but we’ll assume that it’suniversal)
Assimilation - changing a sound to take on the features of aneighbouring soundTotal assimilation - all features change: Latin /okto/ → Italian/otto/ (‘eight’)Partial assimiliation - only some features change: PIE/swep-nos/ → Latin /somnus/ (synchronic in Korean: 춥다/춥네)Dissimilation - changing a sound to become more distinct from aneighbouring soundverb → verbal; luna → lunar (cannot have two /l/ sounds)
ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 19 / 28
Historical Sound Changes
Regularity of Sound Change - all sounds equally affected(actually a bit more complicated, but we’ll assume that it’suniversal)Assimilation - changing a sound to take on the features of aneighbouring sound
Total assimilation - all features change: Latin /okto/ → Italian/otto/ (‘eight’)Partial assimiliation - only some features change: PIE/swep-nos/ → Latin /somnus/ (synchronic in Korean: 춥다/춥네)Dissimilation - changing a sound to become more distinct from aneighbouring soundverb → verbal; luna → lunar (cannot have two /l/ sounds)
ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 19 / 28
Historical Sound Changes
Regularity of Sound Change - all sounds equally affected(actually a bit more complicated, but we’ll assume that it’suniversal)Assimilation - changing a sound to take on the features of aneighbouring soundTotal assimilation - all features change: Latin /okto/ → Italian/otto/ (‘eight’)
Partial assimiliation - only some features change: PIE/swep-nos/ → Latin /somnus/ (synchronic in Korean: 춥다/춥네)Dissimilation - changing a sound to become more distinct from aneighbouring soundverb → verbal; luna → lunar (cannot have two /l/ sounds)
ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 19 / 28
Historical Sound Changes
Regularity of Sound Change - all sounds equally affected(actually a bit more complicated, but we’ll assume that it’suniversal)Assimilation - changing a sound to take on the features of aneighbouring soundTotal assimilation - all features change: Latin /okto/ → Italian/otto/ (‘eight’)Partial assimiliation - only some features change: PIE/swep-nos/ → Latin /somnus/ (synchronic in Korean: 춥다/춥네)
Dissimilation - changing a sound to become more distinct from aneighbouring soundverb → verbal; luna → lunar (cannot have two /l/ sounds)
ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 19 / 28
Historical Sound Changes
Regularity of Sound Change - all sounds equally affected(actually a bit more complicated, but we’ll assume that it’suniversal)Assimilation - changing a sound to take on the features of aneighbouring soundTotal assimilation - all features change: Latin /okto/ → Italian/otto/ (‘eight’)Partial assimiliation - only some features change: PIE/swep-nos/ → Latin /somnus/ (synchronic in Korean: 춥다/춥네)Dissimilation - changing a sound to become more distinct from aneighbouring sound
verb → verbal; luna → lunar (cannot have two /l/ sounds)
ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 19 / 28
Historical Sound Changes
Regularity of Sound Change - all sounds equally affected(actually a bit more complicated, but we’ll assume that it’suniversal)Assimilation - changing a sound to take on the features of aneighbouring soundTotal assimilation - all features change: Latin /okto/ → Italian/otto/ (‘eight’)Partial assimiliation - only some features change: PIE/swep-nos/ → Latin /somnus/ (synchronic in Korean: 춥다/춥네)Dissimilation - changing a sound to become more distinct from aneighbouring soundverb → verbal; luna → lunar (cannot have two /l/ sounds)
ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 19 / 28
Historical Sound Changes
Palatalization (구개음화) – A type of assimilation.
alveolar sound becomes post-alveolar or palatal before a palatalglide or a front vowel.t → >
tS / _ j,[-back] d → >dZ / _ j,[-back]
s → S / _ j,[-back] z → Z / _ j,[-back]
Proto-Germanic /sprekijo/ → Old English /spæc/ [spæ>tS]
“wait your turn”synchronic: Tuesday, duke (depends on dialect and level offormality)
ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 20 / 28
Historical Sound Changes
Palatalization (구개음화) – A type of assimilation.alveolar sound becomes post-alveolar or palatal before a palatalglide or a front vowel.
t → >tS / _ j,[-back] d → >
dZ / _ j,[-back]s → S / _ j,[-back] z → Z / _ j,[-back]
Proto-Germanic /sprekijo/ → Old English /spæc/ [spæ>tS]
“wait your turn”synchronic: Tuesday, duke (depends on dialect and level offormality)
ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 20 / 28
Historical Sound Changes
Palatalization (구개음화) – A type of assimilation.alveolar sound becomes post-alveolar or palatal before a palatalglide or a front vowel.t → >
tS / _ j,[-back] d → >dZ / _ j,[-back]
s → S / _ j,[-back] z → Z / _ j,[-back]
Proto-Germanic /sprekijo/ → Old English /spæc/ [spæ>tS]
“wait your turn”synchronic: Tuesday, duke (depends on dialect and level offormality)
ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 20 / 28
Historical Sound Changes
Palatalization (구개음화) – A type of assimilation.alveolar sound becomes post-alveolar or palatal before a palatalglide or a front vowel.t → >
tS / _ j,[-back] d → >dZ / _ j,[-back]
s → S / _ j,[-back] z → Z / _ j,[-back]Proto-Germanic /sprekijo/ → Old English /spæc/ [spæ
>tS]
“wait your turn”synchronic: Tuesday, duke (depends on dialect and level offormality)
ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 20 / 28
Historical Sound Changes
Palatalization (구개음화) – A type of assimilation.alveolar sound becomes post-alveolar or palatal before a palatalglide or a front vowel.t → >
tS / _ j,[-back] d → >dZ / _ j,[-back]
s → S / _ j,[-back] z → Z / _ j,[-back]Proto-Germanic /sprekijo/ → Old English /spæc/ [spæ
>tS]
“wait your turn”
synchronic: Tuesday, duke (depends on dialect and level offormality)
ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 20 / 28
Historical Sound Changes
Palatalization (구개음화) – A type of assimilation.alveolar sound becomes post-alveolar or palatal before a palatalglide or a front vowel.t → >
tS / _ j,[-back] d → >dZ / _ j,[-back]
s → S / _ j,[-back] z → Z / _ j,[-back]Proto-Germanic /sprekijo/ → Old English /spæc/ [spæ
>tS]
“wait your turn”synchronic: Tuesday, duke (depends on dialect and level offormality)
ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 20 / 28
Historical Sound Changes
Affrication – A stop becoming an affricate.
Latin → Old French‘centum’ [kentum] → ‘cent’ [
>tsEnt]
(Recall affrication in Quebec French is a synchronic process: ‘you’ -‘tu’ [
>tsy])
ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 21 / 28
Historical Sound Changes
Affrication – A stop becoming an affricate.Latin → Old French
‘centum’ [kentum] → ‘cent’ [>tsEnt]
(Recall affrication in Quebec French is a synchronic process: ‘you’ -‘tu’ [
>tsy])
ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 21 / 28
Historical Sound Changes
Affrication – A stop becoming an affricate.Latin → Old French‘centum’ [kentum] → ‘cent’ [
>tsEnt]
(Recall affrication in Quebec French is a synchronic process: ‘you’ -‘tu’ [
>tsy])
ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 21 / 28
Historical Sound Changes
Affrication – A stop becoming an affricate.Latin → Old French‘centum’ [kentum] → ‘cent’ [
>tsEnt]
(Recall affrication in Quebec French is a synchronic process: ‘you’ -‘tu’ [
>tsy])
ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 21 / 28
Historical Sound Changes
Umlaut – The change in vowel quality as the result of thepresence of a vowel in another syllable.
Pre-OE 1 Pre-OE 2 Old English Modern English[gos] [gos] [gos] [gus] ‘goose’[gosi] [gøsi] [gøs] [gis] ‘geese’[mus] [mus] [mus] [maU
“s] ‘mouse’
[musi] [mysi] [mys] [maI“s] ‘mice’
ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 22 / 28
Historical Sound Changes
Metathesis – The transposition of two segments
heard often in child English:spaghetti → pasghettiEarly Old English → Later Old English → Modern Englishwæps → wæsp → waspalso ‘ask’ (pronounced [æks] - hold over from Middle English
ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 23 / 28
Historical Sound Changes
Metathesis – The transposition of two segmentsheard often in child English:
spaghetti → pasghettiEarly Old English → Later Old English → Modern Englishwæps → wæsp → waspalso ‘ask’ (pronounced [æks] - hold over from Middle English
ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 23 / 28
Historical Sound Changes
Metathesis – The transposition of two segmentsheard often in child English:spaghetti → pasghetti
Early Old English → Later Old English → Modern Englishwæps → wæsp → waspalso ‘ask’ (pronounced [æks] - hold over from Middle English
ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 23 / 28
Historical Sound Changes
Metathesis – The transposition of two segmentsheard often in child English:spaghetti → pasghettiEarly Old English → Later Old English → Modern English
wæps → wæsp → waspalso ‘ask’ (pronounced [æks] - hold over from Middle English
ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 23 / 28
Historical Sound Changes
Metathesis – The transposition of two segmentsheard often in child English:spaghetti → pasghettiEarly Old English → Later Old English → Modern Englishwæps → wæsp → wasp
also ‘ask’ (pronounced [æks] - hold over from Middle English
ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 23 / 28
Historical Sound Changes
Metathesis – The transposition of two segmentsheard often in child English:spaghetti → pasghettiEarly Old English → Later Old English → Modern Englishwæps → wæsp → waspalso ‘ask’ (pronounced [æks] - hold over from Middle English
ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 23 / 28
Historical Sound Changes
Lenition (연음화) - weakening of a sound.
Consonants typically progress through the stages shown belowdebuccalization - consonant loses its place of articulation andbecomes /h/ or /Q/
pre-Japanese /pana/ → Japanese /hana/ (‘hill’)
voiceless stop
voiceless fricative
voiced stop
voiced fricative
nasal
liquid
glide
ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 24 / 28
Historical Sound Changes
Lenition (연음화) - weakening of a sound.Consonants typically progress through the stages shown below
debuccalization - consonant loses its place of articulation andbecomes /h/ or /Q/
pre-Japanese /pana/ → Japanese /hana/ (‘hill’)
voiceless stop
voiceless fricative
voiced stop
voiced fricative
nasal
liquid
glide
ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 24 / 28
Historical Sound Changes
Lenition (연음화) - weakening of a sound.Consonants typically progress through the stages shown belowdebuccalization - consonant loses its place of articulation andbecomes /h/ or /Q/
pre-Japanese /pana/ → Japanese /hana/ (‘hill’)
voiceless stop
voiceless fricative
voiced stop
voiced fricative
nasal
liquid
glide
ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 24 / 28
Historical Sound Changes
Lenition (연음화) - weakening of a sound.Consonants typically progress through the stages shown belowdebuccalization - consonant loses its place of articulation andbecomes /h/ or /Q/
pre-Japanese /pana/ → Japanese /hana/ (‘hill’)
voiceless stop
voiceless fricative
voiced stop
voiced fricative
nasal
liquid
glide
ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 24 / 28
Historical Sound Changes
voiceless stop → voiced stop
Latin /skopa/ → Spanish /eskoba/ (‘broom’)Latin /natare/ → Spanish /nadar/ (‘swim’)voiceless stop → voiced fricativeProto-Dravidian /tapu/ → Kannada /tavu/ (‘decrease’)voiced stop → nasalpre-Basque /zabanu/ → Basque /zamau/ (‘table cloth’)Note also syncope of /n/
ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 25 / 28
Historical Sound Changes
voiceless stop → voiced stopLatin /skopa/ → Spanish /eskoba/ (‘broom’)
Latin /natare/ → Spanish /nadar/ (‘swim’)voiceless stop → voiced fricativeProto-Dravidian /tapu/ → Kannada /tavu/ (‘decrease’)voiced stop → nasalpre-Basque /zabanu/ → Basque /zamau/ (‘table cloth’)Note also syncope of /n/
ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 25 / 28
Historical Sound Changes
voiceless stop → voiced stopLatin /skopa/ → Spanish /eskoba/ (‘broom’)Latin /natare/ → Spanish /nadar/ (‘swim’)
voiceless stop → voiced fricativeProto-Dravidian /tapu/ → Kannada /tavu/ (‘decrease’)voiced stop → nasalpre-Basque /zabanu/ → Basque /zamau/ (‘table cloth’)Note also syncope of /n/
ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 25 / 28
Historical Sound Changes
voiceless stop → voiced stopLatin /skopa/ → Spanish /eskoba/ (‘broom’)Latin /natare/ → Spanish /nadar/ (‘swim’)voiceless stop → voiced fricative
Proto-Dravidian /tapu/ → Kannada /tavu/ (‘decrease’)voiced stop → nasalpre-Basque /zabanu/ → Basque /zamau/ (‘table cloth’)Note also syncope of /n/
ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 25 / 28
Historical Sound Changes
voiceless stop → voiced stopLatin /skopa/ → Spanish /eskoba/ (‘broom’)Latin /natare/ → Spanish /nadar/ (‘swim’)voiceless stop → voiced fricativeProto-Dravidian /tapu/ → Kannada /tavu/ (‘decrease’)
voiced stop → nasalpre-Basque /zabanu/ → Basque /zamau/ (‘table cloth’)Note also syncope of /n/
ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 25 / 28
Historical Sound Changes
voiceless stop → voiced stopLatin /skopa/ → Spanish /eskoba/ (‘broom’)Latin /natare/ → Spanish /nadar/ (‘swim’)voiceless stop → voiced fricativeProto-Dravidian /tapu/ → Kannada /tavu/ (‘decrease’)voiced stop → nasal
pre-Basque /zabanu/ → Basque /zamau/ (‘table cloth’)Note also syncope of /n/
ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 25 / 28
Historical Sound Changes
voiceless stop → voiced stopLatin /skopa/ → Spanish /eskoba/ (‘broom’)Latin /natare/ → Spanish /nadar/ (‘swim’)voiceless stop → voiced fricativeProto-Dravidian /tapu/ → Kannada /tavu/ (‘decrease’)voiced stop → nasalpre-Basque /zabanu/ → Basque /zamau/ (‘table cloth’)
Note also syncope of /n/
ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 25 / 28
Historical Sound Changes
voiceless stop → voiced stopLatin /skopa/ → Spanish /eskoba/ (‘broom’)Latin /natare/ → Spanish /nadar/ (‘swim’)voiceless stop → voiced fricativeProto-Dravidian /tapu/ → Kannada /tavu/ (‘decrease’)voiced stop → nasalpre-Basque /zabanu/ → Basque /zamau/ (‘table cloth’)Note also syncope of /n/
ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 25 / 28
Historical Sound Changes
Vowel Reduction - vowel tends to become more centralized overtime
eventually becomes a schwa /@/ or eventually disappearsOld English → Middle English → Modern English
Old English Middle English Modern Englishstanas [a] stones [@] stonesstanes [e] stones [@] stone’snama [a] name[@] nametalu [u] tale [@] tale
ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 26 / 28
Historical Sound Changes
Vowel Reduction - vowel tends to become more centralized overtimeeventually becomes a schwa /@/ or eventually disappears
Old English → Middle English → Modern EnglishOld English Middle English Modern Englishstanas [a] stones [@] stonesstanes [e] stones [@] stone’snama [a] name[@] nametalu [u] tale [@] tale
ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 26 / 28
Historical Sound Changes
Vowel Reduction - vowel tends to become more centralized overtimeeventually becomes a schwa /@/ or eventually disappearsOld English → Middle English → Modern English
Old English Middle English Modern Englishstanas [a] stones [@] stonesstanes [e] stones [@] stone’snama [a] name[@] nametalu [u] tale [@] tale
ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 26 / 28
Historical Sound Changes
Vowel Reduction - vowel tends to become more centralized overtimeeventually becomes a schwa /@/ or eventually disappearsOld English → Middle English → Modern English
Old English Middle English Modern Englishstanas [a] stones [@] stonesstanes [e] stones [@] stone’snama [a] name[@] nametalu [u] tale [@] tale
ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 26 / 28
Historical Sound Changes
Elision - loss of a sound
final stage of lenitionLatin Old French Modern Frenchaugustus aoust août (Quebec [au]; France [u] ‘August’fri:gidus froit froid [fXwO] ‘cold’spatha espee épée ‘sword’
ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 27 / 28
Historical Sound Changes
Elision - loss of a soundfinal stage of lenition
Latin Old French Modern Frenchaugustus aoust août (Quebec [au]; France [u] ‘August’fri:gidus froit froid [fXwO] ‘cold’spatha espee épée ‘sword’
ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 27 / 28
Historical Sound Changes
Elision - loss of a soundfinal stage of lenition
Latin Old French Modern Frenchaugustus aoust août (Quebec [au]; France [u] ‘August’fri:gidus froit froid [fXwO] ‘cold’spatha espee épée ‘sword’
ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 27 / 28
Historical Sound Changes
epenthesis - the addition of a sound
epenthesis of a vowel to break up a consonant clusterepenthesis of a consonant to break up a vowel cluster (also calledvowel hiatus).example: Proto-Slavic *gordu → East Slavic gorodu → ModernRussian gorod
ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 28 / 28
Historical Sound Changes
epenthesis - the addition of a soundepenthesis of a vowel to break up a consonant cluster
epenthesis of a consonant to break up a vowel cluster (also calledvowel hiatus).example: Proto-Slavic *gordu → East Slavic gorodu → ModernRussian gorod
ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 28 / 28
Historical Sound Changes
epenthesis - the addition of a soundepenthesis of a vowel to break up a consonant clusterepenthesis of a consonant to break up a vowel cluster (also calledvowel hiatus).
example: Proto-Slavic *gordu → East Slavic gorodu → ModernRussian gorod
ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 28 / 28
Historical Sound Changes
epenthesis - the addition of a soundepenthesis of a vowel to break up a consonant clusterepenthesis of a consonant to break up a vowel cluster (also calledvowel hiatus).example: Proto-Slavic *gordu → East Slavic gorodu → ModernRussian gorod
ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 28 / 28
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